n1.DOC.
Section 5 The role of the road factor in the system "Driver - Car - Road"
5.1. System "Driver - Car - Road", Safety Systems System Elements
Specificity and issues road Concentrate is described by the system "Driver-car-road"- (IN HELL) consisting of a number of subsystems operating in a specific environment - Movement mediumi.When studying aspects of system security, special attention They require, first of all, measures and funds aimed at reducing the likelihood of accidents and to reduce the severity of the consequences of the accident.
A complex of funds, including the elements of the design of the car, the arrangement of roads, the organization of the road, the use or use of which is implemented through active actions of a person, managementl.transportationn.well,it is customary to characterize as an active system security component - "Active Security",and, in fact, a system of events, directedn.jU on SNandthe severity of the consequences of the accident -passive component - "Passiven.oh security» . It is logical to state that the dominant activity of the system is driverwith a standard set of functions of an arbitrary system operator - reception and processing of information, whenn.the decision of the decision and the implementation of the Governors of Actionand the most complex specifics of the sphere of professional activity.
With favorable road conditions, the driver works in ppervert Mode (pace), it is free in the choice of speed, the distance is not limited to the maneuvers. In a dense stream, the pace of its activity becomes imposed. Time to evaluate the situation decreases. From the driver required readybutto action in an unexpectedly changing road aboutb.hundredn.oVtoe..
Preparedb aboutlooseandwae.t.sia Sustainablebyu and high intensityba attention.An important professional qualities should include the driver's ability to predict the road situation, as well as simultaneously monitor road signs, traffic lights, road markup, change in the road in the plan and profile, etc. Driver's stay in similar condition is determined by personalized« flavor of Strength » - the most common categorypaboutnyatii"reliability". In turn, reliability is ensured by such characteristics as fitness, workshopb, TrainingnN.axis and motivation.
Suitabilitydetermined by the personal, psychophysiological qualities of the driver, the state of his health. The method used is a medical examination, in some cases - psychophysiological selection, that is, an examination of the psycho-physiological qualities of the applicant and comparing them with predetermined (obtained experimentally) criteria.
Performanceit depends on the labor and recreation mode, conditions in the workplace, health status, power mode, lifestyle, etc. Sustainably high performance is observed during the first three-four hours from the beginning of the vehicle management, after eight-nine hours of continuous management of working capacity dramatically decreases. It also depends on the use of alcohol, narcotic and some drugs.
Trainingthe driver is determined by the presence of the necessary volume of knowledge and skills. In part, they are acquired in the process of vocational training, partly as a result of self-study in the process of work. The quality and effectiveness of the educational process, the individual characteristics of the student, the properties of the nervous system and personal properties are acquiring a special relevance.
Motivationit is expressed in the interest of the driver in the process of work, the results of labor, satisfaction with the work as a whole. Motivation is provided and maintained by the labor regime, labor work, working conditions, condition of the car, relations with the enterprise administration and the enterprise team, many other factors. Ifn.teresa driverl.hepately beyond the sphere of his professional leaderbnost,this makes it difficult to form new skills, reduces the effectiveness of its work, errors appear, there is no need to improve their skills and skill.
The next link in the system that is important to ensure active safety is car.
Constructive safetythe car is called the property to prevent accidents, reduce the severity of its consequences and does not harm people and the environment. Constructive safety is divided by active, passiven.ju, afterinarian.w.yuand environmental.
Active security - This is the property of the car to reduce the likelihood of an accident or to completely prevent it. It is manifested in the period when a driver can still change the nature of the car in a dangerous traffic situation. Active safety depends on the layout parameters of the car (overall and weight), its dynamism, stability, controllability and informativeness.
Passive securityn.oISTb - This is the property of the car to reduce the severity of the consequences of the accident, if it still happened. It is manifested in the period when the driver is no longer able to control the car and change the nature of its movement, i.e. Directly when a collision, bypass, tilting.
Posleavarandj.n.safety - This is a car property reduce the severity of the consequences of an accident after stopping and preventing the occurrence of new accidents. For this, the fire-fighting events are introduced, facilitate the evacuation of passengers and the driver from the emergency car.
Environmental safetyn.oISTb - This is the property of a car, which makes it possible to reduce the damage to the participants of the Movement and the Environment during operation. Events to reduce the harmful effects of cars on the environment should be considered a decrease in the toxicity of exhaust gases and noise levels.
Essence of basic functions active securityn.osti.avt.aboutm.aboutil.i - the lack of sudden failures of the design systems of the car ( refusal security n. ost ), especially related to the possibility of maneuver, as well as ensuring the driver's ability to confidently, with the comfort of controlling the mechanical subsystem "ABt.aboutm.obil.b - Dorog.but» (operational safety b ).
An important function of active safety is the correspondence traction and braking car dynamicsroad conditions and transport situations, as well as the psycho-physiological characteristics of the driver. The possibility of maneuver on the movement mainly depends on the traction and braking car dynamics: the brake dynamics affects the magnitude of the stopping path, which should be the smallest and, in addition, the brake system must allow the driver very flexibly to choose the necessary intensity of braking; The traction dynamics greatly affects the driver's confidence in such traffic situations as overtaking, trading, moving crossroads and intersection of roads, i.e. When maneuvering in terms of plan. In the same situations where braking is no longer possible, the traction dynamics is of paramount importance to exit critical situations.
The main qualities of the design of the car affecting active safety are:
- layoutcar;
- w.felicness (the ability of the car oppositionb drift and tipping in various road conditions at high speeds);
- controllability (car performance, allowing performedb Controle. with the smallestt.ah mechanical and physical energy, when making man.euro in terms of conservation or referring directionsiZHe.n.i);
- maneuverability (the quality of the car characterized by the valuen.butandme.nSHits turning radius and overall dimensions );
- stabilization (abuseb System elements« IN HELL » oppositionb n.eustful car movement andl.and methodn.ax of System Systemh.r.n.iT.b Optimal.bn.lown.ia naturaln.car axes when drivingn.iI);
- t.ormeal system;
- steering;
Proper installation control wheelcar;
Reliable tires;
- whitefishn.alization and lighting.
Safe car options ( passive security) Must meet the goals of the highest driver protection, passenger ( inner passiven.safety), pedestrian ( inn.yeshere, Passive securityb).
Maximum protection of the driver and passenger is required during front collisions - it is achieved largely by using seat belts. In addition, the quantity and severity of injuries is significantly reduced with the proper design of the front of the car from the position of the energy absorbing function of the attached instantaneous shock load. The passenger department must satisfy all safety requirements, i.e. It must be protected from the engine in case of its displacement when you hit, the steering wheel and the column should absorb the driver without injury to the driver.
