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Classification of cars: special cars. Specialized cargo transportation which cars belong to specialized and special

In the modern world, the tasks of the most diverse nature may be placed in front of the vehicles. They are not always limited to only the carriage of passengers and goods, and often it is required to perform a number of additional functions. To solve such tasks, special cars are used, or special transport. Today, this category of vehicles is represented by a wide variety of types and models.

What is Spetstransport

Most cars presented in the modern market are intended to solve traditional tasks. As a rule, machines are used to transport people or for transporting goods, and can also combine these functions. In addition, some machines are designed to please the owners with comfort and functionality, high high-speed qualities and perform the tasks of an image character.

However, in some areas, the task of combining the vehicle function with other narrow-profile functions is set in front of the car. For these purposes, ordinary cars are not suitable, and there is a need to use special cars.

Special transport, as a rule, is manufactured on the basis of serial models. Usually as chassis used commercial cars - Trucks, minibuses, vans, etc. Redevelopment is carried out by installing attachments, special devices and fixtures in the cabin or cargo compartment of the vehicle. Certain changes can also be made in the design of the suspension, body, brake system and other car systems.

Special cars are indispensable in the work of a variety of services, performing important functions that often have high social importance. Including they can be used in solving the tasks of medical, fire and rescue services, law enforcement, army, etc.

Thanks to the special transport, the daily work of these services can be ensured. It is also possible to use these cars to solve emergency tasks in emergency situations. Therefore, the quality, reliability and functionality of vehicles of this category have an extremely high meaning.

Spetstransport varieties

Special cars are produced today in an extremely wide range, which allows you to select a car under the performance of a wide variety of tasks. The most common varieties include the following types of special transport:

Police cars. This category combines patrol machines made on the basis of passenger cars, special forces machines, transportation for transportation of prisoners, etc.
Collector machines. Armored cars with cash flow compartment.
Fire trucks. Machines that ensure the extinguishing of fires in a variety of conditions.
Medical cars. A wide category of vehicles, the most typical representatives of which are ambulance machines. Also here include special cars for transporting patients in serious condition, mobile operating and other types of machines.
Cars Systems of the Ministry of Emergency Systems and Military - Mobile Staffs, Recreation Machines Lifeguards and Personnel, Mobile Surveillance Points and Much.

In most cases, cars of leading Russian and foreign manufacturers, distinguished by high quality, reliability and permeability, are used to create special vehicles.

Modern special cars are equipped with the use of advanced technological solutions.

Specialized freight transportation services are included in the range of services of the motor transportation company LLC "Translini", which require specialized road transport, special working conditions and are associated with certain risks.

What we transport are

Special transport conditions require cargoes:

heavy, large-sized and oversized - weighing more than 500 kg, exceeding standard dimensions road dimensions;
perishable - food with a certain shelf life and other products, the quality of which can worsen during the delivery time;
dangerous - substances representing the danger to people or material values;
valuable - art objects and museum exhibits.

We carry out special cargo transportation in Perm, Moscow and all over Russia. Type of cargo and its volume is one of the components of the cost of the service.

The cost of transportation of special cargo

Type of vehicle	Weight, tons	Volume, m3	Cost per rubles / for 1 hour	Cost per rubles / per 1 km.	Minimum number of hours when ordering
Gazelle	1,5	15	350	12	2
Bull	3	16-20	750	18	4
Bull, thermos, refrigerator	3	16	800	19	4
Awning, onboard, isotherm, refrigerator	5	22-34	850	20	4
Awning, onboard, isotherm, refrigerator	10	34-45	1000	29	4
"Werethod"	10	-	1500	38	8
"Werethod"	20	-	1900	45	8
Awning, onboard	20	82-92	1200	39	4
Thermos, refrigerator	20	82-92	1400	42	4
Trawl	-	-	2500	75	8

Our car transportation

The presence of an auto fleet allows us to ensure proper conditions for transportation. You can order vehicles:

onboard tilt semi-trailer, with a carrying capacity of up to 20 tons;
cargo van (industrial, refrigerator);
semi-trailer tank for hazardous substances;
low-chapted platform up to 12 meters long, with a carrying capacity of up to 60 tons.

In addition to these machines there are several more types of special-purpose freight transport.

All vehicles are contained in excellent condition and is ready to leave first-demand. He is serviced by drivers who have extensive experience in the delivery of dangerous, oversized and valuable cargo, familiar with the areas of Moscow-Perm-Moscow and other cities.

How we are working

Features of work

Motor transport company "Transliniya" LLC works in the field of freight. Our specialists are familiar with what they do with the roads of Moscow, Perm and all of Russia. Transportation of goods by specialized vehicles is performed in compliance with certain rules, for which:

the selection of technicians is carried out in accordance with the specifics of the cargo;
the optimal route is being developed for operational and safe delivery;
strictly followed by the safety technique when performing loading and unloading and during the movement of the vehicle.

By loading automotive transport, our specialists strictly follow the packaging and fixing objects in the body, for a given temperature and do not allow delays in the way. For the careful transportation of museum exhibits and fragile valuables, a car is used, upholstered from the inside with a soft material. We offer additional insurance services and provide for rent warehouses.

V.I. Krasny

SPECIAL OR SPECIALIZED?

Adjective special For the first time, N. Yanovsky was recorded in the new Slotorchloride in 1806 as many other adjectives of abstract character, it was borrowed from the Latin language. In all intelligent dictionaries of our time (starting from the Ushakov dictionary), two values \u200b\u200bare allocated for this word. We present the interpretation contained in the bass and the mass (in brackets, as before, point out the nouns used with this word in the specified two dictionaries):

1. Designed exclusively for having a special purpose, special ( S. Machines, costume, train, task, order and etc.).

2. Target separate branch of science, technology, art; intended for specialists of this industry (S. Articles, Education, Educational Institution, Terms).

The presented interpretation seems to us in general somewhat bulky, and the allocation of the second value is not justified and artificial, since the border between these values \u200b\u200bis very conditional. In our opinion, in this case, it may be more likely to go about the allocation of the shade of the main lexical significance. Based on this, we propose to formulate the meaning of the adjective special as follows: "special, intended for any a certain goal; Industry, industry, inherent in a particular specialty. Such an interpretation, in our opinion, is more accurate and compact and fully meets the modern use of this word.
The adjective under consideration is combined with a very wide range of nouns, both specific and abstract: bus, brigade, car, hotel, group, diet, magazine, task, order, law, tools, research, business trip, commission, correspondent, costume, course(currency exchange), treatment, event, mechanism, observation, maintenance, clothing, operation, organization, division, train, clinic, room, assistant, commission, rules, representative, device, invitation, program, project, pass, section, resolution, flight, aircraft, machine, parking, training, farm, firm, fund, school, expedition; Education, educational institution, literature, lecture course, seminar, symposium, technique, terminology etc. We give examples:
Special Commission until all the military secrets of Baghdad revealed (today. 1994. June 16); For the full functioning of the agency you need special law (Results. 1999. No. 10); Participants of the performance were issued special skip (Vishnevskaya. Galina); Parked by car special parking, we entered a huge hall ( T.polyakov. I am your trouble); Were sent special expeditions In search of people in the little-known places of Karakumov (arguments and facts. 1994. № 27); Muklevich had special Sea and technical education (Today. 1994. June 7); Cainitsin's office was made with racks with special literature and folders with documents ( M.Serova. Everyone called).
As can be seen from the comparison of the given examples, any clear, "impassable" boundaries between the main meaning of adjective special And its tint does not exist, since the latter is overlapped first, dissolves in it. Essentially, it would make sense to speak only about clarifying in some cases of the specified generalizing value and on the actualization of some of its hidden nuances.

