Volga, Zhiguli, gas or Muscovite. These are the most famous Soviet brands of cars during the time of the USSR. Despite this, you will not find today in the country of the enthusiastic owners of these old cars, which would be satisfied with such a possession of this Soviet vehicle. The fact is that most of the cars produced in the Soviet years were very unreliable because of their assembly quality.
The reason for such dubious reliability is that most of these cars that were created in the USSR were based and built on the basis of specific foreign analogues. But due to the planned economy of the Soviet Union, the automobiles were forced to save money literally on everything. Naturally, at the cost of saving and on the quality of auto parts. Despite the lousy quality of the entire Soviet fleet in the country, we have our own rich History of Avtuer.
Unfortunately, many Soviet car brands ceased to exist after the fall of the communism and the collapse of the Soviet Union. But fortunately, that a certain part of these auto-brands of the Soviet era survived and exist to this day.
Nowadays, the popularity of Soviet vehicles again began to rise and grew up, as many cars are now presenting a collective and historical value. Particular interest of the public usually arises to rare and sometimes strange cars, which were made in times of the USSR.
Some of these models of cars existed only in drawings in the form of prototypes that did not advance into the series. Comprehensive exclusive cars are distinguished by such cars that were built by private engineers or designers (self-relocities).
Dear readers, we have collected for you in our review the most rare Soviet cars, which once appeared in the Soviet Union and which make the history of our domestic autouring today much more interesting. And so, we proceed:
GAZ - 62.
Gas is the most famous automobile brand in our country. Cars under this brand were created and were produced at the Gorky Automobile Plant. In 1952, the gas factory "gas" presented his GAZ-62 car, which was created in order to replace the Military SUV brand Dodge "Three Quarters" (WC-52), which was used by the Soviet Army during the Great Patriotic War.
This GAZ-62 was designed to transport 12 people. The carrying capacity of the machine was 1200 kg.
Designers when creating a GAZ-62 car used several innovative solutions in it. So for example, the car was equipped with hermetic drum brakes, as well as a fan for heating the cabin.
Even, the car was equipped with a six-cylinder engine with a capacity of 76 hp This allowed to overclock the machine to 85 km / h.
It is worth noting here that after creating this prototype, this GAZ-62 passed all the necessary tests. But some constructive problems did not allow to run the car into mass production. Ultimately, in the early 1956, the gas factory "GAZ" began working on a new prototype of a car.
ZIS-E134. Layout number 1
In 1954, a small group of engineers was tasked, build special car For military needs. The order came from the Ministry of Defense of the USSR.
On the task of the ministry, it was supposed to be a truck with a four axes of the wheels, which could pass almost at any area of \u200b\u200bthe terrain, carrying a large amount of heavy cargo.
As a result, Soviet engineers presented the Ministry of ZIS-E134 by the Ministry. As was asked by representatives of the USSR Ministry of Defense, the car received eight wheels for himself, four axes placed along the entire length of the body, which made it possible to create the desired traction force, which was almost similar to the force of armored tank cars. In the end, this truck ZIS-E134 easily coped with any rough terrain, which allowed him to pass there, where neither one of the technique had could be reached.
The car weighed 10 tons and was able to carry up to 3 tons of cargo. It is worth noting here that despite your weight, the car could develop speed up to 68 km / h According to any type of terrain with a solid coating. On the off-road car accelerated to 35 km / h.
ZIS-E134. Layout number 2.
After the first modification of the ZIS-E134 car, Soviet engineers and designers soon presented their second version of the octalone monster to the military department. The car was built in 1956. The second version had another body design, as well as reinforced beams, which made it possible to put the car with assault capabilities. In addition, thanks to the tightness of the body and a special design of the technical part, this car knew how to swim like a military tank.
Despite its large weight (total weight of 7.8 tons), the car could accelerate on land up to 60 km / h. The speed on the water was 6 km / h.
ZIL E167
In 1963, a military off-road car-zil-e167 was built in the USSR. The car was intended for movement in the snow. This ZIL-E167 was equipped with three axes with six wheels. At the uncomplicated areas of the road, the car could develop speed up to 75 km / h. In the snow, the truck could only accelerate up to 10 km / h. Yes, undoubtedly, the speed of the car was very slow. But nevertheless, this car had simply amazing permeability through the snow. So, for example, that this zil stuck in the snow should have happened something incredible.
The car was equipped with two hinged (in the rear) engines with a total capacity of 118 hp Road clearance (clearance) monster was 852 mm.
To great regret, this truck did not go into mass production, and everything is due to large difficulties in deploying industrial production and with the inability to create a high-quality transmission.
ZIL 49061.
This car is called- "Blue Bird". This ZIL-49061 was equipped with six wheels. Unlike its predecessors, the car still went to mass production and became popular in many countries of the world.
The amphibious car was equipped with a manual gearbox, an independent suspension for each wheel and two rowing screws.
In addition to the possibility of moving along the water surface, this SUV could also overcome the rye more than 150 cm wide, and snow drifts up to 90 cm high.
Maximum speed This ZIL-49061 on land was 80 km / h. On the water, the car could accelerate up to 11 km / h.
The car was mainly used by the Armed Forces of the USSR as a rescue operations. After the collapse of the Soviet Union, the car began to be used by the Salvation Service of the Ministry of Emergency Situations of the Russian Federation. For example, two such "blue birds" in 2002 were sent to Germany to participate in the operation to save people as a result of the terrible flood. We directly turned to us for help, since in the europe itself in those years there was not yet similar techniques, which was able to perform heavy tasks on the water and on land.
ZIL 2906.
If you dear readers think that today's Russian cars They look very strange, I learned in our ranking about the next rare Soviet car, you will immediately understand and make the conclusion that the current vehicle in our country is quite adequate and normal.
In the time of the USSR, such cars were produced in our country, such as ZIL-2906, which did not at all have wheels. Instead of them (wheels), the car was equipped with spiral shafts, which their rotation and led in motion unusual car. This allowed the SUV to move around heavy mud off-road.
