one). Monitor the level of electrolyte in batteries and the degree of discharge of AB. The degree of discharge of AB can be tested by voltage, or more precisely by electrolyte density. For this purpose, a battery probe and acidomer (hydrometer) applies. The electrolyte level is measured using a glass tube. It should be above the safety panel for AB type itself by 6-8 mm.
2). Before each flight, check the degree of charges of AB on the onboard voltmeter. To do this, when the consumers are turned off and when the terrestrial power source is turned off, the battery is turned on and for 3-5 seconds. Load 50-100 A, the voltage must be at least 24 V. Batteries discharged by more than 25%, are sent no later than 8 hours after the flight to the charging station for recharging.
3). Batteries contain clean, not allow mechanical damage and direct exposure to sunlight. Metal parts of batteries clean from oxides and lubricate the thin layer of technical vaseline.
four). At ambient temperature below -15 batteries, remove LA and store in special premises.
five). Systematically, each month to carry out deep charges of batteries in order to avoid their sulfate. Once every three months, it is to carry out KTC to prevent sulfate and determine the actual capacity of AB. Batteries having a capacity of less than 75% of the nominal, to further use are unsuitable.
6). On La set only charged ab.
Lesson number 3. "Operation of silver-zinc ab".
1. Types, principle of operation and the main TTD of silver-zinc ab.
2. Types of charges of silver-zinc batteries and rules for their operation.
3. Rules of operation of silver-zinc ab.
4. Integrating Ampere-Clock Counter type "Isa".
1. Types, principle of operation and the main TTD of silver-zinc ab.
Currently, the use of a 15-SCS-45B battery is used (two batteries are installed on MiG-23).
- "15" - the number of batteries in the battery, connected in series;
- "SCS" - silver-zinc starter;
- "45" - Capacity in amps-hours;
- "B" - constructive design (modification).
The principle of operation is based on irreversible electrochemical reactions occurring in two steps:
one). 2AGO + KOH + Zn AG 2 + KOH + ZNO
AGO \u003d 0.62 V; zn \u003d -1.24 in; Eak \u003d 0.62 + 1.24 \u003d 1.86 V.
c2). AG 2 O + KOH + ZN 2AG + KOH + ZNO
AGO \u003d 0.31 V; zn \u003d -1.24 in; Eak \u003d 0.31 + 1,24 \u003d 1.55 V.
TTD and characteristics of AB 15-SCS-45B:
Weight with electrolyte no more than 17 kg;
High rise up to 25 km;
Rated voltage of at least 21 V;
The minimum allowable battery discharge voltage from 0.6 to 1.0 V;
Rated discharge current 9 A;
Maximum discharge current no more than 750 A;
Nominal capacity of 40-45 amps-hours;
Service life of 12 months; Of these, the first 6 months from the return capacity of at least 45 Ah, and the second 6 months - at least 40 hour; During this period, 180 autonomous launches are provided at a cost of each about 5 Ah;
Internal resistance of not more than 0.001 ohms;
Self-discharge at a temperature of 20 gr. Decisions no more than 10-15% per month.
Timely diagnostics and service of parts ensures impeccable car operation and prevents serious malfunctions. Attentive attitude to will reduce the risk of breakage and prevents the change of its main technical characteristics For a long time.
Gel battery - charging and maintenance
Due to the design features gel type battery maintenance is limited to charging. It is possible to produce it with the help of a special created for different types helium batteries.
You should remember the main charging rule gel battery: It is impossible to allow the excess of the voltage of the threshold value. The result of non-compliance of this rule will be the output of the battery without the possibility of restoring performance.
Find accurate the value of the threshold voltage For each battery model, you can in the instructions attached to the device, or on the side surface of the device. Most often its range - from 14.3 to 14.5 volts.
Before charging the gel battery, it will not be superfluous to inspect the part. High voltage in charge is especially dangerous in the presence of mechanical defects that can be determined by the naked eye.
Alkaline battery service
Key a feature of alkaline batteries is an possibility of increasing service life due to regular preventive measures to prevent aging. Improve the battery operation will allow the discharge-discharge cycles that can be carried out using automatic charger.
