Active security systems in the car today have become the most important section of the machine configuration. When purchasing transport, the potential owner immediately examines the comfort and safety zone in order to make a choice in favor of a more reliable car. One of the systems active security - ESP - is an essential addition to a modern car that helps improve coursework stability.
The system of course stability can fully work only with the presence of ABS, and EBD is also preferably. In the management of the course stability, there are actual all functions of the car, so that when the critical situation occurs with the drift, this module avoids the uncontrolled trip of the machine.
The nature of the ESP work - what functions are in the system management?
Most modern cars In their advanced equipment, they have this function of active safety. If earlier buyers embarrassed the presence of many abbreviations from three Latin letters, today every name causes genuine interest from the driver. It is about such important security.
But in the case of the course stability system, not every driver knows the nature of this module. When an ESP is in the configuration of the car, the question arises, what are these? So, the ESP module is responsible for controlling the car control when driving, driving such functions of the machine:
- steering, or rather, the inadmissibility of harsh steering wheel steering when driving;
- distribution of braking efforts for each wheel to the desired degree;
- reducing or enhancing engine speeds to obtain the necessary control;
- monitoring angular velocity and transverse acceleration for understanding the start of drift.
Sensors of this function are actually located on all car controls, which leads to a rapid response to any skid. As soon as the car begins to go out from under the control of the driver, the assistance of the ESP system is activated and the distribution of the correct brake efforts, setting the steering and the performance of other functions begins. It is almost always possible to avoid uncontrolled drift.
Do not think that on cars with the ESP system, you can recklessly ride a slippery road, because the module will save in any situation. ESP is far from magic, this is a technology that will not help cancel the laws of physics. So if you enter into a skid at a speed of 90 kilometers per hour, you won't feel actions of the function.
ESP use statistics on cars
When all modern motorists already know what ESP is, it is worth it to take a complete set with this function and overpay for the car when buying, it comes to talk about the real benefits of this system. The main task of any function is active or passive security Machines is to prevent possible accidents that often happen when controlling management.
It was this task that the creators of the ESP system for cars have been put in front of their developments. With incredibly sensitive sensors, the module responds to 20 milliseconds and includes all the necessary devices to prevent drift. This is confirmed by many statistical data:
- number of accidents B. winter time On vehicles with ESP, almost twice as well;
- insurance companies in the US and Europe began the practice of reducing the cost of insurance for machines with such a system;
- manufacturers invest more and more to improve this function;
- not so long ago, the ESP system successfully moved to sports cars, although its features contradict sports.
Of course, the most visible advantages from the use of this technology will receive novice drivers who still do not have enough experience and practices to exit complex road situations. Previously, the ABS feature was considered exclusively prerogative of novice drivers, but today in some countries without the use of this assistant when braking the sale of new cars is prohibited.
Let's sum up
Among the many new developments with mysterious names in the form of abbreviations, the ESP course stability system is of great importance and is one of the important additions to your car. With the help of many sensors and instant response to the beginning of the drift, this module will not allow the driver to lose control.
If you think whether to pay extra for this function of active security, be sure to decide in favor of its availability in the car. Such additions do not need additional costs, maintenance and other processes. They will only always serve for the benefit of your safety.
The course stabilization system in your car can play the role of a key factor that has retained your life in the event of an emergency. The system of course stability or as it is also called dynamic stabilization system Keeps the handling and stability of the machine, after the possibility of a critical situation in advance and eliminating it.
The history of creating an ESP.
The year of creating a system that could be considered the 1995th, albeit only in two years she declared himself more loud, at the time of the debut of the first compact microwave from the company Mercedes-Benz.under the name A-Class. The design time of this model was allowed a number of very serious errors, which greatly influenced the leaning of the car to tipping when maneuvers are fulfilled, even at low speed.
In Europe, where the pedantic people have long been "turned" (in a good sense) for security, a serious scandal broke out. Release of cars Mercedes-Benz A-Class It was temporarily suspended, and the machines that were already sold were withdrawn to troubleshoot. - revoked to eliminate shortcomings. Engineers daimler-Benz Seriously "took up the head" and began to solve this difficult task.
