The history of the first in the history of the USSR of the passenger car began with the fact that in 1925 the student of the last course of the Moscow Mechanical and Electrical Institute of Constantine, who for a long time could not decide on the topic of his appearance, finally decided what he wants to write, and approved the work plan of his supervisor. Then, before Soviet automakers, the task was to develop a small car, which can be selected in domestic realities. Some specialists suggested simply copying the overseas car "Tatra", but it turned out that in many respects she still did not fit, so it was necessary to design something. It was this problem that the Sharapov took up.
Did he understand then that his work called "a small car for russian conditions Operation and production will become historical, it is not clear, but he approached her with all seriousness.
The student attracted the idea of \u200b\u200bcombining in one units of the simplified design of the Motocolus and automotive passenger. As a result, Sharapova was so liked by his head that he recommended him into a research automobile institute (us), where he was accepted without any competition and testing. The project of the car developed by him decided to implement.
The first drawings of small trains prepared by Sharapov in 1926 were finalized to the needs of the production by the famous engineers Andrei Lipghard, Nikolai Briling and Evgeny Charnko.
The final decision on the release of the car was adopted by the state trust of automotive factories "Avtotrest" in early 1927. And the first samples of Nami-1 came out from the factory "Avtotor" on May 1st of the same year. It is noteworthy that then constructors for testing only the chassis of the car, the creation of a speech body has not yet been going on - first it was necessary to understand whether the innovative design could be able to show itself well in real road conditions.
Tests of the passenger cars spent a week later, in the first test races, the car showed itself worthy, and by September 1927 two more cars were collected at the production. For them, engineers have prepared a more serious test - cars were to overcome the route Sevastopol - Moscow - Sevastopol.
For the testing in the test run, along with the pair, Nami-1 sent cars Ford T and two motorcycles with wheelchairs. The tests and this time have shown well.
There was no serious breakdown in the way, especially considering that there was almost nothing to break in the design of new cars.
One of the main advantages that has allowed us to overcome the track without any problems, has become high ground clearance. In addition, the car was very economical - a full tank car was enough for about 300 km run.
Wikimedia Commons
After the successful completion of tests, the designers switched to creating a body for us-1. Initially, two options were developed: one is simpler and cheap, and the second is more perfect, having a two-section windshield, three doors and trunk, but at the same time quite expensive. However, none of them got into production - the third body prototype began to put on the passenger cars, which was rather outstanding and not elegant, which subsequently caused dissatisfaction of drivers and passengers.
We went to the series
The decision on the beginning of the serial production by Nami-1 was accepted in the same 1927. Assembling cars, the factory "Autors". Separate parts of the passenger cars were manufactured at other enterprises, in particular the 2nd car repair plant and automotive factory No. 5.
Cars were collected manually, because of this, the process of their production was quite long and expensive. As a result, only the first 50 cars were ready for the fall of 1928. And they hit the users at all in the spring of 1929.
It is noteworthy that in those days, ordinary people did not sell cars - they were distributed between the garages of enterprises where professional chauffeur traveled. At first, many drivers, accustomed to move on foreign technique, reacted to a novelty with skepticism. During operation, Nami-1 really revealed a number of significant drawbacks: an uncomfortable salon, incorrectly designed awning, strong vibration From the engine, for which the lunaries in the people were called "Primus", and the lack of dashboard.
In the press, there was even a discussion about whether we have-1 the right to further existence and development. For small size, efficiency and special design, the car received another name - "Motorcycle on four wheels." And this, according to drivers, did not pain her.
"I believe that in your design we are not a car, but a motorcycle on four wheels, and therefore we can not play any role in the country's motorization," wrote in from 1929.
Many engineers stated that the car needs to reconstruct much and the continuation of its release can only be told after the application into the design of these edits. At the same time, one of the developers of small trays Andrei Lipgart answered opponents that this car is a big future, and the existing shortcomings can be eliminated, but it will take time.
"Viewing Diseases by us-1, we conclude that they can all be easily and quickly eliminated. No solid changes in any general scheme Machines nor in the design of its main mechanisms should not be carried out for this. You have to make small design changes, the need to identify operation, and most importantly, it is necessary to improve production methods. The manufacturers themselves are well aware that they make cars not as follows - however, they are not always solved in this, "they wrote in the 15th issue of the journal" Driving "in 1929.
At the same time, despite the numerous complaints of drivers, Nami-1 showed itself well on narrow Moscow streets, where he easily overtook even more powerful foreign competitors.
Wikimedia Commons
Well, about the new small chartrage responded in the village - provincial drivers argued that the car had a high permeability, which was so necessary in the rustic conditions.
