Home Engine Engine cylinder head: everything is about it here. What is a GBC in the car and what is responsible for? Cylinder head unit Cylinder head Block FOC

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Engine cylinder head: everything is about it here. What is a GBC in the car and what is responsible for? Cylinder head unit Cylinder head Block FOC

Cylinder head (GBC) - the most important element Engine internal combustionwhich closes the cylinder on top and is attached to the cylinder block with the head bolts or guide spills. GBC, in fact, is a lid that covers cylinders.

GBC performs a number of essential functions:

the cylinder head cover performs a protective function;
in the lid there is an oil coil neck;
the cylinder head gasket provides a seal at the site of the fits of the GBC to;
the head of the block is a place to accommodate the chain tensioner and the camshaft drive in a separate head of the head of the CCC;
threaded holes for spark plugs and injector nozzles are located in the head housing;
combustion chambers are completely or partially located in the GBC;
the head is the installation site of the gas distribution mechanism ();
the head housing provides holes for installing an intake and exhaust manifold;

The head of the cylinder block is manufactured by casting from alloyed cast iron or aluminum alloys. After completing the casting, the head of the cylinder block is subjected to an artificial aging process by special technology. This is done in order to remove the residual voltage from the element, since in the process works GBC. He is experiencing serious loads. For the row motor, one CCC is installed. On V-shaped engines, the head is installed on each row of cylinders. There are CCCs with the lower location of the valves, as well as the heads with the top arrangement of the valves. The first type has a simplified design comparatively with the second.

In the GBC partially or completely placed combustion chambers. Inlet and outlet channels are present inside the head, the cooling shirt channels for cooling fluid circulation, as well as the oil system of the engine lubricant system. Inlet channels for supplying the fuel and air working mixture or only air to cylinders, as well as channels for exhaust gases, lead to each individual combustion chamber. Each channels ends with valves saddles that are pressed into the head of the cylinder block. The valve seat is made of cast iron or other materials.

The lower plane of the GBC, which adjacent to the cylinder block is performed wider. This is done to obtain the best seal with the surface of the block. Additional sealing of the location of the CBC and the block is achieved by using the cylinder head laying. The mounting bolts have a strict sequence during the tightening process, and it is also necessary to observe the torque. Such bolts are tightened with a dynamometric key.

The fastening of the GBC and the tightening of the bolts is made strictly on the recommendation of the manufacturer of the manufacturer. The main task becomes the need to avoid deformation of the head of the cylinder block.

The top of the block head closes the lid, which is called valve lid. and attached to the head through the sealing rubber gasket. Cylinder head cover is made of aluminum alloys or sheet steel. The cylinder head of the modern car engine can have a complex design, depending on the characteristics of the device of the gas distribution mechanism.

GBC device

The cylinder head is the upper part of the engine, which is installed on the block and closes its upper part.

It has a rather complicated design that is manufactured, as a rule, from an aluminum alloy or a special alloyed cast iron. From the inside there is a lot perfect smooth surfaces - This once again confirms its significance in the engine of any car. To achieve the maximum sealed connection with the engine, its width is made more larger, and a special gasket is installed between the engine and the head.

The block head is a separate item to which other nodes are attached. These include: camshaft (or shafts, if it is not alone), valve and their mechanism, spark plugs, various nozzles and much more. The combustion chamber is directly in the GBC, which indicates that the fastening of intake and exhaust collectors is carried out on it.

The number of heads can vary, depending on the type of block. If the block has a V-shaped form, then, accordingly, the number of heads will be two. On ordinary, single-row engines is installed one PC.

The head cover is installed on the head, which protects all its nodes from dust and other foreign particles. To connect, a special sealing gasket is also applied. On the top of the cover there is a bay hole through which the oil is poured. This suggests that the oil enters the crankcase through the head of the cylinder block.

Almost all processes occurring in the engine are carried out through the head of the cylinder block. All mechanisms that lead the piston mechanism are arranged on the GBC. This spark plugs intended for the ignition of the mixture, the valve mechanism by which the inlet of fuel is carried out, the release of exhaust gases, collectors and most importantly - the camshaft. It is located on the head of the cylinder block and activates the valve mechanism. All this is protected from external influences with the help of CFC.

In addition, combustion chambers in which compression and ignition of the mixture occurs inside the head. This place has a close connection with the cylinder block, in which the pistons move.

The head of the cylinder block has two gaskets, with which the tight protection of the connections with the block and the lid is carried out. The state of the engine depends largely on these gaskets and the GBC itself.