As in this who loved the consumer, the car solve the problem with its stability, and at the same time without refringing it. And, voila! The beginning of 1998 was marked by the solution of this problem. Cars A-Class from Benz equipped with respectively configured eSP system.
In addition to the A-class models, the ESP system as standard equipment equipped with a Mercedess class, E-class and others. ESPs are used on these cars and is perfectly from the unconditional leader and favorite in this area - Bosch. Bosch ESP systems are also installed on such giants as, Porsche, Volkswagen and many others.
Operating principle
The main task of the ESP electronic stabilization system lies in alignment vehicle In the direction of the direction of the front wheels. The car equipped with ESP contains:
Sensors defining its position in space;
Wheel rotation sensors;
Sensor determining the rotation angle;
The pump controlling the brake triggers of the wheels;
ECU - the electronic unit Control. He "polls" each of the wheeled sensors with a striking frequency up to 30 times per second. The ECU also appeals to the rotation sensors and the axis - Yaw Sensor.
The computer processes data from all control sensors. If they are not converged ESP, it is forcibly taken under control of the supply of fuel and the braking system, aligning the car in the direction of the front wheels. It is important that electronics is not so smartTo know where the safe part of the road is located, so you have to direct the wheels on your own, thereby helping ESP to do the rest.
At first glance, it may seem that experienced drivers should use the help of this system, because emergency situation They can rely on their skills, confidence and experience. But this is a big misconception! In the emergency situation, ESP correctly regulates the fuel supply and chooses those wheelsTo refuse, which are needed to stabilize the car.
If the situation has developed that the front wheels go into demolition, because the entrance to the rotation determined the excessive handling of the car, the ESP system uses the rear brakes, by slowing down the wheel, which lies on the inner rotation radius. This action lines the "front" of the car, which goes into the demolition.
There may be a reverse case when the car is poorly controlled and a slide occurs in a turn with the rear of the back of the car. In this situation, the ESP system connects the front brakes, slowing down the wheel, ridden by an external rotation radius.
Some drivers believe that ESP interferes with riding. We want to refute this and prove that it is 100% wrong. First, in any case, a person with all its controlled physical abilities (now there is a speech about ordinary people without any phenomenal abilities: irradiation, a bite of a radioactive spider, etc.) cannot act as ESP electronics. Secondly, elementary check of its forces on an ice polygon You will immediately dissute in the opposite.
At the high speed of the chance of chances, do not fly beyond the route much more in cars equipped with ESP than without it. Thirdly, people who believe that the stabilization system is superfluous in the car, simply trampled elementary physical laws, not knowing the principle of ESP operation. It is just enough to understand the main principle of ESP, in order to in practice to change its opinion on the opposite.
Developers claim that such situations can occur on the road, where ESP can harm only hopeless.
ESP device
Constructively ESP consists of a system of sensors located on the axes and steering mechanism controlling the position of the car on the road. The ESP sensors consist of:
Accelerometer that determines the position of the car in motion;
The main controller consisting of a pair of microprocessors in 56 KB of memory each.
ESP Efficiency is to use it with ABS, EBR and AS systems that ensure the active safety of the car.
Bosch. - The leader in the global market for the production of ESP, added new beneficial properties to it, which are designed to improve the safety and comfort of the car. So, ESPPO will be desired by the following subsequent functions:
1. Electroplating hydraulic system. In the case of a sharp removal of the leg with the accelerator, the system will conclude about the possibility of an emergency. IN this case In order to reduce the response time of the brakes, the electrohydraulics itself decides to bring the pads to the disks.
2. "Self-cleaning" brake discs. On the rainy time, the working surface of the discs can be covered with a thin layer of water. So that it did not mean the moment at the time emergency brakingThe pads will be led to the disk, removing the water layer at a certain period of time.
3. "Soft" stop. This feature is designed to stop more smooth. This is achieved due to a systematic reduction in fluid pressure in hydraulic circuits as the car stops.