Salt trap drove up
As a result, in the dispute on the further "life" of Nami-1 defeated supporters of the cessation of the car. The last sample of small tramps left the plant in 1930. In total, for incomplete three years, it was released, according to various sources, from 369 to 512 cars. At the disposal of the "Avtotrest" on the cessation of production it was said about the actual impossibility of correcting the defects of the design. The slow pace of the production of the car - the industry was played by about 10 thousand. Nami-1 per year was required, but the factory "AutoTork" did not cope with such volumes.
However, the Creator of Saltrazhigas did not stop at this - by 1932 at the Institute, where he worked, an improved model of Nami-1 appeared, which received NATI-2 name. However, this model was also waiting for failure - in mass production She never went.
The fate of Sharapova himself was not the best in the future. In the times of Stalinist repression, he was detained on suspicion of the transfer of automotive drawings to a foreign citizen.
To serve the punishment of the engineer sent to the carport to Magadan. There, he continued to design various devices and even on his own initiative developed a diesel aviation motor. Sharapova liberated only in 1948, after that he was appointed Deputy Chief Engineer of the Kutais Motor Mounting Enterprise.
However, life once again played with a talented engineer, a keen joke - less than a year, in January 1949, Sharapova again arrested and referred to Yeniseisk. He was completely released only after Stalin's death in 1953.
After the rehabilitation of Sharapov worked in the Laboratory of the USSR engines, then in the central Research Institute of Motor Building. In this organization, the engineer participated in the development of the on-board power plant of the Earth's artificial satellite.
Copying foreign cars began with the very first Soviet cars produced under Ford license. Over time, the copying occurred most often without the permission of Western auto plants. The USSR Research Automobile Institute purchased the capitalist oppressors of the labor nation at once several advanced models "to explore" and after a few years from the conveyors a Soviet analogue was found. True often by that time the prototype was already outdated and was shot from production, and a Soviet copy was produced by a single decade.
GAZ A.
The first mass passenger car of the USSR was borrowed from the American car industry. Gas A is a licensed copy of the American Ford-a. The USSR bought equipment and documents for production in 1929 from the American firm, and in two years, the release of Ford-A was discontinued. Aven a year later, in 1932, the first gas-a cars were released.
Despite the fact that the first cars of the plant were manufactured according to the drawings of the American firm Ford, they had already differed several differences from American prototypes. After 1936 in Moscow and Leningrad, the exploitation of obsolete gas was prohibited. The small car owners were prescribed to hand over Gas-A state and with a surcharge to acquire a new GAZ-M1.
Leningrad-1.
The Soviet experimental passenger car was an almost accurate copy of the BuICK-32-90 car, which in American standards belonged to the highest medium class.
Plant "Red Putilovets", previously produced Fordson tractor, released 6 copies of L1 in 1933. A significant part of the car could not reach Moscow without serious breakdowns. As a result, "Red Putilovets" was reoriented to the release of tractors and tanks, and the refinement of L1 was transferred to the Moscow ZIS.
Since Biuik's body has no longer matched the middle of the thirties, they designed it in the ZIS. The American body studio Budd Company based on Soviet sketches designed elegant and externally modern for those years body. It cost a state half a million dollars and took 16 months.
GAZ-M-1
GAZ-M1, in turn, was designed according to the samples of Ford Model B (Model 40A) of 1934, the documentation for which gas was transferred to the American side under the terms of the contract.
During the adaptation of the model to the domestic operating conditions, the car was largely redesigned by Soviet specialists. EMCA in separate positions surpassed the later products of Ford.
Kim-10.
The first Soviet serial small car, which, when developing, was taken by the British Ford Prefect.
In the USA made stamps and developed body drawings in the models of the Soviet designer artist. In 1940, the plant began producing this model. Kim-10 was to become the first truly "popular" Soviet car, however, the Great Patriotic War was prevented by the implementation of the ambitious plan of the country's leadership to ensure majority of citizens, the Great Patriotic War was prevented.
ZIS-110.
The design of the body of the first Soviet post-war passenger car of the representative class almost completely imitated the American "PakcCeard" of the senior series of pre-war issuing. Up to the trifles of the ZIS-110, it was similar to Packard 180 with the Body of Touring Sedan the last pre-war model of 1942.
An independent Soviet development, specially betrayed the appearance of the American Pakcarland in accordance with the taste preferences of the country's top management and, mainly, personally, Stalin.
It is unlikely that an American firm liked such creative development of her ideas in the design of the Soviet car, but no complaints from her part in those years did not follow, especially since the production of large "paccards" after the war was not resumed.
Moskvich 400.
The Soviet Saltra was a complete analogue of the Opel Kadett K38 car, produced in 1937-1940 in Germany at the German branch of Opel of the American concern General Motors, recreated after the war on the basis of surviving copies, documentation and accessories.