It is interesting to note such a phenomenon. Many phrases with adjectives speciallike combinations with the word tourist (See our article in the Russian language newspaper No. 31/2000), due to the semantic deposition turn into complex words, the so-called uncomb. However, if the formation of unvenches with the word tourist (eg, tourburn, Turzavka) - The process is active, characteristic of our days, the emergence and functioning of numerous universes with morphemia specialist. (Spetspayk, Special Bouffepete, Specialtime, Special Plinic, Specnyrma, Special and mn. Dr.) - Bright sign of Soviet times. Most of these sentenisms moved from the active vocabulary in passive and become historicists. The exceptions are only the words in which Morphem specialist. It has the following meaning: "Special, intended for performing special tasks or especially difficult tasks." This value is relevant for our days. This includes, for example, such complex words: special group, special forces, special forces (special purpose detachment in the system of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation, the Ministry of Internal Affairs and the FSB), special Forces, Specrais, Special Services. All these words are widely used in modern media. In addition, such very familiar cuts are often found in modern conversational speech: speccurs, special seminar (in universities), special preparation (Student training at military departments of universities), overalls, Specialcol (School with in-depth study of a foreign language or other school disciplines, as well as a school for children with mental or physical disabilities).
In contrast to the adjective special His paronyms specialized (Communion used as an adjective) appeared in Russian relatively late - for the first time registered in the Ushakov dictionary in 1940 BAS gives the following interpretation to this word: "Designed for work or use in some. one narrow area, industry; Having a special, special purpose. " The circle of nouns, combined with this word, is significantly more than with the word special: agency, Atelier, Brigade, Bakery, Exhibition, Magazine, Edition, Clinic, Store, Workshop, Enterprise, Sanatorium, Transport, Scientific Council, Farm, Firm et al. for example:

Specialty bakery They work, as a rule, from implementation (Mosk. Komsomolets. 1997. December 2); Need to spend specialized Exhibitions Siberian cats with a large number of participants (friend. 1999. No. 1); "Expert" at first was the magazine rather economic, specialized publication (World for the week. 1999. № 11); In 1993, five trading firms had already specialized stores (Results. 1999. No. 44); Photos of our favorite (Cat Lelika) were printed in specialized journals (Worker. 1998. October).
Despite some inevitable resemblance to the interpretation of the paronyms under consideration, there are nevertheless differences between them, both from the point of view of their meaning and compatibility. Adjective special In contrast to his paronym specialized It has a very wide compatibility with nouns (see above) and is used to highlight any person, subject (in the grammatical sense of the word) or actions from a number of similar. At the same time, they mean their target destination or belonging to a certain (but widely wide) field of human activity.
As for the paronym specialized, then, having significant restrictions in lexical compatibility, as a rule, as a definition to the noun denoting the scope of human labor activities (for example, store, Atelier, magazine et al.), In this case, the indicated activity is necessarily characterized by a very narrow orientation, i.e. specialization. That is why nouns, easily combined with the word special (eg, suit, device, article, mechanism, skip, correspondent, resolution), can not be used with adjectives specialized.
At the same time, another regularity should be noted: nouns that combined with the word specializedcan usually be used with the word specialWhen forming paronymic phrases. Compare several such phrases, the semantic difference between which is quite palpable. So, for example, when we use phrases special Shop, Special Sanatorium, Special Atelier, We mean that these institutions are closed and are intended for a selected, privileged circle of people. On the other hand, phrases special shop and specialized Atelier Mean it is selling there or sew only a certain type of product - men's outerwear, women's dress, fur products, footwear, hats, etc. A combination specialized sanatorium It is used when it comes to treating diseases of a particular group - cardiovascular, gastrointestinal, urological.

Similarly, it is possible to distinguish the phrases (and naturally standing behind them) special Journal (In the meaning: "Periodic Edition") and specialized magazine. Special Journal usually addressed to a wider audience than specialized magazine.Each reader chooses for himself one or another. Special Journal Based on its interests and hobbies, not narrow-professional needs. So, published special magazines For children ("Murzilka"), for women ("Women's World", "Worker"), for men ("Men's Club", "Andrei"), for family reading ("House", "Voyage and Leisure"), for Lovers of the Russian language ("Russian speech"), for lovers of dogs and cats ("friend"), etc. But there is I. specialized magazines: "Questions of linguistics", "Stomatology", "Metal studies", etc., intended for a relatively narrow circle of specialists.
In view of the semantic proximity of the adjectives under consideration, there are cases of erroneous consumption of the word specialized instead special. Consider three examples from periodicals: "Children suffering from these rare diseases need specialized nutrition either for many years, either all his life "(Izvestia. 1994. June 28); "In the West there are specialized institutionsfor deaf, but they have no such practice as we have "(the world for the week. 1999. No. 10); "Tried to get a job with specialized publicationspublishing information about vacancies "(results. 1999. № 10).
In these proposals, it would probably be correct to write: "We need special nutrition"(By analogy:" Need special diet")," Are available special institutions"(By analogy:" Are available special Schools") And" with special publicationsSince the publications about which are not involved are not scientific and publish information not for specialists of any single narrow area, but for representatives of different specialties seekers. However, the face that shared such cases is very thin and not always obvious at first sight. We hope that the principles of delimitation of these paronimov proposed by us will help avoid such errors.

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The name itself is special transport, implies the uniqueness of this type of vehicles. Almost any car used for special purposes is different from the "civilian" analogs internal content (special engine, interior of the cabin, optional equipment), and some of the special vehicles are also distinguished by an unusual appearance.

You can give a formal definition of special transport:

Special transport is specially equipped vehicles designed to solve consumer tasks.

A classic example of special transport is a car that is used in the activities of the "power" structures of the state: law enforcement agencies, intelligence services and counterintelligence services, salvation services and other militarized formations.

Types of special transport:

Police transportation

The first sample of special transport was Police Dresin, designed in 1899 by Engineer Frank Lumis. The customer of this unusual transport was the police department of Akron (USA, Arizona). The "civilian" trolley equipped with an electric unit was used as the basis. The reserve of the course of this device was equal to 30 kilometers, and the maximum speed reached up to 25 km / h. As a special equipment, stretchers intended for transportation of wounded (or especially violent) passengers from the scene to the police drowsine were used.

Since then, almost all vehicles of police (or police) inherited the main principles of the design of the first sample of special transport - the "civilian" basis of a special car, the presence of a special equipment or equipment "on board" of the car, the presence of color marking on the body, allowing you to identify this transport Means like a police car (truck, snowmobile, motorcycle, bus and so on).

The modern police car is usually created on the enhanced civilian platform. A special, "Police" version is produced only by Ford and GM or the giants of the autoinadustry like them. Of course, a civilian car requires adjustment of the chassis, enhancing the engine and the installation of additional devices - means of long-distance communications, medical equipment, attachments for weapons. A part of the cabin is assigned to a peculiar box on wheels. A considerable advantage for a police car is a bulk trunk that can accommodate additional equipment - means for blocking intruders, special equipment for fixing disorders.

A variety of vehicle classes can be used as a donor vehicle - from sports car to a heavy SUV or minibus. The last option prefers special divisions of the police, since inside a roomy minibus it is very easy to build a hidden point of observation or simply use a bulk salon for transporting to the scene of the Special Forces group equipped with massive weapons or equipment.

Transportation of structures responsible for counterintelligence activities (or exploration) differs from police cars by external imperceptibility in civil transport flow. Such machines are not highlighted by special labeling or special signals, as they are intended for operations hidden from general attention. But this transport also belongs to the category of special cars, therefore, under the "ordinary" body, indistinguishable from a civil counterpart, a special filling is hidden.

It is the intelligence agencies that prefer exclusively internal adjustment of the car. Most often, the serial machine is installed forced engine, communications and tracking means. Sometimes there is a reservation of glasses and hulls. Of all samples of special transport, it is the special services that have the most ordinary appearance. Very often, ordinary drivers do not even realize how the car moves next door, assuming that the machines of counterintelligence and spies look as follows:

Transportation service rescue. Ambulance. Fire trucks.

Completely different tasks are solved using vehicles of salvation services and elimination of accidents. Unlike machines of counterintelligence and spies, Emergencies Ministry, fire service, ambulance and other similar structures shine in a common transport stream like a Christmas tree. Screaming coloring, an abundance of special signals, both visual and sound, demonstrate the belonging of these cars to a separate caste of transport used in special cases that do not endure delay and delay. But special transport of salvation services is different not only to the Pestrum Kolker LCP - under the screaming colors of the durable case are hidden very complex mechanisms and devices that allow you to solve any problem.

It is these special transport models that can be called truly unique. For example, " Ambulance"- Externally a simple car, which can be isolated in the total transport stream only on the special coloring of the body and the" chandeliers "of the specialign. But this simplicity is deceptive. Behind the standard minibus case is hidden a special set of equipment that allows you to start a treatment or a complex of resuscitation events on the road.

Private citizens do not even know that there are more than a dozen variations in the resistance car configuration, which differ in varieties of assistance provided. There is psychiatric, obstetric, neurological, pediatric, cardiological "ambulance".

Cars of the Ministry of Emergency Situations and Fire Protection are equipped with no less special. However, in contrast to ambulance, the transport of the Ministry of Emergency Situations all the "chips" of the designs are noticeable from afar. For example, a fire fighter car - this version of special transport is impossible to confuse with another car. After all, no military, civil or police car has a major distinctive principle - a huge sliding staircase.

