The benefits of the scientific and technical revolution primarily is that all high tech And new items from the inventors make our lives not only easier, but also more comfortable. The car industry is also not in place, and motorists each year receive such "yummy" as navigators, electronic systems Controlling the work of the vendors of the car, proofreaders octane number And even autopilots, which in the future will help cars on their own on their own tight traffic. But when it comes to comfort, an automatic transmission comes immediately to mind - it is the automatic transmission that the automotive life has facilitated that they do not want to enter into a "marriage contract" with capricious mechanics.
ACPP greatly simplified the life of drivers
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If you say hiking, the automatic transmission, or automatic transmission, is a variation of a transmission that provides automatic (in other words, without the driver's intervention) the choice of a gear ratio corresponding to the current movement conditions. The main difference between the "automat" from the MCPP is that the driver can make it easier for his right hand. From the point of view of the design of the automatic transmission differs and the action of its mechanical part - refers to the use of hydromechanical drive and planetary mechanisms. That is why professionals always say "Automatic Transmission", this term more accurately conveys its essence than the definition of "automatic transmission switch".
"Automatic" excursion in history
For today we can enjoy a classic example of a hydromechanical transmission, we must thank several independent development lines combined together.
In order to get to the truth in all this history with automatic transmission, you should dig in Ford T, in the design of which was used by the planetary mechanical transmission. No, at the dawn of the automotive industry, the driver still had to possess certain skills, but it was already a significant simplification of the game called "The Taming of the Car". And if you consider that at that time the bulk of cars was equipped with traditional boxes devoid of synchronizers, it was a real breakthrough.
Here are the first hands on such handsaws.
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The second important invention that gave us a box-machine was developed american companies General Motors and Reo, which in the 1930s of the last century brought semi-automatic transmissions to the market. But the reliability of these systems was still very far from the ideal, and clutch was still used to switch gear.
And finally, in the same 1930s, a hydraulic element was introduced to the transmission for the first time. Such transmissions have become massively installed on Chrysler Corporation already in the post-war years. Later, the hydromule was replaced with a torque converter. But if you want to know who owns the championship in installing on its cars a fully automatic transmission, it was General Motors, which in the 40s of the twentieth century equipped their "Oldsmobili", "Cadillaci" and "Pontiac".
Lexuc LS 460 is a happy owner of the eight-stage "automaton"
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And when the Lexus LS460 was presented to Toyota in 2007, the design of which provided for the presence of an eight-speed automatic transmission, everyone understood that perfection had no limit. At least that we could see today.
Machine device: Comfortable subtleties
The main parts of the traditional ACP are a hydrotransformer, planetary gearboxes, friction and overtook couplings, as well as connecting shafts and drums. In addition, in some cases the brake tape is also used, the purpose that is to slow down one of the drums. Exception is only "automata" honda., Instead of a planetary gearbox, using shafts with gears, as is done in the case of a manual transmission.
Automatic transmission - rather complex device
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The main function performed by the torque converter - when driving a car, it transmits a moment with slippage. When the engine is gaining high revsThe friction clutch blocks the torque converter and makes it impossible to slip. As for the planetary gearbox, its main task is to transmit torque indirectly.
Friction clutches, which are often called a "package", serve to switch gears to disunity and message elements of the box.
Device automatic
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The main difference between the "Machine" from "Mechanics" lies in the fact that the MCPP includes and turns off the different gears to obtain the output shaft of various gear ratios, and the automatic transmission uses the same set of gears. This is exactly what allows the automatic box of the planetary transmission.
Repair "automat" best to trust professionals
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Modes of operation "Machine"
Since the end of the 50s of the last century, almost every automatic transmission switch has a standard set of operating modes that are indicated by Latin letters on the switch lever:
▪ « N."(From the English. NEUTRAL) - the neutral transmission mode, which is usually used during towing or when parking for a short time (in the domestic version -" H ");
▪ « D."(From the English." Drive ") - the mode of movement forward when all the steps are involved, or everything except those that increase the transmissions (in the domestic version -" d ");
▪ « R."(From the English. Reverse) - the reverse mode, which cannot be included under any circumstances until the car has stopped completely (in the domestic version -" SK ");
▪ « L."(From the English." Low ") - the mode of reduced transmission used for the" quiet move "(in the domestic version -" PP "or" TX ");
▪ « R"(From English." Park ") - Parking mode of the drive wheels (this blocking system is not associated with the parking brake and is directly inside the ACP).
