Norm sanitary-hygienic - status indicator ambient, Maintaining which guarantees safe or optimal human living conditions. Relief rate - see the emission rate (reset). [...]
The emission rate is the total amount of gaseous and (or) liquid waste, resolved by the enterprise to reset to the environment. Volume N.V. determined from the calculation that cumulation harmful emissions All enterprises of this region will not lead to the concentration of pollutants exceeding the NDK. [...]
Emission rates toxic substances. The harmful effects of the car emissions on people and animals is called emission toxicity. The magnitude of harmful emissions into the atmosphere by road depends on the density of the transport flow and the number of gases emitted by each car. Since the transport stream on the streets of cities will continuously increase, it is necessary to reduce the rank of air to limit the number of harmful products allocated by each car, that is, to establish the norms of emission of toxic exhaust gases. [...]
Reducing the emissions of nitrogen ocoids during the venues of the fuel is currently being considered as one of the main directions in industrial ecology; In developed capitalist plans, as the main direction of reducing emissions of nitrogen oxides during the burning of natural gas, "liquid fuel and brown coal is considered to carry out primary technological measures (step incineration, gases recycling, the use of burners of a special design). When burning coal coal to achieve normotes of nitrogen oxide emissions, it is widely used by OE-lective catalytic recovery (Japan, Germany) h Homogeneous recovery (Sha). An acceptable level of the concentration of nitrogen oxides in the exhaust gases of TPPs is in most revealed 100-200 mg / ME. In the USSR, only primary technological measures to reduce nitrogen-eyed emissions "On most TPPs of the USSR, specific emissions of nitrogen ocoids (at I MW-H) exceed similar to the United States 2-3 times. [...]
| 5.10 |
Existing standards and emission standards and smoke are periodically revised. For example, "Diesels, tractors and self-propelled agricultural machines. Emissions of harmful substances with exhaust gases. Norms and methods of determination "(instead of GOST 17.2.2.05-86); "Diesels, tractors and self-propelled agricultural machines. The smoke of exhaust gases. Norms and methods of determination "(instead of GOST 17.2.2.02-86). [...]
Rules number 83 regulate emissions auto vehicle Categories M (means for transportation of no more than eight passengers) and category N (trucks full mass up to 3.5 tons). Tests are carried out on a stand with running drums on a special ride cycle, taking into account the movement of the car both in urban environments and the city. Norms of emissions of toxic substances according to these rules are determined in g / km. [...]
In tab. 5.9 shows the values \u200b\u200bof the emissions of new vehicles of type M1, N1 in European countries on the first type of test (in the driving cycles). [...]
| 5.9 |
To fulfill existing and promising emissions of emissions of the PBX with ignition from compression and spark ignition It is necessary to use a set of measures (Table 3.27 and 3.28), which is implemented in modern engine structures. [...]
In 1997, new regulations of the specific emissions of pollutants into the atmosphere for newly created boiler plants were introduced in the Russian Federation (GOST R 50831-95). They are focused on the modern level of technical progress. In tab. 2.3 The corresponding norms of solid particle emissions are given. [...]
Thus, the PDV is a scientifically based technical rate of emissions of harmful substances from industrial sources into the atmosphere, its correct calculation requires knowledge of these parameters of sources, properties of ejected harmful substances and atmospheric conditions. [...]
There are three thermal neutralization schemes of gas emissions: direct burning in flame, thermal oxidation and catalytic combustion. Direct burning in flame and thermal oxidation is carried out at temperatures of 600-800 ° C; Catalytic combustion - at 250-450 "p. The selection of the neutralization scheme is determined by the chemical composition of pollutants, their concentration, the initial gas emission temperature, volume flow and maximum permissible emission standards of pollutants. [...]
The model control exposure is temporarily agreed emission standards, discharges and payments rates on them, as well as planned environmental capital and current costs, directed to reduced or prevent damage to environmental pollution and rational use of natural resources. [...]
The addition of the BOZ has gained an interesting meaning in the light of providing federal EOG emissions. In the past for most power plants working on the corner and other installations, the formation of God when burning the sulfur contained in the corner was considered as an additional benefit. A sufficient amount of sulfur dioxide oxidized to three-folds, which was adsorbed and improved the properties of the dust layer. But when using low-sighted coal caused by the need to comply with emission standards, the resistance of the dust layer has changed and, as a result, the initial traction efficiency has changed. In fig. 5.28 shows changes in the electrical resistance of the volatile ash of stone coal, depending on the content of sulfur in the corner. Although to clarify the position of the curve, a larger number of data is necessary, the effect of decreasing sulfur content on resistance is completely obvious. Thus, currently the designer of gamphous devices should take into account changes in the composition of flue gases caused by changes in federal standards. [...]
The development of automotive exhaust controls contributed to the establishment of emission standards. It should be noted that the adoption of laws ahead of the development of car production and, as it turned out, was taken without taking into account the difficulties of achievements of limited emissions. [...]
It is fundamentally important that the use of the final product of the TPP (electricity) allows to reduce emissions of pollutants in other industries (for example, the development of electric transport, the translating of bakery on the electric furnace improves the ecology of production). Taking into account this circumstance and the fact that there are approximately 50% of the combined organic fuel, while compliance with the standards of specific emissions of pollutants from boiler installations of the TPP quota in the overall air pollution should be 0.5 MPC. In other words, if the power supply standards are performed and the concentration of pollutants in the air does not exceed 0.5 PDKMR, although the pollution from the TPP and exceeds the established proportion of the MPC, the TPP emissions should be assigned to the PDA category. Goskomita authorities in such cases should take measures to reduce background pollution due to the work of enterprises located in the influence of the TPP and do not provide emission standards for them, or the city administration (region) should decide to reduce the load of the TPP or other enterprises of the region. [...]
