Device for inflammation in an internal combustion engine. All about internal combustion engines: device, principle of operation and tuning. By the location of cylinders

Engine structure internal combustion It is known to the wide mass of motorists. But, here's not all knowing what details are installed in the motor, they know their location and principle of operation. To fully understand the automotive engine device you need to see the cut power aggregate.

Engine operation in the context is presented in this video footage

Engine work

What to understand the location of the details car Engine And before showing the engine in the context, it is necessary to understand the principle of operation of the motor. So, consider what drives the wheel of the car.

Fuel, which is located in the gas tank using the fuel pump is supplied to the nozzles or carburetor. It is worth noting that the fuel is undergoing such an important stage, as a filtering fuel cell that stops impurities and alien elements, which should not get into the combustion chamber.

After pressing the accelerator pedal, the electronic control unit gives the command to a fuel in the intake manifold. For carburetor DVS - the gas pedal is tied to the carburetor and the more pressure goes to the pedal, the more fuel pour into the combustion chamber.

Further, the air is served from the second side, passing the air filter and choke. The larger the valve opens, the more air will go directly in the intake manifold, where the air-fuel mixture is formed.

In the collector, the air-fuel mixture is evenly separated between the cylinders and alternately flows through the inlet valves in the combustion chamber. When the piston moves in VTM, the pressure of the mixture and the ignition candle forms a spark that fills fuel. From this detonation and explosion, the piston begins to move down in NMT.

The movement of the piston is passed to the connecting rod, which is attached to the crankshaft and puts it into action. So, makes every piston. The faster the pistons are moving, the more turns crankshaft.

After the air-fuel mixture is burned, the exhaust valve opens, which produces spent gases to the exhaust manifold, and then through exhaust system outward On modern cars, part of the exhaust gases helps the engine work, since the turbocharger leads, which increases the power of the DVS.

It is also worth noting that on modern engines do not do without a cooling system, the fluid of which circulates through the cooling shirt and podcast spaceWhat provides a permanent operating temperature.

Engine in section

Now you can consider how ICA looks like in the context. For greater clarity and clarity, consider the VAZ engine in the context, with which most motorists are familiar.

The diagram presents the VAZ 2121 engine in the longitudinal section:

1. Crankshaft; 2. Liner of the root bearing of the crankshaft; 3. Crankshaft Star; 4. Front of the crankshaft seal; 5. Crankshaft pulley; 6. Ratchet; 7. Cover of the drive mechanism of gas distribution; 8. Cooling fluid and generator drive belt; 9. The pulley of the generator; 10. Star of the oil pump drive, fuel pump and ignition distributor; 11. Oil pump drive roller, fuel pump and ignition distributor; 12. Fan cooling system; 13. Cylinders block; 14. Cylinder head; 15. Chain of the drive mechanism of gas distribution; 16. Star distribution Vala.; 17. Exhaust valve; 18. Inlet valve; 19. Bearing housing of the camshaft; 20. Distributional; 21. Valve drive lever; 22. Cylinder head cover; 23. Sensor of the coolant temperature pointer; 24. Ignition Candle; 25. Piston; 26. Piston finger; 27. The holder of the rear seal of the crankshaft; 28. Stubborn seafling of the crankshaft; 29. Flywheel; 30. Upper compression ring; 31. Lower compression ring; 32. Oillennium ring; 33. Front clutch crankcase; 34. Oil Carter; 35. Front support for the power unit; 36. Schitun; 37. Front support bracket; 38. Power unit; 39. Rear support of the power unit.

In addition to the inline location of the engine cylinders, as shown in the circuit above there are an internal combustion engine with a V- and W-shaped position of the piston mechanism. Consider the W-shaped motor in the context on the example of the AUDI power unit. Cylinders in DVS there are so that if you look at the engine in front, it is formed english letter W.

These engines have increased power and are used on sports cars. This system was proposed japanese manufacturer Subaru, but because of high expellation Fuel did not receive broad and mass use.