Automakers from the middle of the twentieth century began to use a strict sequence of modes of operation "Machine" - P-R-N-D-L.
Standard layout of modes "automat"
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In addition to the main regimes, more often found:
▪ « O / D."(From English." Overdrive ") - Movement mode, providing for the possibility of transition to an increase in automatic mode (this mode is very convenient for the movement along the track is uniform);
▪ « D3."- the mode that uses only the first, second or third gear, or turns off the promotion transmissions (easy to drive around the city);
▪ « S."(Also the number 2 is also used) - reduced gear mode or" winter mode ";
▪ « L."(Also, the number" 1 ") is low gear mode, when the first transmission is turned on when it works.
It should always be remembered that "Avtomat", unlike "mechanics", can slow down the engine not in all modes. The automatic transmission knows when braking the engine is prohibited, and therefore the transmission in the overtaking couplings slipped, which allows the car to move in rolling. The same principle is used in bicycles.
Automatic speed switching box is a type of gearbox that provides an automated selection of speed, according to the driving conditions. We offer you to find out in detail what the automatic box is from which components it consists and what principle of operation of the automatic transmission.
The development of the automotive industry does not stand still, and many new items make driving for a motorist not only more convenient, but also more pleasant. If we talk about automobile comfort, then the automatic transmission is immediately comes to the mind - an automatic transmission, which has eased the life of motorists more than other innovations. This is especially true of those drivers who do not want to drive on the "mechanics".
"Automatic" tried to adapt in the domestic market for a very long time. And, nevertheless, before that time, when these aggregates are used for most of our roads, it is still very far away. But in the last few decades, with traditional automatic transmission, manufacturers of vehicles are offered and other options for automatic ("robotic") transmissions.
Against the background of mass technology, this type of gearbox has something in common with the usual "automaton" only in part. Most popular and reliable sample robotic gearboxes are boxes DSG. From the producer of Volkswagen.
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Structure of ACP
Automatic transmission differs from mechanical automated switching of speeds and other principle of action of the entire mechanical part. Here we are talking about the use of planetary devices and a hydromechanical mechanism instead of the usual mechanical in the standard checkpoint.
As for the usual "automata", in their structure they consist of:
- hydrotransformer;
- devices - planetary gearboxes;
- moving and overtaking couplings;
- various pulleys and drums connecting between themselves;
- a brake belt intended for braking one of the drums relative to the body of the automatic gearbox, during the speed of speed.
Such a structure is almost all automatic transmissions. The exception is only a Honda car box - in such gearbox, the planetary device was decided to replace the pulleys with gears.
The hydrotransformer in "automata" is set in the same way as the grip in the "mechanics". The housing itself of this unit with the leading turbine is installed on the motor flywheel as well as the clutch basket. Main destination this device It is to transfer torque with slipping when touching from the spot. If the vehicle moves to increased turns Motor - on the 3rd or 4th speed - the device performs lock, thanks to the moving coupling, which makes the slipping is actually impossible. Thus, in automatic gearboxes, excessive energy costs and gasoline consumption for friction are disappeared transmission fluid in turbines.
The principle of functioning of the "Automatic" box
Now consider how the automatic transmission works. If you try to disassemble the "automatic" and look inside, you will see a wide variety of various mechanisms and devices in a relatively small space.
The principle of operation of a planetary series with gearboxes is to create gear ratios. In essence, all other components of the transmission system are designed to help the planetary row to perform this function.
The hydrotransformer itself includes several components:
- entrance turbine;
- output turbines;
- stator.
Often the stator is inhibited on the unit of the unit, but sometimes the slowing down of this turbine is activated by a moving clutch for the maximum efficient operation of the hydrotransformer in any engine revolutions.
Moving couplings themselves while driving vehicle Switching speeds using the connection or disconnection of the components of the "automaton". In particular, here we are talking about the entrance and output shafts and components of the planetary row. Visually, the coupling is something mean between the clutch and the synchronizer in the traditional "mechanics".
This element consists of a drum and a hub, between which the package of ring-shaped moving disks is located. The part of the discs that connects with the drum is made of metal, and the one that connects to the toothbuins of the hub, is made of plastic.