When implementing a cycle, the current should not be weak. It will negatively affect the operation of the battery. The charging of the battery should be avoided at temperatures below -10 degrees Celsius and even more so at -30.
In parallel with preventive cycles, the charge-discharge is to inspect the battery for damage to the body, the appearance of electrolyte traces or other anomalies. After each 10th charging, determine the level of electrolyte and fill it when deviating from normal value.
For you need a special device - Densimeter. Immersing it into the pouring hole, you can measure the exact value and compare it with an acceptable threshold (specified in the instruction). As an analog for measurement, you can use the range. To check, this device will need a glass beef and rubber pear. Having revealed 100 mg of electrolyte, you can put an areaometer in it and check the density value.
You can do this with a glass tube with marks. The optimal level is from 5 to 12 mm above the edge of the plates. If it is not respected, then it is possible to increase the amount of electrolyte by adding distilled water. With small density values, the electrolyte should be addressed instead of water.
Acid batteries - service
At the moment there are two types of lead-acid batteries: traditional and hermetic (maintenance).
To maintain the classic type of battery, the following actions are characteristic:
- Inspection of electrical connections.
- Check the level of electrolyte and its density.
- Diagnostics of lead capacity acid battery (control discharge method).
- Search for electrolyte traces on the battery lid.
Noticing the problem, it costs to stop it as quickly as possible, before the battery comes in disrepair or cause a number of other unwanted problems.
Acid battery service rules
Service and care for the battery do it yourself
Sealed lead acid batteries practically do not need maintenance. Modern technologies They allowed to avoid problems that could lead to rapid wear. However, the prophylactic test of electrical connections will not be superfluous. During it, both terminals and the surface of the battery should be examined. Unwanted signs will be:
- Traces of oxides and white plaque.
- Bold connections (bolted or screw).
- Not fortified terminals.
- Visible mechanical damage.
In case of detection of listed problems, they should be rid of them independently or with the help of specialists.
After an external check, it is necessary to resort to the use of the battery tester. A special device will make it possible to accurately determine the container without a traditional control discharge.
We live in a world that is no longer possible to imagine without all sorts of batteries and batteries. On batteries there are cell phones, laptops, children's toys and cars. They are also used to maintain the operation of the network devices. When the accident occurs and electricity turns off, then uninterruptible power sources support the operation of the equipment. We are working everywhere with batteries and batteries, but practically do not think about what they have not only useful properties for us. It is also necessary to know that with the wrong and they carry a potential threat to health and the environment.
Prior to the invention of batteries, electricity generation required direct connection to the source of electricity, since it was not possible to store electricity. Batteries work by converting chemical energy into electrical energy. The opposite ends of the battery anode and the cathode create an electrical circuit due to chemicals, called electrolytes that skip the electric current to the device when it is connected to the battery.
In general, the batteries are safe, but to handle them is accurate, especially with lead acid batteries, which have access to lead and sulfuric acid. Also need to be very gently handled with damaged batteries. In some countries, lead acid batteries are marked as a device with hazardous materials, and it is correct. Let's look at what could be the harm of batteries and health batteries if you do not appreciate with them.
Child-acid batteries
Lead is a toxic metal that can get into the body when inhaling lead dust or when touched into his mouth with his hands, which lead touched. Finding into the ground, the lead particles pollute the soil and when she enhances, enter the air. Children, because their bodies are developing, most vulnerable to lead. Excessive lead content can affect the growth of the child, cause damage to the brain, damage the kidneys, worsen hearing and lead to behavioral problems. Lead is also dangerous for children who are still in the womb. In adults, lead can lead to loss of memory and to reduce the ability of the concentration of attention, as well as harm the reproductive system. It is known that lead causes elevated blood pressure, neurological disorders and muscle and articular pain. Researchers believe that Ludwig Van Beethoven fell ill and died due to lead poisoning.