Diagnostics of malfunctions and repair of the head of the cylinder block

During operation, the block head is experiencing heavy loads. This is the mechanical effect of parts, and high temperatures formed in the combustion chamber. Most often, all faults are reduced to the fact that the engine ceases to develop the required power and begins to work unstable. If the adjustment of the mechanisms that have to this ratio does not provide a proper effect, then it is time to repair the head of the cylinder block.

Diagnostics of faults begins with an external inspection of the gas distribution mechanism, as well as the head housing. It is not enough to be all possible cracks, chips and other defects on it.

By the way about cracks. This is the most terrible malfunction of the GBC. It can be formed as a result of exposure to large temperatures. Most often, this is due to frequent engine overheating. At first, it will be a microcrack that will gradually grow. The presence of oil residues in the coolant and the appearance of the corresponding bubbles in the tank will be in the coolant. The crack in the block will violate the sealing of the valve mechanism, which will bring to the weakening of the landing of many details. As a result, reducing the power of the engine, the drop of compression, etc. Repair of the block with a crack, as well as with any other mechanical damage, is not allowed, so it is replaced.

When removing the GBC, the lower plane of the compound with the cylinder block is checked. For this, a special line is applied to it on the diagonal of the entire length of the CCC. The control of the gaps is performed using the measuring probe. The measurement rate can be considered a gap that does not exceed 0.06 millimeters. If this value is greater, then the plane is grinding.

Checking the wear of the neck of the fist shaft support and its bearings is performed using a micrometer. The measurement results must be compared with the standards that are valid for your engine model. If there are certain deviations, then based on the values, the decision is made on the method of repair.

The state of such details as rocker, saddles and levers are determined using an external inspection. In the case when the chamfer is "drowning", but the rod, while is in order, it needs to be processed. After that, the valve can be applied again.

All sorts of external defects in the form of scratches, burrs and T p. Eliminate with grinding. This procedure, primarily concerns those places where the sealing of compounds is necessary.

This procedure is performed when serious damage to the GBC body is detected. As mentioned earlier, it includes various cracks and broken parts. In addition, the replacement will be required in the case when the deviations of the values \u200b\u200bof the gaps from the norm significantly exceed the valid values \u200b\u200band in any other cases when it is impossible to repair.

Together with the new head, it is necessary to immediately replace the gasket of the GBC, as well as the laying of its lid. These items are always replaced by new when installing a new head.

To replace, you need to disconnect all parts that prevent the dismantling of the GBC. They can be injector, carburetor, intake and exhaust manifolds, ignition distribution mechanisms (candles, armrankit, rubber), elements of the cooling system (nozzles), as well as various plugs and sensors. After that, the belt or the drive chain of the gas distribution mechanism is dismantled. On some models of engines also fuel pump.

After that, unscrew the nuts fastening the head cover and remove the lid itself. After that, you can make a decision on removing the head of the block. Options are allowed when the disassembly of the valve mechanism and disassembling the camshaft is made after removing the GBC or to remove it. In the first case, it is much easier to perform this procedure, because there are a number of parts, unscrew that you can only with reliable fixation GBC.

After complete disassembly and removal of the GBC set a new part. It can be performed both with the gas distribution mechanism installed on it and with the permutation of old parts to the new head. In the latter case, you will need to adjust and fit the valves, as well as other elements.

After installing the GBC, all the elements removed are installed in the reverse order. After that, it will be necessary to adjust the angle of ahead of the ignition and the gas distribution mechanism.

Video - Tightening the head of the cylinder block

The method of tightening the engine head at home, so that it is not stretched.

Perhaps this is all you need to know about the head of the cylinder block.

The internal combustion engine is quite complex in the technological plan of the unit consisting of a variety of details that provide the coordinated operation of the entire mechanism. Some details are performed by narrow-technological tasks, another is more "high honor" - to perform functions leading to the transformation of one type of energy to another, that is, turn fuel in the tank into the energy energy.

Of the large number of abbreviations, which are found on the pages of technical documentation for the car, the reduction of the GBC occurs, probably most often. Why and what is a CCC in the car It is worth finding out in more detail.

How the GBC is decrypted

The abbreviation of the GBC is simply decrypted. This head of the cylinder block is a part that can be attributed to one of the most important internal combustion engines in the whole engine. It was this node that controls the combustion process of fuel and is responsible for the output of the exhaust elements, in this case gases. To better understand what is a CCC in the car engine, you need to consider its design in detail and disassemble the main functions.

