GOST 305-2013
Interstate standard
Diesel fuel
Technical conditions
Diesel Fuel. Specifications.
ISS 75.160.20
Date of introduction 2015-01-01
Preface
Objectives, basic principles and procedure for conducting work on interstate standardization Installed GOST 1.0-92 "Interstate standardization system. Basic provisions" and GOST 1.2-2009 "Interstate standardization system. Standards interstate, rules and recommendations on interstate standardization. Development, adoption rules , updates and cancellation "
Information about standard
1 Developed by an open joint-stock company "All-Russian Research Institute for Oil Processing" (JSC "VNII NP"), Technical Committee on Standardization of TC 31 "Oil Fuel and Lubricants"
2 introduced by the Federal Agency for Technical Regulation and Metrology
3 Adopted by the Interstate Council for Standardization, Metrology and Certification (Protocol of November 14, 2013 N 44)
For the adoption voted:
Short name of the country on MK (ISO 3166) 004-97 | Abbreviated name of the National Standardization Authority |
|
Armenia | Ministry of Economy of the Republic of Armenia |
|
Kyrgyzstan | Kyrgyzstandart |
|
Russia | Rosstandard. |
|
Uzbekistan | Ustanndart |
4 by the order of the Federal Agency for Technical Regulation and Metrology of November 22, 2013 N 1871-ST Interstate Standard GOST 305-2013 was introduced as the National Standard of the Russian Federation from January 1, 2015
5 instead of GOST 305-82
Information on the changes to this standard is published by the E-annual information indicator "National Standards", and the text of the amendments and amendments - in the monthly information indicator "National Standards". In case of revision (replacement) or the cancellation of this Standard, the appropriate notification will be published in the National Standards Monthly Information Index. Relevant information, notification and texts are also posted in the public information system - on the official website of the Federal Agency for Technical Regulation and Metrology on the Internet
1 area of \u200b\u200buse
1 area of \u200b\u200buse
This standard applies to diesel fuel (hereinafter referred to as fuel) for high-speed diesel and gas turbine engines ground and ship vehicles, obtained in the processing of oil and gas condensates, as well as for export.
Fuel with a sulfur content of 2000 mg / kg is supplied according to the state defense order and export.
This fuel is not allowed to be implemented through general gas station stations.
Classification of product groups on the territory of the Russian Federation on the All-Russian Product Classifier (OKP), designed to ensure reliability, comparability and automated processing of product information, is provided in Appendix A.
2 Regulatory references
This standard uses regulatory references to the following interstate standards:
GOST 12.1.005-88 Labor safety standards system. General sanitary and hygienic requirements for the air of the working area
GOST 12.1.007-76 Labor safety standards. Harmful substances. Classification and general safety requirements
GOST 12.1.018-93 Labor safety standards. Fire-safety static electricity. General requirements
GOST 12.1.044-89 (ISO 4589-84) System of labor safety standards. Firelessness of substances and materials. Nomenclature of indicators and methods for their definition
GOST 12.4.010-75 Labor safety standards. Individual protection means. Special mittens. Technical conditions
GOST 12.4.011-89 Labor safety standards. Means of protecting working. General requirements and classification
GOST 12.4.020-82 Labor safety standards system. Individual hand protection. Nomenclature of quality indicators
GOST 12.4.021-75 Labor safety standards system. Ventilation systems. General requirements
GOST 12.4.034-2001 (EN 133-90) System of labor safety standards. Personal respiratory protection. Classification and marking
GOST 12.4.068-79 Labor safety standards. Individual protection means dermatological. Classification and general requirements
GOST 12.4.103-83 Labor safety standards system. Special protective clothing, personal protective equipment and hand. Classification
GOST 12.4.111-82 Labor safety standards system. Men's suits for protection against oil and petroleum products. Technical conditions
GOST 12.4.112-82 Labor safety standards system. Women's costumes for protection against oil and petroleum products. Technical conditions
GOST 17.2.3.02-78 Nature Protection. Atmosphere. Rules for establishing permissible emissions of harmful substances by industrial enterprises
GOST 33-2000 (ISO 3104-94) petroleum products. Transparent and opaque liquids. Determination of kinematic viscosity and calculation of dynamic viscosity
GOST EN 116-2013 Fuel diesel and furnace household. Method for determining the limiting temperature of the filterness
GOST 1461-75 Oil and petroleum products. The method of determining ashness
GOST 1510-84 Oil and petroleum products. Marking, Packaging, Transportation and Storage
GOST 2070-82 Light oil products. Methods for determining iodine numbers and content of unsaturated hydrocarbons
GOST ISO 2160-2013
GOST 2177-99 (ISO 3405-88) petroleum products. Methods for determining the fractional composition
GOST 2517-2012 Oil and petroleum products. Sampling methods
GOST ISO 2719-2013 petroleum products. Methods for determining the flash temperature in the closed penalty of Pensky Martens
GOST 3122-67 fuel diesel. Method for determining the cetane number