4. Regulation of motion on uneven road surfaces. Eliminates the rolling of the car on the slopes when moving back.
5. "Stop forward". This feature expands the capabilities of the control cruise, adjusting the distance to the car, which moves ahead. Guided by information received from sensors, the system can stop the car in traffic jams and analyze its further movement without the driver's participation.
6. Braking automatically parking time. This is an electronic analogue of the "handbrake" that does not use individual brake mechanisms Wheels To activate it, it is enough to squeeze the brake into the floor by pressing the appropriate electrohydraulic module button. This will give an action to give a certain command to keep the right pressure in the contours until a new disposal from the driver has not received.
What else can in the future suggest craftsmen creating automotive systems, it is difficult to assume, it remains only to be lost in guesses and submore to expect new "improvisers" of security and comfort.
Manufacturers
Systems exercising electronic control Sustainability are made by such major manufacturers:
Robert Bosch GmbH- is the largest ESP system manufacturer. The release of them is adjacent under the ESP stamp of the same name.
Bendix Corporation.
Continental Automotive Systems.
Mando Corporation.
Other names
ESP resistance electronic control system for various car manufacturers It has a different name. Here are some examples:
ASC (Active Stability Control) and ASTC (Active Skid and Traction Control Multimode) - Mitsubishi.
ESC (Electronic Stability Control) - Chevrolet, Kia, Hyundai.
ESP (Elektronisches Stability Program) - Chery, Chrysler, Fiat, Dodge, Mercedes-Benz, Opel, Daimler, Peugeot, Renault, Citroën, Volkswagen, Audi.
VSA (VEHICLE STABILITY ASSIST) - ACURA, HONDA.
DSC (Dynamic Stability Control) - BMW, Jaguar, Mini, Mazda, Land Rover.
DSTC (Dynamic Stability and Traction Control) - Volvo.
Driving a car is a difficult task, as it may seem at first glance. With a driver, such a situation can happen at which the vehicle can lead itself to the most unexpected way. This may especially happen in winterWhen the road is strongly noticeable.
Movements in such situations can lead to inevitable drifts, as a result, the car becomes uncontrollable and maneuvering in such conditions becomes extremely difficult. Under such circumstances, drivers can help the use of electronics. Eliminate uncontrolled transport behavior on the road is possible with ESP.
ESP Purpose
Abbreviated ESP abbreviation - denotes the electronic system of dynamic stabilization of the machine (Electronic Stability Program). Also known for other name - the system of course stability (further). An alpoint combination in the abbreviated designation may be different, depending on the manufacturer: DSTC, DSC, ESC, etc.
The presence on the electronic stabilization car prevents emergency circumstances such as lateral movement, car drift. This is due to the control of the transverse dynamics of transport. Electronics of the system of course stability is capable of maintaining the directional resistance of the car. While maneuvering ESP aligns the position of the car, it felt when controlling the machine at high speed.
A device
Course stability is high-level active security, which consists of:
- systems preventing blocking wheels when braking (ABS);
- brake force switchgear (EBD);
- electronic blocking of differential (EDS);
- anti-test system (ASR).
Under the control of the course stability system, there are input measuring tools, a control unit and hydraulicock as an executing mechanism.
To convert some characteristics of the car to electrical signals, the input meters are used. With their help, the driver behavior and the driving characteristics of transport are analyzed.
For evaluating the behavior of the chauffeur, the steering angle meters are used, brake system, Stop signal switch. Also analyzed the longitudinal transverse acceleration, the rotational speed of the wheels and the angular speed of the machine.
The control unit of the course stability system receives parameters from measuring instruments and creates a control effect on the executing mechanism subordinate to the active safety system:
- aBS valve mechanisms;
- electromagnetic valve mechanism ASR;
- indicators control lamps ESP, ABS, brake systems.
The ESP control unit has a link to other system control units: engine and automatic transmission. In addition to the adoption of parametric signals from their systems, ESP has the ability to control and affect these systems. For the operation of the course stability system, the ABS / ASR system hydroblock is used and its component.