The principle of the coupling is to compress the package of these ring-shaped disks by a hydraulic piston, which is located directly in the drum. The transmission fluid is suitable for the cylinder on the pipes located in the drum, shafts and the "automatic" housing.
In turn, the principle of operation of the overtaking clutch is to slip in one direction and in the encins with the transmission of torque in the other. As a rule, such a coupling consists of several rings - external and internal, as well as the devices between them with rollers. Overpric mechanisms are used to reduce the level of blows in moving clutches at the moment of switching speeds.
The transmission of the torque is carried out by increasing the rotor of the motor after switching, as a result of which one of the parts of the planetary row rotates in reverse side. Accordingly, it encloses in the overtook coupling.
The speed box control unit consists of devices that guide the streams of transmission fluid on the pistons of the brake tapes and moving couplings. The provisions of these devices can be set both manually, with the PPC lever and automatic mode. The same automation in such checkpoints can be both electronic and hydraulic:
- hydraulic automation. The principle of its action is to use the pressure ATF (transmission oil) from the central regulator, which is connected to the output pulley of the box. Also, this type of control uses the ATF pressure from the gas pedal, which gives it information about the vehicle speed and the position of the gas pedal;
- electronic automation. Such a type of management uses solenoids, the principle of operation is to switch spools. Wires from solenoids are connected to the control device. Thanks to the "brains", there is a move on the basis of data on the position of the gas pedal and the total velocity of the machine.
Modes "Automat"
Automatic gearbox does not have actual speeds to switch, but its device provides operating modes that we will look at:
- "N" - neutral speed. It is usually operated by the owners of vehicles during towing or when stopped not for a long time;
- "D" - the position of movement forward. At this point, all steps are used in the automatic transmission;
- "R" - reversible movement. This transmission is needed to move the auto rear. This provision cannot be included if the car has not completely stopped;
- "L" - the position of reduced speed is often used to move rolling;
- "P" is the position included on the automatic transmission during the parking for blocking the drive wheels. Here it should be noted that this position of the "automaton" is not connected with the manual brake.
These were the main automatic transmission regimes. There are also additional, which are found on many cars:
- O / D is the position of movement that provides for the possibility of switching to a more enhanced transmission automatically. Such a regime is usually included while driving at high speed;
- "D3" - the position of the box, in which the automatic transmission can use only one of the first three transmissions or disable elevated speed. In this position it is convenient to ride in urban environments and in traffic conditions;
- "S" - the position of automatic transmission when driving at low speeds;
- "L" - automatic transmission mode in which only the first transmission works.
Video "Automatic CAT repair"
This video describes the automatic transmission repair process at the maintenance station.
Did you use this video? Maybe you have something to add an automatic box? Leave your comment!
Control car equipped automatic box The gears are quite simple, difficulties arise from beginners who have not become familiar with the principle of operation of automatic transmission and with its constructive features.
Did you manage the car with the manual transmission and do not feel about "teapot"? Then at the first time of driving automatic transmission, watch the position of the left leg. The acquired habit of pressing the clutch pedal, which is absent on the car, equipped with automatic transmission can interfere with the ride. Obviously: Before controlling the machine equipped with a selector, learn how to use only one foot - quickly move the right leg with the "Gas" pedal on the "brake", not remembering about the grip.
The speed switching lever in cars equipped with automatic transmission is called a selector, it is additionally equipped with an unlock button that prevents incorrect gear shift. The main advantage of the specified type of boxes is the possibility of selection of electronics of the gear ratio corresponding to the driving conditions, without the driver's participation. There is no need to study smoothly switch the transfer: "smart" box copes with this task yourself.
Driving a car equipped with an automatic transmission begins with the study of the main modes of the unit operating the corresponding notation:
- "P" is parking, used to start a motor. The selector switches to this position, provided that the TC is completely stopped or using the handbrake. Some car manufacturers with automatic boxes in the instruction manual of the machine indicate the need to use manual brakes During the application of the Parking position.
- "D" - movement forward, allows the car to move forward. The extent of pressing the pedal of "gas" and the conditions of movement of the transmission vehicle will be used automatically. Being in the specified mode, the car standing on inclined surfacewill not roll back if the angle of the surface is not too cool.
- "R" - reverse, allows the car to move back. This position is turned on after a complete stop of the car, plus when the "brake" pedal is squeezed.