The car body itself was made of fiberglass. Two spirals installed instead of wheels were made of aluminum. This car It was intended for transportation through the swamps and the snow, various types of goods (cuts of trees, beams, etc. Loads).
Despite its advanced technology, the car moved too slowly. The maximum speed of this ZIL was only 10 km / h (on water), 6 km / part - when moving in the swamp and 11 km / hour - when moving through the snow.
VAZ-E2121 "Crocodile"
Work on the creation of the VAZ-E2121 prototype (the letter "E" in the name of the model means "experimental") began in 1971. The car was developed by order of the government, which wanted to appear in our country his own passenger SUV, so that it was available for the general masses. Ultimately, engineers began to develop such an SUV based on the VAZ-2101 and VAZ-2103 models.
As a result, Togliatti designers have developed a prototype SUV-E2121, which later received a nickname-"crocodile" (because of the body of the body, which received one of the prototypes). This machine was equipped with a complete drive and a 1.6-liter four-cylinder gasoline engine, which was designed for the next generation of VAZ-2106 cars.
Despite the fairly good idea and the forces spent the model never went into mass production. There were only two copies, and all for engineering research and testing.
AZLK Moskvich-2150
In 1973, the AZLK-2150 car was presented to the Moskvich Auto Festival. We will remind our readers that before that, the "Moskvich" car factory has already represented several of its conceptual models of 4 x 4, but, compared to them, this new model AZLK-2150 had a number of new design solutions. For example, the machine received a new engine compression ratio from which was reduced to 7.25 (this allowed the car to work on gasoline A-67). The car was developed for use in rural areas (in agriculture).
To our regret, like many of the amazing Soviet models of cars, this SUV AZLK Moskvich-2150 has not entered mass production. The reason is banal, money shortage due to widespread state economy. But in a different way, it could not. In the conditions of the planned economy, it was even surprising, as in general, so many high-tech cars could appear in the USSR. (?)
In total, two prototypes of AZLK-2150 cars were built and assembled: Moskvich-2150 (with hard riding) and Moskvich-2148 (open top).
VAZ-E2122.
AvtoVAZ had another experimental project of a prototype car, which received a code designation as VAZ-E2122. It was a project of amphibian vehicle. Development began in the 70s of the last century.
The most amazing thing is that the movement of the car through water was carried out due to ordinary wheels. As a result, the maximum speed of the car on the water was only 5 km / h.
The car was equipped with a 1.6-liter gasoline engine that passed the torque immediately to all four wheels.
Unfortunately, due to the adaptation of the water movement, the car contained many constructive problems. For example, the engine itself, transmission and front Differential Very often overheated, due to the fact that all these components were in special closed housings. It was necessary in order to protect the components of this vehicle from water.
In addition, the car had just a terrible visibility. There were also significant disadvantages and in the work of the exhaust gas system.
Despite a number of difficulties and problems in the development of the car, the USSR military department was interested in serial production of this amphibian SUV. Ultimately, the Ministry of Defense of the Soviet Union ordered a few prototype of this amphibian from AvtoVAZ. But unfortunately, this progressive project of amphibian car never reached mass production.
UAZ-452K.
In the 1980s, the Ulyanovsk Automotive Plant developed an experimental model of 452K on the basis of the well-known model of UAZ-452 "Buanka". The main difference from the standard car was an additional bridge, which improved the stability and adhesion of the SUV with an expensive area at rough terrain.
Initially two versions of cars were created, i.e. 6 x 4 and 6 x 6. But in the process of testing, the developers realized that due to the complexity of the design, the car was very difficult, which led to the huge consumption of fuel. As a result, the project decided to partially collapse. But not completely. The "UAZ" auto station in the end produced about 50 copies (pieces) of the car and sent them to Georgia. Ultimately, these SUVs from 1989 to 1994 were used by various rescue services in the Caucasus. These copies of these types of cars were not delivered by these instances, since the car mileage was relatively small due to the feature of their operation.
ZIL-4102.
When the ZIL-4102 was created, it was considered that he should become a direct successor of the famous Limousine Zil (a), which was used for many years by state servants and the highest faces of the Communist Party of the USSR.
ZIL-4102 was equipped with an anterior drive and also had elements of a body of carbon fiber, namely: - Roof Panel, trunk lid, hood and bumper.
In 1988, two prototypes of cars were built. It was originally planned that this model will be equipped with three types of engines, i.e., 4.5-liter V6, 6.0-liter V8 gasoline engines and 7.0 liter diesel unit.
Since this model was intended specifically for elites, it is natural that the car was equipped with elements of luxury and comfort. So, for example, this car had electrical windows, ten audio speakers, a CD player, on-board computer and a white leather interior.
Unfortunately, Mikhail Gorbachev was not impressed by this ZIL-4102 and he did not approve this project. Precisely for this very reason luxury car ZIL never went into mass production. And sorry we say. We believe if this model of the car appeared in serial production, then our car industry with you would look completely different.
We are-0284 "debut"
In 1987, the Russian research automotive and automotive institute (US) developed a front-wheel drive prototype of the car, which was presented at the Geneva Motor Show, it happened in March 1988. The car received code designation - NA-0284.
This car attracted a great attention to the public and received many positive feedback Critics and experts of world car market.
The car had a unique feature for that time, namely, is an impressive low aerodynamic air resistance coefficient (only 0.23 CD). It was amazing, as many modern cars cannot boast such aerodynamic characteristics until today.
The length of the prototype of the car by us-0284 was 3685 mm. The car was equipped with a 0.65-liter engine, which in those years was installed in the car "Oka" (VAZ-1111).
In addition, the experimental model was equipped with electronic servo-steering and cruise control.
Despite the low power engine (35 hp) and considering the small weight of the car (less than 545 kg), it was able to accelerate to 150 km / h.
Moskvich AZLK-2142
The first AZLK-2142 "Moskvich" was represented by the public in 1990. The engineers in those years were positioned by him as the most modern car ever created by the AZLK author.