Constructive features of the head of the cylinder block and the components of its details

For a long time, the head of the blocks of cylinders was made from the cast iron, from which it is now refused to benefit products from light metal alloys on an aluminum-based basis. Aluminum heads of cylinder blocks are used more and more often, but it does not fail to refuse from cast-iron. There are such types of engines, where the temperature operating mode does not allow the use of light alloy, since the danger of thermal shrinkage and deformation is great, and such processes are most effectively opposed by the heads of cast iron.

The head of the cylinder block is superimposed on the cylinder from above and attached to its base using bolts or studs (the type of fastening depends on the modification of the engine and the address of its manufacture). The heading plane of the head is quite large in the area, so in order to avoid the deformation of the design, a certain sequence is used, the order of tightening each threaded connection, and certain efforts. The mounting circuit and the connections tightening sequence for each engine are developed individually, which is due to the difference between the structural solutions.

In so-called row engines, one block head covers the entire cylinder body, and in motors where cylinders are located V-shaped, there is its own block of block for each row. To ensure efficient tightness of the connection between the cylinder and the head, the gasket is placed, which has the exact shape of the head and cylinder, and all the necessary holes for fasteners. The gaskets are made of a reinforced asbestos sheet, which is a refractory material and regardless of the level of heating retains the tightness of the combustion chamber.

Main mechanisms and parts of the GBC

The diagram of the main parts and mechanisms of the cylinder head of the cylinder includes:

block head housing (Carter), where system mechanisms are placed;
a certain amount of threaded holes in which the spark plugs or nozzles are mounted;
asbestos gasket between the head of the block and the cylinder;
combustion chamber, where fuel flashes and turns into a working mixture;
mechanism of gas distribution and removal;
planes and fastenings for intake and exhaust manifold.

In addition to removable parts, the head has and non-removable, which are necessary to obtain the tightness of the gas distribution mechanism. These include valve seat. They are made using hot pressing in the block head crankcase. If you need to replace them, you will have to use a special tool.

Repair and maintenance of the head of the cylinder block

Like any detail in the car, the head of the cylinder block needs a periodic examination, diagnostics, and when identifying serious problems - In replacement. Typically, it is primarily the details that have to carry the greatest load - valve glands, valves themselves, block head gasket. The factors of incorrect diagnostics and maintenance are most affected by wear and breakdown of the head. Violation of the necessary force when tightening nuts and the order of tightening bolts or fastening nuts leads to the deformations of the case, it violates the normal process of operation of the engine.

When these species are found, the parts will have to be replaced, and this should be done by a clear scheme, which is given in technical description Engine.

Do I need to change the oil when repair GBC The car will show the final measurement of its level and the analysis of its structural state.

The engine in its technological sense is a rather complicated unit, the unit that consists of a variety of separate parts intended to perform certain purposes. The full functioning of each part, it allows to ensure the coordinated operation of the entire mechanism. Some elements are characterized by performing some narrow-controlled functions, others get a higher "honor" and work on the transformation of one type of energy to another. That is, for example, turn fuel in the tank, by virtue of the movement.

So what is such a GBC? The decoding is quite simple, it is the head of the cylinder block. This detail refers to the most important and main in the coordinated work of the entire mechanism called the engine. It is that the process of combustion of fuel refers to this node, here the exhaust elements are released, in our understanding it is gases. To figure out how everything is arranged here, it is necessary to study and consider the entire structural core of the device and understand the main functions.

Constructive features

Previously, the CCC was made of cast-iron metal, now it slowly began to abandon it, in favor of lighter and simple alloys, on an aluminum basis. But, it is still not possible to fully delete the cast iron cylinder head from the automotive of the automatic logging, because there are such types of engines, where the temperature itself does not allow the use of light alloy. After all, there is a high probability that there will be a thermal shrinkage and, accordingly, deformation. And with such processes, the heads of cast iron are most effectively cope.

The heads are superimposed on top of cylinders, and are attached to its base through ordinary bolts or studs. The mounting type may differ even in one engine specification, it all depends on the modification and types of the device. Considering that the landing plane itself has a large area, there are several basic rules on the installation, how to screw and install and install the head so that the uniform distribution and the compound. Due to the fact that there is a difference of constructive solutions for fastening different motors Develop individual rules and mounting schemes.

In motors located in inline, one head is capable of covering the entire cylinder body. But more productive motors, the so-called V-shaped, require their GBC for each row. For providing maximum sealing between the head and block, the gasket is performed in an exact copy of the head. As a rule, gaskets are produced from a special asbestos sheet, which is refractory, regardless of which level of heating, thereby retains the tightness of the camera.