The first samples of such equipment appeared in 1951. Modern auto expensive are able to "reach" to a height of 60 meters. The basis for auto expensive, as a rule, serve as chassis and frames trucks carsmobile.

No less original view It also has a classic fireman equipped with a tank, pumping station, a hydrofrup on the boiler and other devices designed to combat fire.

This "monster" based on the chassis of a heavy, octal tractor MAZ-543, is able to transport more than 10 tone of water and about a ton of a special powder suspension.

Special trucks. Cars collectors.

A separate category of special transport are armored trucks, a bus or cars intended for transportation of extremely harmful and hazardous substances. To the same category include the transport of collectors.

Dangerous goods are transported in a specially prepared body, excluding the contact of the harmful substance (or containers with a harmful substance) and ambient. Therefore, the most interesting detail of special trucks or tractors is such a body (or trailer). There are covered cargo compartments, tanks, thermal containers, and so on.

The main task of these containers is to protect the environment from their contents.

Cars of collectors are intended for a diametrically opposite target - protection of the environmental content. To do this, use prepared chassis from minibuses and a special - "armored" case.

Special armored car AC-1925 "Onega". Inside there is even air conditioning.

By and large, the car collectors is a hybrid of mobile safe and police transport. Inside the armored corps separated from the driver's unit, a group of armed groups is necessarily on duty. Therefore, in addition to the place "under the safe" in the collectors, the places "for passengers" should be provided, which increases the volume of the body. For technical support, the collectors car is not inferior to another police car. In such a specialized vehicle, communications, satellite beacon, and special equipment activated in emergency situations. It is this feature of the "structure" of the collector car makes it talk about him as an ideal special vehicle.

unusauto.ru.

What vehicles belong to specialized vehicles?

Order of the Ministry of Transport of Russia dated February 13, 2013 No. 36 establishes a list of types of vehicles not to be equipped with tachographs. Specialized and special vehicles fall under the exception:

Specialized transport are cars intended for the transport of certain types of cargo. For example, milk carriages, machinery for transportation of petroleum products, food, etc. A comprehensive list of specialized vehicles is specified by Appendix No. 2 of the Order of the Ministry of Transport No. 36.

It is important to understand that the status of a "specialized" vehicle vehicle does not acquire a car due to the nature of the transported cargo, but at the expense of constructive features that ensure the proper conditions for transporting one or another cargo.

Special transport are cars designed to perform special features for which special equipment is required. Such as truck cranes, fire trucks, etc.

The list of special vehicles is open. Special equipment must be provided for by the factory design of the car or be registered as a change in the design of the vehicle. It must be remembered that the conversion of the car is subject to registration and making the appropriate marks to the passport of the vehicle and the certificate of its registration.

Miroshin Gennady Svyatoslavovich Expert

Expert of the Association of Organizations in the Development of Tachographic Control "Rustakhokontrol"

naviport.info.

Classification of car for purpose

Classification of cars appeared as a consequence of a rapidly expanding fleet and the appearance of all new types of motor vehicles. So that motorists can quickly receive an idea of \u200b\u200bany car, systems have been created, which allowed to unify all the machines and divide them on the main types of intended, dimensions, type of body, engine volume, and other features.

One of the most generally accepted is the classification of machines for its intended purpose.

Types of vehicles

All motor vehicles are divided into the following types:

passenger;
freight;
cargo-passenger;
buses;
spetsTransport.

Consider more each type of car.

Cars

Among the passenger cars are cars carrying passengers (up to 8 people) or oversized cargoes, as well as special vehicles (towers, etc.). Inside this category, there is also a classification of the type of body, its dimensions, the volume and power of the motor and other parameters. Most often to determine the type passenger cars Use the European system.

The European classification is based on the division of machines in dimensions. All motor vehicles receive an alphabetic designation.

A - Compact little bars intended for trips around the city. In the 3 or 5-door hatchback, 2-4 people are usually placed and a small cargo. The maximum length of class A class "A" reaches 3.6 m, width - 1.6 m.
In - Cars up to 3.9 m and width to 1.7 m. Drive - front, compact size and economical engine are ideal for use in the city.
C is a group of passenger cars most common in Europe. Also has a second name - "Golf Class", by name popular among representatives of the middle class of the machine " Volkswagen Golf." The parameters of the body of the machines of this category are up to 4.3 m in length and up to 1.8 m in width.
D - sedans and hatchbacks with a body length up to 4.6 m and a width of 1.8 m. Reliable and spacious cars for the whole family.
E - auto-middle or business-class cars. Body parameters - from 4.6 m in length and from 1.8 m in width. Different increased level comfort, security, stylish design and prestige.
F - Executive cars of the class "Luxury" with a length of the body from 5 m and more.

Video about cars:

Another popular classification of passenger cars - by type of body.

Sedan - the classic of automotive industry. The four-door body has constructively separated from each other luggage and motor compartments.
Hatchback - "rear hatch", 3 or five-door machines, in which one door refers to the luggage compartment.
Universal - a machine with combined passenger and luggage compartments. The people wears the name " family car».
Convertible - Auto with a soft riding. It may also be called "Roadster".
The crossover is a machine that combines the capacity of the "wagon" and the permeability of the SUV.
Coupe - Sports compact two-door cars with separated luggage compartment.
Limousine - premium long-to-commercial machines with roomy and richly trimmed interior. Passenger compartment can be separated from the driver's partition.

Video about various types of body:

Trucks

Three main groups of trucks are distinguished:

On-board - they include freight vans.
Specialized - dump trucks, refrigerators, ballast and saddle tractors, container carriers.
Tank trucks.

In addition, the classification of trucks is performed by the type of body, carrying capacity, the number of axes, etc.

By type body trucks We are divided into closed and open, tilt, on-board, dump trucks, isothermal vans, cranes, minibuses, wood coats, containers, saddle tractors, etc.
The separation of trucks by the number of axes allocates 2, 3, 4 and 5-axis models. The number of axes in some cases may exceed 5 pieces.
By type of motor, trucks are divided into diesel and gasoline.
For carrying capacity, small trucks are distinguished, medium, large, lifting capacity of 1.5-16 tons and from 16 tons.

Cargo-passenger transport

These include cars, designed:

on the basis of passenger models - minibuses, minivans, pickups;
on the basis of freight models - all-terrain vehicles, "watch", special forces cars.

Minivan is a combination of a small bus and passenger cars. The main signs: short hood, spacious passenger compartment with three rows of seats and high ceilings.

Minibus - Transport for transportation of 8 and more passengers. The length of the body usually does not exceed 5 meters.

Pickup - symbiosis of cars and trucks. Four-wheel drive, increased patency And the possibility of transporting large loads makes these machines indispensable for farm, forest and other farms.

Buses

The bus fleet includes a wide variety of models that were created taking into account the features of operation. There are tourist, school buses, suburban, long-distance, duplex and single-level urban, buses for transportation of passengers at airports, opposite and others.

Spetstransport

This category of cars includes truck cranes, autolars, construction equipment, racing cars, amphibians. Also, this group includes ambulance machines, armored vehicles, orcate, harvesters for cleaning work, etc.

In different countries there are their classification systems.

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avtomobilabc.ru.

Classification of cars: special cars

Part 1: Classification of cars: trucks. Part 2: Classification of cars: passenger cars. Part 3: Classification of cars: cargo-passenger cars.

What is Spetstransport

Special transport, as a rule, is manufactured on the basis of serial models. Usually, commercial cars are used as a chassis - trucks, minibuses, vans, etc. Redevelopment is carried out by installing attachments, special devices and fixtures in the cabin or cargo compartment of the vehicle. Certain changes can also be made in the design of the suspension, body, brake system and other car systems.

Spetstransport varieties

Police cars. This category combines patrol machines made on the basis of passenger cars, special forces machines, transportation for transportation of prisoners, etc.
Collector machines. Armored cars with cash flow compartment.
Fire trucks. Machines that ensure the extinguishing of fires in a variety of conditions.
Medical cars. A wide category of vehicles, the most typical representatives of which are ambulance machines. Also here include special cars for transporting patients in serious condition, mobile operating and other types of machines.
Cars Systems of the Ministry of Emergency Systems and Military - Mobile Staffs, Recreation Machines Lifeguards and Personnel, Mobile Surveillance Points and Much.