Principle of work
The offensive of the automotive accident is determined in comparative actions of the driver's behavior and the desired characteristics of the car movement. If the actions are diverted with the actual parameters of the car movement, the ESP determines as "uncontrollable state" and connects to operation.
The equalization of traffic with the help can be achieved by some methods:
- with braking some wheels;
- changing the rotation of the motor;
- changing the angular rotation of controlled wheels (when used active system steering);
- change the degree of degree of damping oscillations (with an adaptation suspension).
When the angle of rotation is lacking, the ESP can prevent traffic engines beyond the boundaries of the rotation line, by braking internal rear wheel And changing the rotation of the engine speed.
When driving transport, ESP prevents such a situation, by braking outdoor front wheel And changing the rotation of the engine speed.
Such a bracket of wheels occurs due to the connection of the required active safety systems. When data is connected, the mode of operation has a form of a repeated character: enhancing pressure, holding and dropping pressure in the brake system.
To change the rotation speed of the engine, ESP can implement it by some methods:
- changing the location of the valve flap;
- changing the amount of fuel;
- changing the impulse of the ignition;
- changing an angular ignition timing;
- blocking the inclusion of transmission in the automatic transmission;
- changing the distribution of revolutions between axes (with all-wheel drive vehicles).
Acmination, suspension and steering is formed by integrated automotive dynamics management.
Auxiliary functions of type
The design of the course stability, can be performed using the auxiliary subsystems and functions: hydraulic gain of the brakes, warning tolerance, collision warning, alignment of the movement of road trains, improving the performance of the brakes when heated, removal of humidity with brake discs. The given subsystems are not considered structures, and exist as an additional programmatic expansion to the course stability system.
Roll Over Prevention (ROLL OVER PREVENTION) is equalized by a car while driving conditions. Warning of turning is implemented by braking the front wheels and reduce the torque of the engine. Auxiliary braking occurs due to the active amplifier of the brake system.
Collision Warning (Braking Guard) is implemented with Adaptive Cruise Control installed. In the threat of a collision, the subsystem is noticed using visual-sound signals. In emergency circumstances occurs automatic inclusion Pump reverse feed in the brake system.
Alignment of the movement of road trains is implemented when equipped with a towing device. The subsystem warns the removal of the auto acceptance when traveling, by slowing down the wheel or reducing the torque.
Improving the performance of the brakes during heating (Over Boost) prevents the moment of unsatisfactory contact of the brake pads with brake discs, which appears when overheated. This happens by auxiliary increase in pressure force in the brake drive.
The removal of humidity from the brake discs is driven by more than 50 km / h with working wipers. The scheme of the subsystem is short enough to increase the pressure in the front wheel circuit, as a result of which brake pads, clinging to the disks, remove the humidity by evaporation by it.
What is the difference between ESP from ESC
ESP - Electronic Stability Program means an electronic stabilizing program. ESC - Electronic Stability Control, means electronic stabilization control. These two systems are intended for one purpose - a stable-sustainable and safe movement of the car during maneuvering. The main difference between them is that ESP is installed on all popular car brands, and ESC only at Kia, Honda, Hyundai.
Does the inconvenience of the ESP driver?
Professional drivers who, when traveling, want to squeeze all their capabilities (usually riders), course stability will deliver some inconvenience. If when driving a car, the driver needs to get out of it, as a rule, it adds gas. In this case, the electronic stabilizing program does not give it to do, as it is programmed in this case, reduce the rotating moment of the engine, and also does not allow the possibility of supplying fuel in large quantities.
For such motorists in many cars with a system-equipped course stability, a button is provided for shutdown. It happens that instead of the button, you must perform a sequence of several actions to turn it off. Installed ESP systems have the possibility of not instant inclusion, but with a time delay. This allows the driver to independently decide in non-standard situations on the road.
If you are not a professional rider or your driving experience is not too large, then the system of courseworthy is not recommended to disable. Since security in your case has a higher priority. If your car is equipped with the ESP system, you can feel on the road with a confident driver. But you should not play with the laws of physics. ESP is designed to maximize emergency decreases, and not fully eliminate and not once again Move yourself danger.