The design of individual protective and retaining funds on the placement of passengers, the parts of the car should be injurious and easily deformed; Gas bubbles should not move and their integrity is to break.
The protective area around the driver and passengers is ensured due to the stiff frame of the passenger compartment in combination with easily deforming when hitting the front and rear part of the body.
System passive security It comes into effect if the driver failed to avoid the accident using the working systems of the car.
Such a system provides: a decrease in the inertial loads acting on the passenger at the time of the collision, limiting the movement of the driver and passengers in the cockpit, the protection of the driver and passengers from injuries, injections when you hit the internal surface of the driver's cabin, eliminating the possibility of throwing passengers and driver from the cab at the time of collision and ensuring unimpeded evacuation of them from the emergency car.
The most effective means to ensure the safety of the driver and passengers of the car - seat belts. The use of belts reduces the number of injuries by 62-75% according to USA and Germany. The severity of the consequences of the accident also decreases. The various design belts are used.
With sharp front blows, passengers receive acceleration to 40-50g. If there is a reliable shock absorbent, then such accelerations can be transferred without significant injuries. This purpose serve as systems pneumatic per capitatoInstantly inflated over the time interval passing between the strike of the car per obstacle until the driver is hitting the steering wheel or interior elements. This period of time is 0.03-0.04 seconds. The system works automatically when you hit without any additional conditions, it does not constrain movements, in inconsideration of the state of invisible. When the pillows are triggered, up to 90% of the kinetic energy of the impact. Such a system does not prevent throwing passengers from the car during accidents and does not protect against side shocks.
An important element of the internal arrangement of the car - fromandden.bi. The use of seats of a special design can significantly improve the safety of the driver and passengers. There are constructions of seats of various automotive firms. They use shock absorbers, amplification of seat fasteners, fixing the back of the front seats with latches, restricting the head movement at the moment of impact with the help of head restraints. In recent years, serious attention began to pay a reliable fastening of the rear seat cushion and its backs. When fixing the backs of the seats using the latch passengers on rear seat Do not hit the details of the interior of the front of the cabin.
Much attention is paid to the study of influence steering column For driver safety at an accident. With a well-designed and properly located steering column, the danger of injury to the driver decreases by 30-40%. There are various designs of a safe steering wheel, for example, equipped with a safety soft lining, a steering wheel with a flexible rim, etc.
A large number of injuries is related to windshield. The injuries applied by the windshield always differ in particular weight: concussion of the brain, damage to the skull, eye damage, etc. In different countries, the requirements for windshields are different.
Follow an important component of the active security systemare road conditions and organization of road dvandvia.
It should also be noted that it is difficult to separate the impact of road conditions and the organization of road traffic on active and passive safety, i.e. Allocate which parameters affected the likelihood of incident and which increased the severity of the consequences. So we consider inl.road Jewelryh. conditions and organization of movement both active and passive safety.
Road conditions reduced security the following factors:
Inconsistency of the size of the geometric elements of the road (the width of the roadway, the size of bridges, overpasses, radii of road roundings in terms of, slopes, violating) actual vehicle speeds of the car;
The unsuccessful combination of the elements of the plan and the profile of the road at the adjacent areas contributing to the increase, and then a sharp decrease in the speed of movement (curves in terms of small radii at the end of the shutters or horizontal direct; short horizontal straight on winding tracks);
Poor condition of the roadway and the rooks (insufficient evenness and roughness of the coating, loose soil of unaffined oops, dirt on the roadway from snow, rain, stones and other foreign objects);
Incorrect location of massive obstacles (supports of lighting, road signs, supports of overpass, buildings, bus pavilions, etc.);
Insufficient information on the boundaries of the roadway, strips of movement, length and shape of dangerous areas, the nature of the possible danger, recommended by car management and restrictions in motion, the absence of barriers, holding the car from the congresses from the road and move through the dividing strip;
Bad visibility at night; ice, fog, atmospheric precipitation.
It should be remembered that the higher technical capabilities The car, the more severe influence the road conditions on the movement process are provided.
According to experts, bad road conditions increase the cost of operating a vehicle 2.5-4 times. In particular, the service life of the auto strokes is reduced by 30%, and the specific consumption of fuel rises by 1.5-2 times.
Installation of road fences ( affects hown.and occurringe.incidentj. due to the congress from the road or departure on the head of the oncoming traffic and the decline in gravityt.in andj. DTP);
Reducing the length of roads, characterized by a high frequency of car congresses ( influencesn.and probability N.assignments of accidents and to reduce the severity of consequences);
Reducing the length of the sections with high embankments due to the length of the recess (when designing roads) ( affects faithyatn.axity of the accident and on withnATIONe.n.e severityt.iniY);
Reducing the height of the embankment, in particular, by the drainage device (grounding of the soil) ( affects S.n.the severity of the consequences);
Arrangement of a wide dividing strip on the roads of the i-th technical category and the execution of separate tracing of the earth canvase for different directions of movement ( affects probabilitiesb the occurrence of accidents and at the bottomn.iEt.lizard of consequencej.);
Design of gentle slopes of recesses on outside Curves in the plan, reducing the depth of drainage channels using drainage devices ( affects downn.eE gravity consequences);
Using an asymmetrical cross-profile of embankments in areas with a high value of land land ( affects the likelihood of accident);
Reducing the frequency of placement of massive structures and structures in the zone of 15 m wide at the edge of the carriageway ( affects probabilitiesb The occurrence of accidents and to reduce the severity of consequences);
Reducing the training of structures used to arrange roads, the use of constructs of fences with progressive deformative characteristics ( affects downn.eE gravity consequences).
In sphere organizations Roadn.wow driven.and Ithe following factors can be distinguished that affect the active and passive security system:
Vehicle movement schemes.
Pedestrian flow circuits.
Technical means of management and organization of road traffic.
To increase active security at the expense of funds motion organizationneed:
Reveal the places of increased danger of vehicle movement;
Eliminate dangerous road conditions (repair and construction of roads, arrangement of the dividing strip, roadside arrangement, etc.);
Reduce the number of conflict points by:
Sewers movement of traffic flows;
Separation of transport and pedestrian streams;
Restrictions of velocity traffic;
Regulating the composition of the flow of transport;
Equalizing the speed of transport;
Prohibiting maneuvers;
Introduction of circular motion;
Forced regulation of motion, etc.