V- and W-shaped DVS have increased power and torque, which makes their sports orientation. The only disadvantage of such a design is that such power aggregates consume a significant amount of fuel.

With the development of the automotive industry, General Motors suggested a cooler system of half of the cylinders. So, these non-working cylinders are powered by only when it is necessary to increase the power or quickly dispersed the car.

Such a system made it possible to significantly save fuel in everyday use. vehicle. This feature is tied to the electronic motor control unit, because it adjusts when all cylinders need to use, and when they are not needed.

Output

The principle of engine operation is quite simple. So, if you look at the incision of the engine and understand the location of the parts can be easily sorted out with the device device, as well as the sequence of its work process.

The options for the location of the engine parts are quite a lot and each automaker itself decides how to position the cylinders how many of them will be, as well as the injection system to install. All this and gives constructive features And the characteristics of the motor.

Internal combustion engine, or DVS, is the most common type of engine that can be found on cars. Despite the fact that the internal combustion engine in modern cars consists of a variety of parts, its principle of operation is extremely simple. Let us consider in more detail what kind of ICE, and how it functions in the car.

DVS what is it?

Internal combustion engine is a view thermal Enginein which part of the chemical energy obtained during the combustion of fuel is converted into mechanical, leading mechanisms in motion.

DVS is divided into categories on the working cycles: two- and four-stroke. They are also distinguished by the method of preparation of fuel-air mixture: with external (injectors and carburetors) and internal (diesel units) with mixing formation. Depending on how energy is converted in engines, they are separated on piston, jet, turbine and combined.

The main mechanisms of the internal combustion engine

The internal combustion engine consists of a huge number of elements. But there are basic that characterize its performance. Let's look at the structure of the DVS and its main mechanisms.

1. The cylinder is the most important part of the power unit. Automotive engines, as a rule, have four or more cylinders, up to sixteen on serial supercars. The location of the cylinders in such engines can be in one of three orders: linearly, V-shaped and opposite.

2. The ignition candle generates a spark that flammifies the fuel and air mixture. Due to this, the combustion process occurs. So that the engine worked "like a clock", the spark must be supplied exactly at the time.

3. Inlet and output valves also function only at certain points. One opens when you need to let the next portion of fuel, the other when you need to release the exhaust gases. Both valves are tightly closed when compression and combustion tacts occur in the engine. It provides the necessary complete tightness.

4. The piston is a metal part that has a cylinder form. The movement of the piston is carried out up-down inside the cylinder.

5. Piston rings serve as a slide sealing of the outer edge of the piston and the inner surface of the cylinder. Their use is due to two goals:

They don't give combustible mixture In the CTERTER DVS from the combustion chamber at the moments of compression and working clock.

They do not allow oil from the crankcase into the combustion chamber, because it can ignite. Many cars that burn the oil are equipped with old engines, and their piston rings no longer provide proper seal.

6. The connecting rod serves as a connecting element between the piston and the crankshaft.

7. The crankshaft converts progressive movements of the pistons into rotational.

8. Carter is located around the crankshaft. In its lower part (pallet) a certain amount of oil is assembled.

Principle of operation of the internal combustion engine

In the previous sections, we looked at the purpose and device of the engine. As you already understood, each such engine has pistons and cylinders, inside of which thermal energy is converted into mechanical. This, in turn, makes the car move. This process is repeated with an amazing frequency - several times per second. Due to this, the crankshaft that comes out of the engine is continuously rotated.

Consider in more detail the principle of operation of the internal combustion engine. A mixture of fuel and air falls into the combustion chamber through inlet valve. Next, it is compressed and flammped by sparking from the spark plug. When the fuel combines, a very high temperature is formed in the chamber, which leads to the appearance of overpressure in the cylinder. It makes the piston move to the "Dead Point". He thus makes one work move. When the piston moves down, it rotates the crankshaft through the rod. Then, moving from the bottom dead point to the top, pushes the spent material in the form of gases through the release valve further into the exhaust system of the machine.

