Despite the fact that the system of electronic stability control is already installed on cars for more than 15 years, most drivers still do not understand how it works. At the same time, there are two extremes: some are completely relying on electronics without accepting the laws of physics, while others are firmly confident that the electronics only interferes.
Let's try to figure it out.
The mass implementation of coursework control systems began in the late 90s of the last century. At the same time, one of the most scandalous cases in the history of Mercedes, when submitted in the fall of 1997 new A-Class (Without a stabilization system) shamefully turned over on the passage of the "elk test". It is this case to some extent that became an impetus to the massive equipment of cars with electronic stabilization systems.
At first, the system was offered as an option on representative and business class cars. Then it became more accessible for more compact budget vehicles. Currently, the system of electronic control of sustainability is mandatory (in Europe, USA, Canada and Australia) for all new passenger cars Starting from the fall of 2011. And since 2014, absolutely all sold cars must be equipped with the ESP system.
How ESP works
The task of the stabilization system to help the car move in the direction where the front wheels are turned. In the simplest view, the system consists of several sensors controlling the position of the car in space, the electronic control unit and pump with separate control of the brake lines of each wheel (it is used to work anti-lock aBS systems).
Four sensors on each wheel with a frequency 25 times per second track the speed of rotation of the wheels, the sensor on the steering column determines the angle of rotation of the steering wheel, and another sensor is located as close as possible to the axial center of the vehicle - Yaw Sensor, fixing the rotation around the vertical axis (usually it is a gyroscope , BUT B. modern Systemsah use accelerometers).
The electronic unit compares data on the speed of rotation of the wheels and side accelerations with the angle of rotation of the steering wheel and if these data do not match, then there is interference with the fuel supply system and brake lines. It is important to understand that the stabilization system does not know and cannot know the correct motion trajectoryAll that she does is trying to direct the car in the direction where the driver turned the steering wheel. At the same time, the stabilization system is capable of making something that no driver is physically able to make - selective slow motion of individual wheels of the car. And the fuel supply limit is used to stop the acceleration of the car and to stabilize it as quickly as possible.
There are two main cases of car deviations with a planned trajectory: demolition (loss of adhesion with expensive and side slide of the front of the car) and a skid (loss of clutch with an expensive and side slide of the rear wheel of the car). Demolition It occurs when the driver is trying to perform the maneuver at high speed, and the front wheels lose the grip with an expensive, the car stops reacting to the rotation of the steering wheel and continues to move directly. In this case, the stabilization system will slow down the rear inner to turn the wheel, thereby holding the car from demolition. Rosy Usually arises already at the exit of rotation and mainly on the rear-wheel drive vehicles with a sharp press on the gas pedal when the rear axle is scored and starts to move the turn. In this case, the stabilization system will slow down the external front wheel, thereby quenching the starting skid.
In fact, selective braking with different intensity not only one wheel is used to dynamically stabilize the car. In some cases, the braking of two wheels of one side is simultaneously or even three (except for external front).
Some drivers believe that the stabilization system prevents them from riding, but the simplest experiment on the ice track with an average driver behind the wheel shows that without a stabilization system, he has much more chances to fly off the track, not to mention that the best time he is able to show only With the help of electronics.
If you do not have the title of Sports Masters on the Rural, and at the same time confident that the stabilization system prevents you from ride - it means you just don't know how to drive correctly and are not completely familiar with the laws of physics, car balance and equipment management technique. And on the road common use There is no situations where the absence of a stabilization system can help avoid accidents. Most of the complaints about the stabilization system for drivers who do not understand simple truth: Electronics tries to direct the car in the direction where the front wheels are turned.
Different automakers have different sensitivity settings and the speed of the stabilization system. This is also associated with a mass and dimensions of the car. Some systems have extremely high sensitivity, this is done because demolition and skid is easiest to pay off at the very beginning, without waiting for critical angles of car deviation from the trajectory.