In most cases, cars of leading Russian and foreign manufacturers, distinguished by high quality, reliability and permeability, are used to create special vehicles.

Modern special cars are equipped with the use of advanced technological solutions.

cnev.ru.

"/\u003e At this time, it is not necessary without semi-trailers-tanks and tank trucks. They are used on petrol stations, in the compositions of road trains, etc. In addition to these types of vehicles there are several more types of special purpose trucks. Duty motor vehicles share for 2 types, it is a specialized Technique and special. Despite the external similarity in the names, these 2 types of vehicles are not similar to the special technique - they include truck cranes, fire trucks, concrete mixers, and other installations on the chassis of a truck. Specialized technique - vehicles designed for the transport of various kinds of cargo. Let's consider this type of technology.

Specialized technique. Types of auto special equipment.

The main type of cargo vehicle is the onboard platform. The most popular type of body is the onboard tilt semi-trailer. This type of body is convenient primarily by the fact that it allows you to upload almost all types of cargo. The carrying capacity of this semi-trailer reaches 20 tons, and when removing the awning, the onboard platform, the sides and rear of the platform are folded, which significantly simplifies the loading and unloading of the cargo.

For oversized and heavy loads, low-altar platforms are most often used. The length of the low-vocabulary reaches 12 meters, loading capacity - up to 60 tons. Eating low-bags is a small height of the platform, which allows it to carry oversized goods under the bridges and power lines.

Panelosevos, forest yields and auto trucks have an open platform, which is located behind the driver's cab.

Phaneevoz platform equipped metal structures On sides, they serve as limiters for transported goods. The Pheleuevoz platform reaches 8 meters long and its load capacity is up to 25 tons, loads are attached to winches and safety chains. Palevozes are used to transport plates, riglels, columns and other building materials.

Avtovoz is significantly different from the paleiewly and has a 2 fibrous platform. Avtovoz is designed with the condition of maximum maintenance of cargo and are equipped with supporting, anti-reflective devices. The bus platform is capable of immersing up to 10 passenger cars, the length of the bus comes up to 20 meters, carrying capacity up to 25 tons.

Forestry - this is a special transport intended for the transport of wood, they are also called the sortieresses, (erased - a trailer for the transport of assortments, i.e. billets from wood). Different types of assortments are transported by different volumes of wood, standard lifting capacity of the trailer of the forest outlet 10-20 tons, but there are assortments and increased lifting capacity. Sortimenosis has reliable stops and a flat pad for loading. Some sorts are equipped with cranes-manipulators for faster wood loading.

The Special equipment described above - sortiemozes, panel and auto trucks have a narrow specialization, for other works use other types of special vehicles - dump trucks, vans, etc.

Dump trucks, this type of special equipment is used daily and everywhere, with the help of dump trucks are delivered to rubbank, the construction garbage is taken out, etc. Due to its size, dump truck, unlike the same assortment, more maneuver, which allows it to be used in settlements. When moving on the highway, the dump truck is capable of reaching a speed of 80 kilometers per hour, the load capacity of the dump truck reaches 40 tons.

Vans.

Vans are specialized techniques, transported loads are located in all-metal bodies or semi-trailers. The body of the van allows you to maximize its load, such as boxes with office equipment or fruits, thanks to a solid body delivery of the load will occur as safe as possible.

Vans are two types: industrial and isothermal.

The industrial van is used in the carriage of goods that do not require certain delivery conditions, such as a certain temperature in the body. The carrying capacity of the industrial van directly depends on the number of axes and the body itself. The van mounted on the body of vehicles usually has a carrying capacity of up to 5 tons, and the semi-trailers reaches a loading capacity of 16 tons, and the vans are supplied with a hydrobort, which significantly facilitates the loading and unloading operations.

Isothermal van - used to transport the cargo that require a certain ambient temperature, to these cargoes include food, plants and medicines. The isothermal van inside is covered with polyurethane foam (heat insulating layer), this heat insulation retains constant temperature and humidity inside the van. This type of special equipment is presented with special requirements of tightness, since, when the temperature drops, the carrying load can deteriorate.

The refrigerator van - the same, refers to the type of auto special equipment, except for vans there are semi-trailers-refrigerators. The principle of the device of the van-refrigerator is similar to the device of an isothermal van, however, the refrigerator van also has its own refrigeration unit, it allows you to accurately adjust the temperature inside the van and save it for all the time of shipping. The temperature inside the refrigerator van can reach -20 ° C, regardless of the temperature overboard the car. It is the vans-refrigerators most often used to transport food, as isothermal vans are not able to hold the temperature inside the body into the summer heat for a long time. The carrying capacity of the refrigerator van reaches 20-25 tons.

Refrictainers - Containers-Refrigerators used for transportation of perishable goods for long distances. The temperature inside the reflier can be kept in the area from +25? From to -25? P. Container shipments are used to transport refontaines. Load capacity of the container friendship reaches 30 tons. Container trucks are transported not only refontaineers, but also standard containers, the main plus of which lies in tightness, which contributes to the safety of the cargo. Containers are used for the carriage of various goods, ranging from the delivery of building materials, ending with transportation expensive cars.

Cistern semi-trailer - used for transporting liquid cargo, such as: oil, gasoline, typographical paint, etc. Tanks contain thousands of liquid liters and are transported in absolute tightness. To transport alcohol with alcoholosis, tanks with thermal insulation are used. Transportation of gaseous substances is produced in special safety tanks with double inner walls.

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Construction Machines and Equipment, Directory

Transport and loading and unloading machines

Specialized vehicles

Such vehicles are adapted to transport one or more homogeneous cargoes, characterized by specific conditions for their transportation, and are equipped with various devices and devices that ensure the safety and quality of goods delivered to construction facilities and a comprehensive mechanization of loading and unloading. The use of specialized transport contributes to improving the efficiency and quality of construction, reduces the cost of transportation, minimizing the loss of building materials and semi-finished products, and tact damage to building products and structures that are very significant when using general purpose vehicles. Currently, without the use of specialized transport, the delivery of many goods on construction objects is practically impossible. Most specialized vehicles are replaceable trailers and semi-trailers to trucks, pneumocole tractors and tractors, which makes it possible to more effectively use the base machine.

Under the conditions of urban construction, automotive specialized transport is widely used. Modern specialized vehicles for construction are produced in accordance with the approved state building "type of specialized vehicles for construction" and are intended for the transportation of soil, bulk and halob-shaped goods (dump trucks), liquid and semi-liquid (bitumenoses, limestroms, concrete and solutes), powdered ( Cement trucks), small-piece and cargo loads (container shocks), long loads (pipes, metal carriers, forestry), reinforced concrete structures (panels, farmhouses, plastic, cylindes, blocks, blocks, sanitary cells), technological equipment and building machines (heavy trucks).

Dump trucks transport building goods in metal bodies with a trough-shaped, trapezoid and rectangular shape cross sectionForcedly tilted when unloading with a lifting (tipid) mechanism back, on side (one or two) sides, side and back. For the purpose, special career and universal general construction dump trucks are distinguished. Under the conditions of urban construction, universal dump trucks are used (Fig. 2.7) with a carrying capacity of 4 ... 12 t, intended for the transport of soil, gravel, rubble, sand, asphalt, concrete mix, mortar, etc. Modern universal dump trucks are produced on the chassis of cargo on-board cars general purpose (sometimes with a shortened base) and equip the same type hydraulic systemsproviding quick lift and lowering body, high reliability and safety of work.

The main nodes of such systems are the oil tank, the hydraulic pump with a drive from the car's power take-off box, one or more (depending on the carrying capacity) of the telescopic hydraulic cylinders of one-way act, directly affecting the body, distributor or control faucet, connecting pipes and safety devices. Hydraulic cylinders of lifting mechanisms may have a horizontal, inclined and vertical location and are installed on the car frame under the front of the body or on the front side of it (Fig. 2.7, a). The separator or control faucet sends the flow of the working fluid from the pump to the hydraulic cylinder (or synchronously working hydraulic cylinders) when tipping the body, connects the cavities of the hydraulic cylinders with the drain tank when lowering the body, limits the pressure in the system and ensures the fixation of the body in certain positions (extreme or intermediate).

The most common in the construction of dump trucks in the composition of the car dump truck and the trailer-dump truck or the saddle tractor and the semi-trailer-dump truck (Fig. 2.7, b).