Tact is a process occurring in a cylinder in one piston stroke. A combination of such clocks that are repeated in a strict sequence and during a certain period is a working cycle of the OI.

Inlet

Intake tact is the first. It starts with the upper dead point of the piston. It moves down, sucking a mixture of fuel and air into the cylinder. This beat occurs when the intake valve is open. By the way, there are engines that have several inlet valves. Them specifications Significantly affect the power of the DVS. In some engines, you can adjust the time of the ink valves open. This is regulated by pressing the gas pedal. Due to such a system, the amount of fuel absorbed fuel increases, and after its ignition, the power of the power unit is significantly increasing. The car may be significantly accelerated in this case.

Compression

The second working clock of the internal combustion engine is compression. Upon reaching the piston of the bottom of the dead point, it rises up. Due to this, the mixture that fell into the cylinder during the first clock is compressed. The fuel and air mixture is compressed to the size of the combustion chamber. This is the most free space between the upper parts of the cylinder and the piston, which is in its upper dead point. Valves at the time of this clock are tightly closed. The airtight formed space, the more high-quality compression it turns out. It is very important which state of the piston, his rings and cylinder. If there are no gaps somewhere, then there can be no good compression of speech, but, therefore, the power of the power unit will be significantly lower. The magnitude of compression is determined how the power unit is worn out.

Working

This third tact starts with the upper dead point. And he received such a name is not by chance. It was during this tact in the engine that processes that move the car occur. In this clock, the ignition system is connected. It is responsible for the arson of the air-fuel mixture, compressed in the combustion chamber. Principle the work of the DVS In this tact, the system candle gives a spark. After fuel ignition, a microwave occurs. After that, it increases sharply in the amount, forcing the piston sharply move down. The valves in this tact are in a closed state, as in the previous one.

Release

Final tact of the engine of internal combustion - release. After the working clock, the piston reaches the bottom dead point, and then the exhaust valve opens. After that, the piston moves up, and through this valve ejects spent gases from the cylinder. This is the ventilation process. From how clearly the valve works, the degree of compression in the combustion chamber depends, the complete removal of waste materials and the desired amount of air-fuel mixture depends.

After that, the clock all begins again. And at the expense of what the crankshaft rotates? The fact is that not all the energy goes to the movement of the car. Part of the energy spins the flywheel, which under the action of inertial forces spins the crankshaft of the DVS, moving the piston in the non-working tact.

Do you know?The diesel engine is heavier than gasoline, due to higher mechanical stress. Therefore, designers use more massive elements. But the resource of such engines is higher than gasoline analogues. Moreover, diesel cars Focus significantly less frequently gasoline, as the diesel is non-volatile.

Advantages and disadvantages

We learned with you, which is an internal combustion engine, and what is its device and the principle of operation. In conclusion, we will analyze its main advantages and disadvantages.

Advantages of DVS:

1. The possibility of long-term movement in full tank.

2. Small weight and volume of tank.

3. Autonomy.

4. Universality.

5. Moderate cost.

6. Compact sizes.

7. Quick start.

8. Ability to use multiple fuels.

Disadvantages of DVS:

1. Weak operational efficiency.

2. Strong pollutability of the environment.

3. Mandatory presence of gearbox.

4. Lack of energy recovery mode.

5. Most of the time works with underload.

6. Very noisy.

7. High speed of rotation of the crankshaft.

8. A small resource.

Interesting fact! The smallest engine is designed in Cambridge. Its dimensions are 5 * 15 * 3 mm, and its power is 11.2 W. The crankshaft rotation frequency is 50,000 rpm.

Currently, the internal combustion engine is the main type of automotive engine. Internal combustion engine (abbreviated name - internal combustion engine) is a thermal machine transforming the chemical energy of fuel into mechanical work.