The stabilization system will be superfluous only in two cases - either you want to effectively work in a wolf, or you are a master of sports and on the racing track you have a challenge to drive as quickly as possible. In this case, the stabilization system will interfere with the controlled drive for the trust of the car (especially when using the slip technique from one side to another), and the fuel supply limit will not be accelerated in lateral slip.
At the same time, even the inclusive stabilization system in reasonable limits allows you to slide sideways in the controlled drift. All that is needed for this - do not rotate the steering wheel towards driving, because This will lead to the instantaneous intervention of electronics (the car slides in one direction, and the turning steering wheel you send it to another). If you need to accelerate at the output from rotation, and the stabilization system has limited the fuel supply, then simply put the steering wheel directly, the real direction of the vehicle movement coincides with the required and stabilization system will cease to interfere. That is, you just need to ride it right that the front wheels have always been directed there, where the car is actually riding.
But learning how to manage the car you need to turn off the stabilization systemOtherwise, you will not have skills to determine the start of demolition or drift, and accordingly, to correctly calculate the speed when maneuvers. The only possibility in case the automaker did not provide for the possibility of disconnecting the electronics by regular means - disable one of the speed sensors from any wheel or the ABS pump fuse. At the same time, it should be borne in mind that you also lose the anti-lock system and the brake force distribution system along the axes.
The stabilization system cannot change the laws of physics and it is effective until the tire clutch limit is reached with an expensive. In all other cases, it is the main element active security Any modern car.
Such a question as security, worried about the first autoconstructors at the dawn of the automotive industry. Since then, security systems are constantly improved by helping modern car owners to emerge from difficult situations at a critical moment. Consider one of these new systems and find out what ESP is in the cars of modern configuration.
Nowadays, the system has received great distribution ESP (Electronic Stability Program). We call it currency stability system. It is designed to control the resistance of the car in critical situations, not allowing the vehicle to go into a skid and preventing lateral slip. Including the system helps to hold the car when performing sharp maneuvers at high speed or poor road surface.
Such security devices were first trying to use in the middle of the last century, but a truly working version managed to implement on serial machines only in 1995. To date, it is used almost on all cars, regardless of their class and cost.
Let's figure it out how this device works.
So such an ESP in a car and how this system works
The ESP system works in a complex with ABS. All sensors in the anti-passing system are involved in the work of the ESR, but also it has its own. The electronic unit processes the incoming signals from all ABS sensors and two ESR sensors. One of which freezes the angular speed, and the other transverse acceleration.
Using these sensors, a lateral slip is fixed. They define its parameters and transmit a signal to the electronic unit. This device is constantly being aware of all vehicle testimony, such as: speed, steering angle, engine turnover, or how much the car has been listed.
The electronic unit when processing signals coming from the sensors compares information with the behavior of the car, and as soon as information about deviations from the specified parameters is received, the electronics tries to correct the position.
Align the car in the event of a drift system may feed various commands to different wheels, which at this moment must be slowed down, in its opinion, and which is not. Turning is carried out through the ABS modulator, which creates pressure in the brake system. At this point, the command is also fed to the engine control. To reduce the number of revolutions, the feed is automatically reduced and the wheel rotation slows down.
On vehicles with electronic control unit, ESP can make changes to the operation of the transmission, switching transmissions in a critical situation at its own discretion.
Many drivers believe that a device such as ESP in a car interferes when performing sharp maneuvers or an aggressive ride style. By the way, on many cars there is a disconnection of ESP as desired. But it is recommended to disable it only for good road conditions and if the driver has extensive driving experience.
The ESP system represents one of the most important parts of the car control security, correcting the mistakes allowed and often helping to get out of a difficult situation as an experienced and having experienced driver.
One of the main advantages is that such a device does not require special skills from the driver emergency situation. It is enough just to rotate the steering wheel, and the car will independently think about how to turn the turn.
But you do not need to forget that it is not worth relying on ESP. Still, sometimes the driver must think about his own security, as well as the safety of passengers.
Everyone new carsold in Europe from 2014 should be equipped with an electronic stabilization system, but not all car owners know what the ESP and ESC differ in, and also what the selected option is affected.