- "N" is a neutral, applied to warming up the motor in the cold season, it is not recommended to switch the selector to the specified position during the movement of the machine. Provides idle work power aggregate Without transmission torque on the wheels.
- "D2" (or S) - reduction of transmission, is used on descents, lines. Stop the machine in this mode will be more efficient than when "D". The box will use only two programs - the first and second.
- "D1" (or L) is the subsequent range of reduction of transmission, is used in the icing of roads, mountain serpentine, in some cases can be used to braking the engine. In this mode, the car will always move on the first gear.
Switching the selector from the position "D" in the position "D3" (D2), "D2" (D1) is performed when the machine is moving. Advanced automatic gearboxes have additional overclocking modes:
- economic - "E";
- normal - "N";
- sports - "S".
Practical lessons
Install the selector to the required mode by following the following steps:
- Run the engine (switch the lever will be obtained only when the engine is installed).
- Sick the "brake pedal".
- Click the desired button The regime located on the selector (if there is a need for this).
- Select the position corresponding to the necessary direction of movement of the machine: "D" - the vehicle will go forward, "n" - neutral, the car will stand still, or rolled under the slope, "R" will go back. When you turn on the selected drive driver, the car will not start moving, and when to release the "brake" pedal - the car will go. Take into account this nuance, do not remove the leg with the "brake" ahead of time to avoid accidents.
Automatic boxes recognize the driver's commands by pressing the "Gas" pedal: smooth overclocking, gradual speed switching is provided by pressing with a small force. Intensive acceleration required during overtaking is achieved by the release of the "gas" pedal to the floor, while the automatic transmission will first turn on the transmission below, then the car will start accelerate. Take into account: from the moment of squeezing the "gas" pedal until the vehicle is overclocked, a slight delay occurs, about one second, this time is irrevotably with unhurried ride, and in overall conditions can be fatal.
Deciding to stop the movement of the car, press the "brake pedal". With a short stop, on the traffic light, do not translate the selector from the position "D" - extend the resource of the internal mechanisms of automatic transmission.
Keep the brake pedal pressed after stopping the machine in situations:
- Long stops (corks), the brake pedal will allow the Motor to relax, will not be in vain to burn fuel, use the position "N".
- The car stands on the slope, the selector is not translated into the position "P".
The above instruction for "kettles" will allow you to drive a car with a box. Note: It is better to learn right away proper drivingIn order not to harm the automatic transmission. Fix the harmful way to control the vehicle is difficult.
Additional modes
Additional modes of boxes automatic include:
- Winter mode, has the designation "*", "W", "Snow", "HOLD", "WINTER". According to it, the slip is excluded during the switching speed and at the beginning of the vehicle movement. The movement of the machine from the second transfer is made. Switching to other transmissions occurs with smaller drive turnover - this makes it possible to eliminate the differences in the operation of the box during acceleration, reduces the likelihood of car drift. Experts clarify: do not use the specified mode in summer - you can get overheating box due to achievement maximum load on the aggregate.
- The positions of the position "D" limit the acceleration of more than a certain range of transmissions:
- "S" or "s" - ensuring the inclusion of the transfer not higher than the third. These positions are used in areas of road requiring increased attention from the driver. Carrying out driving, use the "s" mode, while watching the testimony of the tachometer, its arrow should not fall into the red zone.
- "2" - restriction of the inclusion of gears not higher than the second, the movement of the car occurs at no more than 80 km / h. Applied on steep slopes, slippery roads.
- "1", "L" - used for heavy operating conditions of the machine: Riding off-road, steep slopes. Only transmission, speed not more than 40 km / h.
Additional operating modes of boxes automaton allow you to control the machine under adverse conditions. Consider: the accidental inclusion of subdirements "1", "2" at high speed will lead to a sharp slowdown of the auto movement, provokes a vehicle.
Automatic driver can control the box, the following recommendations will be allowed to extend the ACAP resource:
- You can not give heavy loads on an immentable box. Transmission oil Hears slower motor fluid. When managing the machine with the specified type of box, drive a few kilometers at low speed.
- Avoid slipping wheels: Do not press sharply on "gas" if the road coating is inhomogeneous.
- Try not to tow trailers, other cars.
- Refuse to turn on neutral when moving a car.
Proper operation of the automatic box allows you to enjoy driving and prevents the premature breakdown of the unit, allowing the mechanism to work normally.