A part of the equipment for the release of the car was exported from the Opel plant in Rüsselheim (who was in the American occupation zone) and mounted in the USSR. A significant part of the lost documentation and the equipment for production was recreated again, and the work was carried out in Germany for the order of the Soviet military administration by the forces of mixed labor collectives, consisting of submitted Soviet and civilian German specialists who worked in the design bureaus created after the war.
Subsequent three generations of "Muscovites" will be lagging to repeat the products of Opel.
GAZ-M-12
Six-seed passenger car big Class With the body "six-foam long-tone sedan" developed on the basis of Buick Super. Serially produced at the Gorky Automobile Plant (Molotov Plant) from 1950 to 1959 (some modifications - to 1960.)
The plant strongly recommended Completely copying the "BYUK" of the sample of 1948, but engineers based on the proposed model designed a car, which is maximized on already mastered aggregates and technology. The winter was not a copy of a particular foreign car in any way in terms of design, nor, in particular, in the technical aspect - in the last designers of the plant even managed to "say a new word" in the global highway industry. In October 1950, the first industrial batch of GAZ-M-12 was collected.
GAZ-21 "Volga"
The passenger car of the middle class was technically created by domestic engineers and designers "from scratch", but externally copied mainly american models The beginning of the 1950s. During the development, foreign cars were studied: Ford Mainline, Chevrolet 210, Plymouth Savoy, Standard Vanguard and Opel Kapitdn.
GAZ-21 serially was produced at the Gorky Automobile Plant from 1956 to 1970. The factory code index - initially gas-M-21, later (since 1965) - GAZ-21.
By the time of the start of mass production by world standards, the "Volga" design has already become at least ordinary, and on the background of serial foreign cars of those years have not yet been highlighted. Already by 1960, Volga was a car with hopelessly outdated design.
Moskvich-402.
The look of a small class car repeated model Opel. Olympia Rekord is the Opel Kadett K38 successor. Participation of specialists from gas, where the development of "Volga" GAZ-21 was completely influenced by the design of the car. Moskvich took over many elements of his design from her.
The mass production of "Moskvich-402" was cooler in May 1958.
GAZ-13 "Gull"
Representative car of a large class, created under the explicit influence of the latest models of the American company Packard, which in those years have just studied in us (Packard Caribbean convertible and Packard Patrician sedan, both 1956 model year).
"Chaika" was created with an explicit orientation on the trends of the American style, like all the products of the gas of those years, but was not a one hundred percent "stylistic copy" or the modernization of Packcard. The car was produced by a small series at the Gorky Automobile Plant C 1959 to 1981. In total, 3,189 cars of this model were made.
"Seagulls" were used as a personal transport of the highest nomenclature (mainly ministers, the first secretaries of the Commands), which was issued as an integral part of the "package" of privileges.
And sedans, and the "Chaika" convertible were used on parades, were served in the meetings of foreign leaders, prominent figures and heroes, were used as accompaniment machines. Also, "Seagulls" came to the "Intourist", where, in turn, they could be ordered to be ordered to use as wedding limousines.
ZIL-111
Copying American design at different Soviet factories led to the fact that the appearance of the ZIL-111 car was created according to the same samples as the "seagull". As a result, in the country at the same time, externally similar cars were made. ZIL-111 is often accepted for a more common "seagull".
Top-class passenger car stylistically represented a compilation of various elements american cars The middle and highest class of the first half of the 1950s - preferably reminded Cadillac, Packard and Buick. The basis of the external design of ZIL-111, as well as "Seagulls", lay design models of the American company Packard 1955-56. But compared with Packard models, Zil was more in all the dimensions, looked much stricter and "square", with the hidden lines, had a more complex and detailed decor.
From 1959 to 1967, only 112 copies of this car were collected.
ZAZ-965
The main prototype of the micro is Fiat 600.
The car was designed by MZS ("Moskvich") together with the automotive institute by us. The first samples received the designation "Moskvich-444", and have already differ significantly from the Italian prototype. Later, the designation was changed to "Moskvich-560". Meanwhile, the conveyor of the MSM itself was completely loaded by that time, and the reserves for the development in the production of microloes at the plant did not exist. Therefore, for the release of the car, it was decided to reconstruct the "Communar" plant in the city of Zaporizhia (Ussr), which was previously engaged in the production of combines and other agricultural machinery
ZAZ-966.
The passenger car of a particularly small class demonstrates the considerable similarity of the design with the German small polyagge NSU PRINZ IV (Germany, 1961).
GAZ-24 "Volga"
The passenger car of the middle class became the hybrid of the North American Ford Falcon and Plymouth Valiant.
Serially was produced at the Gorky Automobile Plant from 1969 to 1992. The appearance and design of the car were standard enough for this direction, specifications were also approximately an average level. Most "Volga" was not intended for sale in personal use and operated in taxi and other state organizations.