ESC (or ESP) is considered by many as one of the greatest achievements in the field automotive security and motor racing in particular. The principal difference of the stabilization system from such traditional elements passive security Like belts and pillows lies in the fact that they are intended to save lives, as well as the preservation of the health of the driver and the passenger at an accident, but ESC (or ESP) are used.
For reference, ESC is decrypted as Electronic Stability Control ( Electronic control Sustainability), and ESP - Electronic Stability Program (electronic stabilization program). In fact, the goals of both coincide, and research and verification is clearly proven by their effectiveness. According to British specialists who were based on statistical data, ESP equipment helps reduce the risks of a serious transport accident by 25%. At the same time, Swedish researchers tend to believe that this system of active safety helps 35% reduce the likelihood of a fatal accident in bad weather conditions.
This is a gloomy perspective that, nevertheless, must be subject to careful analysis, which is why in Europe at the legislative level consolidated the mandatory equipment of all new cars ESP.. Such an initiative was implemented in 2014, until this point, such an important system was only in the list. additional equipment, affordable enough expensive models. In this case, the prototype of this electronic system It was patented in 1959, and it was possible to implement it on the mass serial model only by 1994.
How to work ESP and ESC
With such a number of electronic systems installed in the car, each of which has its own abbreviation, many car owners do not understand completely, in which it is a fundamental difference between them. Even more complicates the situation that various names are used to designate as close to the appointment of actuate security, which in most cases are determined by the manufacturer.
So, ESP (Electronic Stability Program) can be known as ESC (Electronic Stability Control), VSC (Car Stability or Stability System), VSA (VEHICLE STABILITY ASSIST - Currency Stabilization System) or DSC (Dynamic Stability Control - Dynamic Control System Sustainability). Some automakers use their own "brands" to promote ESP, so you may encounter, for example, with DSTC (Dynamic Stability and Traction Control) from or PMS (Porsche Stability Management) from.
So, now we have decided on possible names of titles, let's see how ESP works.
Adding a third security element to ABS and anti-test system
In order to appear the possibility of equipping your car by the ESP system, it must be equipped with ABS (anti-lock brake brake system) and TCS (Traction Control System - anti-test system) In the simplest case, two of these active safety elements are designed to improve controllability and predictability, And also maintain control over the car when braking and acceleration, respectively, so their intervention in the management process is reduced only to the control of linear acceleration.
ESP complements them and makes a third controlled measurement, since it is responsible for moving the vehicle in the perpendicular trajectory of the direction of movement, in which such phenomena arise as insufficient or excess turning - skid. In more advanced versions, it is in constant interaction and with electronic block Engine management to maximize the efficiency of its work.
According to statistical data, ESP can prevent up to 80% of banks, which is excellent indicator, especially against the background of the fact that about 40% of accidents occur precisely because of this phenomenon. Nevertheless, it is worth remembering the words of Scotti from the film Startrel: "You can change the laws of physics!". Of course, the possibilities of active safety systems are not limitless and do not forget about it. If the driver oversteps the border when the loss of control over the car is inevitable, none of the existing systems will prevent serious consequences.
Additional resistance when turning with ESC
Since ESP provides additional safety along with ABS and TCS, you are unlikely to surprise the fact that it uses most of the equipment from these systems to work. Using sensors for measuring the speed of individual wheels, as well as information from the lateral acceleration sensors and transverse speed sensors, the ESP control unit constantly controls the lateral movement of the car and compares them with the steering position. If the machine does not respond to the steering movement, as it is programmed, or the specified angle of rotation, as well as the speed too large, the ESP will begin to slow down the wheels, trying to maintain a straight trajectory of motion. At the same time, braking is carried out with active interaction with, which eliminates the blocking of one of the wheels. The very essence of the work under consideration is to begin to actively promote the process of managing the machine even until the driver understands what begins to lose control.