The following main types of internal combustion engines are distinguished: piston, rotor-piston and gas turbine. From the presented types of engines, the most common piston engine is, so the device and the principle of operation are considered on its example.

Advantages The piston internal combustion engine, which ensured its widespread use, are: autonomy, versatility (combination with different consumers), low cost, compactness, low weight, fast launch, multi-fuel.

At the same time, internal combustion engines have a number of significant disadvantagesTo which include: a high level of noise, the high speed of the crankshaft, the toxicity of the exhaust gases, a low resource, a low efficiency.

Depending on the type of fuel used, gasoline and diesel engines are distinguished. Alternative fuels used in internal combustion engines are natural gas, alcohol fuels - methanol and ethanol, hydrogen.

The hydrogen engine from the point of view of ecology is promising, because does not create harmful emissions. Along with the engine, hydrogen is used to create electrical Energy In fuel cell elements.

Internal combustion engine device

The piston internal combustion engine includes a housing, two mechanisms (crank-connecting and gas distribution) and a number of systems (intake, fuel, ignition, lubricant, cooling, graduation and control system).

The engine housing combines the cylinder block and the head of the cylinder block. The crank-connecting mechanism converts the reciprocating piston movement into the rotational motion of the crankshaft. The gas distribution mechanism provides timely supply to the air cylinders or fuel-air mixture and the release of exhaust gases.

Engine control system provides electronic control The operation of the internal combustion engine systems.

Work internal combustion engine

The principle of operation of the FDS is based on the effect of thermal expansion of gases arising from the combustion of the fuel mixture and ensures the movement of the piston in the cylinder.

The work of the piston engine is carried out cyclically. Each working cycle occurs for two crankshaft turnover and includes four clocks (four-stroke engine): inlet, compression, work stroke and release.

During the intake clocks and the work movement, the movement of the piston is downward, and the clocks are compression and release - up. Working cycles in each of the engine cylinders do not coincide in the phase, which achieves the uniformity of the engine. In some designs of internal combustion engines, the operating cycle is implemented in two clocks - compression and working stroke (two-stroke engine).

On the intake tact intake I. fuel system Provide the formation of fuel and air mixture. Depending on the design, the mixture is formed in the intake manifold (central and distributed gasoline engines) or directly in the combustion chamber ( direct injection gasoline engines, injection of diesel engines). When opening the intake valves of the gas distribution mechanism, air or fuel and air mixture due to the discharge occurring when the piston is moved down, is supplied to the combustion chamber.

On the compression tact The inlet valves are closed, and the fuel and air mixture is compressed in the engine cylinders.

Tact worker accompanied by ignition of fuel mixture (forced or self-ignition). As a result of ignition, a large number of gases are formed, which are put on the piston and make it move down. The movement of the piston through the crank-connecting mechanism is converted into the rotational motion of the crankshaft, which is then used to move the car.

When tact release The exhaust valves of the gas distribution mechanism are opened, and the spent gases are removed from the cylinders in graduation systemwhere it is cleaned, cooling and noise reduction. Next, the gases come to the atmosphere.

The considered principle of operation of the internal combustion engine makes it possible to understand why the MFA has a small efficiency - about 40%. At a specific point in time, as a rule, useful work is performed in one cylinder, in the rest - providing tacts: inlet, compression, release.

Read 10 min. Views 1K. Published November 17, 2018

Almost everyone modern cars Equipped internal combustion enginehaving an abbreviation of DVS. Despite the constant progress and today's desire of automotive concerns abandon the motors working on petroleum products in favor of more environmentally friendly electricity, the lion's share of cars rises on gasoline or diesel fuel.

Basic principle of DVS. It is that the fuel mixture is flammable directly inside the unit, and not outside it (as, for example, in diesel locomotives or outdated steam locomotives). This method has a relatively large efficiency. In addition, if we talk about alternative motors on electric traction, the internal combustion engines have a number of undeniable advantages.