Sulfuric acid in lead-acid batteries is extremely aggressive and potentially more harmful than the acids used in other battery systems. If it is in mind, it can lead to constant blindness; When swallowing, it damages internal organs, which can lead to death. First aid in case of sulfuric acid, it is washing with plenty of water for 10-15 minutes, the water somewhat cools the affected fabrics and prevents secondary damage. If you get on clothes, it is necessary to immediately remove and rinse the skin thoroughly under it. When working with sulfuric acid, it is always necessary to wear protective clothing.
Nickel Cadmium Batteries
Cadmium, which is used in nickel-cadmium batteries, is considered more harmful when he gets inside than lead. Workers at factories in Japan, who work with nickel-cadmium batteries, have serious health problems associated with long-term impact of metal. Disposal at the landfill of such batteries is prohibited in many countries. Soft, whitish metal, which occurs in nature, can lead to damage to the kidneys. When touching the battery, the cadmium can be absorbed through the skin. Since most NICD batteries are sealed, then when handling them, there is practically no risk for health. But very carefully you need to handle open batteries.
Nickel-metal hydride and lithium-ion batteries
Nickel-metal hydride batteries are considered non-toxic and the only thing that should be feared is an electrolyte. Toxic for plants, nickel nevertheless does not represent danger to humans. Lithium-ion batteries are also fairly safe, they contain little toxic materials. However, with damaged batteries it is necessary to handle care. When working with the running battery, do not touch your mouth, nose and eyes and care thoroughly.
Batteries and danger for young children
Keep batteries in an inaccessible place for children. Children under the age of four can very easily swallow the battery. Most often they swallow push-button elements. The battery is often stuck in the esophagus in the child and at the same time the electric current can burn the surrounding tissues. Doctors often incorrectly diagnose symptoms that can be such as fever, vomiting, no appetite and fatigue. Batteries that freely pass through the digestive tract are practically not caused long damage to health. Parents should choose not only safe toys, but also keep batteries away from small children.
Battery charging safety
Charging batteries in residential, well-ventilated rooms, when it is performed correctly, is quite safe. When charging, lead acid batteries isolated a certain amount of hydrogen, which, however, is not so large. Hydrogen becomes explosive at a concentration of 4%. Such a number of hydrogen can be isolated only when charging very large batteries in a hermetically closed room.
Recharge lead-acid batteries can also lead to hydrogen sulfide. This is a colorless, very poisonous flammable gas that smells like rotten eggs. Hydrogen sulfide is also found in nature, although not very often, it is formed as a result of the decay of organic substances in swamps and sewage; Posted in volcanic gases, in the composition of natural gas, passing oil gases, sometimes occurs in a dissolved form in water. Being heavier than air, the gas accumulates downstairs in poorly ventilated spaces. The hydrogen sulfide is also dangerous by the fact that although the smell of gas can be felt, then the smell is dulled and stop noticing it. Therefore, the potential victim may not be aware of the presence of gas. It should be noted that when the smell of hydrogen sulfide becomes noticeable, then the gas concentration is dangerous for human life. At the same time it is necessary to turn off charger And to ventilate the room well until the whole smell disappears.
Charging lithium-ion batteries Out of safe restrictions conjugate with the danger of explosion and ignition. Most manufacturers provide Li-Ion elements with protection device, but this is not always done because it is associated with an increase in cost. No need to charge batteries failed. This can lead to an explosion and inflammation of the device.
To protect sealed lead-acid batteries (SLA) when charging with overvoltage, current limiters should be applied. Always set the current limit to the minimum value and follow the voltage and the battery temperature during charging.
In the event of an electrolyte leakage or in any other case, the impact of electrolyte on the skin immediately rinse the damaged area with plenty of water. If you get into the eyes, it is also necessary to rinse them with plenty of water and immediately consult a doctor.
Wear protective gloves when working with electrolyte, lead and cadmium.
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6.5.1. Device and principle of the acid rechargeable element.
Electrolytic dissociation is the decay of sulfuric acid molecules under the action of water molecules. H 2 ѕOO 4 2N + + ѕO 4 - -, as a result, ions are formed in water independently, is there a plate in the solution. In general, the solution is electrically neutral. If this solution is electrolyte, pour into a design consisting of a set of positive and negative plates separated by sectors and placed in an ebonite container, closed with a lid with the outlines of positive plates and negative plates, we obtain the element of a positive battery.