GOST ISO 3405-2013 petroleum products. Method for determining the fractional composition at atmospheric pressure
GOST 5985-79 Petroleum products. The method of determining acidity and acid number
GOST 6307-75 petroleum products. Method for determining the presence of water-soluble acids and alkalis
GOST 6321-92 (ISO 2160-85) fuel for engines. Test method on a copper plate
GOST 6356-75 petroleum products. Method for determining the flash temperature in a closed crucible
GOST 17323-71 Engine fuel. Method for determining mercaptan and hydrogen sulfur with potentiometric titration
GOST 19121-73 petroleum products. Method for determining the sulfur content in the lamp
GOST 19433-88 Loads dangerous. Classification and marking
GOST 19932-99 (ISO 6615-93) petroleum products. Determination of the cumacity by Conradson
GOST ISO 20846-2012 Petroleum products. Determination of sulfur content by ultraviolet fluorescence
GOST 22254-92 Diesel fuel. Method for determining the limiting temperature of the filterness on the cold filter
GOST 32139-2013 Oil and petroleum products. Determination of the sulfur content by the method of energy dispersive X-ray fluorescent spectrometry
GOST 32329-2013 Petroleum products. Determination of corrosion impact on the copper plate
GOST 32392-2013 Petroleum products. Determination of coke residue by micrometeode
GOST 32508-2013 Diesel fuel. Definition of a cetane number
Note - When using this standard, it is advisable to check the action of reference standards in the public information system - on the official website of the Federal Agency for Technical Regulation and Metrology on the Internet or on the National Standards Annual Information Signal, which is published as of January 1 of the current year, and on issues of the monthly information pointer "National Standards" for the current year. If the reference standard is replaced (changed), then when using this standard should be guided by replacing (modified) standard. If the reference standard is canceled without replacement, the position in which the reference is given to it is applied in a portion that does not affect this link.
3 Classification
3.1 Depending on the conditions of application, fuel is divided into brands:
- L - summer, recommended for operation at ambient temperature minus 5 ° C and higher;
- E - the off-season, recommended for operation at ambient temperature minus 15 ° C and higher:
- W - winter, recommended for operation at ambient temperature up to minus 25 ° C (the limiting temperature of the filtrality - no higher than minus 25 ° C) and up to minus 35 ° C (the limiting temperature of the filterness is not higher than minus 35 ° C);
- A - Arctic, recommended for operation at ambient temperature minus 45 ° C and higher.
4 Legend
4.1 In the conventional fuel designation indicate:
- for the brand L - the outbreak temperature and ecological fuel class.
An example of the conditional designation of diesel fuel brand L, with an outbreak temperature of 40 ° C, ecological class K2, according to GOST 305-2013:
DT-L-40-K2 byGOST 305-2013 ;
For the brand E is the limit temperature of the filterness and the ecological class of fuel.
An example of the conditional designation of diesel fuel Mark E, with a filtral temperature of minus 15, ecological class K2, according to GOST 305-2013:
DT-E-minus 15-K2GOST 305-2013 ;
For the brand З - the limit temperature of the filterness and the ecological class of fuel.
An example of the conventional designation of diesel fuel of the brand Z, with a filtral temperature of minus 25, ecological class K2, according to GOST 305-2013:
Dt-z-minus 25-k2 byGOST 305-2013 ;
For the brand A - the ecological class of fuel.
An example of the conditional designation of diesel fuel of the brand A, the environmental class K2, according to GOST 305-2013:
DT-A-K2 byGOST 305-2013 .
5 Technical requirements
5.1 Fuel must comply with the requirements of this standard and manufactured according to the approved technology. Fuel should be made using technology and with additives, which were used in the manufacture of pilot-industrial designs and passed tests with positive results.
5.2 In physical and chemical and operational indicators, fuel must comply with the requirements specified in Table 1.
Table 1 - Fuel Requirements
Name of the indicator | Value for brand | Test method |
|||
1 cetane number, not less | |||||
2 Fractional composition: | |||||
for diesel and ship diesel engines and gas turbines | |||||
for general purpose diesel engines | |||||
5 mass fraction of sulfur, mg / kg, no more | |||||
6 Mass fraction of mercaptan sulfur,%, no more | |||||
7 Mass fraction of hydrogen sulfide | Absence | ||||
8 Copper Plate Test | Withstands. Class 1. | ||||
Absence | |||||
10 acidity, mg Kon 100 cm fuel, no more | |||||
11 iodine number, g iodine per 100 g of fuel, no more | |||||
12 ash content,%, no more | |||||
14 overall pollution, mg / kg, no more | According to standard |
||||
According to standard |
|||||
16 density at 15 ° C, kg / m, no more | |||||
17 Limit temperature of filterness, ° C, not higher | Minus 5. | ||||
Minus 45. | |||||
Notes |
|||||
5.3 The fuel may contain dyes (except green and blue colors) and tag substances.
5.4 The fuel may contain additives that do not harm the life and health of citizens, the environment, the property of individuals and legal entities, the life and health of animals and plants.
The fuel should not contain metal-containing additives, with the exception of antistatic additives.