All these means is achieved homogeneousb transporttNG.about thread, alignmentn.ye speed trafficTherefore, the level of road safety increases. Fearn.oCHn.nostotie speedsn.and IAnd, not only towards the reduction, but also an increase is also an effective measure, this event can be both temporary and local and constant character.
Rationaflaskorganization of routes movementn.and I Transport allows not only more efficiently using transport, but also improve traffic safety indicators and environmental characteristics.
Article Pschka-headlighter "Man-Machine", "Manmatian-Wednesday" ... These phrases have become popular now. But, in general, the system was always, because always, creating a car, took into account the interests of Liu; -. Her. The only question is whose interests are taken into account and how. Who include in the system-car-t-road system? Driver or passenger? Or maybe a pedestrian? Or the head of the motor transport enterprise? Worker car factory? Mechanics at Avtotech service station? Today it is difficult to find a person who would somehow not fall into the sphere of the system under consideration. We limit the task and deal with the acting person who consider the main thing. This is still a driver. It is present on every moving car, be that cargo or passenger, and even if there are no passengers, the driver is necessarily there. On personal use machines, the driver - the passenger himself, and more often the only one; As is known from statistics, the average filling of the car does not exceed 1.7 people. He is still often the owner of the car. Undoubtedly, from all persons involved in the car, the driver is the most active person, from which the speed of movement and the performance of the car, and the safety, and the convenience of passengers and the safety of goods dependent. Drivers are a lot: in our country, for example, this is the most common profession. These are the arguments in favor of choosing the main component of the WAD system - "driver-car drivers". This system consists of seven main links. The original, the first - sources of information: the road, its arrangement of the IOC - rugs, its "population" (means of transport and pedestrians), signs and signals, and the testimony of instruments, noise, oscillations - external Yves body. The sources of information should be attributed to passengers, their voices, movements. Information may be necessary and useful, unnecessary and ". The second link is the receipt of information to the driver, to his body, ears and, especially, eyes. The third is the processing of her brain of the driver and issuing teams with his hands. Fourth and fifth links - transmission These teams of the car control bodies, and from them - drive systems. The sixth link is the execution of commands with wheels, engine, lighting and signaling devices. Finally, the seventh is a car maneuver in general and the corresponding change in the situation on the road. Only the first link of the system does not obey the driver. , It is created by nature and other people. But the second link depends on his ability to perceive information. The third and fourth links are determined by psychophysical qualities, and the rest are the driver teams, although, of course, the execution is associated with the perfection of the car's design. For this description of the VAD It may seem too simple. Like, a clear case, - information, its processing, commands, their execution. However, This simple scheme is not easy to consider when designing and operating a car. In campaigns safe car Until recently, the so-called passive security was given to the crucial importance (for example, in the list of Mercedes-Benz, it accounts for more than two thirds of positions), which comes into force when the car came out of the driver's obedience; In other words, when the main link in the WAD system will fall. It is clear that the measures to protect people inside (as well as outside) machines are extremely necessary. But with the accident, the car is still destroyed. In addition, it should be a lot of damage outside the car. Now let's try to calculate how much safety increases if the efficiency of each element of the VAD increases only 5 percent - that is, to improve the review, create favorable conditions for processing the driver's driver, it is more convenient to arrange levers and pedals and so on. The calculation will show that the solution to this quite real, even a modest task would improve the system's action of about 30 percent. Accordingly, the safety of motion would increase, accidental decreased. And what is the value of each link separately? What is more important - timely receipt of information or fast, accurate transmission of driver teams? It is unlikely that we will be able to establish a strict scale of values. One thing is clear: the main link WAD is the driver - requires a special approach. In the design of the car, elements are laid that help him, correct its oversight, insufficient efficiency. The driver can also be improved - upbringing, training, however, in contrast to the technical perfection of the car, it does not give guarantees. Education only reduces the likelihood of errors, makes the driver more quickly. Yet the first practical conclusion about the links of Vad is the tremendous importance of the training and training of the driver. But whatever qualified it is, it is possible that at a crucial moment, something will respond something from driving a car or makes the inaccurate movement. The second conclusion: it is necessary to perform the elements of the system so that the driver cannot make a mistake or that its probability is reduced to a minimum. Artificial sources of information should be equally reliable. Mysterious or similar signs are unacceptable, pedestrians should not have a physical ability to appear on the roadway of the street. In this area, not all is done. A number of devices imperfect from this point of view can be found by Yves car. Familiar to every driver situation - overtaking on a dirt road. It is necessary to operate with the steering wheel, turning the rotation indicators, lever and the clutch pedal, buttons of the glass coating and the "janitor"; Moreover, if the washer button is a foot, then the movement of the left leg becomes directly acrobatic. Even worse at night: The headlight switch is added. Here and the trained foot will make inaccurate movement! IN newest cars The washler and the "janitor" are turned on with one pressure of the finger on the button, and the light switch is installed under the steering wheel. You can simultaneously control the headlights and "flashers", without removing the hands from the steering wheel, the probability of the driver's error is almost completely excluded. The reader will tell: even better if the car is equipped with automatic transmission And the clutch pedal is missing. In other words: Just as the automation of movements from the driver require, it is necessary to require the automation of other terms of the WAD, and primarily the control authorities. In this area, the work is carried out. So far - on page 37PHEW driver in modern light car. Almost all measures are taken here to provide him with the highest situation for work. The driver's 40-ton dump truck has created conditions no worse than a driver-locomotive driver. Adjustable (on the distance from the pedals and the tilt of the back) seat, highly efficient heater, rubber shock absorbers, insulating cabin "from the frame, create good conditions for the work of the driver.
Ministry of Science and Education of the Republic of Kazakhstan
Karaganda State Technical University
Department ____________
abstract
Topic: "System" Driver - Car - Road "
Analysis of an accident.
Performed: Art. c. TT-09-2
Accepted: Ph.D. prof.
Karaganda 2012
System "Driver - Car - Road"
Analyzing the work of the road, it is necessary to consider the complex system "The driver - the car is the road". In the mechanical series of these concepts there is a direct connection: the driver is controlled, the car moves along the road. In engineering and psychological relations, feedback is also valid: the road transmits information, the driver perceives this information and uses it to control the car. The dominant role of this system belongs to the driver.
Feedback (road - car) passes through the driver, through his senses, psyche and musculature. With the driver, the road leads the car. With an increase in the speed of movement, the requirements for man, to the car and the road, are growing.