Education of ions in electrolyte
As a result of the interaction of the electrolyte with the lead atoms of a negative plate, a number of lead atoms is ionized. At the same time, two-charged lead ions are transferred to the electrolyte, and two electron remains on the surface of the negative plate from each lead atom, so the negative plate is negatively charged relative to the electrolyte. As a result of the interaction of the active substance, electrical charges are formed on both plates.
Fig.6.5. Acid accumulator device
On positive - fetractive lead ions, on negative - electrons.
This state of the element may be theoretically arbitrarily for a long time until the circuit is closed on the electricity consumer. As soon as the electron chain is closed with a negative plate move to a positive plate along the outer chain. Each lead atom of a negative plate gives two electrons. They switch to a positive plate and are connected to (PB ++++), forming a lead ion (PB ++) two-charged, which connects with a positive residue ѕO 4 ¯ ¯ forms lead sulfate molecule (PBѕO 4). Since the solubility of sulfate is small, the solution becomes oversaturated and sulfate falls on (+) the plate in the form of crystals, at the same time about the positive plate, the water molecules PBO 2 + 4N + ѕO 4 ¯ ¯ + 2E- → PBѕO 4 + 2N 2 o
On the negative plate PB ++ + ѕOO 4 ¯ ¯ -2E- → PBѕO 4
Each element has a capacity of AC. This is the amount of electricity given to the element to the final discharge of 1.8V. Capacity depends on the number of active substances. When the amount of electricity, equal to one Faraday on the formation of lead sulfate at a negative plate will be spent 103.6 gr lead. 1Faradea-26.8 A.Ch. The atomic and molecular weight of the lead is 207.21 and in the reaction in negative plates there are two electrons, then gram of lead equivalent is equivalent
and at the return of 1 A.Ch. 26.8 times lead will be less, i.e..
In the same way, it is possible to find that at the return of 1 A.Ch. 4.46 g of lead dioxide will be spent from the positive plate on the formation of lead sulfate, and 0.672 g of water is formed in the electrolyte from 3.66 g.
The nominal voltage of the element is 2.1 to the operating voltage at the beginning of the discharge quickly reaches 2 V, then gradually decreases to the final \u003d 1.8 V. If you continue the discharge, it comes to 0.
6.5.2. General Rules of Acid Operations rechargeable batteries
1. maintain electrolyte level 12 ÷ 15m
2. Do not discharge below 1.75 V.
3. Care to produce to full capacity
4. Regularly perform battery recharges.
5. Do not allow the battery stay in a dilapidated state.
6. Regular the surface of the battery from dirt and oxides.
7. Do not allow electrolyte contamination.
8. Do not allow recharging and not to charge the current above normalized.
10. Do not allow during the charge to increase the temperature of the battery above + 45ºС. It is necessary to interrupt the charges and give the battery to cool to + 30 ° C.
11. The operational density of the electrolyte is determined by the + 15 ° C and must differ from more than ± 50.
12. After infringing the electrolyte into the battery, give it to stand 4-6 hours.
13. Charging current is determined by tables depending on the battery capacity.
14. When charging the rechargeable battery in the ship conditions, ventilation is first turned on.
History
The lead battery was developed in 1859-1860 Gaston Plante, an employee of the laboratory Alexander Becquer. In 1878, Camill Forms have improved its design, covering the plates of the battery with a lead sulik.
Operating principle
The principle of operation of lead-acid batteries is based on the electrochemical lead and lead dioxide reactions in the sulfuric acid environment.
Energy occurs as a result of the interaction of lead oxide and sulfuric acid to sulfate (classical version). The studies conducted in the USSR showed that within a lead battery proceeds at least ~ 60 reactions, about 20 of which proceed without the participation of electrolyte acid (non-chemical)
During the discharge, the recovery of lead dioxide on the cathode and oxidation of lead on the anode occurs. When charging, the inverse reactions flow, to which the electrolysis of water is added at the end of the charge, accompanied by the release of oxygen on the positive electrode and hydrogen - on a negative one.