How to check the oil in the gearbox
Box automatic when switching transmission pulls the machine
An article on how to properly use the box "Automatic" - characters on the automatic transmission panel, starting the motor, movement and stop, possible errors. At the end of the article - video about the use of an automatic box.
Currently distinguish three types of automatic transmissions: "Classical", with " stepless variator", With" robotic mechanics ". Depending on the modification and manufacturer, the specified types of transmissions may differ slightly (different number of gears, a slightly different course of the lever - direct or zigzag, notation, etc.), but the basic functions will be the same for all.
The growing popularity of the automatic transmission is fully explained - it is more convenient to operate (than "mechanics" - MCPP) especially for beginners, reliable and protects the engine from overloads. It seems to be simple! However, the driver's mistakes are still allowed, and even the most reliable mechanism may fail if it is incorrectly operated. Next, we will look at how to properly use the automatic transmission and how to competently exploit it.
To learn how to use the "automatic" to correctly, you must first figure out what the letter symbols mean ( english letters) And the numbers on the automatic transmission panel with the gear shift handle. Immediately, we note that, depending on the brand of the machine, the numbers and letters may vary.
- "P" - "Parking". Turns on when parking a car in the parking lot. Some analogue parking brake, only with the blocking of the shaft, and not with the pressed brake pads.
- "R" - Reverse. Turns on to move backwards. Usually it is called - "rear speed".
- "N" - "neutral". Neutral transmission. Often referred to - "neutral". In contrast to the Parking mode "P", in neutral mode "n" the wheels are unlocked, so the machine can move rolling. Accordingly, the machine can also spontaneously turn to a bias on the parking, if the wheels are not fixed with manual brake.
- "D" - "Drive". Movement mode forward.
- "A" - "Automatic". Automatic mode (practically the same as the "D" mode).
- "L" - "Low" (low). Low gear mode.
- "B" - The same mode as "L".
- "2" - Movement mode not higher than the second transmission.
- "3" - Movement mode not higher than a third gear.
- "M" - "Manual". Manual control mode with increasing / lowering through the signs "+" and "-". This mode simulates the mechanical switching mode with the manual transmission, only in a simpler version.
- «S» - "Sport". Sport mode of movement.
- «OD» - Overdrive. Enhancement (accelerated mode).
- "W" - "Winter". Movement mode for winter periodin which touch starts from the second transmission.
- "E" - "Economy". Movement in economy mode.
- "HOLD" - "Holding". Used together with "D", "L", "S", as a rule, on the machines of the Mazda brand. (Read the manual).
For example, in the manual of some vehicles, the letter "B" means "Block" - the differential lock mode, which cannot be turned on while driving.
And if B. all-wheel drive car There are "1" and "L" designations, the letter "L" may not mean "Low" (down), but "Lock" (Castle) - which also denotes blocking of differential.
Starting the engine with an automatic box has the following features:
- In the car with automatic transmission of only two pedals: "brake" and "gas". Therefore, the leader's left foot is practically not used. When starting the engine, the gas pedal is not pressed, but the brake pedal in some brands can be pressed, otherwise the engine will not start (read the operating manual).
However, driving instructors advise to take a rule - before starting the engine with the automatic transmission to press the brake pedal always. This will prevent the spontaneous movement of the machine at neutral mode "N", and will also allow you to quickly go to the modes of motion "D" or "R". (Without pressing brake pedals switch to the specified modes and it will not work from the place).
- In cars with automatic transmission provides protection - Automatic engine start lock with incorrect transmission lever. This means that the engine with automatic transmission can be started only if the gear lever is in one of two positions: or "P" (Parking), or "N" (neutral). If the lever of the PP will be in any other position intended for movement, the blocking protection from incorrect launch will be triggered.
This protective function is very useful, especially for beginners, and especially in cities with great " automotive density"Where in the parking lots and in streams cars are tight to each other. After all, even experienced drivers sometimes forget to "remove a car from speed" before starting the engine, as a result of which the machine immediately starts to go and crashes into the nearest car or obstacle.
You can run the engine with automatic transmission as in "P" mode (Parking) and in "N" mode (neutral), but manufacturers recommend using only "P" mode. Therefore, it is better to establish another rule for yourself - parking and run the engine only in Parking mode.