The main mechanisms of the GBC.

Among the main mechanisms and elements of the GBC shares:

1. The main housing of the head, the so-called Carter, where the main system mechanisms are placed.
2. The desired number of threaded holes in which candles or nozzles are installed by thought.
3. Asbestos gasket.
4. The combustion chamber, where fuel combustion and turning it into the working mixture.
5. Disposal and gas distribution device.
6. Fastening places inlet and exhaust manifold.

In addition to removable head elements, there are also non-removable, which are required to preserve the tightness of the gas distribution mechanism itself. Such devices include the "saddles" of valves. With the help of hot sprinkles mounted in the head crankcase. But to change them will need a specialized tool.

I would like to clarify that on my own garage conditions It is not recommended to remove and replace the valve saddles. After all, with uneven heating of the head, it can simply simply change its geometry. That is, the main plane of fitting to the cylinder block is disturbed, and tightness will disappear. In this case, the GBC is not subject to repair, and will have to acquire a new GBC.

All nodes and elements in the design of the car need maintenance, and often in repair. Head in this case is no exception. Preferred attention requires those parts that receive a greater load. Namely, the mechanism of gas distribution, it includes valves, glands, both valves and camshafts, head gaskets. Many factors affect wear and functioning, but the main among them relate to the service, diagnosis. Before the owner, it is an important task to constantly monitor the engine, not to give it to overheat, control the breaking flows of oil or coolant. When oils appear, it is necessary to contact the service.

Benefit from the specified overheating, it may affect the use of the tool when twisting and install, without a special measuring element, such as a dynamometer. The tightening of bolts and nuts without control will lead to the housing warming, which goes by itself to the impossibility of use. There is a whole range of activities and repair operations, where all the nuances take into account.

Often, the owner is facing the problem of replacement, removal of the head in such cases: Cylinder boring, new crimping bushings and saddles, replacement of valves, refinement, grinding saddles, grinding plane.

I hope the submitted article gave an understanding of the fact that the head is. What are the main details, parts, its components.

Engine anyone vehicle is quite complicated technical aggregateconsisting of many mechanisms. And each of them performs its function aimed at ensuring the movement of the car. We suggest you find out what is the head of the cylinder block, and why it is needed and from which elements it consists.

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The concept of GBC

To begin with, refer to the decoding. GBC is the head of the cylinder block, which is the main node of any vehicle. Its purpose is to control the combustion process occurring in the engine fuel mixes and output of exhaust gases. In fact, the CCC is a specific lid that closes the cylinder block directly.

GBC can be made of aluminum alloy or doped cast iron. When the process of casting the GBC is completed, it is subjected to an artificial aging procedure, this is done in order to get rid of the component from residual voltage. In the event that a single-row motor, then one head of the cylinder block will be installed on it. If it is a W-shaped, then a separate block of the block will be installed on each individual series of cylinders.

It is very important that the block head is reliably sealed directly with the block. It is for this that the lower part of the element is made a little wider than the top. The cylinder head gasket is used to seal two parts block.

Installation and fixation of the GBC occurs using guide pins intended for fixing the head. Directly installation is especially an important procedurewhich is carried out according to the regulations indicated for each individual car. This regulation is individual, so install the head on the "Zhiguli" and the instruction from the foreign car is extremely not recommended. As for the pins directly, they must be installed and delayed in a certain sequence, while the tightening torque must be observed. Special is used for this purpose dynamometric Key.

Remember that when tightening the screws, it is necessary to be guided by technology, and not to apply gross power, as this may lead to irreversible consequences.

This may cause the deformation of the GBC. The inside the head is set many different elements that are hidden with a lid, but we will tell about them further. The performance of this element determines the operation of the car engine as a whole, it is necessary to know and understand.

The design of the cylinder head and its basic details

With what is a CCC, we figured out. Now I would like to dwell on the designs and the main components of this node. Below will be considered the basic information about the details from which the block is consisting.

Unlike today's GBC, earlier, these elements were made of cast iron. In principle, today there are enough cars in the world in which cast-iron heads are installed. This is due to the fact that cast-iron GBC is more suitable for vehicles that function in complex temperature modes. Cast iron can withstand strong cold and sultry heat, while aluminum components are often exposed to strain and thermal shrinkage.

This is how the GBC looks like in a disassembled and dismantled form.