Fig. 2.7. Cars-dump trucks

The car-dump truck is unloaded on the sides, and the trailer dump truck - on the parties and back. Trailers - dump trucks may have detachable (dual) body, the front of which is unloaded into two (side), and the rear - on three (side and back) side. Modern dump trucks and dumping trailers have a unified bodies running part, Lifting mechanisms are equipped with automatic opening and closing and closing of boards with a driver from the driver's cab.

Specialized trailers and semi-trailers are used for the transportation of clay and other bulk materials with a small density - clay transportation capacity of up to 12 tons, i.e., dump trucks with an increased body capacity.

When transporting to the construction facilities of small-piece and tare cargoes (sanitary and ventilation equipment, finishing, insulating and roofing materials, bricks, window and door blocks, small and sizes of precast concrete structures, etc.) are all wider use containing and Packing. Onboard vehicles, trailers and general purpose semi-trailers and specialized vehicles are used for the delivery of containers and packages - self-loading vehicles and container carriers.

Self-loading vehicles along with the performance of transport functions can carry out loading and unloading of carrying cargo cargo, overload the goods at nearby cars and trailers using hydraulic loading and loading devices installed on the car itself. Self-loading vehicles are equipped with onboard manipulators that swing portals, lifting sides and mounted lifting devices.

Self-loading cars with a swinging portal (side or rear position, Fig. 2.8, a) are designed for transportation, loading and unloading containers weighing up to 5 tons. The working body - the swinging portal is hingedly connected to the container installation platform and can be rotated in the vertical plane on The angle is up to 120 ° with two synchronous active long-running bilateral hydraulic cylinders. Swing portals also use for loading and unloading replaceable container bodies. For transportation, loading and unloading of heavy load containers (20 T and more), semi-trailers are used, equipped with side hydraulic overloaders (Fig. 2.8, b).

Self-loading vehicles and container carriers are equipped with retractable and folding hydraulic supports 3 acting when performing loading and unloading works and ensuring the stability of the machine and unloading its chassis.

Self-loading vehicles with onboard hydraulic manipulators carry out self-loading and self-loading of the base car and trailer, loading-unloading of other vehicles located near a number of vehicles, and can also be used on construction and installation work of a small volume.

A manipulator with a carrying capacity of 2.5 T consists (Fig. 2.9) from the swivel column, hinged articulated boom equipment, two remote hydraulic supports, the arrow turning mechanism in the plan, two control panels and a set of replaceable work equipment.

Fig. 2.8. Self-loading cars and container shipments

Fig. 2.9. Car self-loader with onboard manipulator

The boom equipment is mounted on a rotary column installed on the chassis support frame, and consists of a handle, lever, telescopic boom with the main and retractable sections, control hydraulic cylinders, hook suspension or rotator. The rotator ensures the load manipulation in the horizontal plane through the rush transmission and the bilateral hydraulic cylinder, the rod of which is a rotator rail, which is in engaging with the gear.

The set of replaceable working equipment of the manipulator includes an arrow extension that advanced by manually, forkit pickup, tick-boring grip for packaged goods and capture for containers. The rotation of the boom equipment in the plan at an angle of 400 ° is provided by a rush rotary mechanism, which includes two alternately operating hydraulic cylinders, a rail and gear, rigidly fixed on the shaft of the rotary speaker. The drive of the axial-piston pump hydraulic system of the manipulator is carried out from the engine of the car through the power take-off box. Manipulator control can be carried out from any of the two control panels located on both sides of the car.

The designs of domestic on-board manipulators are made according to a single concept and vary by cargo moment, carrying capacity, lifting and lowering the hook, mass, overall dimensions. Layout layout of onboard manipulators on motor vehicles Showing in Fig. 2.10.

Fig. 2.10. Placing onboard manipulators on motor vehicles

For the transport of liquid binding materials (bitumen, tar, emulsion) in the heated state of manufacturers to the production places of road, roofing and insulating works, bitumens and autogudors are used. They are the elliptical shape tanks mounted on the chassis of cars or on semi-trailers to the saddle tractors, and are equipped with heating systems (to maintain the temperature of the material being transported not lower than 200 ° C) and issuing mastic. Capacity of tanks of roads 3500 ... 7000 L, bitumen - 4000 ... 15000 l.

For transportation of pipes 6 ... 12 m with a diameter of up to 1420 mm and welded sections from pipes (twisted), 24 ... 36 m long, special travelery - pipes and plet carriers. The pipescape includes autotagat, a uniaxial trailer-dissolution with a rigid breath or a semi-trailer. Traction force on the loaded trailer-dissolution is transmitted from pipes via coupling device And breathing, at Plethevozov - directly pipes (weaves) fixed on the tractor and a two-axle trailer-dissolution. The number of simultaneously transported pipes is established, based on the carrying capacity of the road train. With multiple laying, the pipe is linked by the safety rope. For transportation of isolated pipes in urban environments, specialized semi-trailers are usually used for hydraulic unloading mechanisms that ensure the safety of the insulating layer and prepared for welding the ends of the pipes during transportation, loading and unloading.

Fig. 2.11. Motor tray for pipe transport

In fig. 2.11, but is shown a truck tractor with a semi-trailer loading capacity of T, equipped with two (front and rear) hydraulic unloading mechanisms 2. The semi-trailer frame is made sliding and on the front and rear parts there are wooden support planes and side racks. The semi-trailer is equipped with front and rear metal safety shields 5, preventing axial movement of pipes during transportation. The discharge mechanism consists of a telescopic boom (Fig. 2.11, c), lighted by the built-in hydraulic cylinder, and two telescopic hydraulic cylinders for rotating the boom with a cargo capture for pipes in the vertical plane. In fig. 2.11, B, B shows the position of the boom, respectively, before unloading and at the end of the unloading. The stability of the road train is provided by the folding supports 6. The remote control of unloading mechanisms is located in front of the semi-trailer. Pipes and plet carriers are equipped with dimensional signals. Load capacity of automotive pipes 9 ... 12 t, Pletle carriers - 6 ... 19 tons.

For the carriage of large-sized reinforced concrete structures and parts from manufacturers for construction sites, specialized trailers and semi-trailers are used: panels, farmhouses, balkomos, plastic, blocks and sanitary houses. The choice of the type of vehicle is determined by the dimensions, mass and conditions of transportation of products.

Palevozes (Fig. 2.12, a) are made in the form of semi-trailers to the saddot autotaging and are intended for transportation in the vertical or circonaclonal position of wall panels, overlaps, partitions, stoves, staircases, etc., distinguishes the fermented and frame semi-trailers-panels. The carrier metal frame of fermented panel oils is performed as a spatial farm ("ridge") of the trapezoidal (Fig. 2.12, b) or a rectangular section or in the form of two flat longitudinal farms, interconnected by the front and rear reference sites and horizontal bonds (Fig, 2.12, in). The ridge farm is located along the longitudinal axis of the semi-trailer symmetry, and the panels transported - in the cassettes on both sides of it at an angle of 8 ... 12 ° to vertical. The front and rear furnaces of the farm have handrails for rigging. Poleeevozov with flat barriers of the panel farms are located in several rows vertically in the cassette between the farms. Some of the designs of pawenelos also have additional lateral inclined cassettes for the transport of shortened panels in one row (Fig. 2.12, d), which makes it possible to better use the carrying capacity of the road train. For mounting panels, screw clamps, clamping strips and ropes tightened with a manual winch are used.

Frame trailers - Phaneevoza (Fig. 2.12, d) have a frame carrying a cassette and perceiving the main load. The panels are installed inside the cassette on the wooden flooring and hold on the side movement by clamping screws. The front of the panel semi-trailers is based on the tractor's seat-hitch, and the rear on the uniaxial or two-axle trolley with controlled or unmanaged wheels.

Fig. 2.12. Paneloevozia

In the cramped conditions of urban development, panels are usually used with controlled rear trolleys that improve the maneuverability of the road train. Modern semi-trailers are equipped with separately controlled hydraulic supports with bilateral hydraulic cylinders, working from car hydraulic systems, and have an automatic coupling with a tractor, which allows you to maintain directly from panels (installation with "wheels"), more efficiently use a base car that can serve Several replaceable semi-trailers (shuttle work method) and load-unloading panels on uneven sites. Load capacity of semi-trailers-panhelevoz 9 ... 22 tons.

Farmented and frame panels can be converted to platform type semi-trailers and use for transportation plates, beams, foundation blocks and other goods. This increases their versatility and the mileage utilization rate due to the possibility of loading the machine when moving in the opposite direction.