According to the plans of the Automobile Plan "Moskvich", this car should have taken into mass production in two years, when the company planned to start the release of new generations of Moskvich-414 engines. The General Director of the Lenin Komsomol Automobile Plan itself insisted for the transfer of this issue of the New Moskvich model - "AZLK". He believed that in a new promising model, cars were supposed to stand power units A completely new generation.
But as a result, the collapse of the Soviet Union and the termination of public financing stopped this project completely.
It is noteworthy another that despite the fact that the car was not serially produced, it became the starting point for developing a new generation of Moskvich-2142 cars, which was produced in three versions, i.e.: - "Prince Vladimir", "Ivan Kalita" and " Duet".
UAZ-3170 "Symbir"
The development of a new car SUV brand UAZ began in 1975. He was invented and developed the lead designer of the Ulyanovsky Automobile Plan Alexander Shabanov. As a result, by 1980, the Avtozavod presented its first model UAZ-3370 "SIBIR". This SUV has a big ground clearancewhich was 325 mm. Also, the car turned out also high enough (height - 1960 mm).
To our happiness, this car still entered mass production. True, due to its planned economy, the Avtozavod could not produce large parties of the SUV to the market. It is worth noting here that the machine initially was created by order of the Military Ministry. And ultimately, the mass production was established by the issue and military modifications of machines, and civil cars.
In 1990, the Ulyanovsky Avtozavod presented his second generation of the SUV model UAZ-3171, the development of which began in 1987.
MAZ-2000 "Perestroika"
The experimental model of the cargo vehicle of the MAZ-2000 brand has received the code name - "Perestroika". The truck was designed to create modern cargo car For its use by Soviet transport companies.
The main feature of the model was the model design of the cargo machine. This meant the following that such such as the parts of the car, like the engine, transmission, the front axle and steering They were located in the front of the car, which made it possible to reduce the gap between the cabin and the loading platform itself. Thanks to the model design of the MAZ-2000 cabin, it was possible to increase the volume of the body of the car by 9.9 cubic meters. meters.
The stunning truck MAZ-2000 was first shown at the Motor Show in Paris in 1988, where he made an incredible impression on the public from around the world. A total of several such prototypes were built. To our deep regret, did not receive the project green light And this car model did not see the production line.
Many experts believe that the "Perestroika" truck became the main inspiration for designers of the cargo car Renault. Magnum, which entered mass production at the end of 1990 and then in 1991 received a prestigious award " Freight car of the year".
What is hidden the reason that our ambitious project of the MAZ-2000 "Perestroika" did not take place? After all, apparently, there were no obstacles for mass production. According to rumors that are in AvtoW, this project did not take place due to the fact that Mikhail Gorbachev sold the French for the very stunning truck itself. Naturally, all this is officially confirmed.
Homemade car "Pangolina"
In Soviet years, everyone naturally knew that reliability and productivity Domestic cars There were not the best if we argue with world standards. Also everyone knew that our vehicles had not a very good design. That is why many Russian engineers decided at the time for themselves that once state automobiles cannot create cars not inferior to any foreign analogues, then it is necessary to create them on their own. As a result, it turned out that many engineers in the USSR in private, inspired by Western European and American sports cars began to create their self-made vehicles.
One of these examples was the Pangolin auto-sports car created by Alexand Kouligin in 1983.
The car body was made of fiberglass. Also, this sports car received an engine from the VAZ-2101. The designer was inspired by a stunning design. car Lamborghini. Countach. Ultimately, Alexander decided to create a car in the same style too.
It is worth noting here that this homemade car still exists and participates in various car shows.
True, over the years, some additional changes were made to the machine design of the machine. For example, in the original design of this sports car, new doors were installed, which are now open up.
Homemade car "Jeep"
In 1981, Engineer from Yerevan Stanislav Holzanosov created an accurate copy of the famous American SUV "Jeep".
In order to build a car engineer used components from several other Soviet car models. For example, for a homemade copy of the American SUV engineer took the engine from the VAZ-2101 model. Rear axle, gearbox, electrician, headlamps and drive shafts were taken from the Volga GAZ-21 car.
The system of suspension, gas tank, a combination of devices and wiper wiper was borrowed from the UAZ-469 car.
But some parts of the car were created by an individual project. For example, the front axle of the machine was created from scratch by Stanislav himself.
It is also noteworthy that the design of the front axle has repeatedly exhibited at various exhibitions throughout the Soviet Union and received several awards.
Homemade car "Laura"
Another example of the author's car, this is a sports car "Laura" designed and built by two engineers from Leningrad, Dmitry Parfenov and Gennady Hayne. In our country, even today there is not a single normal Russian sports car. Not to mention the USSR. So engineers simply did not remain anything, how to create their own sports car.
But unlike other engineers who created actually copies of car foreign analogues, Dmitry and Gennady decided to create a completely new car with nothing like any author transport.
"Laura" was equipped with a 1.5-liter engine with a capacity of 77 hp, front-wheel drive and on-board computer. The maximum speed of the sports car was 170 km / h.
A total of two such copies were built. It is worth noting here that these cars were noted by the leader of the Communist Party by Mikhail Gorbachev. These sports cars also received many different awards.
By the way, both cars are still still preserved and are currently being exhibited at various exhibitions.
Homemade car "YUNA"
This sport car Was created by a motorist Yuri Algebraist. The name of the car was invented on the basis of combinations of the first letters in the name of the constructor and his spouse ("Natasha"). The car was built in 1982. This is the only sports car in our days, which is built on an individual project during the USSR, it is still in perfect condition and is used throughout its intended purpose.
The fact is that Yuri still and constantly updates its car, spends all the necessary engineering works. That is why the car is still working and works as new.
At the moment, "YUAN" has passed more than 800 thousand km. True, this became possible due to the use of a foreign engine (from the BMW 525i model).
Homemade Car "Katran"
This car is created by a person who all his life was obsessed with cars. This car was created by a motorist from the city of Sevastopol. Sporter received a unique body design for himself. For example, the car did not have the best doors usually. Instead, the engineer used such a construction that allowed the entire front part of the cab including and windshieldSo that the driver and the passenger can climb and sit in the car.