With the introduction of GOST 17.2.3.02-78 "Nature Protection. The rules' establishing permissible emissions of harmful substances by industrial enterprises increased the role of emissions control directly in air pollution sources. To control gross emissions in pipes and mines, through which harmful substances are emitted, gas analyzers and flow meters are required, which determine the concentration of harmful substance in the emissions of the mixture and its consumption. When operating enterprises, it allows you to obtain specific information on the number and mode of emissions by individual sources, to identify the basic perpetrators of air pollution and timely take measures to reduce the amount of ejected harmful substances. This method of control is widely used in overseas practice. In England, Germany, USA, Japan, France and Sweden there are laws on the control of emissions of industrial enterprises. For violation of emissions rate, cash fines are envisaged, which are usually superimposed by police inspectors for air purity. [...]
Taking into account that more than 60% of Russian international road trains do not comply with European emission standards, it can be assumed that it is precisely such a number of vehicles and should be translated into natural gas in the first place. In the future, in the northern plot of MTK-9, it is possible to count on about 60 thousand working round flights of Russian road trains per year working on natural gas. [...]
In connection with the proven harmful effect on human health in 1973, the norms of emission were established on asbestos, beryllium and mercury. These norms refer both to the use of materials containing asbestos and to precautions that must be accepted in the construction and destruction of buildings. Beryllium emission rates are applicable to industrial processes in which beryllium, beryllium ore or alloys, containing more than 25% of beryllium by weight, and establish the emission rate in such processes. The mercury standard is applicable to stationary sources relating to the processing of mercury ore, regeneration and disposal of mercury and the use of chlorine cells for the production of gaseous chlorine and alkali metal hydroxide. [...]
Environmental requirements for transport facilities and transport technologies are normalized in the form of extremely permissible emission rates of toxic substances with exhaust gases of vehicles, noise levels, vibrations, electromagnetic fields, specific consumption separate species Natural resources, comfort level, etc. [...]
The end of July. The depressurization of the membranes of several TVS on the NIIAR reactor (Dimitrovgrad, Ulyanovsk region) with abnormal emissions of gas and aerosols, the total activity of which amounted to 5 thousand Curi. The release continued during the week. [...]
Thus, it became possible to formalize (translate into monetary terms) environmental costs, applying extremely agreed emission and discharge rates, payments on them. The problem is aggravated by economic downturn and high ecological tensions in a number of areas of the Republic of Bashkortostan. [...]
In assessing the consequences of the impact of industrial activity on the atmospheric air, the current criterion are currently current emissions. In 1994, the amounts of substances thrown into the atmosphere above the norm were 260.9 thousand tons, which indicates the need for consistent and focused work to reduce emissions of pollutants to allowed limits, improving methods and means of controlling emissions to the atmosphere, the implementation of automated Environmental monitoring systems. [...]
In the 90s. 146,606 enterprises and organizations were examined by state environmental control authorities and it was established that 24,490 of them exceeded the norms of pollutant emissions. There were also 1840 cases of volleune, emergency discharges of harmful substances that entailed billionage damages and harmed human health. [...]
Based on the data contained in the environmental passport, environmental authorities are determined by the enterprise the amount of environmental fees, establish the maximum permissible norms of emissions (discharges) of pollutants, carry out an environmental expertise of the enterprise reconstruction projects, control the compliance with the enterprise of environmental legislation, etc. [...]
Thus, it is necessary to obtain schemes for the transfer and scattering of pollutants for the selected area based on local atmospheric mathematical models. If there are data on emissions required for the scattering model, you can get cards of calculated concentrations for various pollutants in the whole region. If the model is successful, the data applied to the card will be confirmed by real data obtained at the atmosphere condition stations. The proven model can then be used to establish emission standards from sources so that they can satisfy the permissible standards of the quality of ambient atmospheric air in the area. Such models are also useful for predicting the influence of new (future) sources on air quality to establish emission standards for these new sources, allowing to maintain the desired level of air quality. [...]
To design the burning of gaseous waste, several factors need to be known, in particular the chemical composition of pollutants, their concentrations, the initial temperature of gas emissions, their volume flow and extremely permissible norms of emission of pollutants. Based on this data, you can choose optimal option The burning process. There are processes of direct burning in the flame, as well as thermal and catalytic oxidation. [...]
Taking into account the importance of accounting in the development of PDV technical levels achieved (or achievable) technological level of a production process, the development of emission standards and a unit of products is very useful. Such a rule without being the main (the main must be the normalized PDV for the source of pollution, providing security for public health and ecosystems, high quality environment), can be extremely useful for the development of restrictions on pollution discharges in one industry - can (for proper orientation) establish such average industry rate, for new enterprises under construction, various categories already existing enterprises and so on. When, when developing the RUV norms for a source of pollution, it is indicated for the need to account for the achieved (or achievable) technological level, a quantitative expression of such a level may be the rationalization of the discharge (or admission) into the environmental pollution environment per unit of products - for industrial enterprises, on The distance of the run path is for vehicles, etc. Such an approach in some countries (US, Sweden, etc.) has already found practical use.[ ...]
The use of coal for industrial purposes and for heating is declining (except for metallurgy and production of electricity), the competitive atomic energy, hydropower, natural gas energy, solar, geothermal energy, as well as wind energy. However, today's emission standards for power plants in developing countries are forced to go to new technologies, more expensive, and this reduces the economic advantages of energy at the corner (especially compared to natural gas). In the manufacture of electricity using carbon oxide emissions C02 in 2 s excess times more than from natural gas; This is due to the very low thermal capacity of coal at the ratio of carbon and hydrogen (C: H). [...]