Long-type semi-trailers-farmhouses are designed to transport farms with a length of 12 ... 30 m, installed and fixed in a position close to the worker. Farmoz semi-trailers have a truss or beam design with a cassette platform and a two-axle with dual wheels controlled and unmanaged trolleys. In conditions of constrained construction sites, semi-trailers-farmhouses with hydraulic control of the trolley are used, in which each wheel turns to the corresponding angle, depending on the angle of "folding" of the road train.

In fig. 2.13 shows auto tray-farmosis for the transportation of farms of any design with a length of up to 24 m and a height of up to 2.5 m. The frame of the cassette type cassette type of the truss front part is based on the tractor's seat-hitch, and the back - on the seat-supporting device of the two-axle rear controlled trolley 4. The wheels of the trolley are controlled automatically using a hydraulic drive system. The front mobile layer of the semi-trailer is installed along the frame depending on the length of the transported farms and move using a manual winch. The farm relies on the frame cargo platform and is fixed in the upper belt of the clamping screws. Load capacity of semi-trailers-farmozov 10 ... 22 tons.

Fig. 2.13. Farmovoz motor trunk trains

Semi-trailers-santehkabinovoz and blocks are intended for transportation of bulk elements of residential and industrial buildings (unified sanitary and technical cabin, block rooms, marches), technological equipment (sections of elevators, transformers, boilers, bunkers, tanks, etc.) and containers. According to the design, they have a lot of common with frame-type panels and are distinguished by a low location of the cargo platform and the absence of special attachment tools.

Fig. 2.14. Santechkabinovoza

Santekhkabinovoz semi-trailers (Fig. 2.14) is a welded of bent and rolling profile frame of a cassette type, the front of which relies on the vehicle tractor's seat-hitch, and the rear is on a single or two-axle trolley with controlled or unmanaged wheels. They are equipped with mechanical or controlled hydraulic supporting devices. Load capacity 4 ... 30 tons.

The semi-trailers-plate are used for the carriage of the slabs of overlapping and coatings in a horizontal position, as well as beams, columns, bollardings, lumber, etc. The carrier part of the flow area of \u200b\u200bthe plate is a ridge frame with consoles for flooring and retractable lateral racks. Semi-trailers have a uniaxial or two-axle rear trolley. Some structures of the plate are performed with a sliding telescopic frame. Loading capacity of plastic surges to 22 tons.

For the transport of heavy large-sized equipment and construction machines, three-, four- and six-axle multicole trailers and semi-trailers-heavy trucks with a lifting capacity of 20 ... 120 tons with a low-locked platform are used. Trailers transport ballasts car tractors, and semi-trailers - saddle. Trailers and semi-trailers of large loading capacity are equipped with hydraulic lifting mechanisms to lower the platform when loading and lifting it during the transportation of goods. For loading and unloading cargo on a tractor, a winch is installed with a drive from the car's power take-off box.

The main areas of development of specialized vehicles are: expanding their mass production and nomenclature with a simultaneous decrease in the number of sizes, the creation of multipurpose vehicles, improving cargo fastening mechanisms, support, clamping and loading and unloading devices, an increase in unit load capacity and wide unification of machines.

The need to create specialized vehicles is associated with a variety of cargo transported. This applies primarily to the transportation of construction goods: large-sized building structures of various configurations, bulk non-metallic materials and other types of goods required for industrial and civil construction. For the transport of industrial, commercial and agricultural goods, a diverse specialized rolling stock is required: container shocks, trucks, wood coats, pipes, metals, cars, vehicles, equipped with self-regulating devices, etc. Inventors and rationalizers of Leningrad auto enterprises and autores, as well as designers and developers constantly improve And create new samples of specialized vehicles that contribute to the mechanization of loading and unloading work and ultimately increasing labor productivity during road haulage.

The dump truck model T-325a is designed to work as part of road trains with Tatra -148SS dump trucks, "Tatra" -815SS and used to transport bulk materials. The trailer consists of a welded frame made of channels No. 14 and 12. In front of the frame there is a coupling device, the brackets under the fastening of the hydraulic lifter are mounted, the rear axle suspension brackets are welded in the back of the frame.

The trailer platform is a welded construction from rolling and bent profiles, its inner dimensions -3224x2350x618 mm. The platform overturns on the sides. Side bearers are suspended on top hinges, boards constipation - lever type. The suspension of the trailer axes is made on longitudinal semi-elliptic springs. Wheels are dismantled, with onboard and lock rings.

Pneumatic drive is carried out by single-wire ("Tatra" -148SS) and a two-wire ("Tatra" -815SS) schemes. Parking brake It has a manual mechanical drive only on the rear axle pads, a snoring device is used to fix the drive.

The trailer is equipped with a telescopic hydraulic lifter from the MA3-503 dump truck.

Sankabinovoz semi-trailer model A-978 (Fig. 1) is designed to transport sanitary cabins with dimensional dimensions of no more than 2700x1600x x2600 mm, as well as or, blocks and containers. This low-grade semi-trailer has three loading areas (on the front and rear is installed on one cabin, on the middle - three cabins).

The semi-trailer platform is a welded design of a stepped form with longitudinal beams. The support and wheel frame have a tripartite fence. The axis with wheels and springs assembly is borrowed from the semi-trailer MA3-93801. The pneumatic drive of the brakes is carried out on a single-water-water scheme.

The MAZ-5429 car (MAZ-504) or Tractor K.Amaz-5410 is used as the main saddle tractor.

The cassette type semi-trailer model A-490-P2 (Fig. 2) serves to transport construction ^ reinforced concrete flat wall panels and volumetric products. The semi-trailer frame has a welded construction, made of chapellera number 20, in the upper part over the entire length is closed by the top belt of farms, and in the middle part - the lower belt of farms. Side farms are formed in the middle part of the semi-trailer cassette.

Fig. 1. Semi-trailer-Sankabinovoz model A-978

Fig. 2. Cassette type semi-trailer model A-490-P2

Fig. 3. Semi-trailer dump truck model 84A2-PS-2

Fig. 4. Semi-trailer dump truck model 84A2-PS-3

Supporting device, suspension and axis are borrowed from the MAZ-5245 semi-trailer. The reference device is two screw jacks, hinged on the frame of the semi-trailer. The suspension is made on two longitudinal semi-elliptic springs. The ladders and the tops of the semi-trailer have fencing for safe operation of rigging. The main tractor of the semi-trailer is the MAZ-504A truck tractor.

The cassette semi-trailer is manufactured at the Author Repair Plant of the Lenavoremont Production Association according to the drawings of the Project Technology Bureau of the Chief Moldovtrans.

The semi-trailer-dump truck model 84A2 is available in three modifications: 84A2-PS-1 - for the carriage of bulk building materials with a large specific mass; 84A2-PS-2 (Fig. 1.3) - for the transport of conventional bulk building materials; 84A2-PS-3 (Fig. 1.4) - for the transportation of long construction products and materials.

The base device of the semi-trailer is unified with the bearing device of semi-trailers A-483 and A-490 and is two screw jacks, hingedly fixed on the frame. The axis with wheels and suspension assembly borrowed from the semi-trailer MA3-93801.

The semi-trailer is equipped with two hydraulic cylinders from the ZIL-MMZ-555 dump truck. Possible installation of hydraulic cylinders from ZIL-MMZ-4502 cars and MAZ-5549.

The main tractor of the semi-trailer-dump truck is the truck tractor model MAZ-5429 with hydraulic equipment or KAMAZ-5410 tractor with hydraulic equipment.

Tractor with a lifting saddle device based on the car ZIL-130 model A-824 is used in the territories of transshipment bases, commodity stations and other cargo-current objects, where there is no need to transport semi-trailers to small distances To the places of loading and unloading. To perform these operations in automotive enterprises, high-profile tractors are used with a lifting saddle device based on standard ZIL-130 car. The design of the tractor, made on the suggestion of rationalizers of the project and technological bureau of the Glavlovtotrans, eliminates the need for mechanical lifting of the base rinks of the semi-trailer and releases linear cars from non-production work on the roads.

Re-equipment of the standard ZIL-130 car in the maneule tractor does not represent a special complexity and can be fulfilled in the conditions of automobile enterprise. To do this, the lifting frame is installed on the car's frame of ZIL-130, the front end of which hinge is connected to the bracket, and the rear - with rods of hydraulic lines. Wipers (2 pcs.) Used from the car ZIL-MMZ-555. A truck device borrowed from the ZIL-130V1 vehicle is mounted on the lifting frame. Saddle lifting height - 300 mm. The frames of the frame are interconnected with a support plate, in front of which guide slides are installed to facilitate a tractor hitch with a semi-trailer.