The estimated speed is the maximum speed that ensures the safety of the single car in the hands of an experimental driver. It is determined by the geometric parameters of the roads, the style of the track, the device of the carriageway and the environment of the roads. In the peak hours, the car enters the stream. The speed of the car decreases the more significant, the greater it was in the free conditions, and the greater the heterogeneity of cars moving in the stream is allowed.
Now it is customary to consider the driver in the system "The driver - the car is the road."
Source system - sources of information: road, its arrangement and environment; its "population" (means of transport and pedestrians); signs and signals, as well as instrument readings on the shield; noises external and in the bodies; Reaching the driver of oscillations from the engine and other mechanisms. Sources of information include passengers, their voices, their movements.
The next link is the receipt of this information to the driver, to his body, ears and especially eyes.
Then the information processing and issuing commands and the driver's legs.
The fourth link is the transfer of commands to levers and pedals, and from them car mechanisms.
Fifth - execution of commands with wheels, engine, lighting and signaling devices.
Finally (the sixth link), provided by the driver of the car maneuver and the corresponding change in the situation on the road.
The maneuver completes a certain cycle and at the same time serves as the beginning of a new one. After all, the tilt of the car during braking and creaking brakes, the action of centrifugal force on the turn and moving objects outside the windows - all this is for the driver a new information.
Only the first link does not obey the driver. It is created by nature and other people, it will be opposed to him. And yet, from him, from his management manner, something depends, for example, noise and oscillations of his own car. But the second link is not only the effectiveness of the signals and the size of the body windows through which the signals come, but also the driver's ability to perceive them. The third and partially fourth links are laid in the psychophysical qualities of the driver itself. The rest are fully acting in accordance with his teams, although, of course, their execution is somehow connected with the perfection of the car's design.
What is more important, timely arrival of information or fast, accurate transfer of driver teams? It is hardly possible to establish a strict scale of values, but you can make a significant general conclusion: the main member of the system - the driver requires a different approach than all the other, the perfection of which constructors, road builders and other specialists take care of the perfection. The driver can also be improved, but not by technical means, but training, education, training.
Technical means provide a well-known guarantee of the actions of individual units of the system. In the design of the car, there are also such elements that help the driver, corrected its oversight, insufficient efficiency. For example, if the driver ceases to apply force to the steering wheel, it itself returns to the "Ride right" position.
And the upbringing of the driver only reduces the likelihood of its errors, increases its efficiency. Whatever qualified it is, it is possible that in a responsible moment it will be answered from driving a car or make not quite an exact movement. What to talk about less qualified, what majority!
Hence the huge importance of the training and training of the driver. But they, as you know, do not depend on the designer, which should perform the elements of the system so that the driver's errors are minimized. In the technique, such an execution of the machine is sometimes called "FUL-Pruf" (worm-resistant).
There are still many imperfect devices by car, but the number of them decreases. Here is a familiar situation with any driver - overtaking on a dirt road. It is necessary to operate with the steering wheel, turning the rotation pointers, the lever and the clutch pedal, the buttons of the glass-washer and the "janitor"; If the button washer washer, then the movement of the left legs becomes continuously acrobatic; At night, the headlight light switch is added. Here and the trained foot will make inaccurate movement! And in the newest (but so far, alas, not all), the washer and the "janitor" are included with one pressure of the finger on the button, the light switch is installed under the steering wheel - you can simultaneously control the headlights and "flashers", without removing the hands from the steering wheel. The probability of driver error is almost completely excluded.
It is even better if the car is equipped with an automatic transmission and do not need to press the clutch pedal. Of course, seeking the automatic activity of the driver's actions, you need to automate other units of the system, primarily the controls. And gradually automation is carried out. However, important factors come into effect.
First, automatic devices must be completely "ful-proof", to act absolutely sureless, otherwise they can very much to bring the driver. Therefore, automation is carefully done, instruments from high quality materials, and they become expensive.
Secondly, the "non-transport functions" of the car are beginning to affect. As already mentioned, driving a car is not only the work, the fulfillment of the transport operation, but also, as any motorist knows, the work is fascinating, or even a pleasant, kind of sports game. Other motorists like to switch the transfer, to seek the smoothness and silent of the move of the car or, on the contrary, the hurricane start "in racing style". And they do not really seek the automation.
But every game has the rules that you want do not want to obey. They change, improving. Once in the Rules of "Games in the Car", it was also a half-time preparation for the trip, and mandatory signals in many situations, and juggling with three levers of brakes (however, at speeds within just 10-30 kilometers per hour!), And even stops In meetings with felling horses. The growth in the intensity and speed of movement, reaching the road of millions of "lovers' players" of all ages require instant readiness of the car and the driver to any changes in the situation, prohibiting sound signals, gradual automation of the car. Today, the "player" is dealing with three pedals and two levers, tomorrow their number will be reduced.
So, the action of all car mechanisms should ensure the exact execution of the driver teams, as well as the possibility of their correction, if they are incorrect or inaccurate. The latest recommendation may seem unreal again.
But here is an example, with the form of the body.
At high speeds, the aerodynamic stability of the car becomes increasingly important. It depends most on the body shape. There was a time when under the influence of the fashion and the desire for the drone form of the body was performed with a small side surface of its back. But cars with a stepped or lowered "ass" were very sensitive to the gusts of the side wind, and the drivers sometimes did not have time to respond properly. Many cases of tragic outcome are known. Aerodynamic studies of vehicles with keels and universal bodies (such as a glazed van) showed the benefits of an enlarged rear side surface of the body.
Universal cars, "Combi" and sports "with a cut back", it turns out, can, without the participation of the driver, counteract the influence of side aerodynamic forces, remove another concern from the driver.
Analysis of accidents
A detailed analysis of all types of accidents is impossible without identifying factors and the reasons that are causing them. The views on the factors and the reasons underlying the accidents are changing as the experience of the organization of movement and research work in the field of traffic safety.
In accordance with the objectives and objectives of the accident analysis, three basic methods of analysis are distinguished: quantitative, high-quality, topographic.
Quantitative analysis of the DTP- estimates the level of accident rate at the place (intersection, main street, city, region, country, the whole world) and the time of their commission (hour, day, month, year, etc.) absolute indicators give a general idea of \u200b\u200bthe level of accidents, allow Conduct a comparative analysis over time for a specific region and show the trends of this level.
According to official statistics, the severity of the accident varies in different countries from 1/5 to 1/40, it should be borne in mind that it has a great influence of the fullness of the accident coverage with light bodily injuries, which, in turn, largely depends on the legal provisions for insurance .