Separately, you should stay on the installation of the device. The gasket of the GBC is made of reinforced asbestos. This is done with the goal so that it can withstand not only a high temperature, which is characteristic of the engine operation, but also a high level of pressure. At the same time asbestos gLP gasket able to provide a high level of tightness of the cooling system channels, oil wire, as well as combustion chambers.

As for the rest of the components, we will be told about this further.

The device and decoding of the mechanisms are shown below:

Gasket - as you understood, performs a very important role in the operation of the internal combustion engine.
GRM (decoding - gas distribution mechanism).
Carter (decoding - Case GBC). All nodes and mechanisms are located in the crankcase this device, as well as the nozzles of the cooling system, canals of the oil wire and, in fact, the combustion chamber.
Special threaded outputs in which nozzles or spark plugs are installed.
Directly chamber of combustion in which the process of ignition is carried out combustible mixturethat allows the car to move.
GRM drive.
Also here are located and planting planes along with threaded fasteners, allowing the intake and exhaust manifolds.

Let us dwell on these components. The cylinder head valves are located in one row. The angle of their inclination relative to the plane of the cylinders is 20 degrees. In some modern cars The device is a little different, but in most cases the location of the valves is that.

We turn to the front of the GBC. If you disassemble it, then you will see that it contains a specially designated place to set the chain timing and tensioner chain. Actually, it is here that these components are located. As for the combustion chambers, they are tightly adjacent to the block, and for this purpose are specially processed by a mechanical manner. In size, the area of \u200b\u200bcompression cameras is slightly smaller than the size of the bottom of the piston. This is done so that when the internal combustion engine is working when the pistons rise up, an intensive twisting of the working mixture of the motor was provided. Accordingly, the result of combustion of combustible mixture is improved as a result of this.

From the left side of the CCC, you can see four holes for candles or injectors of the ignition system. With the back, right side, there is a special flange, which is fastened with graduation and intake manifolds. Next to this flange, the nozzles of the cooling system are mounted for which antifreeze runs.

On the top of the GBC, special holes are installed in which the guide sleeves are installed, support washers, lever support devices, as well as the camshaft bearings housing. From above the GBC itself, a special cover is installed, which is attached using eight screws.

It should also be noted that non-removable components are located in the head:

first of all, it is valve saddles, the purpose of which is to ensure tightness;
as well as valve guide sleeves.

It is important to understand that these components are set by the press method into the GBC structure. Accordingly, at home from the replacement it will be impossible - this can be done exclusively with the use of the necessary thermal equipment, as well as a specialized tool.

Some garage "crafts" still practice this repair process at home, but it is extremely recommended to do this, because uneven heating can lead to consequences:

The GBC can change the geometry of its structure, as a result of which its adjacent plane to the block itself will be broken.
GBC simply will be unusable from improper heating.
Microcracks may appear in the head structure, to get rid of which it will be very hard.

In general, such work at home is fraught with the fact that the device is simply noticed and nothing else remains how to pass it on scrap metal. Of course, a competent specialist in the presence of the necessary equipment may try to correct the problem, but it turns out not always. Therefore, we recommend that you listen to our advice.

Maintenance and diagnostics

As is known, all vehicle mechanisms will sooner or later need to be diagnosed and maintenance. In this case, the GBC is no exception. First priority Any motorist in this matter is the periodic diagnosis of those components of the head that need this most. In particular, those subject to the greatest loads.

This is about:

valve performance;
checking the performance of valve seals;
gloves of the distribution pulley;
and, of course, the gasket is the GBC.

It may cause oil in coolant. And vice versa - hitting antifreeze into the oil system. As a result of oil entering cooling system Antifreeze will be brown (but not boiled), which will lead to engine troop, and over time - the impossibility of running it. With this refrigerant will leave expansion tank, and the motor temperature sensor on dashboard Will show boiling engine. In turn, the refrigerant hit will cause the filling of the spark plugs, which can be guessing, twisting the candle and assess its condition.

In general, the failure of the head elements and their correct work is influenced by many factors, but most of them concern timely diagnosis and repair. Even such a trifle, as the wrong tightening torque or non-compliance) may cause the deformation of the head, which can lead to the engine breakdown.

For what is held repair work? There are many cases when the head removal is inevitable.

the need to boring cylinders;
the need for pressure hooking sleeves or their saddles;
the failure of the valves, which implies the need to replace them or repair;
coloring saddles or work on their refinement;
the need to replace the head laying (if it is breaking or misses);
or, if you need to close the microcracks (this operation can be carried out without dismantling the GBC).