Also, the car received an independent suspension and that more amazing, so it is also electronic system Cruise control that could maintain a certain speed of movement even on the descent.
In addition, this sports car also had many rare features and various options, which makes it one of the most interesting cars ever created in the Soviet Union. Thus, the car "Katran" can really be considered the most awesome car in the entire history of the Russian automotive industry.
In conclusion I would like to note that we are dear friends placed not all rare cars that were created during the USSR. We chose the best, which, in our opinion, deserve the attention of readers. If you have or have it, to offer us to supplement our list of Soviet cars, we offer everyone interested, lower in the comments will share with us our suggestions. We will be very happy.
Copy foreign cars It began with the very first Soviet cars produced under Ford license. Over time, the copying occurred most often without the permission of Western auto plants. The USSR Research Automobile Institute purchased the capitalist oppressors of the labor nation at once several advanced models "to explore" and after a few years from the conveyors a Soviet analogue was found. True often by that time the prototype was already outdated and was shot from production, and a Soviet copy was produced by a single decade.
GAZ A.
The first mass passenger car of the USSR was borrowed from the American car industry. Gas A is a licensed copy of the American Ford-a. The USSR bought equipment and documents for production in 1929 from the American firm, and in two years, the release of Ford-A was discontinued. Aven a year later, in 1932, the first gas-a cars were released.
Despite the fact that the first cars of the plant were manufactured according to the drawings of the American firm Ford, they had already differed several differences from American prototypes. After 1936 in Moscow and Leningrad, the exploitation of obsolete gas was prohibited. The small car owners were prescribed to hand over Gas-A state and with a surcharge to acquire a new GAZ-M1.
Leningrad-1.
The Soviet experimental passenger car was an almost accurate copy of the BuICK-32-90 car, which in American standards belonged to the highest medium class.
Plant "Red Putlivovets", previously issued Fordson tractor, released 6 copies of L1 in 1933. A significant part of the car could not reach Moscow without serious breakdowns. As a result, "Red Putilovets" was reoriented to the release of tractors and tanks, and the refinement of L1 was transferred to the Moscow ZIS.
Since Biuik's body has no longer matched the middle of the thirties, they designed it in the ZIS. The American body studio Budd Company based on Soviet sketches designed elegant and externally modern for those years body. It cost a state half a million dollars and took 16 months.
GAZ-M-1
GAZ-M1, in turn, was designed according to the samples of Ford Model B (Model 40A) of 1934, the documentation for which gas was transferred to the American side under the terms of the contract.
During the adaptation of the model to the domestic operating conditions, the car was largely redesigned by Soviet specialists. EMCA in separate positions surpassed the later products of Ford.
Kim-10.
The first Soviet serial small car, which, when developing, was taken by the British Ford Prefect.
In the USA made stamps and developed body drawings in the models of the Soviet designer artist. In 1940, the plant began producing this model. Kim-10 was to become the first truly "popular" Soviet car, however, the Great Patriotic War was prevented by the implementation of the ambitious plan of the country's leadership to ensure majority of citizens, the Great Patriotic War was prevented.
ZIS-110.
The design of the body of the first Soviet post-war passenger car of the representative class almost completely imitated the American "PakcCeard" of the senior series of pre-war issuing. Up to the trifles of the ZIS-110, it was similar to Packard 180 with the Body of Touring Sedan the last pre-war model of 1942.
An independent Soviet development, specially betrayed the appearance of the American Pakcarland in accordance with the taste preferences of the country's top management and, mainly, personally, Stalin.
It is unlikely that an American firm liked such creative development of her ideas in the design of the Soviet car, but no complaints from her part in those years did not follow, especially since the production of large "paccards" after the war was not resumed.
Moskvich 400.
The Soviet Saltra was a complete analogue of the Opel Kadett K38 car, produced in 1937-1940 in Germany at the German branch of Opel of the American concern General Motors, recreated after the war on the basis of surviving copies, documentation and accessories.
A part of the equipment for the release of the car was exported from the Opel plant in Rüsselheim (who was in the American occupation zone) and mounted in the USSR. A significant part of the lost documentation and the equipment for production was recreated again, and the work was carried out in Germany for the order of the Soviet military administration by the forces of mixed labor collectives, consisting of submitted Soviet and civilian German specialists who worked in the design bureaus created after the war.
Subsequent three generations of "Muscovites" will be lagging to repeat the products of Opel.
GAZ-M-12
Six-seed passenger car big Class With the body "six-foam long-tone sedan" developed on the basis of Buick Super. Serially produced at the Gorky Automobile Plant (Molotov Plant) from 1950 to 1959 (some modifications - to 1960.)
The plant strongly recommended Completely copying the "BYUK" of the sample of 1948, but engineers based on the proposed model designed a car, which is maximized on already mastered aggregates and technology. The winter was not a copy of a particular foreign car in any way in terms of design, nor, in particular, in the technical aspect - in the last designers of the plant even managed to "say a new word" in the global highway industry. In October 1950, the first industrial batch of GAZ-M-12 was collected.
GAZ-21 "Volga"
The passenger car of the middle class was technically created by domestic engineers and designers "from scratch", but externally copied mainly American models of the early 1950s. During the development, foreign cars were studied: Ford Mainline, Chevrolet 210, Plymouth Savoy, Standard Vanguard and Opel Kapitdn.
GAZ-21 serially was produced at the Gorky Automobile Plant from 1956 to 1970. The factory code index - initially gas-M-21, later (since 1965) - GAZ-21.
By the time of the start of mass production by world standards, the "Volga" design has already become at least ordinary, and on the background of serial foreign cars of those years have not yet been highlighted. Already by 1960, Volga was a car with hopelessly outdated design.
Moskvich-402.
The look of the small class car repeated the Opel Olympia Rekord model - the Opel Kadett K38 successor. Participation of specialists from gas, where the development of "Volga" GAZ-21 was completely influenced by the design of the car. Moskvich took over many elements of his design from her.
The mass production of "Moskvich-402" was cooler in May 1958.