The severity of the consequences of an accident may be characterized, in addition, the ratio of the number of dead or wounded to the total number of accidents.
To estimate the severity of a separate type of accident (collision, tipping, etc.), an indicator may be used, which is the ratio of the number of dead (wounded) to the number of traffic accidents of this species.
To determine the losses from an accident, various methods for calculating material damage from accidents have been developed. General principle Next: losses are conditionally divided into direct and indirect.
The direct referred to the material losses that occurred as a result: damage or destruction of material values \u200b\u200b(vehicles transported by cargo, technical means of organizing road traffic and road arrangement); transportation and restoration of vehicles; repair of road facilities and elements of road arrangement; assisting and treating people; payments for cash benefits and pensions victims and their families; Travel delays (time loss by vehicles, fuel reservoir, time loss by passengers).
Indirect losses include losses associated with a temporary or complete cessation of the work of members of the Company, that is, the conditional loss of the country's national income.
Integral assessment of the danger, individual elements of the street-road network, taking into account the severity of the consequences of an accident can be determined by the indicator of the danger or severity of road accidents
A qualitative analysis of an accident is used to establish causal factors for the emergence of an accident and the degree of their influence on the accident. This analysis allows you to identify the causes and factors of the emergence of an accident for each of the components of the road traffic system. In most
Countries Public Opinion and Official Statistics Organs Road organization often see the main cause of an accident in negligence, errors of the participants in motion (drivers, pedestrians) or in car malfunction. Thus, the World Health Organization believes that 9 of the 10 road traffic accidents occurs through the human fault.
Analysis of the reasons for an accident allows you to reduce into the following groups:
Table 3.1 - Causes of accidents
| 1 group |
2 groups |
| Non-compliance with the rules of the road traffic with the participants of this movement, i.e. drivers, pedestrians and passengers. |
The choice of drivers of such modes of movement under which they are deprived of the possibilities to control vehicles, resulting in driving, tipping, collisions, etc. |
| 3 Group |
4 Group |
| Reducing the psycho-physiological functions of participants in motion as a result of overwork, disease. |
The use of alcoholic beverages, drugs, drugs, under the influence of factors contributing to the change in its normal state (unhealthy climate at work or in the family, the disease is loved ones, etc.). |
| 5 Group |
6 Group |
| Unsatisfactory technical condition of vehicles; |
Wrong placement and cargo mount |
| 7 Group |
8 Group |
| The unsatisfactory device and the content of the elements of the road and the road situation. |
Unsatisfactory Road Traffic Organization. |
When analyzing a road accident, the most simply attributed his reason to the driver, which, as they believed, is obliged to instantly respond to a change in the traffic situation and compensate for the imperfection of the components of the VAD system "Man - the car - the road" by the necessary management techniques that ensure safe movement mode. However, such confidence is not justified enough. Many accidents occur due to inexperience, unscrupiance or negligence of certain officials. For example, road traffic accidents arising from the defects of vehicles, poor lighting of the streets, the unsatisfactory state of the carriage part, the incorrect marking of the streets, the wrong installation and the unsatisfactory state of road signs, etc.
In contrast to automatic control systems, the driver does not have a programmed response system to all countless diversity of road transport situations. Considering possible options to solve the problem of the problem in a limited period of time, it may assume errors, the number of which increases with a decrease in its psycho-physiological capabilities during operation. When taking this circumstance for such official causes of an accident, as an excess of speed, incorrect overtaking or turning, hitting a pedestrian, etc., in many cases it would be found that the true cause of road traffic accidents was not erroneous actions of the driver, but other factors belonging to or to the road, or to the car, or to that and another at the same time. As a result, the most insignificant misunderstanding by the driver of the current DTS was to make a danger of a road accident.
In the length of time, directly by the preceding road and transport incident, and in the process of its development, the influence of each of the reasons is irregnorated. In each phase of the development of an accident, one main, leading reason can be distinguished. In subsequent phases of the incident, this reason can be secondary, coherence
etc.................
The XXI century is characterized by the incredulous increase in transportation by road. Construction, industry, trade cannot function without widespread use of cars. Over the past 10 years, there has been a stable growth trend in Ukraine road transport - Each year is carried out primary registration of almost 100 thousand vehicles and at the beginning of 2005 their total number was about 9 million units.
The control process combines the driver, the vehicle, the road and the environment in one whole - the system in which all the links are interrelated and depend on each other. During the vehicle management, the driver constantly receives information about the road and items, it is present on it (cars, traffic lights, road signs, markup, road participants), as well as about the state of the environment (illumination, humidity, temperature, etc.) .
The driver is the main link of the system "The driver is a car - the road - Wednesday (Vads)," its operator. The driver receives the basic information by monitoring the road situation. The large volume and nature of the information that is constantly changing, for example, with intensive movement, do not allow it to be able to take it in a timely manner and accurately perceive and processed, and accordingly, and make the right decision.
The activity of the driver from the position of psychology is determined by the scheme: adoption of information - its assessment - the decision-making is the implementation.
The correct perception of the road situation is one of the conditions of professional suitability of the driver. In the perception of information, the memory is an important role - the ability to absorb, save and reproduce information. Driver's memory must be inherent in such properties as sufficient volume, speed, memorization accuracy and duration.
The duration of the assessment of the road situation is determined by knowledge, skills and skills corresponding to the psychophysiological qualities of the driver.
Decision making is a choice of actions in accordance with the traffic situation and traffic safety requirements. Depending on this, the driver decides on a detour of the obstacle, overtaking, increase or decrease the speed, stopping the vehicle and the like.
After making the solution, the driver performs the appropriate actions: presses the pedals, includes pointers, rotates the steering wheel, increases the speed like.
The design safety of the car provides a complex of characteristics regarding the prevention of negative impact on road traffickers and the environment, a decrease in the likelihood of a road accident and gravity of its consequences. These characteristics are directly determined by the operational properties of vehicles: resistant, handling, permeability, smoothness, reliability, informativeness, traction-high-speed, brake, layout parameters. There are active, passive, postavary and environmental safety vehicles.
Active safety is a vehicle property to reduce the possibility of an accident or full prevention of it. It manifests itself at the moment when the driver in dangerous road conditions has the ability to change the nature of the vehicle movement. Active safety depends on the layout parameters of the vehicle, traction and brake dynamic, stability, manageability, stabilization, state of informativeness, light and sound alarm, maneuverability, passability, visibility, etc.