The system works constantly, regardless of the ride mode, and even when driving. And the mechanism of its influence is completely dependent on the situation and constructive features car. For example, if the beginning of slippage is fixed in a sharp turn rear axis, the electronics begins to smoothly reduce the amount of fuel supplied to the engine, ensuring a decrease in its revolutions. If this is not enough, then the gradual shocking of the front wheels begins. If the car is equipped with automatic transmissionThe ESP allows forcibly activating the winter mode of operation, providing the possibility of transition to reduced transmission.
Additional advantages ESC
Since the ESC is able to slow down the wheels of the car, regardless of the pedal press, it opens up a huge potential for the implementation and introduction of other different security technologies. These include a well-known Brake Assist, intended to reduce the brake path, which recognizes the situation emergency braking and provides the necessary assistance to the driver. And also Hill Hold Control, the essence of which lies in the help when moving up the mountain by braking the wheels for a couple of seconds after letting the pedal to prevent rolling back. All this is still a few steps near the moment when the electronics completely replaces the driver.
ESP. (Electronic Stability Program) is the most common abbreviation from the many existing abbreviations denoting the same thing: a system of dynamic stabilization of the car. There are other names. Depending on the manufacturer, the letter in the title of this system can be different - ESC, VDC, VSC, DSC, DSTC, but the essence is one everywhere: in dangerous situations, this electronics helps you cope with the car.
The task of the ESP system is to control the transverse dynamics of the car and help the driver in critical situations - to prevent a car breaking into a skid and lateral slip. That is, to maintain a course stability, a trajectory of movement and stabilize the position of the car in the process of performing maneuvers, especially at high speed or on a bad coating. Sometimes this system is called "bonus" or "system of maintaining courseworthy".
The preimage of ESP called the "Managing Device" was patented in 1959 by Daimler-Benz, but it really managed to realize it only in 1994. Since 1995, the system has become serially installed on coupe Mercedes-Benz CL 600, and a little later, all cars of S-class and SL were published.
Today, the dynamic stabilization system is available, at least as an option, almost on any car. Direct dependence on the class of the machine no longer exists: the ESP system can be detected even in a relatively inexpensive new Volkswagen. Polo. So how does she work?
Modern ESP is interconnected with ABS, anti-slip system and an engine control unit, it actively uses their components. In essence, this is a single system that works comprehensively and ensures a whole set of auxiliary contraloan activities. The ESP structurally consists of an electronic controller block, which constantly processes signals from numerous sensors: wheel rotation rates (standard ABS sensors are used); Steering wheel position sensor; Pressure sensor in the brake system.
But the main information comes from two special sensors: angular velocity relative to the vertical axis and transverse acceleration (sometimes this device is called the G-sensor). It is they who fix the occurrence of lateral slip on the vertical axis, determine its magnitude and give further orders. At each moment, ESP knows how fast the car goes, to which angle the steering wheel is turned on, what are the turnover from the engine, whether there is a skid and so on.
ESP work scheme
Processing signals from sensors, the controller constantly compares the actual behavior of the car with what is laid in the program. In case the behavior of the car differs from the calculated, the controller understands this as the emergence of a dangerous situation and seeks to correct it.
Return the car to the desired course, the system can, giving a command to selectively produce one or more wheels. Which of them need to slow down (front wheel or rear, external with respect to rotation or internal), the system determines itself depending on the situation.
Turning the wheels The system performs through the absodulator ABS, which creates pressure in the brake system. At the same time (or before), a command to reduce the fuel supply and a decrease, respectively, torque on wheels comes to the engine control unit.
This drawing clearly illustrates the situation when the driver exceeded maximum speed Engoing in turn, and began a drift or demolition. The red line indicates the trajectory of the movement of the machine without ESP. If her driver starts to slow down, he has a serious chance to turn around, and if not, then fly away from the road. ESP selectively powder the necessary wheels so that the car remains on the desired trajectory.