• large stroke in one tank;
• fast refueling;
• according to forecasts, in a few years, the energy systems of developed countries will not exempt the need for electricity due to the large number of electrocars, which can lead to a collapse.

Classification of internal combustion engines

Directly DVS differ in its device. All motors can be divided into several most popular categories depending on the principle of operation:

Petrol

The most common category. Works on the main products of oil refining. The main element in such a motor is a cylinder-piston group or CPG, which includes: crankshaft, connecting rod, piston, piston rings and a complex gas distribution mechanism, which provides timely filling and purging of the cylinder.

Gasoline engines Internal combustion is divided into two types depending on the power supply system:

1. carburetor. Outdated in a modern reality model. Here, the formation of the fuel and air mixture is carried out in the carburetor, and the proportion of air and gasoline determines the set of jets. After that, the carburetor serves fuel assembly to the combustion chamber. The disadvantages of this principle of nutrition are increased consumption of fuel and the whimsitude of the entire system. In addition, it strongly depends on the weather, temperature and other conditions.
2. injector or injection. The principles of engine operation with an injector are radically opposite. Here the mixture is injected directly into the intake manifold through the nozzles, and then diluted with the desired amount of air. Per good job The electronic control unit corresponds to independently calculates the necessary proportions.

Diesel

The device of the engine operating on the diesel is fundamentally different from petrol aggregate. The arson of the mixture here does not happen due to the ignition candles, which gives a spark at a certain point, and due to the high degree of compression in the combustion chamber. This technology has its advantages (larger efficiency, smaller power loss due to high height above sea level, high torque) and cons (destroying TNLD to fuel quality, large emissions of CO2 and soot).

Rotary-piston vannel engines

This unit has a piston in the form of a rotor and three combustion chambers, each of which is connected to the ignition. Theoretically, the rotor moving along the planetary trajectory, each beat makes a work move. This allows you to significantly increase the efficiency and increase the power of the internal combustion engine. In practice, this affects a much smaller resource. To date, only automotive mazda company Makes such aggregates.

Gas turbine

The principle of operation of the internal combustion engine of this type is that the thermal energy goes into mechanical, and the process itself ensures the rotation of the rotor, leading the turbine shaft in motion. Such technologies are used in aviation construction.

Any piston DVS (the most common in modern realities) has a mandatory set of details. This includes:

1. Cylinder block, inside which the pistons move and the process itself occurs;
2. CPG: cylinder, pistons, piston rings;
3. crank mechanism. It includes crankshaft, connecting rod, "fingers" and stop rings;
4. GRM. Mechanism with valves, camshafts or "petals" (for 2 clock engines), which provides correct fuel supply at the right moment;
5. Inlet Systems. They said above - it includes carburetors, air filters, injectors, fuel pump, nozzles;
6. Release systems. Removes exhaust gases from the combustion chamber, and also reduces the noise of the exhaust;

Principle of operation of the DVS

Depending on your device, the engines can be divided into four-stroke and two-strokes. Tact - there is a piston movement from its lower position (dead Point of NMT) to the top position (dead dot nmt). For one cycle, the engine has time to fill the combustion chambers with fuel, compress and set fire to it, and also clean them. Modern ICE do it in two or four tact.

The principle of operation of the two-stroke engine

A feature of such a motor was the fact that the entire working cycle occurs in just two movements of the piston. When moving up creates a sparse pressure that sues fuel mixture In the combustion chamber. Near the VMT, the piston overlaps the intake canal, and the spark plug sets on fuel. The second tact should be working and purge. The outlet channel opens after passing a part of the path down and provides exhaust gases. After that, the process resumes new.

Theoretically, the advantage of such a motor is higher specificity. It is logical, because the combustion of fuel and the worker tact takes two times more often. Accordingly, the power of such an engine can be twice as much. But this design has a lot of problems. Because of the large losses when purging, a large fuel consumption, as well as difficulties in the calculations and the "barrier" engine operation, this technology is used today only on low-key techniques.