GAZ-13 "Gull"
Representative car of a large class, created under the explicit influence of the latest models of the American company Packard, which in those years have just studied in us (Packard Caribbean convertible and Packard Patrician sedan, both 1956 model year).
"Chaika" was created with an explicit orientation on the trends of the American style, like all the products of the gas of those years, but was not a one hundred percent "stylistic copy" or the modernization of Packcard. The car was produced by a small series at the Gorky Automobile Plant C 1959 to 1981. In total, 3,189 cars of this model were made.
"Seagulls" were used as a personal transport of the highest nomenclature (mainly - ministers, the first secretaries of the Commands), which was issued as component Put "package" privileges.
And sedans, and the "Chaika" convertible were used on parades, were served in the meetings of foreign leaders, prominent figures and heroes, were used as accompaniment machines. Also, "Seagulls" came to the "Intourist", where, in turn, they could be ordered to be ordered to use as wedding limousines.
ZIL-111.
Copying American design at different Soviet factories led to the fact that the appearance of the ZIL-111 car was created according to the same samples as the "seagull". As a result, in the country at the same time, externally similar cars were made. ZIL-111 is often accepted for a more common "seagull".
Top-class passenger car stylistically represented a compilation of various elements american cars The middle and highest class of the first half of the 1950s - preferably reminded Cadillac, Packard and Buick. The basis of the external design of ZIL-111, as well as "Seagulls", lay design models of the American company Packard 1955-56. But compared with Packard models, Zil was more in all the dimensions, looked much stricter and "square", with the hidden lines, had a more complex and detailed decor.
From 1959 to 1967, only 112 copies of this car were collected.
ZAZ-965.
The main prototype of the micro is Fiat 600.
The car was designed by MZS ("Moskvich") together with the automotive institute by us. The first samples received the designation "Moskvich-444", and have already differ significantly from the Italian prototype. Later, the designation was changed to "Moskvich-560". Meanwhile, the conveyor of the MSM itself was completely loaded by that time, and the reserves for the development in the production of microloes at the plant did not exist. Therefore, for the release of the car, it was decided to reconstruct the "Communar" plant in the city of Zaporizhia (Ussr), which was previously engaged in the production of combines and other agricultural machinery
ZAZ-966.
The passenger car of a particularly small class demonstrates the considerable similarity of the design with the German small polyagge NSU PRINZ IV (Germany, 1961).
GAZ-24 "Volga"
The passenger car of the middle class became the hybrid of the North American Ford Falcon and Plymouth Valiant.
Serially was produced at the Gorky Automobile Plant from 1969 to 1992. The appearance and design of the car were standard enough for this direction, specifications There were also approximately an average level. Most "Volga" was not intended for sale in personal use and operated in taxi and other state organizations.
VAZ-2101.
VAZ-2101 "Zhiguli" - a rear-wheel drive car with a body of a sedan type is an analogue of the Fiat 124 model, which received the title "Car of the Year" in 1967.
Under the agreement of the Soviet external and Fiat, the Italians created the Italians a Volzhsky Automotive Plant in Tolyatti with a full production cycle. The concern was the technological equipment of the plant, training of specialists.
VAZ-2101 was subjected to serious changes. In total, over 800 changes were made in the Fiat 124 design, after which it received the name Fiat 124R. The "Russification" FIAT 124 was extremely useful for the FIAT itself, which has accumulated unique information about the reliability of its machines in extreme operating conditions.
VAZ-2103
Rear-wheel drive car with sedan type body. It was developed in conjunction with the Italian Fiat firm based on Fiat 124 and Fiat 125 models.
Later, on the basis of the VAZ-2103, "Project 21031" was developed later renamed VAZ-2106.
VAZ-2105
The VAZ-2105 model was developed by a serious modernization of previously produced models within the framework of the "second" generation of rear-wheel drive cars VAZ as a replacement of VAZ-2101. The design of the design was taken by the Fiat 128 Berlina model.
In the screensaver of the 15 series of 17 seasons of the series Simpsons, in which the Simpsons play real actors in real scenery, Homer rides home to Lada Nova (the export name "tops").
Moskvich-2141.
Moskvichu-412 replacement was designed only in the 1980s, and it was already a completely different car, - Moskvich-2141, front-wheel drive hatchback, created on the basis of the body of the French "SIM card" and already outdated by the engine of the uzam. Export name - Aleko, from the car plant of the Leninsky Komsomol.
As the best example to accelerate the design of a new car, Manavtoprom has seen a recently appeared Franco-American model Simca 1308 manufactured by the European branch of Chrysler Corporation. Designers ordered to copy the car up to the "iron". " However, in the process of developing the body "Moskvich" was designed again, as a result of which the car's exterior was significantly different from the French sample and, albeit with some stretch, but corresponded to the level of the mid-eighties.
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The history of the first in the history of the USSR of the passenger car began with the fact that in 1925 the student of the last course of the Moscow Mechanical and Electrical Institute of Constantine, who for a long time could not decide on the topic of his appearance, finally decided what he wants to write, and approved the work plan of his supervisor. Then, before Soviet automakers, the task was to develop a small car, which can be selected in domestic realities. Some specialists suggested simply copying the overseas car "Tatra", but it turned out that in many respects she still did not fit, so it was necessary to design something. It was this problem that the Sharapov took up.
He understood whether his work called "a small car for Russian operating and production conditions" will become historical, it is not clear, but he approached her with all seriousness.
The student attracted the idea of \u200b\u200bcombining in one units of the simplified design of the Motocolus and automotive passenger. As a result, Sharapova was so liked by his head that he recommended him into a research automobile institute (us), where he was accepted without any competition and testing. The project of the car developed by him decided to implement.
The first drawings of small trains prepared by Sharapov in 1926 were finalized to the needs of the production by the famous engineers Andrei Lipghard, Nikolai Briling and Evgeny Charnko.
The final decision on the release of the car accepted the state trust automotive factories "Avtotrest" in early 1927. And the first samples of Nami-1 came out from the factory "Avtotor" on May 1st of the same year. It is noteworthy that then constructors for testing only the chassis of the car, the creation of a speech body has not yet been going on - first it was necessary to understand whether the innovative design could be able to show itself well in real road conditions.