Air Basin Board PC. California, Engine Manufacturers Association, Society of Automotive Engineers and Coordination Scientific Council developed a methodology for testing, known as the method of the Air Basin Council PC. California (SAKV) with a 13-mode cycle for testing diesel engines. Mounted in 1974 on the basis of this cycle of the norm for diesel and gasoline engines of trucks - 16 g / l. from. per hour of ns and n0, 40 g / l. from. per hour CO, also a 20% indication of the Smokeomer of the Environmental Protection Agency during overclocking and 15% indication of the smokeomer when braking. The norms of permissible ejection of the NA and N0 in 1975 in the pcs. California amounted to 5 g / l. from. at one o'clock. For comparison, it should be noted that the purpose of producers of diesel engines is: 3 g / l. from. per hour of ns, 7.5 g / l. from. per hour CO, 12.5 g / l. from. per hour N0 plus smoke emission rate. Typical emission data exhaust gases modern engines Presented in table. 10.8; The data is taken from the publication of Walte-RA. From the data presented in Table. 10.8 For engines with a volume of 11.224 dm3, it can be seen that, using or recycling exhaust gases or water injection, you can reduce the emissions of nitrogen oxides. [...]
Semi-dry absorption or mocrosion methods of desulfurization of gases as new technologies appeared in the late 80s. They were particularly attractive when using small coal and moderate requirements for SO2 trapping efficiency at 70 -80%. Most of the liquid-phase (scrubbed) settings of the desulfurization of gases, built until 1978, were also designed to clean the effectiveness of 70 - 80%. Legislative standards for sulfur dioxide emission standards remained in force until the end of 1990 in the United States and in most countries European Union (EU). Given the realities of those years quite natural is the emergence of new phosphors of technologies, allowing to reduce capital costs for the construction of installations, while maintaining the degree of capturing SO2. [...]
Methods for cleaning nitrous gases. In industry, only alkaline and catalytic methods for cleaning nitrous gases from nitrogen oxides were distributed. Alkaline methods are based on the interaction of nitrogen oxides with alkalis aqueous solutions. Formed with nitric acid and nitrogenous salts are used in industry and agriculture as commodity products. The disadvantage of alkaline methods is the low degree of purification of gases that does not satisfy the sanitary standards of emissions of nitrogen oxides into the atmosphere. [...]
In a review made by F. E. Dubinskaya, A. K. Svkutin, and others, it contains conclusion about the feasibility of equipping the existing breeding of industrial enterprises with a small productivity for metal by the carbon monoxide system (mounted in the Wagranca mine) and wet sparks. As for the new brainstorming of great performance, it is recommended to build them only on the sample developed by the "Centerolit" plant, equipping the Venturi and recuperators. Permissible norms Emissions into the atmosphere for existing cast iron vegranok are recommended to be administered taking into account the power of the Vagranki and the duration of its operation (the number of working hours per day). [...]
As you know, to date, the focus of industry focused on solving technical and technological problems. In the current heavy ecological situation of one of the priority measures for the country's transition to the path of sustainable development: is the improvement of economic mechanisms for managing environmental issues by state structures and within the enterprises themselves. The latter includes the implementation of the impact assessment: on the environment at the stage of designing production capacity and environmental audit at the operations of functioning: so that the activities of the enterprise are carried out in accordance with the established limits and regulations of emissions / discharges of pollutants established by the procedure for applying and placing solid and hazardous waste, ensuring strict control over the use and disposal of chemicals and toxic substances.
There are PDV directly source of emissions and PDA enterprises (or object). The PDV ratio (in g / s) is established from the condition so that the content of the pollutant in the surface layer of air (at an altitude of 1.5-2.5 m from the earth's surface) from the sources or their totality did not exceed the air quality standards for the population, animal and vegetable in the world (i.e. PDC) on the border of the SZZ; It represents the amount of pollutant maximum allowed to emission to the atmosphere a specific source per unit of time.
There are organized and unorganized sources that are divided into stationary and movable (transport and other moving means and installations). An example of an organized source of emission is any pipe (stationary or movable), and inorganized - tailings, dumps of rocks. In addition, small single sources are isolated in the classification (ventilating lights, etc.).
For each organized stationary source of emission, as well as for each model of transport and other mobile means and installations, an individual PDV is installed. For unorganized emission sources and for a set of small single sources, the total PDV is set.
Sources of harmful emissions establish supervisory and control bodies by inventory, which is carried out at least once every year. In accordance with GOST 12.2.1.04-77 under inventory of emissions understand the systematization of information on the distribution of sources in the territory, quantity and composition of emissions.These data are necessary for the compilation of statistical reporting in the form of 2-TP air, the development of the draft standards of the PDV, to compile an alarm recovery plan.
Inventory of emissions is regulated by the "Guidelines for Control of Sources of Pollution of the Atmosphere" of OND-90 and other guidelines and guidelines. Inventory is usually carried out, as a rule, technology services of the enterprise in conjunction with specialized scientific or commissioning organizations. The main ultimate goal of the inventory is to determine mass emissions of harmful substances from each source (g / s).
Mass release of harmful substances can be determined with a greater or less accuracy of the following methods: tool, instrumental and laboratory, indicator and calculated. Most often due to the lack of instrumental measurements, settlement methods use. They are based on the use of data on the composition of the initial raw materials and fuel, technological modes, the degree of gas purification by gas inquiries, etc., according to empirical dependencies or by specific emissions of harmful substances per unit of products used, used raw materials, fuel generated by energy.