- After turning the key in the ignition lock before starting the starter, it is recommended to wait a few seconds.To give time to turn on the fuel pump and pump up compression.
Most drivers who are transplanted from "mechanics" to "automatic", first time automatically perform the actions that they used to perform repeatedly when driving on a car with mechanical box Transmissions. Therefore, such drivers before starting to travel with automatic transmission on the road in the overall car stream, it is recommended to pre-train alone.
So, the standard procedure for starting from a place by car with automatic transmission is as follows:
- Insert the key to the ignition lock.
- Squeeze the brake pedal with the right foot (left foot when driving with automatic transmission is not activated).
- Check the position of the gear lever - it must be in the Position "P" - "Parking".
- Run the engine (when the brake pedal is pressed).
- Also, when the brake pedal is pressed, switch the PP lever to the "D" position is "Drive" (forward).
- Completely release the brake pedal, after which the car is touching and starts moving forward at low speed - about 5 km / h.
- To increase the speed of movement, you must click on the "Gas" pedal. The stronger you push the gas pedal, the higher the transmission and speed will be.
- To stop the car, you need to remove the right leg with the "Gas" pedal and squeeze (her) brake pedal. The car will stop.
- If you plan to leave the car after the stop, then when the brake pedal is pressed, move the gear lever to P "Parking". If the stop required in traffic, at the traffic light or pedestrian crossingNaturally, the PP lever to switch to "Parking" is not needed. After you decide again to continue moving, release the brake pedal and click on the gas pedal to increase the speed.
To prevent engine damage when switching to manual mode "M" on the go, all automatic transactions have special protection. Go to manual control "M" is relevant in the following situations:
- When moving off-road on low transmission to avoid slipping.
- When moving rolling from a slide, with braking engine. Use for movement in rolling neutral mode "n" is not recommended, since it is harmful to automatic transmission. And the gas in "D" mode is not entirely convenient, as there is a gradual decrease in speed.
- For convenient passage of turns and other maneuvers, including for sharp acceleration when overtaking.
- The most common mistake leading to the crash of automatic transmission is inclusion of the "D" mode - "Drive" (forward) without a complete stop when moving by reverse. And, the same, only on the contrary - the inclusion of the "R" mode (reverse) without a complete stop when moving forward.
- The second common error (rather, the error) is associated with the "N" mode (neutral). The fact is that this mode is emergency to unlock the wheels for short-term towing or permuting the machine in the event of any malfunction. And just for this!
But many inexperienced drivers use neutral mode "N" in traffic jams with short-term stopsWhat leads to hydraulic impact and premature wear of the automatic transmission. In traffic jams, with frequent stops, you need to use the "D" mode along with the brake pedal. If you need to stop - the brake pedal is pressed, if you need to slowly move forward - the brake pedal is simply released, and the car slowly rolls forward. And so you can ride all day.
- Third error - transition to neutral mode "N" from the "D" mode on the go, in motion along the track. It is dangerous (especially at high speed), as the engine can stumble, with the result that the hydraulic steering and the strengthening of the brakes will turn off, and the car will become almost uncontrollable.
- Another error - towing machines with automatic transmission for a distance of more than 40 km and at speeds more than 50 km / h. In the "Automatic" box, in contrast to the manual transmission, the oil supply system operates under pressure, but when towing it does not work. Accordingly, the details of the "automat" rotate "on dry", without lubrication, resulting in their very rapid wear.
- Non-error is attempting to start the car with automatic transmission "from the pusher". And although such attempts often lead to the desired result (the engine is started), it is still on the mechanism of automatic transmission, it acts destructively, and with such frequent exploitation "AUTOMAT" may not work out half of the resource.
Conclusion
It is possible that for someone, the automatic transmission will seem complex and pick-up mechanism, despite the simplicity and convenience of using it. But this is only at first glance. In fact, the "automata" has proven itself as quite reliable units, but, of course, subject to their correct and competent operation. It is especially convenient to use automatic transmission in large cities where you often have to stand in traffic jams.
Video on how to use the "automatic":
The person has always sought to comfort and pleasure from driving, the result of which the automatic transmission was invented, it made it possible to reduce the driver's load, driving the car much easier. Invented it in the 40s of the 20th century in the General Motors concern.
The automatic transmission is quite difficult and includes the following mechanisms:
- the hydrotransformer - provides transmission and change of torque from the power unit;
- gearbox - converts force and drives the wheel;
- management system - manages working fluid;
- the lubricant and cooling system - creates pressure and circulation in the system.