Tests of the passenger cars spent a week later, in the first test races, the car showed itself worthy, and by September 1927 two more cars were collected at the production. For them, engineers have prepared a more serious test - cars were to overcome the route Sevastopol - Moscow - Sevastopol.
For the testing in the test run, along with the pair, Nami-1 sent cars Ford T and two motorcycles with wheelchairs. The tests and this time have shown well.
Nic serious breakdowns The path did not happen, especially considering that there was almost nothing to break in the design of new cars.
One of the main advantages that allowed us to overcome the track without any problems was the high road clearance. In addition, the car was very economical - a full tank car was enough for about 300 km run.
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After the successful completion of tests, the designers switched to creating a body for us-1. Initially, two options were developed: one is simpler and cheap, and the second is more perfect, having a two-section windshield, three doors and trunk, but at the same time quite expensive. However, none of them got into production - the third body prototype began to put on the passenger cars, which was rather outstanding and not elegant, which subsequently caused dissatisfaction of drivers and passengers.
We went to the series
The decision on the beginning of the serial production by Nami-1 was accepted in the same 1927. Assembling cars, the factory "Autors". Separate parts of the passenger cars were manufactured at other enterprises, in particular the 2nd car repair plant and automotive factory No. 5.
Cars were collected manually, because of this, the process of their production was quite long and expensive. As a result, only the first 50 cars were ready for the fall of 1928. And they hit the users at all in the spring of 1929.
It is noteworthy that in those days, ordinary people did not sell cars - they were distributed between the garages of enterprises where professional chauffeur traveled. At first, many drivers, accustomed to move on foreign technique, reacted to a novelty with skepticism. During operation, Nami-1 really revealed a number of significant drawbacks: an uncomfortable salon, incorrectly designed awning, strong vibration From the engine, for which the lunaries in the people were called "Primus", and the lack of dashboard.
In the press, there was even a discussion about whether we have-1 the right to further existence and development. For small size, efficiency and special design, the car received another name - "Motorcycle on four wheels." And this, according to drivers, did not pain her.
"I believe that in your design we are not a car, but a motorcycle on four wheels, and therefore we can not play any role in the country's motorization," wrote in from 1929.
Many engineers stated that the car needs to reconstruct much and the continuation of its release can only be told after the application into the design of these edits. At the same time, one of the developers of small trays Andrei Lipgart answered opponents that this car is a big future, and the existing shortcomings can be eliminated, but it will take time.
"Viewing Diseases by us-1, we conclude that they can all be easily and quickly eliminated. No solid changes in any general scheme Machines nor in the design of its main mechanisms should not be carried out for this. You have to make small design changes, the need to identify operation, and most importantly, it is necessary to improve production methods. The manufacturers themselves are well aware that they make cars not as follows - however, they are not always solved in this, "they wrote in the 15th issue of the journal" Driving "in 1929.
At the same time, despite the numerous complaints of drivers, Nami-1 showed itself well on narrow Moscow streets, where he easily overtook even more powerful foreign competitors.
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Well, about the new small chartrage responded in the village - provincial drivers argued that the car had a high permeability, which was so necessary in the rustic conditions.
Salt trap drove up
As a result, in the dispute on the further "life" of Nami-1 defeated supporters of the cessation of the car. The last sample of small tramps left the plant in 1930. In total, for incomplete three years, it was released, according to various sources, from 369 to 512 cars. At the disposal of the "Avtotrest" on the cessation of production it was said about the actual impossibility of correcting the defects of the design. The slow pace of the production of the car - the industry was played by about 10 thousand. Nami-1 per year was required, but the factory "AutoTork" did not cope with such volumes.
However, the Creator of Saltrazhigas did not stop at this - by 1932 at the Institute, where he worked, an improved model of Nami-1 appeared, which received NATI-2 name. However, this model was also waiting for a failure - she never went to mass production.
The fate of Sharapova himself was not the best in the future. In the times of Stalinist repression, he was detained on suspicion of the transfer of automotive drawings to a foreign citizen.
To serve the punishment of the engineer sent to the carport to Magadan. There he continued to design various devices And even on their own initiative, he developed a diesel aviation motor. Sharapova liberated only in 1948, after that he was appointed Deputy Chief Engineer of the Kutais Motor Mounting Enterprise.
However, life once again played with a talented engineer, a keen joke - less than a year, in January 1949, Sharapova again arrested and referred to Yeniseisk. He was completely released only after Stalin's death in 1953.
After the rehabilitation of Sharapov worked in the Laboratory of the USSR engines, then in the central Research Institute of Motor Building. In this organization, the engineer participated in the development of the on-board power plant of the Earth's artificial satellite.
The first serial passenger car of the new Soviet state, produced from 1932 to 1936. The car was initially represented in the body of Phaeton, which over time was supplemented with a sedan and pickup. 3.3 liter engine and 40 hp accelerated gas and up to 90 km / h. The retail sales of the car were single (about 1000 cars were divided by private hand), and the main consumers were civil services, army and taksopark. The overall issue was 41,917 cars.
In essence, gas A was a licensed copy of American Ford Model A (on the right), which by the beginning of production in the USSR was already removed from production in the States. In the process of adaptation, Soviet engineers and constructors based on gas A, several more modifications have created, including fire, armored and semi-migrating.
KIM-10 / Ford Perfect
According to the idea of \u200b\u200bSoviet power, Kim-10 should have become the first mass car intended for the sale of the population. The basis for the first "folk" machine of the USSR became the technically simple and inexpensive Ford Perfect sample of 1938, produced by the English division of the American brand. According to projects of Soviet designers in the United States, stamps of three bodies were created: a coupe, sedan and a convertible.
The first serial samples of KIM-10 saw the light in April 1941. And in less than three months, production was stopped - the Great Patriotic War began.
In total, the plant managed to do less than 1000 cars.