Means of passive security reduce the severity of an accident when the driver is no longer able to control the vehicle and change the nature of its movement - directly when a collision, bypass, tilting. The principle of action of passive security tools consists mainly in reducing the dynamic load on the human body when colliding or tipping the vehicle. There are passive security inner (relative to the driver and passengers) and external (relative to pedestrians and a reduction in vehicle damage).
The means of internal passive safety include injuries of the steering column, locks and hinges of doors, seats and their attachments, seat belts, airbags, head restraints, glasses and elements internal interior. Seat belts are the easiest and simple enough effective toollimiting the movement of the driver and passengers inside the car during a sharp braking or accident. Most modern car models are equipped with airbags. Application special O. children's seats Also is an element of passive security.
External passive security tools prevent possible damage Pedestrians by outer sharp vehicle surfaces or individual parts of headlights, mirrors, door handles and the like.
Postabarial security is constructive features Vehicle, which ensure the immediate output of people from the cabin or body after an accident, especially if it is accompanied by fire or fall in the reservoir.
Environmental safety involves a decrease in the harmful effect on the environment and the health of people during the operation of the vehicle. It should be noted that vehicles are one of the main sources that pollute the atmosphere.
The rules of the road traffic in Ukraine contain the term road, street (road), which it is determined that this is part of the territory, including in the settlement, intended for the movement of vehicles and pedestrians, with all structures located on it (bridges, overpass, overpass , overhead and underground pedestrian transitions) and means of road organization, and limited by the width of the outer edge of the sidewalks or edge of the bandwire band. This term also includes specially built temporary roads, except for randomly rolled roads (paths).
According to technical classification road road Separate by six categories depending on the estimated speed of the movement, the width of the road leaf of the roadway, the rooks, the lanes, the magnitude of the radii of curves in terms of and slopes.
According to official statistics, only in 2004 in Ukraine on the total number of road accidents 45,523 more than 5,000 accidents occurred for the unsatisfactory state of roads outside the settlements and 13.5 thousand - in settlements. The main constructive causes that reduce road safety on the most typical areas of roads that are characterized by an increased number of accidents are:
insufficient carriageway on the bridge structures, in the zone of stopping vehicles, settlements near the service objects, in areas of roads with a narrow roadway with loop, in areas of roads with green spaces on the roads;
the presence of steep protracted lifts and descents with great intensity trucks in the transport stream;
the presence of a small radius curves or intersections with secondary roads at the end of long descents;
a significant number of vehicles engaged in turn left at road crossing;
insufficient visibility;
insufficient visibility of opposite vehicles on certain reduced areas of the longitudinal road profile;
lack of transient-high-speed strips;
lack of braking and overclocking bands on sites to stop transport vehicles;
the presence of steep turns directly convex fractures of the longitudinal profile;
the monotony of the natural landscape, which leads to a loss of the driver control over the speed of movement.
According to the rules, road conditions - a set of factors characterizing (taking into account the time of year, time of day, atmospheric phenomena, light illumination) visibility in the direction of movement, the condition of the surface of the roadway (purity, evenness, roughness, grip), as well as its width, magnitude Slopes on descent and rises, aging and roundings, the presence of sidewalks or the rooks, means of organizing road traffic and their condition. The impact of the environment on road safety is shown in Fig. 1.2.
Introduction.
Concepts of the system
"Driver-car-road-environment of motion"
The practical direction of the course and its connection
With adjacent specialty disciplines. Adopted cuts:
ASUD - Automated Management System
movement
DB - WADS Road Safety - System
"Driver - Car - Road - Wednesday"
Traffic police - State security inspection
Night movement
DPS - Road Patrol Service
Accident - traffic accident
XIO - Comprehensive Motion Organization Scheme
MPT - route passenger transport
ODD - road traffic
Under - the project organization project
TP - transport stream
TC OD - Technical Means of Motion
TC - vehicle
UDS - Street Road Network
The purpose of teaching discipline
The purpose of teaching disciplineAutomobile transport plays an important role in society. Together
with the rapid growth car park and, as a result, intensity
movements creates serious transport problems, especially in
cities and entrances to them: traffic congestion, gas
Environment, Road Transport Adventures (accident).
Prerequisite for the functioning of road transport
There is an optimal length and density of the street-road network (UDS).
Essentially lags the length of urban highways from growth
Vehicle park, which leads to a decrease in speeds
Moves per hour "Peak" to 8 ... 10 km / h and to the occurrence of congestion.
In these conditions, it acquires special importance
rational organization and regulation of movement on the existing
Street road network using modern technical
funds. This activity can provide only specialists who
have the necessary qualifying training.
Thus, the purpose of road traffic specialists
There are acquisitions of the skills of improving existing schemes
Organization and regulation of road traffic. They require ne.
Only creating conditions directly on the streets and roads of movement
vehicles and pedestrians, but also use achievements
Science, technology and technology for the population, when developing a design
Vehicle and professional training
drivers.
Objectives of studying discipline
Objectives of studying disciplineThe main task of this course is to form the knowledge base required
To understand the patterns of road traffic and the methods of its research,
skills
enjoy
Systemic
approach
for
Solution
organizational
technological and engineering issues of road traffic.
List of knowledge, skills and habits of students after studying
Disciplines
The student must:
have the skills of improving traffic schemes;
be able to analyze the transport situation at the intersection, develop
recommendations that aimed at improving road safety;
competently use the achievements of science, technology and regulation techniques and
road traffic;
own knowledge bases formed when studying the patterns of road
movements and methods of its research;
be able to
enjoy
Systemic
approach
for
Solution
technological and engineering road issues;
organizational
Describe an accident, analyze the reasons for their occurrence and offer events
to reduce them and reduce material damage;
Know the specific conditions for the organization of the road.
Introduction. The concept of the system "driver-car-road-environment of motion"
INTRODUCTION. Concepts of the system"Driver-car-road-environment of motion"
Road traffic (ODD) is an independent industry
techniques that include regulation of traffic flow and
optimization of road networks taking into account the locality in which it is laid or
The components of this network or street are being laid.
A combination of activities on ODD includes:
- optimal placement of road networks and road optimization
on separate routes;
- rationalization of routes and dispatching of movement;
- Rational Rules of Road and Effective Monitoring
compliance;
- organization of parking, stops public transport, complexes in
maintenance of road transport;
- road lighting;
- regulation of the road, including automated;
- fighting the transport noise and pollution of the environment.
The main principle of ODD is the separation of flows in space and in time.