6 Precision Test Methods
6.1 Precision is established in standards for test methods to which references are given in this standard. In case of disagreement in assessing test results, you should use standards and.
7 Safety Requirements
7.1 The fuel is a low-hazard fluid and according to the degree of impact on the human body refers to the 4th class of danger in accordance with GOST 12.1.007.
7.2 The fuel is irritating the mucous membrane and human skin, causing its defeat and the occurrence of skin diseases. Permanent contact with fuel can cause sharp inflammation and chronic eczema.
7.3 The maximum permissible concentration of vapor aliphatic hydrocarbons in the air of the working area is 300 mg / m in accordance with the requirements of GOST 12.1.005.
Requirements for extremely permissible concentrations (MPC) of fuel in the atmospheric air of populated places, in water of water bodies of economic and drinking and consumer water use, in the soil and control of the concentration of harmful substances in the air of the working area in accordance with the approved regulatory documents.
7.4 In accordance with GOST 12.1.044, the fuel is a flammable liquid.
Explosive concentration of fuel vapor in the mixture with air - 2% vol. - 3% about.
The temperature of self-ignition fuel grades L, E - 300 ° C, the brand s - 310 ° C, the brand A - 330 ° C; Temperature limits of ignition:
- L, E - lower 69 ° C, upper 119 ° C.
- z - lower 62 ° C, upper 105 ° C;
- A - lower 57 ° C, upper 100 ° C.
7.5 When fueling, the following fire extinguishing agents are used: sprayed water, foam; With volumetric heating - carbon dioxide, compounds of the SZB and "3.5", superheated steam.
7.6 In the storage premises and the use of fuel is prohibited to use open fire; Electrical networks and artificial lighting should be explosion-proof.
When working with fuel, it is not allowed to use tools giving the spark when hitting.
7.7 Capacities and pipelines intended for storage and transportation of fuel must be protected from static electricity in accordance with GOST 12.1.018.
7.8 When fueling the fuel, it is necessary to assemble it into a separate container, and the spill place to wipe with a dry cloth; When spilling on an open site, the spill place must be inserted with sand with its subsequent removal and disposal in accordance with the sanitary standards approved in the prescribed manner.
7.9 Fuel Work Premises must be equipped with generally sub-exhaust ventilation with mechanical motivation that meets the requirements of GOST 12.4.021. Places of intensive selection of fuel vapor must be equipped with local suction.
In addition to fuel storage, acids, oxygen cylinders and other oxidizers are not allowed.
7.10 When working with fuel, individual means of protection according to GOST 12.4.011, GOST 12.4.103, GOST 12.4.111, GOST 12.4.112 and typical sectoral standards approved in the prescribed manner.
In places with a fuel vapor concentration, it is necessary to use the filter gas masks of the PFMG brand with the BKF box and the PSH-1 hose gas mask or the same specified in GOST 12.4.034.
7.11 When working with fuel, it is necessary to follow personal hygiene rules.
7.12 If fuel comes to open parts of the body, it is necessary to remove it and rinse the skin with warm soap water; If you get an eye on the mucous membrane, it is necessary to rush the eyes with warm water.
Special protective mittens are used to protect the skin of hands 12.4.010, ointments and pastes according to GOST 12.4.068, as well as the means of individual protection of hands in GOST 12.4.020.
7.13 All fuel runs should be in the prescribed manner to pass the preliminary (when receiving work) and periodic medical examinations in accordance with the established requirements.
8 Environmental Protection Requirements
8.1 In order to protect atmospheric air from pollution emissions of harmful substances, control over the content of extremely permissible emissions in accordance with GOST 17.2.3.02 should be organized.
8.2 The main means of protecting the environment from harmful effects of fuel are the use of hermetic equipment in technological processes and operations related to the production, transportation, use and storage of fuel, as well as strict adherence to the technological regime.
8.3 In the production, storage and use of fuel, measures should be provided that exclude its hit in the system of household and storm sewers, as well as in open reservoirs and the soil.
9 Rules acceptance
9.1 Fuel take parties. The party is considered to be any amount of product manufactured during the continuous technological process, on the same technological documentation, uniform according to the component composition and quality indicators, accompanied by one quality document (product passport) issued at acceptance on the basis of the test of the unified sample. The mass of the combined sample is 2 DM fuel.
9.2 Product Passport issued by the manufacturer must contain:
- Product name and brand;
- the name of the manufacturer (authorized by the manufacturer of the person) or the importer, or the seller, their location (indicating the country);
- the designation of this Standard;
- regulatory values \u200b\u200band actual test results confirming the compliance of fuel with the requirements of this Standard and Technical Regulations *;
_______________
- date of issue and passport number;
- signature of the person who has aroused the passport;
- information about the conformity declaration (if available);
- Information about the presence of additives in fuel.
9.3 Accompanying documentation for a batch of fuel produced into appeal is carried out in Russian and in the state language of the State Member of the CU, in whose territory this party will be in circulation.