Summing up the PDV of individual sources of contamination, set the PDV for the enterprise (object). The theoretical basis for calculating PDV is the solution of a differential equation of atmospheric turbulent diffusion of impurities, as a result of which the field of surface concentrations created by the source of the emission is determined. Other techniques are also used in world practice.
The normative "method of calculating concentrations in the atmospheric air of harmful substances contained in emissions of enterprises" (OND-86) allows you to calculate the field of one-time concentrations of impurities at the Earth during the emission of single and group of sources: with heated and cold emissions, from point, linear and area sources, It makes it possible to take into account the effect of heterogeneous sources, the summing effect of pollutants. It takes into account the number of sources of pollution, the distribution of emissions in time and space, other factors.
The ultimate goal of the settlements of PDV is to ensure the concentrations of harmful substances in atmospheric air, not exceeding the MPC. Specifically, this means that the magnitude of the greatest concentration of each pollutant in the surface layer of the atmosphere () should not exceed the maximum one 
this pollutant, i.e. The condition must be observed:
(3.11)
With the simultaneous presence of several substances with additive properties in the atmospheric air, it is necessary to consider background concentration of pollutant
(those. 
), created by other sources of pollution.
,
(3.12)
or 
, (3.13)
or 
(3.14)
To perform this condition, dust-free emissions should be purified or dispel in the atmosphere with high pipes. The worst option is to disperse a pollutant (because pollutants still fall into the OPS). Therefore, it is for this case that the PDV is installed.
The PDV calculation technique allows you to solve two tasks:
In this case, the technique allows the calculation for pipes emitting as cold dusty mixtures ( 
) and heated ( 
).
Solving direct task.Initial data for calculating PDS:
When solving a direct task, the development of PDV standards for stationary sources ( 
) It is carried out according to the following algorithm (case of a single pipe with a round mouth emitting heated gases).
1. Definition of background concentrations ( 
) pollutants, i.e. concentrations caused by a complex of other sources, minus normalized.
2. Calculation of actual surface concentrations from the source of emissions of the normized object according to the following procedure:
,
(3.15)
where 
- maximum surface concentration of impurities;
-Caffefficient determining the conditions for mixing impurities;
- energy emission, g / s or t / year;
-Caffefficient, taking into account the rate of sedimentation of substances from the atmosphere;
and 
- coefficients taking into account the conditions for the exit of the mixture from the source;
-Cheefficient of roughness depends on the terrain;
- high tubes, m;
- The weight of the temperatures of the gas-air mixture and the air of the hottest month;
- Gas-air mixture, m 3 / c.
,
(3.16)
where 
- the diameter of the mouth of the source, m;
- The exit of the exit of the mixture from the mouth of the source, m 3 / s.
From equation (3.16), it can be seen that a mass of emission and height of the pipe has a significant effect on the surface concentration, therefore, the air quality control is recommended using emission reduction measures. An increase in the height of the pipe is allowed only in cases where the implementation of active events is impossible.
,
(3.17)
where 
- the coefficient is determined additionally for heated and cold gas pepped mixtures;
(3.18)
determine PDV (g / s) for each substance and each source.
determine the PDV (T / year) for the enterprise as a whole as the amount of PDV from single sources or groups of sources:
(3.19)
Note: The maximum permissible mass of the fuel burned during the emission of its combustion products is calculated by the formula:
(3.20)
3. Analysis of the resulting field of concentrations, taking into account background concentrations ( 
) and comparing them with the required standard of formula (3.14).
In accordance with the expressions (3.18, 3.19), you can define:
a) permissible daily (or annual, etc.) emissions of pollutants, g / day; kg / day;
b) maximum concentration ( 
) pollutants at the mouth of the pipe, g / m 3; kg / m 3; (here 
).
Value 
it is a parameter controlled during the work of the object.
4. Detection of substances by which there are zones of exceeding MPC and sources caused by the formation of elevated concentrations.
5. Conclusions:
When using the third version at each stage of emission reduction, temporarily consistent emissions (VV) is established, taking into account the experience of reducing the progressive enterprises with the best achieved technology.
In order not to stop the economic activity of the enterprise, often use the third (compromise) path, i.e. Installing the WW and develop a long-term emission reduction program with environmental protection measures (Fig. 3.2).
Figure 3.2 - Phased process Reduced NVI to the value of PDV
On whether the enterprise is stacked or not the regulations established by him and which is the PDV or only in the NVT, - depend size and sources of environmental pollution.
In the case of emission from a single source of cold gas-air mixture, PDV is determined by the formula:
(3.21)
The organizational aspects of the establishment of PDV are as follows. Work on the establishment of PDV is carried out under the general guidance of the head organization appointed for each settlement. It performs the following functions:
If it is impossible to eliminate or significantly reduce emissions of harmful substances with individual enterprises or objects, then in the territorial-departmental plans should be provided:
the deadlines for the withdrawal of these enterprises or objects from residential territories and lands;
changes in the production profile of these enterprises and objects;
organization of sanitary protection zones.
The solution of the inverse problem.From equation (3.15), it can be seen that the most significant effect on the surface concentration is caused by the emission of pollutants and the height of the pipe ( 
). Therefore, forcibly regulating air quality on residential territory can be carried out in two ways:
An increase in the height of the pipe is allowed only in cases where the implementation of active environmental activities is impossible. At the same time, there is a solution to the inverse problem, i.e. Calculation of the minimum height of the pipe, 
which follows from the equation of solving direct problems (3.18). Next (for simplification) The equation of solving the inverse problem is shown without taking into account the background concentration of the pollutant, and the PDV symbol is replaced by the symbol. 