Chemical reaction (left to right - discharge, right to left - charge):
As a result, it turns out that when the battery discharge, sulfuric acid is consumed from the electrolyte (and the electrolyte density drops, and during charge, sulfuric acid is released into the electrolyte solution from sulfates, the electrolyte density grows). At the end of the charge, in some critical values \u200b\u200bof the concentration of lead sulfate in the electrodes, the process of electrolysis of water begins to prevail. At the same time, hydrogen is distinguished on the cathode, the anode is oxygen. When charging, it is not necessary to allow water electrolysis, otherwise it is necessary to add it to replenish the amount lost during the electrolysis.
Device
The element of the lead-acid battery consists of electrodes (positive and negative) and separating insulators (separators), which are immersed in the electrolyte. Electrodes are lead grills. The positive active substance is lead peroxide (PBO 2), the negative active substance is sponge lead.
In fact, the electrodes are not made of pure lead, but from alloy with the addition of antimony in an amount of 1-2% to increase strength and impurities. Sometimes calcium salts are used as the alloying component, in both plates, or only in positive. The use of calcium salts makes not only positive but also a lot of negative points into operation of a lead battery, for example, such a battery with deep discharges significantly and irreversibly decreases the container.
The electrodes are immersed in an electrolyte consisting of diluted with dilute distilled water of sulfuric acid (H 2 SO 4). The greatest conductivity of this solution is observed at room temperature (which means the smallest internal resistance and the smallest internal losses) and at its density of 1.23 g / cm³
However, in practice, often in areas with a cold climate are also used and higher concentrations of sulfuric acid, up to 1.29 -1.3 g / cm³.
There are experimental development of batteries where lead grids are replaced with foamed carbon coated with thin lead film. Using a smaller amount of lead and distributing it along a large area, the battery managed not only to be compact and easy, but also much more efficient - in addition to more efficiency, it charges much faster than traditional batteries.
As a result of each reaction, an insoluble substance is formed - the sulfate lead PBSO 4, precipitating on the plates, which forms a dielectric layer between the current and active mass. This is one of the factors affecting the service life of a lead-acid rechargeable battery.
The main processes of wear of lead acid batteries are:
Although the battery, failed due to the physical destruction of the plates, cannot be repaired, some sources describe chemical solutions and other methods capable of "desulfating" plates. Simple but harmful battery life involves the use of magnesium sulfate solution. The solution is poured into the section after which the battery is discharged and charge several times. Lead sulfate and other balances chemical reaction At the same time at the bottom of the battery, which can lead to a closure of the section therefore the processed sections are preferably washed and fill out with a new nominal density electrolyte. This allows you to slightly extend the use of the device. If the battery has one or more sections that do not work (that is, they do not give 2.17 volts - for example, if the body has cracks) it is possible to connect two (or more) batteries sequentially: to the plus contact of the first battery, connect the plus wire of the consumer, to a minus contact of the second battery - The consumer's minus wire, and the two remaining battery contacts are connected by the cable. Such a battery has a total voltage of working sections and therefore the number of working sections must be no more than six - it is necessary to drain the electrolyte from unnecessary sections. This option is suitable for vehicle With a big engine compartment.
Recycling
Recycling for this type of batteries plays an important role, as the lead contained in the batteries is heavy metal and makes serious harm when hitting in environment. Lead and its salts should be recycled in special enterprises to be able to use it.
The thrown batteries are often used as a source of lead for handwheel, for example, in fishing loads, fraction or weights. For this, the electrolyte is drained from the battery, the residues are neutralized by washing any harmless base (for example, sodium bicarbonate), after which the battery case is broken and metal lead is extracted.
see also
Notes
Links
- GOST 15596-82
- GOST R 53165-2008 Batteries rechargeable lead starters for autotractor equipment. General specifications. Instead of GOST 959-2002 and GOST 29111-91
- Video demonstrating battery performance on YouTube
- Service and restoration of lead battery system AGM "