The saddle-hitch is associated with the lifting frame of the brake chamber, which serves to open the lock of the saddle device. The lifting frame in the raised position (for the unloading of the hydraulic cylinders) is held by the support shoes; The rotation of the shoes is carried out through the second brake chamber installed on the crossbar of the lifting frame. Control brake chambers through pneumatic drives is carried out from the car's cab.

All installation of the lifting and hitch is made without disassembling or any refinement of the car chassis ZIL-130. The electrical wiring of signal and light instruments is performed using the XIL-130V1 tractor circuit.

Fig. 5. Car-potato

Car-potato, depicted in fig. 5, performed on the basis of the GAZ-53 car.

Existing potato transportation methods (inboard vehicles, vans, containers, pallets, various containers) do not provide proper mechanization of loading and unloading operations and the preservation of potatoes in the cold season, the new design of the car-tofelievoz is used for the ingenious carriage of potatoes from vegetable databases in city trading .

The main equipment of the potatoes is a special body-bunker with a ribbon retractable conveyor. Bump-type bunker has

P-based base. Outside, the housing of the bunker is covered with sheet gland. Inside the plating wooden, protecting potatoes from shocks and at the same time serving thermal insulator. The vertical walls of the bunker are covered with thermal insulating material, troughting plywood.

The roof of the bunker has a boot hatch that opens and closes with a handle through the block of blocks on the back wall of the bunker. The unloading hatch is overlapped with a gate valve, over which the agile lever is mounted in the squabble. The lever is driven by a handle on the left side of the bunker. For free rolling potatoes, the unloading hatch over the sheath is covered with an aluminum sheet. To monitor loading and unloading potatoes in the left wall of the bunker, an observation window is provided.

The ribbon conveyor has a drive and stretch drum. The drive serves as an electric motor with a capacity of 1.3 kW. The power supply of the electric motor is carried out from the city network 220 V.

The electric motor with the drive drum is located in front of the conveyor under the bunker. The rear part of the conveyor with the tension drum in the transport position partially protrudes beyond the bunker. When unloading, it can be raised to the height (up to 2,300 mm) from the level of the surface of the parking area of \u200b\u200bthe car. In the working and transport positions, the conveyor is attached to the fixing device. The conveyor control panel is located in the cabinet on the back wall of the bunker.

When unloading the bunker, the potatoes are installed by the rear end of the conveyor against the warehouse space at a distance not closer to 2 m from the wall of the building, the conveyor raise to the desired height to the place of cargo receiving and using the connecting cable include the power of the electric motor. At the end of the unloading, the conveyor is installed in the transport position, then turn off the power of the electric motor. With a closed loading hatch and the grooved damper, the car is ready for movement.

In the potatoes there is a bunker air-heating due to heat removal from the exhaust pipeline. Air circulation is carried out by a driver cabin heating system fan.

Technical documentation for car-potato-WHO is located in the project and technological bureau of the Chief Moldovtotrans.

The semi-trailer-panhelevoz model A-483 of a ridge-type type is designed for the transport of house-building panels up to 7.5 m long. Palevoz is a welded frame structure that provides the transportation of panels in the inclined position. Poleevoz semi-trailer operates in a coupling with MAZ-5429 tractor.

The semi-trailer is designed in the project and technological bureau of the Chief Moldovtrans.

Semi-trailer for the transport of construction products in a vertical position (Fig. 1.6) ensures the transportation of construction products of different types, including structures that need to be transported in a suspended state, for example, T-shaped frames. The semi-trailer consists of a welded frame made of two longitudinal farms. Farms are connected by crossbar forming in the middle of the closed cassette, which serves to transport wall panels. For the transportation of structures such as T-shaped frames, movable transverse beams, having rollers and locking devices installed on the top belts of longitudinal farms. To prevent the transverse movement of building structures, movable beams are equipped with side vertical rollers.

Fig. 6. Semi-trailer for the transport of construction products in a vertical position

The semi-trailer is towed by a truck tractor made on the basis of the KRAZ car.

Van model 84A15 is designed for the transport of industrial and food cargo. It is installed on the chassis of GAZ-52-28 or GAZ-53-27 chassis. The van is made of metal, its frame is made of a rectangular profile, the outer cutting of the frame - from a steel sheet with a thickness of 0.8 mm. On the front and side walls of the van are wooden bars of the lattice type. In the back wall, there is a double door, reliably locked with special rod constipation with a device that ensures the safety of the seal from damage. For the convenience of the entrance and exit from the van at the rear door there is a retractable folding staircase, which is attached in the transport position under the floor of the van.

Body-van model 79A2, designed to transport bakery products in containers, is installed on the GAZ-52-01 car. The body has a welded frame of rectangular pipes. Outside the frame is covered with a sheet metal with a thickness of 0.8 mm, inside the ceiling and walls of plywood, the floor is dialed from a 25 mm thick boards, topped with a galvanized sheet.

For the convenience of loading and unloading containers, two guides from a non-uniform corner with stops are provided with spills to the base of the van, and two clamps, pressing containers to the front wall of the van and protect them from the longitudinal displacement.

The van has five doors - four doors on the right side and one behind. The doors are welded, bivalves, equipped with internal upper and lower locks, outside the sheet steel, from the inside plywood.

The van provides natural ventilation, jackhamge bars and drainage. Ventilation hatches are located in the front and rear walls of the van.

Fig. 7. Trolley for towing faulty low-tonnage cars

The Bow-van was developed by the Project Technological Bureau of the Glavlovtotrans and was manufactured at the Author Repair Plant of the Lenavoremont Production Association.

The trolley for towing faulty low-tonnage cars (Fig. 7) is intended for towing cars of Nis, beetle, eraz, uaz, etc. The truck axis is made of a thick-walled pipe with a diameter of 130 mm. On the axis, the hubs from the car NSA-522 are planned. The wheels of the cart are used from the UAZ car. Width wheel track - 1400 mm.

The axis of the trolley passes through the drawing of a box, made of leaf steel with a thickness of 10 mm. A towing loop is welded to the front of the drawn, the back of the breath is the supporting platform, which is installed by a hydraulic jack with a carrying capacity of 5 tons. To the middle part of the breathed two vertical racks with a length of 240 mm, associated with a steel jumper. Details are made of chapellera number 10.

At the vertical racks, lifting paws are installed, based on their middle part for hinged racks. At the end of the paw, the turntable is fixed for installing a towed car. The trolley provides a safety device in the form of a steel pin for fixing the car in possession. The trolley is equipped with a stop signal and signal signals.

A towing trolley is successfully used by the cargo cargo of the Glavolyvtotrans, gives a significant economic effect and ensures safe transportation defective cars. The authors of the proposal L. I. Fomin and A. A. Zinin.

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what? Types and purpose of transport

The movement of people and goods is the absolute need for society. For their implementation there are special means - transport. What he is, even a child knows, knows. Nevertheless, this is a complex system that requires absolute understanding.

Concept

From the point of view of an integrated approach, the title concept can be viewed as follows:

The combination of all existing ways to move.
Branch of farms and production.
Systemic association of all methods of movement and relevant infrastructure.

In the generalized sense, transport is:

link between cities, countries and continents;
the main component of any production;
a means of moving people, as well as ensuring their vital goods.

As a branch of production, it consists of:

from the subject of labor - actually transportation;
wages - rolling stock;
work carried out - management of them.

Functions

Given the absolute need for it, transport has entered all spheres of life. It is inherent in many functions:

Economic. It acts as a means of labor in the mining and provision of state with minerals: oil, gas, stone coal, ore, precious metals. Makes it possible and accessible specialization of production simultaneously with their cooperation. It is a major binder in the internal and international trade of any country.
Social. It manifests itself in providing opportunities to live, work and relax in different parts of the settlement, countries, mainland, planets and human facilitation.
Cultural significance lies in the possibilities of exchanging experiences and values, visiting any culturally rich places, replenish the new works of art.
A political role is to establish international and trade relations.
Military - in providing an army with the capabilities of peaceful and armed vehicles, medical care and nutrition.

Thus, regardless of the species and features, transport is an integral part of the state and society.

Classification

All existing movement methods can be distributed in two main groups: medium implementation of the main activity and service area.

Depending on the medium, the following groups allocate and types:

Ground: rail, wheel.
Underground (subway).
Air (aviation).
Space.
Water and underwater.
Pipeline.

By the nature of the service sphere, distinguish:

Public transport.
Special uses.
Transport of personal use.