How important is the ESP, Bosch told:
2) Sand or mud riding
When traveling to nature or when moving on the mud, we also advise you to turn off the ESP system so that the electronics does not slow down some wheels that begin to slip on the road running. Also, the power of the road is necessary for the movement of off-road, which will limit the system of dynamic stabilization, as a result of which the car can be stuck. If you are already stuck, you also need to turn off the ESP, as it will interfere with you to leave.
3) rain and snow, slippery road: when moving uphill
We know that in rainy and snowy weather, the ESP system perfectly helps drivers to keep the car on a slippery road. Thanks to this, we feel more confident of the wheel in bad weather. And all through the work of electronics, which perfectly regulates the stability of the machine even in severe weather conditions. But if you move on a wet or slippery road to the mountain, then it is better to turn off the ESP system. It is necessary that the car rises smoothly into the mountain. Otherwise, the ESP system when lifting a mountain may, on the contrary, contribute to the car drift.
4) An anti-slip chain is installed on the car.
If your machine is equipped with anti-slip chains, in this case we would also advise you to disable the ESP system. Otherwise, the ESP system will transmit the incorrect data control unit to the control system, as a result of which the car will be aligned on the road not as needed. As a result, this will affect driving safety. In this case, it is better to disconnect the ESP.
How does the ESP system turn off on different cars?
All cars, we know, created by different. Including the ESP system algorithm. Especially when disabling. For example, in some machines, when you press the ESP Off button, it is turned off first only aBS system. So, in particular, it works ESP disabling in crossover Hyundai Creta.. If then click the button for a few seconds again, the stabilization system will turn off completely.
The car stabilization system in motion has a 20-year-old development history, during which it has received universal recognition, and is currently applied to almost all models of modern cars. It is designed to automatically adjust the course of the car in driving conditions.
ESP stabilizes the position of the car in drift conditions
Each manufacturer automotive technology The system of course stability on its models called differently. Therefore, it has many different abbreviated items capable of misleading inexperienced motorists. The first coursework stabilization machines german cars Mercedes Benz. And BMW got the name Elektronisches Stabilitatsprogramm.
ESP and its synonyms
The abbreviation of this ESP name has gained the greatest distribution and applies almost European and American car manufacturers. On other models you can meet such cuts and names of the course stability system:
- on Hyundai, Kia, Honda models, it is customary called Electronic Stability Control ESC;
- on the Rover, Jaguar, BMW models, a dynamic control stabilizer DYNAMIC STABILITY CONTROL - DSC is installed;
- on Volvo, it is called Dynamic Stability Traction Control - DTSC;
- on Japanese brands, Acura and Honda, she was named Vehicle Stability Assist - VSA;
- on Toyota, the name of VEHICLE STABILITY CONTROL - VSC is applied;
- the same equipment under the name Vehicle Dynamic Control (VDC) is used on the auto brand SUBARU, NISSAN and INFINITI.
Despite the large number of names, all this equipment is used to achieve one goal - to help the driver to cope with the control on slippery, wet or gravel road, where the maneuvering of the car leads to drift and loss of the course.
System of course stability by the eyes of experts
The main goal of this system is to prevent the car breaking into a skid and lateral slip due to the change in the transmitted rotation of the rotation on one of the wheels of the leading pair. In this case there is a prevention of the start-up drift and stabilizes the position of the machine on the trajectory of movement during the maneues being performed on the slippery road. In some technical sources, it is called a biased system, because such ESP in the car eliminates drifts and ensures that the resistance of the retention of the course.
This picture well illustrates the operation of the ESP system, which holds the car in a cool turn
The effectiveness of the use of automatic course stabilization equipment is confirmed by scientific research conducted by the Experts of the American Institute IIHS. According to the results of the research, it was revealed that the use of ESP in car accidents reduced the mortality rate of an accident from 43 to 56%. Cases of turning over the auto fatal decreased by 77-80%. The car equipped with ESC has a significantly less likelihood of overturning compared to an unequipped car.