9.4 When selling fuel, the Seller is obliged to provide information on the name and fuel brand, its compliance with the requirements of the Technical Regulation *.
_______________
* Operates in the territory of the countries of the Customs Union.
With the retail sale of fuel, it is necessary to provide information on the name, fuel brand, including the environmental class, which should be placed in places available to consumers, on fuel disadvantaged equipment, and also reflected in cash checks.
At the request of the consumer, the Seller is obliged to present a copy of the document on the quality (product passport) on fuel.
9.5 When obtaining unsatisfactory results of acceptance tests, at least one of the indicators shown in Table 1, conduct repeated tests on the sample again selected from the same batch. Results of repeated tests are final and distributed to the entire batch.
9.6 Indicators 9-13 Tables 1 are guaranteed by production technology and are determined 1 time per quarter.
Upon receipt of unsatisfactory results of periodic tests, at least one of the indicated test indicators is translated into the category of acceptance and conduct tests for this indicator before receiving positive results at least two parties in a row.
10 Test Methods
10.1 Sampling - according to GOST 2517 or according to standards.
10.2 In case of disagreements in assessing fuel quality, use the test method given in Table 1 first.
11 Marking, Transportation and Storage
11.1 Marking, transportation and storage of fuel - according to GOST 1510.
11.2 The shipper is applied to labeling, characterizing the transport hazard of fuels, according to the rules - and GOST 19433: Class - 3; subclass - 3.3; danger sign - 3; Classification cipher - 3313; UN number - 1202, emergency card - 315.
11.3 Transportation is carried out by rail and automotive tanks or motorcycle powers.
11.4 Fuel Storage - according to GOST 1510.
12 Manufacturer's guarantees
12.1 Manufacturer guarantees fuel compliance with the requirements of this standard, subject to the terms of transportation and storage.
12.2 Warranty shelf life of diesel fuel - 5 years from the date of manufacture.
Appendix A (Reference). Classification of product groups on the territory of the Russian Federation on the All-Russian Product Classifier (OKP)
Appendix A.
(Reference)
Table A.1.
Mark fuel | OKP for fuel with sulfur content | ||||
500 mg / kg | |||||
L (summer) | |||||
E (interseason) | |||||
S (winter) | |||||
A (Arctic) | |||||
Notes | |||||
Bibliography
Liquid petroleum products. Medium distillate fuel. Method for determining the delay of ignition and the resulting cetane number (DCN) combustion in the chamber of constant volume | ||||||
Petroleum products. Determining the flammability of diesel fuel. Determination of the cetane number of the engine method | ||||||
EN ISO 5165: 1998 * | Petroleum products. Determination of flammability of diesel fuels. Method of the cetane number using the engine | |||||
EN ISO 5165: 1998) | (Petroleum Products - Determination Of The Ignition Quality Of Diesel Fuels - Cetane Engine Method) | |||||
________________ | ||||||
Liquid petroleum products. Determining the delay of ignition and a derivative of the cetane number (DCN) of medium distillates by burning in a constant volume chamber | ||||||
(Liquid Petroleum Products - Determination Of Ignition Delay and Derived Cetane Number (DCN) of Middle Distillate FUELS by Combustion in A Constant Volume Chamber) | ||||||
ISO 3104: 1996 | Petroleum products. Transparent and opaque liquids. Determination of kinematic viscosity and calculation of dynamic viscosity | |||||
EN ISO 3104: 1996) | (Petroleum Products - Transparent and Opaque Liquids - Determination Of Kinematic Viscosity and Calculation Of Dynamic Viscosity) | |||||
ASTM D 445-12. | Standard method for determining the kinematic viscosity of transparent and opaque liquids (calculation of dynamic viscosity) | |||||
Oil and petroleum products. Definition of sulfur method of energy dispersive X-ray fluorescent spectrometry | ||||||
Petroleum products. Determination of sulfur content by X-ray fluorescent spectrometry with dispersion by wavelength | ||||||
ST RK ISO 8754: 2003 * | ||||||
________________ | ||||||
EN ISO 8754: 2003 | Petroleum products. Determination of sulfur content. X-ray fluorescent spectrometry based on the energy dispersion method | |||||
EN ISO 8754: 2003) | (Petroleum Products - Determination Of Sulfur Content - Energy-Dispersive X-Ray Fluorescence Spectrometry) | |||||
EN ISO 14596: 2007 | Petroleum products. Determination of sulfur content. The method of long-wave dispersion X-ray fluorescent spectrometry | |||||
EN ISO 14596: 2007) | Petroleum Products - Determination Of Sulfur Content - Wavelength-Dispersive X-Ray Fluorescence Spectrometry) | |||||
Petroleum products. Determination of sulfur content in automotive fuels by X-ray fluorescent energy operating spectrometry | ||||||
EN ISO 20847: 2004 | Petroleum products. Determination of sulfur content in fuels for internal combustion engines. X-ray fluorescent spectrometry method with energy dispersion | |||||
En ISO 20847: 2004) | (Petroleum Products - Determination Of Sulfur Content of Automotive FUELS - Energy-Dispersive X-Ray Fluorescence Spectrometry) | |||||