For the separation of flows in space, stripes of motion, transport
junction, pedestrian crossings. Time streams are divided by
Road alarm, primarily traffic light. In some cases
The separation of flows ensure the rules of the road.
Essence of the term "Road Organization"
The term - the organization of the road movement determines as "a complex of organizational and organizational and technical measures and administrative actions oncontrol movement on the roads. "
As part of the discipline studied, it should be understood that to organize a road traffic -
This means with the help of engineering and organizational events to create on
existing UDS (street-road network) conditions for a fairly fast, safe and
Convenient movement of vehicles and pedestrians. Based on the analysis of domestic
and foreign experience Engineering activities on the organization of road traffic can
be presented in the form of enlarged blocks (Figure 1.1).
1. The basis for developing activities on ODD is state information
the existing organization of movement and data on intensity, the composition of transport and
Pedestrian streams (PP), other information about road traffic. Such information
Usually collects organization (project, road operational, communal),
which is entrusted to develop a set of measures to improve the organization of movement.
This information is collected in the process of periodic surveys of UDS and Road
Movement.
2. Work on identifying the concentration of accidents on the existing UDS, places with limited
throughput, sites where transport delays and
pedestrian flows, based on traffic accident statistics, information from the traffic police
Violations of traffic rules, assessing the bandwidth of individual
EDS elements, the results of studying the conditions of movement using the moves of the laboratories. Figure 1.1 - Structure of activities
Organizations
road traffic.
The Law "On Road Safety" Termin
Road traffic determines as "... aggregate
Public relations arising in the process
moving people and cargo using transport
or without anything within the road. "
The term road traffic was first widely entered in
Appeal by the International Convention on Road
The movement adopted within the framework of the UN in 1949, which
1968 was recycled, and in 1993 supplemented.
Specific features and road problems
Movements are due primarily by the system "driver
- Car - Road - Motion Wednesday "(Vads).
In the future presentation, the movement environment (surrounding
Wednesday) We will call the medium.
The concept of the system "Driver - Car - Road - Environment"
This system can be represented as interconnected components of VADS,functioning in medium C (Figure 1.2). In addition, in the structure of the system
It is possible to highlight the mechanical subsystem of Hell - "Car Road" and
Biomechanical subsystems of VA - "Driver - Car" and VD - "Driver
- Road ", as well as the subsystems of the SV, CA, SD.
Figure 1.2 - VADS system
Figure 1.3 - Interaction of system components
Vads.
The concept of the system "Driver - Car - Road - Environment"
where,lp - driver response time, i.e. The parameter is entirely dependent on the characteristics of the driver and
component in (see Figure 1.2), C;
TSR - Brake Drive Time, Measured from Touch Driver
brake pedal until the maximum deceleration value is achieved, p.
This indicator depends on both the design and technical condition. brake system, So
And from the speed of the driver's action.
This component belongs to the VA subsystem;
Va - the speed of the car at the time of the start of braking, km / h,
Ke - the coefficient of operating conditions of braking, depending on the mass of the car and
the design parameters of its brake system and, therefore, relating to the component A,
(φ is a coefficient characterizing the tire clutch with an expensive. It depends on the quality and condition
Road coatings and at the same time from the properties and status of the car tires, i.e. refers to
AD subsystem; Ð - a longitudinal slope (in the fractions of a unit) of the road, is the characteristic only
Roads (component D)
System Characteristics Driver - Car - Road - Wednesday
System CharacteristicsDriver - Car - Road - Wednesday
»
The safety of road traffic is influenced
Many factors:
as objective (design parameters and the condition of the road,
The intensity of the movement of vehicles and pedestrians,
Arrangement of roads with structures and regulatory means
time of year, hours of day) and subjective (drivers' state
and pedestrians, violation of the established rules).
Thus, on the roads there is a difficult
Dynamic system that includes a tackle
elements man, car, road functioning
In a specific environment. These elements of a single road transport system are in certain
Relations and connections with each other and form integrity.
They form risk factors that can lead to
Accident. In terms of road safety
interest for systemic study represent how
Risk factors and their various combinations, namely:
Man - car;
car - road;
The road is a man.
Fig. 1.4 The role of risk factors and their
combinations in the emergence of an accident
Suitability
Determined
personal
psycho-physiological qualities of the driver, the state of his
Health
and
Revealed
in
process
Medical
examination,
Psychophysiological
Selection
The applicant and comparison with predetermined criteria.
Performance depends on the regime of labor and recreation, conditions
In the workplace, health status, power mode,
consumption of various medicinal preparations, lifestyle and
etc.
Prepared
Determined
presence
W.
Driver
the required volume of knowledge and skills that are purchased in
process
Professional
Learning
and
in
Aspect
Self-learning in the process of work.
Motivation is closely related to psychology and is expressed in
Driver's interest in the safe work process,
The results of labor, satisfaction with the work as a whole.
The motive is called that for which something or another is committed
act. It is the motives, and not a goal of activity best
reveal human motives and can explain
Man's behavior on the road.
Man-related factors
Man-related factorsWorld experience shows that most accidents associated with alcoholic
Driver's intoxication occurs when making small doses of alcohol. it
Explains that when a person drinks a significant amount of alcohol,
He feels intoxication. If a person is solved in such a state
get behind the wheel, he tries to drive a car as much as possible to
Compassionation of a decrease in its physiological functions. However, if man
he drinks a small dose, as a rule, does not feel intoxicated because
Such a dose of alcohol tones the body, a person feels the rise of strength, not
noticing the simultaneous reduction of its physiological indicators.
As a result, he begins to inadequately assess its capabilities and inclined
underestimate the complexity and danger of situations. Statistics confirms that
It is weak alcoholic intoxication that imperceptibly declining physiological
The functions of a person is the most dangerous.
Hazardous states also include fatigue and fatigue, which are
various concepts. Fatigue as a complex of physiological changes in
human organism caused by heavy or long labor is
conflict between work requirements and physiological decline
performance. According to statistics, for two overtime hours of work
Emergency and injury in production increase 2.5 times. For
Liquidation of fatigue is needed long stay and sleep. Also proven that
The risk of an accident appears with the advent of fatigue under which it is meant
the state coming with monotonous, uninteresting work when
The physiological decline in performance has not yet come.
Man-related factors
Man-related factorsIn recent decades, with increasing range of travel and speeds
Moves appeared new category Dangerous driver's condition - Monotonia
- mental condition caused by:
or information overloads (multiple repetition of some and
the same movements and the flow of a large number of identical signals in
Some and the same nervous centers),
or information insufficiency (monotony of perception when
The body is in conditions of a little changing medium, for example,
long stay driving on extended straight areas smooth
Roads in the conditions of monotonous, uninteresting terrain).