Public transport types are represented by a combination of rolling stock for moving goods and passengers aimed at fulfilling economic, social, cultural, and sometimes political functions characteristic of them.

The most important types of public transport options include railway, automotive, water, aircraft and pipeline transport. What each of the groups represents, we will look at further.

Manuzhova and Support

The grandfather can be considered a prototype of all land vehicles. Starting with antiquity until the beginning of the 20th century, he performed all the functions corresponding to the current transport industry. At the same time served as an incentive to search for more technological and productive ways to move goods and passengers.

Depending on the territorial features, horses, donkeys, bulls, elephants, deers, dogs, camels are exploited. Animals were used for riding or blamed for transporting carts, wagons, carriages.

Supported transport was used for off-road (mountains, desert, taiga) - animals with Blades on the back leased.

With the development of the railway and car communication, he gradually out of public operation, going to rare personal use.

Water transport

Water marine transport - also has ancient roots related to the third III-II thousand BC. er, and was the only way to implement international trade and conquests of overseas countries.

Today it is distributed on the sea and river. Its advantages can be attributed to:

less energy cost than railway and automotive;
lack of need to build routes;
the ability to transport voluminous freaks over long distances, as well as where complicated or is too expensive construction of bridges.

Disadvantages:

Dependence on weather conditions.
Small movement speed.
High cost of building ports and docks.
The possibilities of river are limited to the passability of rivers.

An important feature of the loading and unloading work is the need to involve several types of transport within one port economy, namely automobile and rail.

Railway transport

It is a cargo and passenger transport, whose work is based on the movement of rolling stock on specially equipped paths - rails. His advantages:

Universality, independence from weather conditions, reliability.
High cargo and passenger capacity, which allows you to implement the movement of large streams in minor time intervals.
The ability to carry out direct deliveries from the manufacturer, if there are appropriate driveways.
Good speed.
Comfort passenger travel.

If we consider the types of freight transport, then the railway occupies a leading position on the transport of non-valuable, overall cargo, among which forest, grain, stone coal, building materials, oil refining industry. If necessary, containerization is applied.

Disadvantages:

Caidage intensity and engineering difficulties of building ways and rolling stock.
Limited direction railways, maneuvers and simultaneity of movement of several compositions.
Practically always requires the previous or subsequent use automotive productsWhat is displayed in total costs.
Difficulties of loading and unloading.
International transportation is often hampered by a track width difference.

The freight turnover averages 40-50% in the Russian Federation and 15-20% on the world market. The corresponding passenger turnover in Russia is 30% and 10 - in total in the world. Thus, this is a productive and reliable transport.

What is steam locomotive - they knew our ancestors. Today is his future - for the electrification of railway lines. Modernization of communication paths and rolling stock on a row with a complex introduction of high-speed technologies is a stable prospect for an increase in the profitability of the industry.

Automotive

Public transport types represents the automotive industry - the most mobile, technological and exploited. At the same time, it represents personal, special and departmental vehicles and their infrastructure. The proportion of Russian motor vehicles is only 4-6%, of the world - 8-10%. Automotive passenger transportation in the Russian Federation occupy 30-40% of all carried out, whereas in the world - 70-75%.

Advantages:

Mobility, opportunities for direct deliveries without using intermediate types of movement.
The advantage of transporting valuable, beating and perishable goods, including small volumes.
The method of delivery of food, including hard-to-reach regions.
A variety of vehicles for carrying capacity and type of body.
Good speed, low cost and convenience of passenger displacements.
Easy ways.

Disadvantages:

Energy intensity, negative impact on the environment.
High cost.
Minor lifting capacity, in comparison with other species.
The minimum degree of comfort of passengers.
Significant degree of wear of rolling stock.
Dependence on the safety of traffic safety. The presence of risks associated with them downtime and additional capital losses.

Passenger transport is almost half presented by car. It remains the leader among variants of movements within the settlement and country. For international, and especially intercontinental, railway, water or aviation.

Air

Airplanes and helicopters - the highest achievement of a person, in a literal and figurative sense, a significantly simplifying solution of ultra-communal tasks, to which include: moved to huge distances at high speed, Delivery of medicines or humanitarian aid to natural disaster zones and disasters, the implementation of complex operations in construction, Fire fighting, evacuation, agriculture and so on.

Advantages:

High speed.
A worthy level of comfort of passengers.
The possibilities of transporting valuable and perishable goods.
Do not require the construction of communication paths.

Disadvantages:

Low security.
The need for the highest qualification of pilots and dispatchers.
Meeting dependence.
Significant capital intensity and cost.
Limit of freight.

Along with considerable risks and high cost, takes about 20% among world passenger traffic.

Pipeline

A combination of pipe-shaped ways to move liquid and gaseous "goods" to considerable distances are pipelines. With it, provide interregional, international and intercontinental supply of oil and gas. The work is carried out using the pressure difference in the system and their regulation, respectively, transport workers are represented by dispatchers and controllers of items.

The advantages include manufacturability, high performance and accessibility in any conditions. The disadvantages are high safety and compliance requirements, continuous control and narrow direction of the system.

It is extremely necessary to ensure the comfort of the population, as it depends on its functioning the possibility of convenient cooking and the level of heat in housing in the cold season.

The most important system of any society is transport. What is the state without territory and the population, without industry, cultural heritage and displacement opportunities? It is the bloodstream of any country and the world, in general. It's trouble ecology, but also, that is quite possible, the salvation of mankind.

At the very beginning of the automotive era, at the turn of the XIX and XX centuries, the cars were exclusively passenger. Very soon there have been their first division into appointment: for the transport of people and for transporting goods. Today there are several classifications of road transport, but in the first place will always stand his appointment.

What are the classes of cars

Freightmachines are designed to transport various goods into small and long distances.

Passengerthere are more than 8 people and are varieties of buses.

Passengerthere are up to 8 people, these are the most massive cars.

Framesazhirescan be transported at the same time people and cargo.

Special- These are specialized cars to perform certain tasks.

Comparison

The design of each of them is still at the design stage "sharpened" to solve one specific task. This achieves its maximum efficiency.

Trucks, along with railway, water and air transport, Play an important role in the economy of any country, providing transportation of goods to the right places. Trucks are divided by cargo and body type: onboard, indoor, awning, dump trucks carrying ready-made building materials (for example, concrete mixers), liquid and frozen foods, containers. Trucks include a variety of tractors: from powerful army and long-range road trains with trailers and semi-trailers.

Passenger cars are represented exclusively by buses of different capacity. This class includes minibuses (minibuses), and workers of urban public transport, and buses providing suburban and local passenger transportation. A special place among buses is occupied by specialized models - school, intended exclusively for children. More powerful and overall buses run on long-distance trails. The most representative buses on the design, design and level of comfort of passengers are tourist models. Long distance and tourist buses are often traveling outside the country.

Cars opened the era of vehicles and today are the undisputed leader of the automotive industry. Every year there are tens of millions around them around the world. Inside its class, cars are divided by the body type and the operating volume of the engine cylinders. Perhaps it was here that all the diversity of the design thought of the auto industry and the entire design scope was concentrated. Under one roof, modest microllers are collected on two people and elegant long limousines, inside which riche and superstars, business pickups and family minivans, rapid sedans and unpretentious crossovers. The passenger car is currently without applying the latest materials, computer filling and satellite positioning system.

Cargo-passenger cars are used where people and loads are needed simultaneously. For example, on the basis of a passenger minibus, a carrier of small pieces of furniture and similar goods together with the loaders was created. And on the basis of a cargo KAMAZ - a car that delivers the duty officer brigade along with the tools and equipment to the site of urgent work.

Special vehicles include specialized emergency transport transport: ambulance carriers and fire trucks. A large separate group consists of special cars for performing various construction and road work: Tractors, graders, excavators, bulldozers, truck cranes. For cleaning urban streets serve several types of cleaning cars. Autolves help keep mobile small trade. In hard-to-reach places will help to get amphibians, survive in hot spots - bronmaskili. Finally, the brightest and most famous representatives of special cars - racing models: Formula 1, lightning of NASCAR, lightweight and durable buggies.

Conclusions Site

Trucks provide transportation of a variety of cargo. They are transported by cargo in both the bodies and trailers.
Passenger cars transport more than 8 people, these are buses of different capacity.
Cars transport from 2 to 8 people. Such models are produced in the world more of all classes of vehicles.
In passenger cars, the largest variety of body type.
Cargo-passenger cars transport people along with cargo.
Special vehicles are designed to perform certain narrow direction tasks.

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