The system is always working, in any modes of movement: when overclocking, braking, moved rolling. A system of response the system depends on each specific situation and the type of car drive. For example, in the turn, the angular acceleration sensor records the beginning of the rear axle. In this case, a command to reduce the supply of fuel is served on the engine control unit. If this turned out to be not enough, the external front wheel is slowed down by the ABS. And so on, in accordance with the program.
In addition, in cars equipped with automatic gearbox with electronic control, ESP is able to even adjust the operation of the transmission, that is, switching to a lower transmission or on the "winter" mode if it is provided.
BOSCH ESC stabilization system in action: A car shy away from the truck suddenly changed the direction of movement, and ESC helps the driver to keep control over the machine and not crash into the separation barrier.
However, there is an opinion that an experienced driver who can ride the limit of possibilities, this system interferes. Such situations are really rare, but they can occur - for example, when it is necessary to submit gas to exit from the drift, and the electronics do this does not give it - "soul" the engine.
Fortunately, for experienced drivers in many cars equipped with ESP, it is possible to forced shutdown. And on some models, the system allows small drifts and slides, giving the driver a bit like a little, intervening only if the situation becomes really critical.
Again ESC: This time the car driver performs the overtaking truck on the oncoming lane, during which the left wheels of the machine unexpectedly fall on the wet area of \u200b\u200bthe road. Without ESC, overtaking ends on the side of the road, with the ESC driver comes safely to his strip.
ESP is one of the most important parts of the car's active safety complex. It corrects errors in control and often helps to get out of situations in which the average driver on ordinary car Would have suffered a full fiasco. The main advantage of the ESP is a car with her ceases to demand from you extreme driving skills. You just turn the steering wheel - and the car itself will think how to fit into the turn.
But keep in mind - the possibilities of ESP to correct a dangerous situation are not impossible. After all, the laws of physics can not be deceived. Therefore, it is necessary to remember that ESP although significantly reduces the chances of entering an accident in many difficult situations, but does not eliminate the driver from the need to have a head on his shoulders.
Alexey Kongtay, Center for Contrawaric Training of Drivers "Master Class".
Only a couple of dozen years have passed since the appearance of the first electronic stabilization system, and the ESP of the ninth generation has already proven well on the market.
EVOLUTION ESP.
ESP-Evolution Für PRESSEBILD 10 "2014_dt und engl.ai
To begin with, let's go back in the distant 1978 year. Then, for the first time on the car, the ABS system was serially installed (anti-lock system), which did not allow the wheel during braking to be completely blocked. Thus, the driver has received the opportunity to control the trajectory of movement. It is difficult to appreciate the importance and necessity of this system, but the one who at least once in life is inhibited by "into the floor", crossed four bands diagonally, without having the opportunity to adjust the direction of movement, the benefits of ABS is aware of fully.
8 years have passed, and they began to install cars tCS system (Traction Control System) - anti-test brake system. It prevents wheel slip when starting. These systems, ABS and TCS, use the same sensors and executive mechanisms, Difference only in software. Finally, in 1995 the first program appears stabilization ESP.. Electronics began to control not only the lock and slip of the wheels, but also the rotation of the car around the vertical axis - the engineers were able to curb the car. Moreover, if the first ESP consisted of 11 elements, then in a modern stabilization system of them only four.
The main task of this system is the car should go to where the steering wheel is rotated, while the skid and ruck are excluded. It works like this: the driver with the helm sets the trajectory of movement, the rotation angle sensor transmits data into the control unit, along with them there comes there from ABS sensors, acceleration and corner rotation of the body. The last two are now combined into one case and are placed directly on the hydraulicone. It is easier, cheaper and more reliable.
Once the data from one or more sensors exceeds the critical values \u200b\u200brecorded in the control unit database, the program according to the specified algorithm of action will begin to adjust the car trajectory. Now it can be done only by short brake impulses, slowing down the wheel around which the car should turn and change the trajectory of his movement. If this is not enough and the speed of entry in turn is large, the system can slightly "strangle" the engine, thereby reducing the thrust on the wheels. Many active "drivers" do not like this, but for an ordinary driver is a good help.