EN ISO 6245: 2002 | Petroleum products. Determination of ashness | |||||
EN ISO 6245: 2002) | Petroleum Products - Determination Of ASH) | |||||
ASTM D 482-13 | Standard method for determining ash content in petroleum products | |||||
Standard Test Method for Ash From Petroleum Products) | ||||||
Liquid petroleum products. Determination of pollution in medium distillates | ||||||
(Liquid Petroleum Products - Determination Of Contamination In Middle Distillates) | ||||||
ISO 12937: 2000 | Petroleum products. Determination of water. Calometric Titing Method for Carlo Fisher | |||||
EN ISO 12937: 2000) | Petroleum Products - Determination Of Water - Coulometric Karl Fischer Titration Method) | Oil raw and oil products are liquid. Laboratory method for determining density using a carometer | ||||
EH ISO 12185: 1996 | Oil raw and petroleum products. Definition of density. Oscillation method in U-shaped tube | |||||
EN ISO 12185: 1996) | (CRUDE PETROLEUM AND PETROLEUM PRODUCTS - DETERMINATION OF DENSITY - OSCILLATING U-TUBE METHOD) | |||||
ASTM D 1298-12. | Standard density determination method, relative density (specific gravity) or density in units of the API of crude oil and liquid petroleum products by a market | |||||
(ASTM D 1298-12) | Standard Test Method for Density, Relative Density or API Gravity of Crude Petroleum and Liquid Petroleum Products by Hydrometer Method) | |||||
Standard density and relative density density method using digital denneter | ||||||
(ASTM D 4052-11) | Standard Test Method for Density, Relative Density, And API Gravity of Liquids by Digital Density Meter) | |||||
State system for ensuring uniformity of measurements. Definition and application of indicators of precision test methods of petroleum products | ||||||
EH ISO 4259: 2006 | Petroleum products. Definition and application of indicators of precision test methods | |||||
EN ISO 4259: 2006) | Petroleum Products - Determination and Application Of Precision Data in Relation to Methods of Test) | |||||
Technical Regulations of the Customs Union Tr Ts 013/2011 | On the requirements for automotive and aviation gasoline, diesel and ship fuel, fuel for jet engines and fuel oil (approved by the decision of the Commission of the Customs Union of October 18, 2011 N 826) | |||||
ISO 3170: 2004 | Liquid petroleum products. Manual sampling | |||||
(ISO 3170: 2004) | Petroleum Liquids - MANUAL SAMPLING) | |||||
EN ISO 3171: 1999 | Liquid petroleum products. Automatic sampling from the pipeline | |||||
EN ISO 3171: 1999) | Petroleum Liquids - Automatic Pipeline Sample) | |||||
UDC 665.753.4: 006.354 μs 75.160.20
Keywords: diesel fuel, specifications
____________________________________________________________________________________
Electronic document text
prepared Codex JSC and drilled by:
official edition
M.: Standinform, 2014
One day, representatives of foreign automobiles expressed their assessment to Russian diesel fuel. They counted that it is hardly working on it the car engine is able to step up 600,000 km of run. The practice has shown the opposite, it happens, and the larger mileage is kept. After applying for an explanation to such specialists of the "VNII NP", as Kraynikov V. D. and Bakalenik A. M., became clearly understood by the general picture.
Where sulfur in fuel
The presence of sulfur and its compounds in crude oil does not surprise anyone, it is simply contained in the elementary state. A elementary sulfur, hydrogen sulfide and mercaptans are rather aggressively cause metal corrosion, if you allow it to be in a diesel fuel or gasoline. In refineries, they derive them from the final product, the mercaptans are strictly limited. The limit on other compounds of sulfur is set up, above which it is impossible to move, and it is called a "mass fraction of sulfur".
Since this rate is becoming increasingly rigid, then oil processors are more and more funds spend on cleaning and producing diesel fuel, and it also grows in price. The sulfur is not completely removed, a small amount (within the normal range) still takes place in any "commercial" fuel.
A bit of history and chemistry
According to this standard, the fuel can be "small-sized" and "sulfur". These words were understood as ambiguously. When there was no or almost no restrictions on the amount of harmful emissions, the norm on the sulfur content was needed only so that it does not harm the engine. This approach in the production of fuel was not so expensive as now, and falls from 1950 to 1970.
At that time, the "sulfur" was considered fuel having 1% sulfur, "small-sized" was limited to 0.2%. In addition to wear of nodes and parts of the diesel engine, the problem has not seen. It was also disturbed by deposits on metal formed during the combustion of SO3 and SO2 sulfur compounds.
Basically, these compounds are ejected from the engine along with spent gases. Another part of these sulfur products enters into interaction with water vapor, and forms sulfur and sulfuric acids.
The result of their engine impact is as follows:
- an increase in corrosion on the details of the piston group;
- education reduces heat transfer from the piston;
- nagar limits the mobility of the rings, and the compression is reduced.