:
(3.22)
It should be borne in mind that the defined minimum height of the pipe ( 
) For emissions of pollutants in the atmosphere should be above the aerodynamic zone shadowbuildings (Fig. 3.3a), otherwise emissions will not disperse, and falling into the aerodynamic zone shadowspoll into the surface layer of the atmosphere above the site and the site itself (Fig. 3.3b). Currently, pipes are achieved in some cases 
≥ 350 m.
Figure 3.3 - Diagram of the ratio of the heights of the pipe for emissions of pollutants into the atmosphere and the aerodynamic shadow of the building:
a) a favorable case (pipe height above the aerodynamic shadow zone); b) an unfavorable case (pipe height below the aerodynamic shadow zone); 1 - industrial building; 2 - Pipe.
Dispersion of emissions is subject to the law of turbulent diffusion and depends on many factors: the state of the atmosphere, the nature of the terrain, the physical properties of emissions, the height of the pipe, the diameter of its mouth, etc.
The two directions of movement of impurities are distinguished: horizontal and vertical. The horizontal movement of impurities is determined mainly, the speed of the wind, and the vertical - the distribution of air temperatures in the vertical direction. In fig. 3.4 shows the distribution of the concentration of harmful substances in the atmosphere from an organized high source (pipe) of emissions.
When calculating the PDV indicator, the zone of influence of the source of emissions and the entire enterprise for each polluting substance is also established. Under the zone of influence, the earth's surface with a radius is understood where the sum of the maximum surface concentration 
defined for adverse meteorological conditions and background concentration 
less than 
(see equation 3.12 and 3.17):
(3.23)
It can be seen that as it removes the concentration of harm in the surface layer first increases, it reaches the maximum, and then slowly kills. This allows us to talk about the presence of three zones of various air pollution:
1) Emissary torch zone ( 
small);
2) deceleration zone (here 
);
3) the zone of gradual decrease in the level of pollution.
Figure 3.4 - Distribution of the concentration of harmful substances ( 
) In the atmosphere from an organized high source (pipe)
emissions at a distance ( 
)
Thus, the main factor affecting the concentration of pollutants in the surface layer is the height of the pipe. The concentration of harmful substance at the outlet of the pipe is equal to 
(Fig. 3.5).
і
Figure 3.5 - dependence of emissions from the height of the pipe
It is with a high tube ( 
) at the level of the surface layer may decrease to 
, and with a low pipe ( 
) - only before 
. Hence the difference in the assignable PDV. The distance from the pipe, on which the concentration of the harmful substance is maximum, can only be obtained using special calculations. Approximately this value is taken equal to (10 - 50) 
.
Euro-3, Euro-4, Euro-5 - every motorist on hearing these words. And what they mean, and where did they come from? In the past 1992, the European Union's countries have introduced the Euro-1 norm on their territory, which set the extreme permissible content Toxic substances in car exhaust gases. During each subsequent 4-5 years, the European Union tightened these norms.
| Euro-1. | Euro-2. | Euro-3. | Euro-4. | Euro-5. | Euro-6. | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Cars | July 1992. | January 1996. | January 2000. | January 2005. | September 2009. | September 2014. |
| Trucks with a full weight of up to 3.5 tons | October 1994. | January 1998. | January 2000. | January 2005. | September 2010. | September 2015 (for diesel engines) |
| Freight trucks with a total of 3.5 to 12 tons | October 1994. | January 1998. | January 2001. | January 2006. | September 2010. | September 2015 (for diesel engines) |
| Trucks with a full mass of over 12t and buses | 1992 | 1995 | 1999 | 2005 | 2008 | 2013 |
| Motorcycles | 2000 | 2004 | 2007 | |||
| Mopeds | 2000 | 2004 |
Emissions of pollutants are adjusted separately for passenger and lungs. commercial vehicles, For trucks and buses.
| Designation | Description |
|---|---|
| M. | Vehicles that have at least four wheels intended for the transport of passengers. |
| M1. | Vehicles intended for the carriage of passengers with no more than eight seats, in addition to the driver's seat, with maximum mass no more than 3.5 tons |
| M2. | Vehicles intended for the carriage of passengers with more than eight seats, in addition to the driver's seat, with a maximum mass of no more than 5 tons |
| M3. | Vehicles intended for the carriage of passengers having more than eight seats, in addition to the driver's seat, with a maximum mass of more than 5 tons |
| N. | Cars with at least four wheels intended for the carriage of goods. |
| N1. | Vehicles intended for transportation of goods with a maximum mass of no more than 3.5 tons |
| N2. | Vehicles intended for the transport of goods with a maximum mass of more than 3.5 tons, but less than 12 tons |
| N3. | Vehicles intended for the transport of goods with a maximum mass of more than 12 tons |
| O. | Trailers (including semi-trailers) |
| G. | SUV. This symbol is applied only in combination with M or N |
Restrictions relate to the content of carbon monoxide, nitrogen oxides, hydrocarbons and solid particles (soot). Diesels for trucks since 2000 (Euro-3) additionally pass the dachina test.