The data of German insurance companies indicate that 35-40% of all fatal accidents could be prevented either to have a more favorable outcome, if on the car of their participants, a course sustainability system was established. According to experts, this equipment unequivocally assists the car enthusiast in extreme situations. It is in many cases a wand-grinding of inexperienced motorists.
ESP equipment and operation
Modern course stability control equipment works in a complex with anti-blocking system of the ABS wheels, at the same time using its mechanisms. The unified complex of these two systems is consistent, performing simultaneously several procedures for ensuring the safe movement of the car. The structure of the course stability system consists of:
- the control unit representing the controller continuously scanning the state of various alarms and the signals reading them;
- aBS sensors that determine the speed of rotation of the wheels;
- steering wheel turning sensors;
- pressure sensors in brake cylinders;
- G-sensor, device sensitive to side speed and car acceleration and fixing the appearance of sliding in the side direction.
Thus, on the inputs of the controller, there is always information about the speed of movement, about the corner of the steering wheel, engine speed, pressure in the brake cylinders, on the angular velocity of the transverse slip and its gradient. Information from the sensors is continuously compared with the calculated data programmed in the controller. In the presence of deviations, the controller generates corrective control signals entering executive mechanisms Brake cylinders, carrying out the corresponding wheels to return the trajectory of the car to the calculated curve.
The choice of braking wheels and the degree of their braking is determined by the system automatically and individually, depending on the emerging situation. For automatic braking wheels, the ABS hydraulic modulator is used, which creates an additional pressure in the brake cylinders. At the same time, the fuel supply system is received by an advanced signal that reduces the receipt. combustible mixture. As a result, simultaneously with braking, a decrease in the torque supplied to the wheel is carried out.
Examples and features of the ESP system
To clearly imagine what ESP is in the car, pay attention to the drawings.
On this illustration, everything is perfectly visible and understandable.
In this picture, the lines of the likely movement of the car are shown when the maximum allowable speed of entering the steep turn on the track is exceeded. When turning the steering wheel, the car drift begins. On the left figure, the red dotted line shows the car movement line without ESC when driving a driver (the car unfolds across the departure to the oncoming lane). On the right drawing, the red dotted line indicates the trajectory of the movement without braking when the car takes into a ditch. The green line and torches on both pictures are indicated by the trajectory of the car, equipped with the ESC system, and wheels that automatically be at first the system when driving.
Due to the selective braking of the ESP system, the car movement direction is stabilized
The control system is triggered and operates in any situations, whether it is overclocking, rolling or braking. The control algorithm of the control scheme is determined by the emerging situation and the wheel drive system. For example, if when turned the car, the drift sensor works left rear bridgeThe ESC reduces the supply of fuel into the engine and slows down the speed. If this measure does not eliminate the skid, then there is a partial braking of the front right wheel. This operation follows further action According to the installed program, the emerging side slide of the rear wheels will be eliminated.
The ESP provides for the possibility of regulating the transmission in vehicles with electronic. In such cars occurs automatic switching For lower gear when the slip is by analogy with a winter driving method. Experienced drivers who are accustomed to ride at limit speeds and opportunities, note that the course stabilization system interferes with a car in this mode.
ESP machine stabilization system. Principles of management
Such situations may occur at certain points when it is necessary to increase the engine thrust, and the control system on the contrary reduces it, eliminating the car sliding. For such cases, designers set switches with which you can forcefully disable the control system and fully manual control Automatic.
Equipment for automatic stabilization of the course is included in the onboard complex of active safety of the machine. The main advantage of the system is that the car equipped with it becomes more obedient and undemanding for the driver's qualifications. It is only required to rotate the steering wheel, and the system is further independently performing all the necessary actions for the proper execution of the maneuver.
However, it should always be remembered that this system also has the limits of its capabilities. With too much speed or too small rotation radius, even the most perfect stability control system will not be able to save the car from uncontrolled drift and coup