Effect of alkaline oil for wear of the piston rings of diesel
It was necessary to solve this problem using the chemical composition of the oil. The additives in it should have neutralized the acids at the expense of their alkaline and detergents. If changing the oil in a timely manner, corrosion and education of Nagara completely prevents.
Fuel with a large percentage of sulfur requires more frequent oil replacement, the mileage of such engines is less.
Now the situation is somewhat different. The limits have changed at times:
- sulbly fuel contains 0.2% sulfur;
- low-hearted - 0.035%.
The whole reason is that they began to fight for the state of the environment. Machine Park has grown multiple times and to save nature, tightened the norms of emissions into the atmosphere of everything that the car pollutes it. Accordingly, manufacturers of equipment, equipping the engines with ships, catalysts and filters. Changes were made to the process of preparation of fuel combustion.
Surnevy compounds in the composition of fuel during combustion increase the level of toxicity of exhaust gases. Therefore, not only the technique is upgraded to new standards, but also implemented the requirements to reduce the percentage of sulfur in automotive fuel.
Gosta and that on diesel fuel produced in Russia regulate its quality not only for road vehicles, but also for ships, diesel locomotives, agricultural machines, road repair and construction park. GOST 305-82 is distributed to 85% of the produced diesel fuel. The percentage of sulfur 0.2% is taken as a basis. The second type fuel allows an increase in the percentage of sulfur to 0.5%. But now the standards provide for the content of sulfur to 0.05%.
Stages of tightening standards for sulfur content in car fuel
Special technical conditions have been developed for the quality of diesel fuel, which will be used in complex environmental districts and major cities of the country. The sulfur content in the fuel must be a maximum of 0.05%.
From 01.11.2011, TU 38,401-58-296-2001 was introduced, limiting the percentage of sulfur in fuel to 0.035%.
Several later, the industry focuses on the release of gasoline and diesel fuel, taking into account the requirements of Euro-3 and the content of sulfur not more than 0.015% in gasoline. This is the process of not one day and stretched for 5 years. So, the previous technical conditions also acted.
When the percentage of sulfur was less than 0.035%, the lubricating properties worsened in diesel fuel. This accelerates the wear of fuel pumps and other elements of the fuel system. There was a need for additives in order to improve lubricating characteristics. And they are mainly imported origin.
Yes, and in domestic gas stations, there are no separate columns on different grades of diesel fuel. Mixing different varieties in one container, the seller (owner of the gas station) worsens the environmental properties of fuel. And then it is necessary to solve the issue of infrastructure to make a diesel fuel from the manufacturer without losing quality. And this is a matter of not one day.
diesel fuel shared on the following stamps:- summer - Used at air temperature not lower than 0 ° C and has in its designation the number of sulfur and the flash temperature, for example, L-0,2-40;
- winter - It is used at temperatures not lower than -20 ° C and has a number of sulfur in the designation and the frosted temperature, for example, S-0.05 (-25 ° C);
- arctic - It is used to -50 ° C, it has a sulfur number in the designation and the frosted temperature, for example, A-0.05 (-50 ° C).
Currently, the above-mentioned Standard of the USSR is outdated, but the old designations of the diesel engine can still be found in consumer requests.
In the European Union In 1993, the EN 590 standard was introduced (originally Euro-1), which underwent 4 modifications. Currently there is a European standard EN 590-2009, it is also Euro-5. These standards classify diesel fuel for temperature-climatic zones of application: Class A - F for temperatures from +5 to -20 ° C, Class 0 - 4 for temperatures from -20 to -44 ° C.
In Russia When careing from the Soviet standard was initially decided to switch to the European classification system. Since 2005, a new state standard for diesel fuel is operating in the Russian Federation - GOST R 52368-2005. It fully complies with the Specifications EN 590. According to a new standard in diesel fuel, the sulfur content is limited, namely:
- view I. - sulfur content of no more than 350 mg / kg;
- view II - sulfur content no more than 50 mg / kg;
- type III - sulfur content no more than 10 mg / kg.
New GOST considers diesel fuel separately depending on the climatic conditions of the terrain of its use. For regions with temperate climate diesel fuel is separated by varietieswhich indicate the limiting temperature of the filterness:
- Sort A. (+5 ° С)
- Grade B. (0 ° C)
- Grade C. (-5 ° C)
- Sort D. (-10 ° С)
- Grade E. (-15 ° С)
- Grade F. (-20 ° C)
And for areas with a cold climate diesel fuel divided into classes With limit filtral temperature:
- Class 0 (-20 ° C)
- Class 1. (-26 ° С)
- Class 2. (-32 ° С)
- Class 3. (-38 ° С)
- Class 4. (-44 ° С)
It should be noted that at present, the use of 2014 is prohibited in Russia diesel fuel ecological class K2From January 1, 2015, it is derived from the conversion of class K3 fuel, and from January 1, 2016, in the territory of the Russian Federation, the output and circulation of diesel fuel of the environmental class is not lower than K5.