| Stage | date | Co. | HC. | HC + NOX. | Nox. | PM. | PN. |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| g / km. | # / Km. | ||||||
| Diesel | |||||||
| Euro 1. | 1992.07 | 2.72 (3.16) | – | 0.97 (1.13) | – | 0.14 (0.18) | – |
| Euro 2, IDI | 1996.01 | 1.0 | – | 0.7 | – | 0.08 | – |
| Euro 2, di | 1996.01 | 1.0 | – | 0.9 | – | 0.10 | – |
| Euro 3. | 2000.01 | 0.64 | – | 0.56 | 0.50 | 0.05 | – |
| EURO 4. | 2005.01 | 0.50 | – | 0.30 | 0.25 | 0.025 | – |
| EURO 5A. | 2009.09 | 0.50 | – | 0.23 | 0.18 | 0.005 | – |
| EURO 5B. | 2011.09 | 0.50 | – | 0.23 | 0.18 | 0.005 | 6.0 × 10. |
| EURO 6. | 2014.09 | 0.50 | – | 0.17 | 0.08 | 0.005 | 6.0 × 10. |
| Petrol | |||||||
| Euro 1. | 1992.07 | 2.72 (3.16) | – | 0.97 (1.13) | – | – | – |
| Euro 2. | 1996.01 | 2.2 | – | 0.5 | – | – | – |
| Euro 3. | 2000.01 | 2.30 | 0.20 | – | 0.15 | – | – |
| EURO 4. | 2005.01 | 1.0 | 0.10 | – | 0.08 | – | – |
| EURO 5. | 2009.09 | 1.0 | 0.10 | – | 0.06 | 0.005 (di) | – |
| EURO 6. | 2014.09 | 1.0 | 0.10 | – | 0.06 | 0.005 (di) | – |
| IDI - Diesel with separated combustion chambersDi - direct injection engines | |||||||
The tightening of Euro-5 and Euro-6 standards mainly relate to diesel cars, significantly limiting the content of solid particle emissions (soot) and nitrogen oxides.
Real emissions NOX more declared
Study conducted by the International Council on clean transport (ICCT) In October 2014, it showed that the real emissions of the modern diesel engines declared as relevant Euro-6 standards on average 7 times higher than these norms. This means that instead of 80 mg / km installed by the standard, new cars pollute the atmosphere on average 560 mg / km nitrogen oxides.
15 passenger cars participated in road tests different types (sedans, crossovers, universals, hatchbacks) of six automakers. Tested cars are equipped with various systems for cleaning waste gases: selective catalytic reduction (SCR), exhaust recycling (EGR) or catalytic neutralizer (LEAN NOX TAP). Experts revealed significant differences between emission levels different cars (See Diagram). This indicates that, despite the existence of effective exhaust cleaning technologies, they are not used all automakers.
In the period from 2000 (Euro-3) before 2014 (Euro-6), NOX emission rates for diesel cars in the EU decreased by 85%. However, the real level of emissions during this period decreased only about 40%. Diesel cars make up more than 50% of all new cars in the European Union, being one of the main sources of pollution of nitrogen oxides. The European Commission is currently preparing an improved certification procedure for new vehicles, according to which, from 2017, automakers will be required, except laboratory, conduct real road tests using portable emission measurement systems (PEMS).
Many believe that standardization covers only some technical means, Mechanisms, devices, interfaces, image files and video. And that EURO is some kind of requirements for the composition of this or other fuel. In fact, it is not.
Euro is primarily an environmental standard that limits the composition of the exhaust gases of gasoline and diesel cars. Not even engines, but the cars themselves. This article on how the euro standard has developed, as the public views changed, how the environmental requirements have tightened and what it led all.
History
At first everyone diesel carsmobiles were large, smoky and stinky. I could not have any speech about any of their mass exploitation. The situation began to change at the turn of the 1970s, when technology reached the fact that they were able to create a compact diesel engine For a passenger car. It became clear that the main brake is the blast conviction that Diesel - "dirty" technology is suitable except for railways.
Automakers needed to break this stereotype and give green light diesel passenger car. So in 1970, the European Union of Transport Means of Low Loading Light released the first standard for emissions of exhaust gases for passenger cars. The second standard was released only after 22 years, in 1992 and became known as Euro Euro Emission Standard.
Euro-1.
Let me remind you that the distant time was a serious struggle with Tetraethylswin, which was added to gasoline to increase it octane number. Such gasoline was called ethyl, and lead contained in the exhaust gases caused the most serious diseases of the nervous system.
Studies conducted in the United States put an end to ethyl gasoline in the United States. In Europe, there were similar processes and in July 1992 the EC93 Directive was published, according to which the ethyl gasoline was banned. In addition, it was prescribed to reduce CO emissions (carbon monoxide) using the installation of a catalytic exhaust gas convex. The standard was called Euro-1. It was obligatory for all new cars since January 1993.
Maximum emission standards:
Euro-2.
Euro 2 or EC96 was introduced in January 1996 and all cars produced since January 1997 were to meet the new standard. The main task of Euro 2 is the struggle for the reduction of unburned hydrocarbons in exhaust gases and an increase KPD engines. In addition, CO emissions and nitrogen compounds - NOX were tightened.
The standard touched on both gasoline and diesel cars.
Euro-3.
Euro 3 or EC2000 was introduced in January 2000 and all cars issued from January 2001 should fully comply with it. Along with a further reduction in the limit norms, the time limited the time of warming the car engine.
Euro-4.
EURO 4 introduced in January 2005 referred to cars issued since January 2006 in this standard the emphasis was made to further reduce the harmful emissions from diesel engines - soot (solid particles) and nitrogen oxides. In order to comply with the standard, some diesel cars had to be equipped with a smbed filter.
Euro-5.
The standard was introduced in September 2009. The emphasis on it is made on diesel technology. Especially on solid particle emissions (soot). For compliance with the Euro-5 standard, the presence squeeze filter in the exhaust system diesel car It becomes required.
Euro-6.
The latest standard introduced in September 2014 and mandatory for cars released since September 2015 in it in it of harmful substances are reduced by 67% compared with Euro 5. It is possible to achieve this, only with the use of special systems in the car exhaust system.