Moskvich 400 / Opel Kadett K38
The ideological follower of Kim-10. The new "folk" car was decided to create one of the German "trophy" cars on the basis of one of the German "trophy", which, by the end of the war in the USSR, a lot was accumulated. The choice fell on a fairly modern at the time of the Opel Kadett K38 of the 1937 sample. True, the car had to recreate the car almost again, since most of the documentation and equipment of the Opel plant were destroyed, or exported by the Americans (Opel's brand since 1929 belonged to the General Motors concern).
As a result, in December 1946, the first "Moskvich 400" was released. At the beginning of its production, the car was equipped with a 1.1-liter motor with a capacity of 23 hp, a three-step mechanical gearbox and an independent front suspension. Moskvich was produced in several types of body, including a sedan, a convertible, a van, pickup and chassis with a cab.
In total from 1946 to 1956, 247,861 car was produced.
GAZ-M20 "Victory" / Opel Kapitan
The first serial Soviet car with the bearing body. GAZ-20 has been equipped with a weak four-cylinder engine with a volume of 2.1 liters and a capacity of 52 hp. With a three-stage gearbox without synchronizers (later synchronizers appeared on the 2nd and 3rd transmissions). The limited version of GAZ-M20G with a more powerful 90-strong six-cylinder engine was created specifically for special services.
GAZ-M20 was not created by direct copying method, and was Kintessentia technical ideas All trophy and set on the lend-lease of the technique in the territory of the Soviet Union after the war. However, the German Opel Kapitan played a significant role in creating a "victory" (at that time - the flagship of the Opel model range) - it is his constructive features largely adapted to create a new domestic model.
By the way, the "Victory" modification (GAZ-M72) on the All-wheel drive chassis of GAZ-69 of the 1955 sample is, in fact, the first crossover in the world - that is, the all-wheel drive passenger car increased passibility with carrier body.
In total from 1946 to 1958, 235,9999 cars were released.
GAZ-21 "Volga" / Ford Mainline / Plymouth Savoy / Chevrolet 210 Deluxe
Just like the "victory", GAZ-21 is not a direct Soviet analogue of any of the Western models. Moreover, at the initial stage of development, domestic designers acted completely independently, trying to upgrade already available gas-M20. Already as the next-generation prototype prototype undergoes, the gas was taken for studying and comparing foreign samples, among whom were models Ford., Plymouth, Chevrolet, Kaiser, Willys, Opel.
As a result, the new GAZ-21 "Volga" stylistically became strongly reminding all available Western analogs of that time, but the copy of any of them was not. In addition, on Western models some were borrowed technical solutionswhich our designers were recognized as successful or in the creation of which our specialists had no experience. Thus, GAZ-21 "Volga" became the first serial Soviet car to which an automatic transmission was installed, created on the basis of the Ford-O-Matic transmission.
During the production of GAZ-21, there had a large number of modifications with different bodies and engines, including the universal, the "main" convertible, a special services car with an engine V8, as well as export diesel versions.
From 1956 to 1970, 639,483 cars were released.
ZAZ 965 / FIAT 600
After the release of the model "Moskvich 402", which was almost twice as expensive than its "budget" predecessor, again became the question of creating a cheap car capable of transporting four people. After examining the Western counterparts, the Soviet designers chose a model for adaptation - they were the FIAT 600 of the 1955 sample. Compact two-door hatchback back-engine and rear-wheel drive layout. ( Front-wheel drive cars Our designers were not considered, since the domestic industry was unable to master the production of hinges of equal angular velocities (Solus).
As a result, Fiat 600 was significantly reworked at the MSM plant and initially received the name "Moskvich-444". However, mass production was mastered at two factories in the city of Zaporizhia and in Melitopol, after which the car was assigned the name "ZAZ-965". The 3.33 meter long machine received a three-volume body (as opposed to a two-volume Fiat), a four-cylinder air cooling engine with a volume of 870 "cubes" (26 hp) and front suspension on two transverse tocions.
Since 1960 to 1969, 322,166 cars of all modifications were released.
ZAZ 966 (968) / NSU PRINZ 4
The next generation of Zaporozhtsev, who received the 966 index (after a minor upgrade - 968), was also copied from the Western counterpart. This time appearance soviet car Almost literally repeated exterior of the West-German NSU Prinz 4 sample of 1961, which in turn himself was stylistically close, primarily to Chevrolet Corvair 1959.
German car did not possess an advanced technical stuffing, but he used success thanks to the cheapness and simplicity of the design - initially a two-cylinder engine with air cooled (later Motor 1200 V4), the synchronized gearbox and differential were in a single case in the back of the car.
All these technical features There were completely recreated and on ZAZ 966 (968). The only "branded" honors were "ears" - air intakes on boards of ZAZ, which disappeared with the release of the Restyling version of ZAZ 968m. "Eashadow" did not possess a high degree of reliability, however, it was very "live" - \u200b\u200bthe ability to move with strong technical problems formed the basis of many jokes.
In total, the modification of ZAZ 966 (968) was kept on the conveyor from 1967 until 1994.
GAZ 24 / FORD FALCON / PLYMOTH VALIANT
The most massive passenger car of the Gorky Auto Plant. Like the previous model, the "twenty-fourth" was projected not "under the copy", but on the basis of the general trends of the models of the American auto industry. Stylistically in the exterior and interior are clearly guessed by the features of such cars as Ford Falcon and Plymouth Valiant Sample of the early 1960s.
The main aggregate component was a 2.5-liter gasoline engine (85 or 95 hp) and a mechanical four-stage gearbox. A 5.5-liter V8 engine was installed on a limited batch of cars in a pair with "automatic". In addition, Soviet designers tried to master the installation under the hood of GAZ-24 foreign six-cylinder gasoline engines, as well as the French diesel for export options. Constructive GAZ-24 was at the level of its American analogues, but it was noticeably inferior to European cars of the same class.
As well as GAZ-21, the new Volga had many body modifications and became the most prestigious mass machine of their time in the USSR.
Since 1970 to 1992, 1,481,561 GAZ-24 cars were released. Modernized versions of GAZ-24 were produced flesh until 2009.