From July 1, 2014, GOST R 55475-2013 "Fuel Diesel Winter and Arctic Deparaffined" will be enacted in Russia. This fuel is made using the modern method of catalytic dewaxing. In accordance with GOST, diesel fuel for districts with a cold climate is indicated as follows:
- Dt-z-k3 (K4, K5) minus 32;
- Dt-z-k3 (K4, K5) minus 38;
- Dt-a-k3 (K4, K5) minus 44;
- Dt-a-k3 (K4, K5) minus 48;
- Dt-a-k3 (K4, K5) minus 52.
In this case, the release and use of diesel fuel according to GOST R 52368-2005 is not limited.
As can be seen, when classification of diesel fuel 2 main parameters of the diesel engineering are used: the sulfur content and the filterness temperature. Meanwhile, diesel fuel is characterized by a large number of indicators, some of which are provided in the quality passports on the released fuel batch.
Constant improvement of technology and tightening environmental standards leads to an increase in requirements for quality of fuel . Much attention is paid to sulfur content in petroleum products and oil. This parameter is necessarily reflected in the quality passport.
Sulfur impurities are present in any oil grade and in all petroleum products by making up 0,05 before 6% from the total mass. Survy compounds are unevenly distributed over all fractions, even in deep peeled distillates. The high content of sulfur in fuel is undesirable for many reasons:
- sulfur toxic and is the reason for the unpleasant smell of petroleum products,
- reduces the resistance of gasoline to detonation,
- provocates increased integrated in cracking,
- increases corrosion activity,
- couples of sulfur compounds annoy the respiratory pathways of a person and worsen the state of the plants.
However, it is impossible to completely exclude sulfur from the fuel. For example, if the sulfur content in diesel fuel is below 0.035%, then its lubricants will significantly deteriorate, which leads to accelerating the wear of the elements of the car's fuel system. To prevent this, additives that improve lubricating properties are added to the diesel fuel. But they are still not allowed, as serial production has not yet been established. The only output is to reduce the amount of sulfur in petroleum products by establishing strict standards.
Sulfur classification of oil
GOST R 51858-2002 Defines the classes of oil in the content of sulfur:
- Class 1 - alone - sulfur in total weight of 0.6%.
- Class 2 - sulfur - sulfur in total weight to 1.8%.
- Class 3 - high-sulfur - sulfurs in total weight up to 3.5%.
- Class 4 - highly high-sulfur - sulfurs in a total weight above 3.5%.
Oil typically contains clean sulfur (her little) and its derivatives. IN quality passport It is indicated by the share of common sulfur (pure sulfur + sulfur-containing impurities). The higher the sulfur content in oil, the lower its value.
The main share of sulfur compounds (50-80%) in petroleum products are almost neutral sulphides and disulfides. The most "unpleasant" sulfur derivatives are mercaptans. It is they who cause a sharp smell and more others provoke corrosion and the formation of resins. The content of mercaptans is limited to several hundredths percent depending on the type of fuel and is indicated in the quality data sheet separately.
Calm rates for different types of fuel
Serious content standards are installed for all types of fuel. The most stringent requirements are presented to car gasolines and jet fuel. The permissible sulfur content in them from 0.02 to 0.1%. The same requirements are presented to solvent gasoline.
Diesel fuel in terms of sulfice is divided into ecological classes. Today in Russia, the issue and use of only DT Class Euro-5 With sulfur content less than 10 mg / kg.
How to reduce sulfur content
The removal of sulfur from fuel is carried out on oil refineries in two ways:
Pre-oil is passed through filters to release from mechanical impurities. And then it is processed by catalytic hydrogenation at high temperatures. The cost of the desolated oil is roughly half the value of primary raw materials, but in this way it is possible to obtain oil with a sulfur content of up to 1%.
The second method involves the removal of sulfur from a part of heavy oil fractions using vacuum distillation. These fractions are then hydrogenated with hydrogen. The resulting non-helen raw material is mixed with the bulk, and the total sulfur content is reduced by 80-95%.
This article was born from a random conversation with a colleague when the phrase sounded that it was estimated that representatives of foreign road companies in the content of sulfur, which differs in Russian fuel, none diesel can pass more than 600 thousand km. But go! We thought, and realized that everything was not as simple here as we would like our colleague. And in order not to produce specles and legends turned to those skilled in the art: Rezovikov and his colleague already well-known to our readers and his colleague in VNII NP, specializing in fuel, Arkady Mironovich Bakalenik.
Sulfur and its compounds as a natural component are part of crude oil in the form of elementary sulfur, hydrogen sulfide and various organic compounds (mercaptans, sulphides, disulfides, etc.), while in heavier sulfur oil and sulfur oil connections contains more than in lungs. Elementary sulfur, hydrogen sulfide, mercaptanes have high corrosion aggressiveness, therefore, in gasoline and diesel fuels, their presence was not allowed (sulfur and hydrogen sulfide) or strictly limited (mercaptane). The total content of the remaining sulfur compounds in the fuel limit the limit norm of the "mass fraction of sulfur". The tightening of the norms on this indicator requires the deepening of cleaning from sulfur and, accordingly, additional costs for fuel production, increases its cost, reduces resources. Therefore, in a certain amount of sulfur is present in all commercial fuels.