So to neutralize nitrogen compounds requires urea injection into exhaust gases or SCR-system, too expensive for small cars.
Fuel
It is clear that to ensure the high ecological characteristics of vehicles, engine fuel should also be visible for considerable, which is not beneficial to the owners of oil refineries. However, progress does not stand still and in 1996 the pan-European standard for diesel fuel was adopted - EN590.
"Oil-Expo" - wholesale deliveries diesel fuel in Moscow and the region.
In accordance with the Federal Law "On Technical Regulation" Government Russian Federation Decides:
1. To approve the attached special technical regulations "On the requirements for emissions by automotive equipment produced into circulation in the territory of the Russian Federation, harmful (polluting) substances."
The specified special technical regulation comes into force on the expiration of 6 months from the date of the official publication of this Regulation.
2. The federal executive bodies to ensure their regulatory legal acts in accordance with the Special Technical Regulations approved by this Resolution, to the Day of Entry into force of the specified Regulation.
Chairman of the government
Russian Federation
M. Fradkov
Special Technical Regulations "On the requirements for emissions by automotive equipment produced into appeal to the territory of the Russian Federation, harmful (pollutants) substances"
1. This Regulation applies to protect the population and the environment from the impact of emissions by automotive equipment of harmful (polluting) substances.
2. In accordance with federal laws "On Technical Regulation", "On Safety road"," On the protection of atmospheric air "," On the protection of consumer rights "," On the basics of state regulation of foreign trade activities "and an agreement on adopting uniform technical prescriptions for wheel vehicles, equipment and parts that can be installed and (or) are used on wheel vehicles, and conditions for mutual recognition of official assertions issued on the basis of these prescriptions signed in Geneva (with changes and additions that have entered into force on October 16, 1995), this Regulation establishes the requirements for emissions of harmful (pollutants) substances with automotive equipment equipped with engines internal combustion.
3. The concepts used in this Regulation indicate the following:
"Automotive technology" - wheel vehicles intended for the transport of people, cargo or equipment installed on them;
"Automotive equipment issued in the territory of the Russian Federation" - for the first time made in the Russian Federation, as well as automotive equipment imported into the customs territory of the Russian Federation;
"Emissions" - emissions of harmful (polluting) substances that are exhaust gases of internal combustion engines and evaporation of automotive fuel, containing harmful (pollutants) substances (carbon oxide (CO), hydrocarbons (CMHN), nitrogen oxides (NOX) and dispersed particles );
Gas Engine - Engine operating on liquefied petroleum or natural gas;
"Diesel" - an engine operating on the principle of ignition from compression;
"Spark Engine" - an engine with forced ignition, operating on gasoline or gas fuel;
UNECE Rules - Rules of the European Economic Commission of the United Nations in accordance with Appendix N 1, adopted in accordance with the agreement specified in paragraph 2 of this Regulation applied for the purposes of these Regulations;
"Technical emission standards" - installed in relation to automotive vehicle standards that reflect the maximum allowable mass of emissions into the atmosphere per unit of automotive equipment produced or run;
"Ecological Class" is a classification code that characterizes the automotive equipment depending on the level of emissions.
4. Technical regulation objects are automotive equipment issued in the territory of the Russian Federation, and the internal combustion engines installed on it in terms of emissions, as well as fuel for such engines.
5. Automotive equipment is divided into the following types:
but) cars (Code of Russia of Russia 8703, OKP code 45,400) Categories M1 with internal combustion engines used to transport passengers with no more than 8 seats, except for the driver's seat;
b) buses (Code of TN VED Russia 8702, OKP code 45 1700) with internal combustion engines Categories:
M2 with a maximum mass of no more than 5 tons used to transport passengers with more than 8 seats, except for the driver's seat;
M3 with a maximum mass of over 5 tons used to transport passengers with more than 8 seats, except for the driver's seat;
in) trucks (Codes of Russia of Russia 8701, 8704, 8705, 8706, OKP codes 45 1100, 45 1118, 45 1130, 45 1118, 45,2130, 45,2100, 45,2200, 45,21,200, 45,22,200, 45,200, 45,21,200), as well as car used automotive equipment special purposehaving its own codes of foreign trade in Russia and OKP, with internal combustion engines categories:
N (1) with the maximum mass of not more than 3.5 tons used to transport goods and equipment installed on them;
N (2) with a maximum mass of over 3.5 tons, but not more than 12 tons used to transport cargoes and equipment installed on them;
N (3) with a maximum mass of over 12 tons used for the transport of goods and equipment installed on them.