Monotonia is a consequence of mental self-regulation
driver and expressed by the state of fatigue, "road hypnosis",
Inhibition, drowsiness.
To overcome this state, the driver strongly try
"Shake" him with himself, supporting the necessary level of attention.
Unlike fatigue, which requires relatively elimination
Long rest, monotonia can quickly pass when changing conditions.
However, if a person for a long time periodically
worries monotonia, its "accumulation" occurs and even short
The monotonous trip quickly leads a person to the inhibited state.
So that the psyche of man comes to normal after repeated experiences
Monotonia, it will take enough long stay or even
treatment.
Man-related factors
Man-related factorsStudies confirm that driving without compliance
regulated break after 4.5 hours of work and
maximum duration of daily work driving
9 h leads to an increase in the risk of an accident. Risk increases B.
more for an accident with victims than for an accident without
Indications of severity. Exceeding maximum
The duration of the driver's daily work leads to
greater increase in the risk of an accident than driving without
Breaks.
Table 4 Effect of continuous driver duration
on relative
Continuous risk of accidents
Duration of work
Driver, Ch
The relative risk of accidents
Oscillation limits
relative risk of accidents
0...2
1
-
2...5
1,23
1,05 - 1,45
5...8
1,29
1,08 - 1,53
More than 8.
1,8
1,2 - 2,7
Man-related factors
Man-related factorsTable 5.
Influence
Duration
worker
Time drivers for the relative risk of an accident
Characteristics
Duration of worker
of time
The relative risk of accidents
Oscillation limits
relative risk of accidents
Work week
Up to 30
1
-
30 ... 37.5 h
1,57
1,19-2,07
Overtime time per month
0
1
-
1 ... 10 h
1,4
0,95-2,08
10 ... 20 h
1,47
1,07-2,01
20 ... 30 h
1,4
0,95-2,08
More than 30 C.
1,29
0,91-1,83
Replacement of work
Job only day
Shift work
1
-
2,02
1,61-2,54
To the factors associated with the vehicle and
determining the potential risk of accidents and its severity,
You can attribute the choice of method of movement, sizes and
vehicle mass, engine power and
Speed \u200b\u200bcharacteristics technical condition and
Vehicle equipment.
Fig. 1.5 average risk of injury when various methods movement
Vehicle-related factors
Vehicle-related factorsDimensions and weight of the vehicle. When DTP driver and
car passengers turn out to be more protected than
For example, a motorcyclist. Being in big car, driver I.
Passengers
Secure
it is better,
than
in
Little.
According to
Studies The risk of death in an accident decreases by about 2 times on
Each 800 kg of additional vehicle. When mass
car 2400 kg relative risk of death in an accident is 1, with
1600 kg - 2, at 800 kg - 4.
Engine power and speed characteristics. This factor
Closely related to other risk factors, such as weight and size
Car, personal driver qualities, car mileage, etc.
However, some studies indicate that
Cars S. high power have the risk of an accident above 15 ... 20%
compared with the usual power at the same mass of the car, t.
e. The risk of an accident rises with an increase in engine power.
Technical condition and vehicle equipment.
World studies confirm that the presence of mandatory
Certification and Technical Control when registering transport
funds in combination with a periodic technical inspection affects
road safety and this effect determines
Requirements for vehicles that
constantly tougher.
Expensive factors
Expensive factorsReliability
automotive
expensive
as
Comprehensive
transportation facilities is the ability to provide
Safe calculating traffic flow with medium
speed close to optimal, during the regulatory or
specified service life of the road with sufficient values \u200b\u200bof others
indicators.
Automotive operational reliability criteria
Roads are the following:
- continuous, safe and convenient traffic
funds;
- performance as the condition of the road at which it performs
specified functions with settings established by the requirements
technical documentation;
- actual, compared to the required, service life;
- The degree of price of bandwidth and road strength
clothes;
Maintainability
as
Device
Constructions
to
preventing and detecting the causes of failures,
damage and eliminate their consequences of repairs and
Maintenance.
Expensive factors
Expensive factorsGeometric road parameters. Width of the strip of movement and roadway
Parts are important factorsaffecting the safety of motion.
For example, with the width of the road strip outside the settlement 3 m during
Counters Safety is provided only on a small
Speed. Otherwise a collision or transportation congress is possible
funds for the road. On the roads of the lower categories of the roadside has no
improved coating, so the congress on it can lead to
Side slip and overturning vehicle. With width
Strips 3.5 M Security The road rises significantly. Band
3.75 m wide motion allows you to counter vehicle travel
without reducing speed, even if it is close to the limit in both
Vehicle.
Crossing and adjustment. According to statistics, with an increase in the number
intersections and adjoins per 1 km road number of an accident increases because
the likelihood of incorrect assessment of the situation and occurrence increases
Driver errors:
Arrangement of intersections. To the main risk factors associated with
The arrangement of intersections includes the number of intersecting roads, share
vehicles entering secondary roads home
Method of organizing traffic at the intersection, speed modetechnical
Equipment of intersection and the quality of its content.
Factors associated with the external environment
Factors associated with the external environmentNight time. It is established that in dark time day relative number of accidents
Approximately 1.5 - 3.5 times higher compared to bright time.
Adverse weather conditions. Statistical data confirm that
Precipitation time The number of accidents increases. Identified patterns that unexpected
The precipitation after a long dry period cause a sharp increase in the risk of an accident,
And the protracted precipitates cause adaptation of drivers, as a result of which the number of accidents
Gradually decreases.
Road coating condition. On slippery road covering, right after
The onset of ice, the risk of an accident is increasing.
As drivers adapt to complex road conditions, the number of accidents gradually
decreases, the influence of the unfavorable external factor is reduced.
The overload of the road by vehicles. Movement in saturated
the transport stream is characterized by an increased load on the psyche of drivers,
Since the movement in such conditions requires a rapid response driver,
intense attention, predicting the actions of other drivers as well
Limits the possibilities for maneuver.
Carrying road repair work. Availability on the road of sites where
Road repair work, creates an obstacle for the smooth traffic of the transport
Flow, limits the bandwidth of the road. In such a plot may occur
The overload of the road, which leads to an increase in the risk of an accident. Road works
Speakers as a factor of surprise for the driver, especially it is dangerous on the plot,
Which driver uses every day.