Interestingly, half a century ago the development of diesel two-stroke engine was actively conducted. The work process was practically not different from a gasoline analogue. However, despite the advantages of such a motor, they refused it because of a number of shortcomings.

The main minus has become a huge oil overrun. Due to the combined lubrication system, the fuel fell into the combustion chamber along with the oil, which then simply fastened or was removed through the outlet system. Large thermal loads also demanded a more cumbersome cooling system, which increased the dimensions of the motor. The third minus became big flow Air, which led to premature wear of air filters.

Four-stroke DVS

Motor, where the operating cycle occupies four piston strokes, is called a four-stroke engine.

1. First tact - inlet. The piston moves from the top of the dead point. At this point, the THM opens the intake valve through which the fuel and air mixture enters the combustion chamber. In the case of carburetor aggregates, the receipt can be carried out due to the vacuum, and the injection engines injected fuel under pressure.
2. Second tact - compression. Next, the piston moves from the bottom of the dead point up. By this time the intake valve is closed, and the mixture is gradually compressed in the combustion chamber cavity. Working temperature Rises to 400 degrees.
3. Third Tact - Piston Working. In the VMT Ignition Candle (or a big degree of compression, if it comes to the diesel engine) sets on fuel and pushes the piston with the crankshaft down. This is the main clock in the entire engine cycle.
4. Fourth tact - release. The piston moves up again, the exhaust valve opens, and exhaust gases are removed from the combustion chamber.

Additional systems of DVS

No matter what the engine consists of, it must have auxiliary systems that are able to provide its good job. For example, the valves must open at the right time, in the cameras to enter the desired amount of fuel in a certain proportion, in time is a spark, etc. The following are the main parts that contribute to the correct work.

Ignition system

This system is responsible for electric part on the issue of fuel ignition. The main elements belong:

• Battery. The main power source is the battery. It provides a starter rotation on the engine off. After that, the operation includes a generator that feeds the engine, and also recharges itself rechargeable battery Through the charging relay.
• Ignition coil. A device that transmits a simitant charge directly to the spark plug. In modern cars, the number of coils is equivalent to the number of cylinders that operate in the engine.
• Switch or ignition switch. Special "smart" electronic devicewhich determines the moment of filing the spark.
• Spark plug. Important element In gasoline engine, which provides timely ignition of the fuel mixture. Advanced engines have two candles on the cylinder.

Intake system

The mixture should arrive in time in the combustion chamber. The inlet system is responsible for this process. It belongs to it:

• Air intake. The pipe specifically derived in place is not available for water, dust or dirt. The air is carried out through it, which then enters the engine;
• Air filter . Replaceable part, which provides air purification from dirt and eliminates the falling out of foreign materials into the combustion chamber. As a rule, modern cars have interchangeable filters of thick paper or washes of foam rubber. Oil air filters are found on more archaic engines.
• Throttle. Special flaps that adjusts the amount of air in the intake manifold. On the modern technique acts through electronics. First, the driver presses the gas pedal, and then electronic system Processes a signal and follows the command.
• Intake manifold. The pipe that distributes the fuel and air mixture along various cylinders. The auxiliary elements in this system are intake dampers and amplifiers.

Fuel Systems

The principle of operation of any OI implies timely flow of fuel and its uninterrupted flow. The complex also includes several main elements:

• Fuel tank. The reservoir where fuel is stored. As a rule, it is located as much as possible. safe place, away from the motor and is made of non-combustible material (shockproof plastic). In the lower part of it, a fuel pump is installed, which carries out a fuel fence.
• Fuel line. Hose system leading from fuel tank directly to K.internal combustion engine.
• Device of the formation of the mixture. The device where fuel and air are mixed. This clause has already mentioned above - a carburetor or injector may be responsible for this function. The main requirement is simultaneous and timely feed.
• Head device in injector engineswhich determines the quality, quantity and proportion of the formation of the mixture.