6. Automotive equipment is divided into environmental classes according to Appendix N 2.
7. Environmental information is made to documents identifying the automotive equipment in the Russian Federation.
8. Technical requirements for automotive equipment and installed on it internal combustion engines are the following:
a) in relation to automotive technology of environmental class 2:
categories M (1), M ~ (2) with a maximum mass of no more than 3.5 tons, N (1) with spark engines (gasoline, gas) and diesel engines, technical standards of emissions provided for by the UNECE rules N 83-04 (emission levels in , C, D), UNECE rules N 24-03 with Appendix 1 (only for diesel engines);
categories M (1) with a maximum mass of over 3.5 tons, m (2), m (3), n (1), n \u200b\u200b(2), n (3) with diesel engines and gas engines - Technical standards of emissions stipulated by the UNECE rules N 49-02 (emissions B), UNECE rules N 24-03 with Appendix 1 (only for diesel engines);
categories M (1) with a maximum mass of over 3.5 tons, m (2), m (3), n (2), n (3) with gasoline engines - Technical standards of emissions (CO - 55 g / kWh, CMHN - 2.4 g / kWh, NOX - 10 g / kWh) in the tests provided for by the UNECE N 49-03 (ESC test cycle) ;
b) in relation to automotive technology of environmental class 3:
categories M (1), M (2) with a maximum mass of not more than 3.5 tons, N (1) with spark engines (gasoline, gas) and diesel engines of emission standards provided by the UNECE rules N 83-05 with corrections 1- 3, additions 1-5 (emissions a), UNECE rules N 24-03 with Appendix 1 (only for diesel engines);
categories M (1) with a maximum mass of over 3.5 tons, m (2), m (3), n (1), n \u200b\u200b(2), n (3) with diesel engines and gas engines - Technical emission standards provided by the ECE rules UN N 49-04 (emissions a), UNECE rules N 24-03 with Appendix 1 (only for diesel engines);
categories M (1) with a maximum mass of over 3.5 tons, m (2), m (3), n (2), n (3) with gasoline engines - technical standards of emissions (CO - 20 g / kWh, CMHN - 1.1 g / kWh, nox - 7 g / kWh) in the tests provided for in the rules N 49-03 (ETC test cycle);
categories M (1) with a maximum mass of over 3.5 tons, m (2), m (3), n (2), n (3) increased passibility with diesel engines - technical standards of emissions stipulated by the UNECE Rules N 96-01 with additions!, 2, UNECE rules N 24-03 with Appendix 1 (only for diesel engines);
c) in relation to automotive technology of environmental class 4:
categories M (1), M (2) with a maximum mass of no more than 3.5 tons, N (1) with spark engines (gasoline, gas) and diesel engines of emission standards provided by the UNECE rules N 83-05 with corrections 1- 3, additions to 1-5 (emissions B), UNECE rules N 24-03 with Appendix 1 (only for diesel engines);
categories M (1) with a maximum mass of over 3.5 tons, m (2), m (3), n (1), n \u200b\u200b(2), n3 with diesel engines and gas engines - Technical standards of emissions provided for by the UNECE rules N 49 -04 (Emission level B1), UNECE rules N 24-03 with Appendix 1 (only for diesel engines);
categories M (1) with a maximum mass of over 3.5 tons, m (2), m (3), n (1), n \u200b\u200b(2), n (3) with gasoline engines - technical standards of emissions (CO - 4 g / kWh, CMN - 0.55 g / kWh, NOX - 2 g / kWh) in the tests provided for by the UNECE rules N 49-03 (ETC test cycle);
d) in relation to automotive technology of environmental class 5 categories M (1) with a maximum mass of over 3.5 tons, m (2), m (3), n (1), n \u200b\u200b(2), n (3) with diesel engines and gas Engines - Emission Technical Standards provided by the UNECE N 49-04 EUCK rules (Emission levels B2, C), UNECE rules N 24-03 with Appendix 1 (only for diesel engines).
9. To the characteristics of fuel providing execution technical requirements The automotive techniques and installed on it engines specified in paragraph 8 of these Regulations are made by the basic technical requirements in accordance with Appendix N 3.
10. The level of emissions at the date of the production of automotive equipment produced into circulation on the territory of the Russian Federation should not exceed the technical standards specified in paragraph 8 of these Regulations.
11. Compliance of automotive equipment and installed on it the requirements of this Regulation certifies a message regarding the approval of the type of vehicle and (or) of the engine provided for by the UNECE Rules, or a certificate of conformity issued in the manner prescribed by the legislation of the Russian Federation.
12. The procedure for confirming the compliance of automotive equipment and the requirements of this Regulation installed on it are determined by the UNECE Rules.
13. The validity of certificates of compliance is limited to the date of entry into force of the requirements for the next environmental class, but does not exceed 4 years.
Certificates of conformity issued before the entry into force of these Regulations are valid until the deadline for their action.
In the case of an introduction to the design of automotive vehicles or the engine of changes affecting the performance of the technical requirements specified in paragraph 8 of these Regulations, new certificates of conformity are issued on this automotive equipment or engines.
14. Introduction technical standards Emissions against automotive technology issued in the territory of the Russian Federation are carried out on the following dates:
a) environmental class 2 - from the date of entry into force of these Regulations;
Appendix N 1.
List of Rules of the United Nations Economic Commission applied to special purposes technical Regulations "On the requirements for emissions by automotive equipment produced in the territory of the Russian Federation, harmful (pollutants) substances"
1. UNECE rules N 24 (24-03 *) "Uniform prescriptions regarding:
I. Official approval of engines with compression ignition for emissions of visible pollutants;
II. approval of motor vehicles regarding the installation of engines with compression ignition, officially approved by the type of construction;
III. approval of motor vehicles with a compression ignition engine with respect to emissions of visible pollutants;
IV. Measurement of the useful power of engines with compression ignition. "
2. UNECE Rules N 49 (49-02, 49-03, 49-04 *) "Uniform prescriptions regarding the official assertion of engines with ignition from compression and engines operating on natural gas, as well as engines with forced ignitions operating on liquefied petroleum gas, and vehicles equipped with compression ignition engines, natural gas engines, and forced ignition engines operating on liquefied petroleum gas in relation to pollutants allocated by them.
3. UNECE rules N 83 (83-02, 83-03, 83-04, 83-05 *) "Uniform prescriptions regarding the approval of vehicles regarding the emission of pollutants depending on the fuel required for engines."
4. UNECE rules N 96 (96-01 *) "Uniform prescriptions regarding the official assertion of engines with compression ignition for installation on agricultural tractors and off-road technician With regard to emissions of pollutants with these engines. "
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* Amendments that make changes to the UNECE Rules.