Hydrotransformer
Hydrotransformer
Replaces standard for mechanical gearbox Clutch, and is also located between the checkpoint and the engine, is attached to his flywheel. Its main task is a smooth change, the transfer to the drive shaft of the torque ACP. Its design includes such elements as: pumping, turbine, reactor wheels, coupling free travel and blocking. The pumping wheel is attached to the housing of the hydrotransformer, it rotates with it. The turbine wheel is sitting on the leading shaft of the planetary gearbox. On each of the wheels there are blades of a certain form, when the engine is running between them, the working fluid is started, which it is filled.
As soon as the engine starts, the pumping wheel begins to rotate and its blades pick up the working fluid directing to the blades of the turbine wheel, from which it departs to the reactor wheel (reactor) located between them. The reactor directs the flow of the return fluid towards the direction of the pumping wheel, it is started to rotate two forces at the expense of which the moment increases. When the turnover of the pump and turbine wheels are compared, the coupling of the free move occurs and the reactor begins to spin it due to its, this moment is called a clutch point. After that, the torque converter begins to work as a hydromefta, rotation from the engine begins to be transmitted to the leading shaft of the planetary gearbox through the working fluid. The exception is the Honda automatic transmission, where instead of the planetary gearbox installed shafts with gears as on the manual transmission.
But still 100% of the energy from the engine is not transmitted due to viscous friction of the oil. To eliminate these costs and to use it as efficiently as possible, which ultimately leads to a decrease in fuel consumption by the engine, there is a blocking clutch, which turns on about 60 km / h and more. There is this coupling on the hub of the turbine. As soon as the car is gaining the necessary speed, the working fluid comes to the wall of the locking clutch on one side, and on the other it is suitable after opening the channel by a switching valve, thereby creating a zone low pressure. Due to the pressure difference, the blocking piston is triggered, at this moment it is pressed against the housing of the hydrotransformer, as a result of which the coupling begins to rotate with the housing of the hydrotransformer.
Transmission
W. different manufacturers They may differ slightly, but in all there are: the planetary gearbox is also called differential, overtaking and friction clutches connecting all the mechanisms of shafts, drums performing the clutch role, and in some models, the brake tape is used to slow down the drums.
It consists of usually several planetary rows, couplings and brakes. Each of the planetary rows is structurally made of solar gears and satellites, they are connected by the planetary drove. Rotation is transmitted when one, two gearbox elements are blocked. When blocking drove, the direction changes that corresponds to rear go car. When blocking the crown gear ratio It increases, and with the blocking of the solar gear decreases, this is the gear shift.
Friction clutch
To keep the elements of the gearbox are used brakes, and friction clutches (friction) are used to fix parts of the planetary row. Each such coupling includes a drum with inner which has slots and hub with teeth outside. Between them are placed two types of friction discs, the first with the protrusions outside, which are included in the drum slots, the second with protrusions inside, which includes a hub teeth. The coupling is triggered when squeezing discs with a piston inside the drum at the time of arrival working fluid to him.
Overtaking coupling
It holds back drove from rotation to the other direction. To reduce the blows while turning on the transmission and prevents the engine braking in certain box operation modes.
Feature Honda
Two-walled automatic automatic transmission
It has already been mentioned that the Honda boxes differ from all other machines, in fact it is a common mechanic with hydraulic control. The advantages of these boxes are reliability, since there is almost nothing to break there, they are easier to repair and manufacture. There are such boxes of two and more shafts with gears and by turning on a specific gear combination, a gear ratio changes.
One gear in each pair is constantly captured with his shaft, the second is associated with its so-called wet clutch (frictional switching clutch), i.e., all gears rotate, but one of the pair is not connected with the shaft and, accordingly, the torque and rotation is not Transmitted on the wheels of the car (neutral). The device and the principle of operation of the coupling, as in conventional automata. When the discs are compressed, the second gear is connected with its shaft, the corresponding transmission is turned on.
The rear is implemented on the clutch of one of the gears. On the shaft next to the gear of one transmission there is a reversible gear, these two gears are not fixed hard on the shaft, there is a sleeve with teeth fixed on this shaft, and on this sleeve a ring clutch with teeth. And depending in which of the parties this coupling will be moved, the gear and hits with the shaft, the ring clutch shifts with a plug with hydraulic drive. The reversing gear changes the direction of rotation, the reverse turns on.