VAZ 2101 / Fiat 124
Today, it is unlikely that someone does not know that the legendary Soviet "penny" is a licensed copy of the Italian Fiat 124 of the 1966 sample, which in the same year received the title "Car of the Year in Europe". In general, the Soviet auto industry became truly mass, starting with VAZ-2101. With the advent of this model, the Soviet Union builds not only a new plant, but also subsidiaries for its provision, and also develops automotive infrastructure for the population.
Despite the loud title, Fiat 124 was not an advanced car for his time, but was distinguished by good consumer and driving qualities in ease of design and a low price. Technically, the VAZ-2101 is not an accurate copy of Fiat, since the latter was originally created in the calculation of good European roads and a warm climate. During the driving tests, our engineers "smashed" the design of almost all nodes and aggregates, making a reliable car in the conditions of domestic realities.
For the Soviet owners of that time, the VAZ-2101 has become a real technological breakthrough in many parameters, the main of which was comfort, both rolling and operational.
Despite the fact that Fiat 124 production was completed in 1976, the VAZ-2101 and all its subsequent modifications existed on the conveyor almost 42 years (!) From 1970 until September 2012.
Moskvich 2141 / SIMCA-Chrysler 1307
In the second half of the seventies of the last century, according to AvtoVAZ, the new management of the AZLK plant began searching for a foreign partner with the finished model, the production of which could be established in the Soviet Union. According to the concept and price, the "new Moskvich" was to become an optional excavation and take a place between the mass "Zhiguli" and the prestigious Volga.
The choice fell on the French car SIMCA-1307 of the 1975 sample, produced by a subsidiary of the CHRYSLER EUROPE concern. As well as Fiat 124 at one time, SIMCA-1307 in 1976 received the title "Car of the Year in Europe". The AZLK constructors completely redested the front of the car for the installation of a domestic engine, replaced the rear torsion pendant SIMCA with a semi-independent beam with twisted springs and changed body panels. However, the carcass of the body and the general appearance of the model called "Moskvich 2141", repeated French car.
The main advantages of the car were spacious and ergonomic interior for their time, as well as good term course stability and ease of control. Disadvantages are weak outdated engines from the VAZ-2106 or Ufa Motor Plant. Frankly low quality assembly, components and corrosive resistance, in the end, and destroyed the car, and then the entire AZLK plant.
For the history of the existence of Moskvich 2141, several attempts of modernization were held, including the installation of diesel motor Ford. and gasoline motor Renault. Also, several modifications in the body of the sedan, coupe, pickup and the universal project were released. All of them remained flat or exhibition.
"Moskvich 2141" was produced from 1986 to 2003.
Volga Siber / Chrysler Sebring / Dodge Stratus
By the end of the "zero" years, the company in the enterprise once again the question arose about the replacement of the archaic in all parameters of the model "Volga", the designs of which knocked, no little, 38 years old. According to the current Soviet tradition new model It was decided to make a licensed copy of the 2000 Chrysler Sebing (Dodge Stratus) in the states of the 2000 car, especially since the domestic plant had already an agreement with Chrysler to supply engines.
As a result, in 2008 with minimal external and technical changes, the car went into production. The car was installed "native" 2.4 liter engine first with a four-step automatic, and then with a five-speed mechanical transmission. There were plans for the installation of gasoline engines 2.0 and V6 2.7 liters, but they were not destined to come true.
After two years later, in October 2010, due to extremely low demand, the production of Volga Siber was cooler. Failure to assign: domestic consumers waited for a new "Volga" - that is, a large, constructive simple and cheap car, and received a relatively modern "foreign car" of the corresponding value.
With the end of the release of Volga Siber, the history of the production of passenger cars was finished. To date, contract assembly has been established on the released capacity car Skoda., Volkswagen and Chevrolet.
Since 2008 to 2010, 8,933 VOLGA SIBER vehicles were released.
Lada Largus / Dacia Logan MCV
In 2009, the Russian authorities appealed to the leadership of the Renault-Nissan alliance with a request to modernize the AvtoVAZ plant (the Franco-Japanese concern at that time was already owned by a 25% stake in the Russian enterprise).
A decision was made on the joint production of a new model - which is a licensed copy of the Franco-Romanian car Dacia Logan MCV. Especially for the new model, new production facilities were created or converted. In addition, the level of localization of the new car exceeded 60%, and by 2014 it should be 72%.
The Lada Largus aggregate is no different from its European "counterpart", which will be presented in the second generation in the near future. Under the hood is a gasoline engine 1.6 with a capacity of 84 or 105 horse power, docked with five-speed mechanics. Changes in domestic engineers have drove to "point" refinement of suspension, installation of plastic and rubber anthers, mudguards and protective linings.
Lada Largus is available only in the body of a wagon, and both in five and in seven-seed performance. There is also a cargo commercial modification. Registered installation automatic transmission. In any case, Lada Largus today is the most modern model produced under the Russian brand.
According to plan, the production of the car must last until 2023.
Currently from all enterprises producing domestic cars"Alive" there was only an AvtoVAZ giant with its subsidiary "Izhavto", and even then, thanks to unprecedented financial investments from the state. As well as the Sollers Group of Companies, which managed to maintain the production of UAZ SUVs.
However, AvtoVAZ in the near future should be fully proceeding under the control of the Renault-Nissan Alliance, which will definitely focus on the release of its own models in Russia (let and under the LADA brand). And Sollers is already concentrated on licensed assembly. car Ford., SsangYong, Isuzu ,.
Most likely, in the coming decades, the history of a passenger domestic auto industry will come to its logical final. Leaving endless attempts to adapt and upgrade outdated their own and Western counterparts, Russian enterprises will simply become the production sites of world car brands.
In the material used photos from NNM.ru sites, Motor.net.pl, zp-avto.ru, dic.academic.ru, ned.rontet.ru, autoWP.ru, Telegraaf.nl, wwww.zaz.su, temptauto. Su, Lada-largus.com, Cep.Sabah.com.tr.