Exhaust system

In the case of how the internal combustion engine works, exhaust gases are formed, which must be output from the motor. To work properly, this system is obliged to have the following elements:

• Exhaust manifold. The device made of refractory metal with high resistance to temperatures. It is in him an initial exhaust gases fromengine .
• Reception tube or pants. Detail providing transportation exhaust gases Next by the path.
• Resonator. A device that reduces the speed of movement of exhaust gases and repaying their temperature.
• Catalyst. The object for cleaning gases from CO2 or the particulate particles. Here is the Lamd Probe.
• Muffler. "Bank" having a numberdomestic Elements intended for multiple changes in the direction of exhaust gases. This leads to a decrease in their noise.

Lubrication system

The operation of the internal combustion engine will be completely short, if the parts are not provided with lubrication. The whole technique uses special high-temperature oil, which has its own viscosity characteristics, depending on the operation modes of the motor. To all, the oil prevents overheating, ensures the removal of nagar and the appearance of corrosion.

To maintain the service life, the following elements are intended:

• Pallet Carter. It is here that the oil is poured. This is the main storage tank. You can control the level using a special probe.
• Oil pump. Located near the bottom of the pallet. Provides circulation of liquid through the entire motor through special channels and its return back to the crankcase.
• Oil filter . It guarantees purification of liquid from dust, metal chips and other abrasive substances entering oil.
• Radiator. Provides effective cooling To temperatures.

Cooling system

Another element that is necessary for powerful engines internal combustion. It provides cooling parts and eliminates the possibility of overheating. Consists of the following details:

• Radiator. A special element having a "cellular" structure. It is an excellent heat exchanger and effectively gives heat, guaranteeing cooling of antifreeze.
• Fan. An additional element blowing on the radiator. It turns on when the natural flow of incident air can no longer provide an effective heat dissipation.
• water pump. A pump that helps liquid circulate over a large or small circle of system (depending on the situation).
• Thermostat. The valve that opens the damper, the launch of the liquid on the desired circle. Works in conjunction with the engine temperature sensor and coolant.

Conclusion

The first internal combustion engine appeared for a long time - almost a half century ago. Since then, a huge number of different innovations or interesting technical solutions have been made, which sometimes changed the type of motor to unrecognizable. But general principle The operation of the internal combustion engine remained the same. And even now, in the era of the struggle for the ecology and constantly tougher standards for CO2 emission, electric vehicles are still unable to make serious competition with Machines with internal combustion. Gasoline cars And now you are alive alive, and we live in the Golden Epoch of the Automotive.

Well, for those who are ready to immerse themselves even deeper, we have a great video:

The most famous and widely used worldwide mechanical devices - These are internal combustion engines (hereinafter DVS). The range is extensive, and they differ in a number of features, for example, the number of cylinders whose number can vary from 1 to 24 used by the fuel.

Work of the piston internal combustion engine

Single Cylinder DVS It can be considered the most primitive, unbalanced and having an uneven move, despite the fact that it is the starting point in creating multi-cylinder engines of the new generation. To date, they are used in aircraft production, in the production of agricultural, household and garden tools. For automotive industry, four-cylinder engines and more solid devices are massively used.

How does it and what is it?

Piston internal combustion engine It has a complex structure and consists of:

• The case, which includes a block of cylinders, the head of the cylinder block;
• Gas distribution mechanism;
• Crank-connecting mechanism (hereinafter CSM);
• A number of auxiliary systems.

KSM is a link between the energy of the fuel-air mixture released during the combustion of the air mixture (further) in the cylinder and the crankshaft that ensures the movement of the car. The gas distribution system is responsible for gas exchange in the process of functioning of the unit: the access of atmospheric oxygen and the TVS into the engine, and the timely removal of gases formed during the combustion.