2. Is it worth overpaying for ESP when buying a new car?
Since mid-2014, all new cars produced in Europe must have basic configuration ESP. We still have everything so strictly: new cars that first get oligation must be equipped with this system, and if they only prolong the certificate, it is optional. It should be borne in mind that if you need various assistants, such as a drock help system, imitation of differential blocking, parking assistant, etc., without electronic stabilization. Those who do not want to drive with an "electronic collar", you can advise you to choose the old Good classics (until 1995), but find such a car in good condition Today it is very problematic. It is even better to buy a new one, but with the disabled ESP system. As an example, you can bring the MITO model of Alfa Romeo. Depending on the mood and movement conditions, you can select one of the three basic settings. Dynamic is the most aggressive, security system works at the last moment, allowing you to get full pleasure from driving. All Weather Mode is sharpened to safety, all electronic assistants work quickly and at the maximum. Natural is an intermediate setting designed for everyday ride.3. Is it possible to retail the car equipped with ABS, ESP system?
Very tempting - buy missing sensors, install them on a car with ABS and get a car equipped with ESP! Is it possible? After reviewing several forums, they were convinced that no more "Kulibins" did not translate. Owners Ford Focus The second and third generations are actively discussing the topic and share the instructions for the alteration of the car. From an economic point of view, this is a fairly costly event, it is necessary to buy a new hydraulic unit, missing sensors and tubes, and the most important thing is to have access to the programs of the control unit and correctly installe them.Bosch's specialists do not advise to engage in similar experiments: Even if the wiring is to match, hydroblocks and control units will still be different. Moreover, even the ABS versions may differ and, accordingly, different software will be loaded in the control blocks. In addition, other components differ brake system. Alteration of active security systems in garage conditions May have dangerous consequences. Still, specialists should be engaged in complex systems, not lovers.
4. Are there any differences between ESP systems that are installed on cars of different classes?
Of course, there is, and this concerns not only mechanics, but also software. For example, the difference between the ESP 9 Plus hydroblocks from Premium - in the amount of pistons that create pressure: more expensive premium their six instead of two ESP 9 Plus. Budget car No need to do business car without anything. Additional options He strongly affect the cost of the entire system. Easy to present Renault Logan. without drying brakes, but the absence of this option in the equipment list Mercedes-Benz E-Class unacceptable.5. How will the security system develop in the near future?
The main objective for the next decade is to create a car with a fully autonomous control system and run it into the series.
For this there are almost all the necessary prerequisites and developments. Prototypes have already been created, which can move in the usual stream of machines without the participation of the driver, make various maneuvers and take passengers to the final point. But such cars, firstly, very expensive, secondly, not yet completely reliable. Initially, autopilot will work on highways, then gradually be used on ordinary roads in cities. True, for this you need to solve a number of problems.
Sensors providing surroundings for 360 0
In essence, it is required to create a system that will analyze the environment and issue the right decision. The first step has already been made: active cruise control uses radar and video sensors to track road situation Ahead of the car.
Backup system architecture
The car will soon become much safer, he, like modern aircraft, will appear various duplicate systems. This, first of all, is necessary so that the sudden failure of one of the systems does not lead to an accident.
Bosch specialists have already developed a backup brake technology technology. The electromechanical amplifier of the IBOOSter and ESP brakes (electronic system of course stability) allow you to stop the car independently of each other.
High-precision cartographic data
Now the accuracy of the positioning of modern navigation systems is within one meter. For safe autopilot, accuracy should be raised at least once every ten. In addition, the actualization of maps should occur more often. Our habit of installing new signs for the time of repair of the road, and then forget to remove them can drive crazy the cybernetic brain of the car. For example, when the camcorder locks "brick", and navigation will determine the road as one-sided. Where to move? After all, the ban violate the rules road It will be basic in artificial intelligence.
We only listed three problems while on the way to creating autopilot them dozens! And yet there is hope that in ten years we will be able to go early in the morning at the cottage on the "smart" car, and on the way you can safely sleep in the driver's seat.