Recall that the current standard divides diesel fuel to the "sulfur" and "small-sized". In these terms at different times invested a different meaning. When manufacturers of technology did not even have or had minimal lifting emissions of harmful substances, the sulfur content was normalized, based on the possibility of ensuring reliable engine operation without a significant reduction in its resource, but so that it does not reduce the yield of fuel and did not increase its cost.
At this stage, i.e. In the 50s - 70s, the "sulfur" was delivered diesel fuel with a sulfur content of about 1.0%, and the "small-sized" was considered fuel in which it was not more than 0.2%. The main problem when using sulfur fuels was an increase in the wear of the details of the cylinder-piston group of diesel engines and the increase in the number of deposits on them under the action of sulfur combustion products. Most of these products (SO2 and SO3) are emitted with spent gases into the atmosphere, but also the amount of SO2 and SO3, which with water vapors form sulfur and sulfuric acids, significantly increases the corrosion wear of cylinders, piston rings and other parts, contributes to nagarization, violating Heat sink from piston, mobility of piston rings that reduces compression.
To solve these problems, diesel oils with alkaline detergents gave a neutralizing ability. Additives almost completely prevent corrosion wear of engine parts and increased nagar formation. With sufficient alkalinity of the oil (about 8-10 mg of con / g) wear of the set of piston rings when working on fuels with a sulfur content of 1.0; 0.5 and 0.2% almost the same if the oil change is performed in a timely manner. When working on fuel with a high sulfur content, an alkaline oil number decreases faster and the mileage before changing the oil is reduced.
Today the situation has changed. Now the "sulfur" is called fuel containing 0.2% sulfur, and it can only be 0.035% of it in "small-sized". What is the cause of such sharp changes?
In recent years, in connection with the acute problem of environmental pollution from exploitation of a rapidly growing multi-million dollar car park, more and more stringent norms on emissions by car of toxic compounds, solid particles, other air pollutants are introduced. Compliance with these norms demanded that manufacturers of appliances use in the design of cars of various emission management systems (survivors, catalytic neutralizers, filters, etc.), as well as changes in the organization of the combustion process, the introduction of exhaust gas recycling, new fuel injection systems.
The presence of sulfur compounds in fuel increases the toxicity of the exhaust gases not only directly - by increasing the concentration of sulfur oxides and solid particles in them, but also indirectly, by reducing the efficiency and reliability of modern systems for the management of exhaust gases. Therefore, at present, along with the development and production of equipment that meets new standards for emissions of harmful substances, more stringent restrictions on the content of sulfur in automotive fuels are gradually introduced.
Diesel fuels in Russia are currently producing according to GOST 305-82 and for more than thirty technical conditions (TU). For these documents, diesel fuels are made not only for vehicles, but also for agricultural machinery, construction and road machines, diesel locomotives, vessels, etc. In accordance with GOST 305-82, 80 - 85% are generated in Russia, i.e. The main volume of diesel fuel. The level of sulfur content of 0.2% can be considered basic for Russia. In diesel fuel of the form 2, even the sulfur content is allowed to 0.5%. However, this rule is reviewed towards tightening on the sulfur content, fuel with a limit content of 0.05% is also introduced.
For use in large cities or regions with a complex environmental situation, the technical conditions for diesel fuel with improved environmental properties - urban (TU 38.401-58-170-96) with a sulfur content of not more than 0.05% and "environmentally clean" fuels (TU 38.1011348 -99), providing for, among other restrictions, the release of fuel with a sulfur content of not more than 0.035%.
From November 1, 2001, TU 38.401-58-296-2001 "Diesel automotive fuel was approved and put into effect. Specifications "developed on the basis of the authentic translation of the EN-590-2000 with a sulfur content rate of not more than 0.035%, for cars that meet the requirements of EURO-3. By 2003 - 2005 It is planned to harmonize domestic standards for gasoline and diesel fuel with European requirements for Euro-3 levels. This means limiting the sulfur content in gasoline to 0.015%, and in diesel fuel to 0.035%. But the introduction of such standards will not mean simultaneous transition to new requirements: the process will continue at least 5 years. During this period, "old" and "new" requirements will act simultaneously.
Diesel fuels with sulfur content less than 0.035% have the worst lubricant properties. Their use leads to a significant increase in the wear of high-pressure pump plungers and a decrease in the deadlines for the trouble-free operation of other fuel equipment units. He became the necessary entry in fuel additives that improve their lubricating properties. In Russia, such additives are not yet serially produced. And this is not the only problem associated with the transition to new standards.
Unfortunately, on our gas stations, a separate sale of diesel fuels of different brands, differing in the content of sulfur in them and other indicators characterizing their environmental friendliness in them, has not yet been organized. This actual task must be solved, since the mixing of fuels in one capacity of gas stations leads to a deterioration in the quality of environmentally friendly varieties. But this is the question of reforming the infrastructure that will require considerable time.