The device of the simplest piston engine

Auxiliary systems are presented:

• Inlet, providing oxygen in the engine;
• Fuel represented by fuel injection system;
• Ignition providing a spark and ignition of fuel assemblies for gasoline engines (diesel engines are characterized by self-ignition of a mixture of high temperature);
• Lubrication system, which reduces the friction and wear of contacting metal parts using machine oil;
• Cooling system that does not allow overheating of engine parts, providing circulation special fluids Tosol type;
• A graduation system that reduces gases into the corresponding mechanism consisting of exhaust valves;
• The control system that monitors the functioning of the engine at the electronics level.

The main work element in the described node is considered piston internal combustion enginewhich itself is the team detail.

DVS piston device

Step-by-step scheme of operation

The work of the DVS is based on the energy of expanding gases. They are the result of the combustion of the TVS inside the mechanism. This physical process forces the piston to move in the cylinder. Fuel in this case can serve:

• Liquids (gasoline, dt);
• Gases;
• Carbon monoxide as a result of burning solid fuel.

Engine operation is a continuous closed cycle consisting of a certain number of clocks. The most common in 2 types of two types of clocks are most common:

1. Two-stroke, compression and workforce;
2. Four-stroke - characterized by four equal stages in the duration: inlet, compression, work move, and the final release, this indicates a fourfold change in the position of the main working element.

The start of the tact is determined by the location of the piston directly in the cylinder:

• Top dead dot (hereinafter NTC);
• Lower dead dot (Next NMT).

Studying the algorithm of the four-stroke sample, you can thoroughly understand principle of engine engine.

Principle of engine engine

The inlet occurs by passing out of the upper dead point through the entire cavity of the working piston cylinder with simultaneous tvs. Based on structural featuresMixing incoming gases can occur:

• In the intake system manifold, it is relevant if the engine is gasoline with distributed or central injection;
• In the combustion chamber, if it comes to diesel engine, as well as an engine running on gasoline, but with direct injection.

First Takt. It passes with open valves of the gas distribution mechanism. The number of intake and release valves, their stay in the open position, their size and wear state are factors affecting the engine power. The piston at the initial stage of compression is placed in NMT. Subsequently, it begins to move up and compress the accumulated TVx to the sizes defined by the combustion chamber. The combustion chamber is free space in the cylinder, remaining between its top and piston in the upper dead point.

Second tact It assumes the closure of all engine valves. The density of their adjustment directly affects the quality of the compression of the FVS and its subsequent fire. Also on the quality of compression of the fuel assembly, the level of wear of components of the engine has a great influence. It is expressed in the size of the space between the piston and the cylinder, in the density of the valve adjacent. The engine compression level is the main factor affecting its power. It is measured by a special compressometer device.

Working Begins when the process is connected Ignition systemgenerating a spark. The piston is at the maximum top position. The mixture explodes, gases that create increased pressure are distinguished, and the piston is driven. The crank-connecting mechanism in turn activates the rotation of the crankshaft, which ensures the movement of the car. All system valves at this time are in a closed position.

Graduation tact It is completing in the cycle under consideration. All exhaust valves are in the open position, allowing the engine to "exhale" the combustion products. The piston returns to the starting point and is ready for the beginning of the new cycle. This movement contributes to the exit to the exhaust system, and then in environmentexhaust gases.

Scheme of the engine of internal combustionAs mentioned above, based on cyclicity. Examined in detail how does it work piston Engine , It can be summarized that the efficiency of such a mechanism is not more than 60%. It is determined by such a percentage in that in a separate time, the working clock is performed only in one cylinder.

Not all the energy obtained at this time is directed to the movement of the car. Part it is spent on maintaining the flywheel movement, which inertia provides the operation of the car during three other clocks.

A certain amount of thermal energy is involuntarily spent on the heating of the housing and the exhaust gases. That is why the engine capacity of the car is determined by the number of cylinders, and as a result, the so-called engine volume calculated according to a certain formula as the total volume of all operating cylinders.