Control system
It distributes the flow of working fluid (ATF), it consists of a set of spools, oil pump, hydroblock. There are two types of hydraulic or electronic systems.
Hydraulic system
It uses the oil pressure from the throttle valve depending on the load at the moment, the centrifugal regulator connected to the Output shaft of the ACP. The working fluid from these regulators is suitable for the spool and acts on it from different sides, and depending on the pressure difference, it moves into one or the other side, opening the necessary channels, it determines which transmission the box will switch.
Electronic system
With this system, you can achieve more flexible modes of operation that cannot be fully hydraulic system. It uses solenoids (electromagnetic valves), they move spools. The work of all solenoids is managed the electronic unit Control (ECU) boxes are sometimes combined with an engine computer. Based on the testimony coming from the speed sensor, the oil temperature, the gas pedals and the box lever gives signals to solenoids. Electromagnetic valves They are divided into regulatory pressure controlling flows that distribute streams.
Regulators are formed and maintained within a given value of the pressure of the working fluid, which depends on the state of the car. Switching valves are controlled by transfers, feeding fluid to inclusion coupling. The distribution streams direct the liquid from one hydraulic block to another.
When selecting the CAPP mode of the selector lever, the signal comes to the mode control valve by mechanical or electronic communications. It directs ATF only to those valves that can be involved to include transmissions allowed in this mode.
Hydrelclock
Hydrobloka device
The most complex assembly of the ACP, it consists of a metal plate with a large number of channels and the entire mechanical part of the control system (spools, solenoids). The fluid flows are redistributed in it, and ATF is provided through it with the desired pressure into all elements of the mechanical part of the box.
Oil pump
Located inside the gearbox and happens different types (gear, tropoid, blade), can be completely controlled by electronics or have a mechanical connection with a torque converter and engine. It implements an uninterrupted circulation of ATF and creates pressure in the system. Immediately the pump itself does not create pressure, and fills the hydraulic effect working fluid, and with the help of dead-end channels in the hydraulicone, pressure begins to form. In modern automatic transmission, automatic (electronic) pump is increasingly used, allowing optimally maintaining pressure.
Lubrication and cooling system
It is very important for the normal functioning of the gearbox, therefore it uses a special ATF hydraulic fluid, it is that it lubricates and cools the moving elements. The cooling of the working fluid occurs in the cooling radiator, which is internal and external. Inner radiator (It is a heat exchanger) is located inside the engine coolant radiator. There are also more complex heat exchangers that have their own liquid cooling, they are installed on the box of the box. External is located separately and is a full-fledged radiator. On some cars, a thermostat that regulates the oil volume passed through it is embedded to the radiator. To prevent the pollution of the channel channels by particles, which are formed when moving the moving parts are established, the filter is installed, it clears the working fluid.
Automatic transmission with an external oil cooling radiator
Automatic transmission with built-in radiator cooling in the engine radiator
Cooling radiator Oil automatic transmission with liquid cooling system
The transmission control is carried out by selecting the desired mode of operation to the selector lever. On the different models There may be a different combination of operating modes:
- R (Neutral) - mode for long-term parking;
- N. (Parking) - for short-term parking or towing;
- R. (Reverse) - movement back;
- L1, 2, 3 (LOW) - lowering is intended for movement in heavy road conditions (crossed terrain, steep descent or rise);
- D. (DRIVE) - move forward, is the main regime;
- D2 / D3. - modes limiting gear shift;
- S, P. (Sport, Power, Shift) - Sports Movement Mode;
- E. (ECN) - more economical motion style is ensured;
- W. (Winter, Snow) - Winter mode, provides for a soft start with increased transmission to exclude the slip, the transmission change is carried out on low revs;
- +/- - Manual shift function.
Some models are present O / D. (Overdrive) - a special button allowing to switch to increased transmission, also happens kick-Down.which forcibly includes reduced transmission with a sharp press on the gas pedal, due to which more intensive acceleration is ensured.
We tried the most detailed and accessible to disassemble the ACP device, the principle of operation of individual elements and their interaction. But the technology does not stand still, perhaps already now introduce new principles of work that will like to do any inhabitant.
AUTOLEEK.