VAZ-2101.
VAZ-2101 "Zhiguli" - a rear-wheel drive car with a body of a sedan type is an analogue of the Fiat 124 model, which received the title "Car of the Year" in 1967.
Under the agreement of the Soviet external and Fiat, the Italians created the Italians a Volzhsky Automotive Plant in Tolyatti with a full production cycle. The concern was the technological equipment of the plant, training of specialists.
VAZ-2101 was subjected to serious changes. In total, over 800 changes were made in the Fiat 124 design, after which it received the name Fiat 124R. The "Russification" FIAT 124 was extremely useful for the FIAT itself, which has accumulated unique information about the reliability of its machines in extreme operating conditions.
VAZ-2103
Rear-wheel drive car with sedan type body. It was developed in conjunction with the Italian Fiat firm based on Fiat 124 and Fiat 125 models.
Later, on the basis of the VAZ-2103, "Project 21031" was developed later renamed VAZ-2106.
VAZ-2105
The VAZ-2105 model was developed by a serious modernization of previously produced models within the framework of the "second" generation of rear-wheel drive cars VAZ as a replacement of VAZ-2101. The design of the design was taken by the Fiat 128 Berlina model.
In the screensaver of the 15 series of 17 seasons of the series Simpsons, in which the Simpsons play real actors in real scenery, Homer rides home to Lada Nova (the export name "tops").
Moskvich-2141.
Moskvichu-412 replacement was designed only in the 1980s, and it was already a completely different car, - Moskvich-2141, front-wheel drive hatchback, created on the basis of the body of the French "SIM card" and already outdated by the engine of the uzam. Export name - Aleko, from the car plant of the Leninsky Komsomol.
As the best example to accelerate the design of a new car, Manavtoprom has seen a recently appeared Franco-American model Simca 1308 manufactured by the European branch of Chrysler Corporation. Designers ordered to copy the car up to the "iron". " However, in the process of developing the body "Moskvich" was designed again, as a result of which the car's exterior was significantly different from the French sample and, albeit with some stretch, but corresponded to the level of the mid-eighties.
The history of the automotive began in 1924. Then people first saw the wonders of the domestic car industry: a dozen new trucks of the model AMO-F15 drove in Red Square, demonstrating their power and power. And he made them on the world, the world famous company ZIL. Of course, then she was almost a zero level of development, but, with the development of the USSR, the company's strength and strength.
But, after all, the main achievement of the Soviet Masters - cars. So, the first batch of truly domestic cars consisted of 370 copies of Nami-1. This beauty accelerates speed up to 70 km / h. An ordinary Soviet person could only dream of such a car, so they traveled representatives of power. By the way, the design and mechanics of Nami-1 fully developed specialists of the Spartak plant.
In 1929, the car was upgraded: now the model had a speedometer, a forced engine and installed the electric starter. But the prototype of the legendary Ford was released only in 1935. This car accelerates speed up to 90 km / h. Knowledgeable people called her yet "designer for adults", as passenger gas gas consisted of 5450 details.
The same difficulty was the prototype of the American Biuika -32-90 - Leningrad-1.
And now we turn to the significant, for the automotive industry of the USSR, year 1944. It was then, a year before the end of the war, a well-known, the legendary "victory" was developed for the whole world.
Legends go that at first they wanted to call "homeland". When the documents were sent to approval, he asked: "Well, how much will we have a homeland?". After that, the car was immediately renamed. But back to the car itself. Already in 1954, more than 236 thousand copies were released. She enjoyed great popularity among the population. It was in line for the purchase of years, and those who managed to acquire it, called her gentle - swallow. It was equipped enough powerful engine with six cylinders.
The rare modification is a convertible victory - now there are more than 100 thousand dollars, and are in demand from collectors.
Along the way, with the "victory", a favorite "Moskvich" appeared on the world, to whom Soviet witty people also gave the name - "Collect himself." He was constantly broken, but, at the same time, to have "Moskvich" was also prestigious, as well as "victory." It was this model that was equipped with new overseas engines. When the Iron Curtain fell, our automotive companies began to actively cooperate with foreign, which gave good results. Maximum speed Native "Moskvich" - 105 km / h.
There are two cars that belong to, and will belong my heart is "Volga" and "Seagull". I think the same emotions in most Soviet people. Yes, definitely, now a lot modern cars with steep frills, tremendous speed, etc. But when you sit in a comfortable, nice eye salon "Volga" - you feel like a man. No wonder these cars went the first people of the country.
But the little "Zaporozhets" always called a smile. This Luchuck of 1963 was worth 1200 rubles. Despite his wrongness, he was just a huge queue. It was the first car that was done really for the usual people. My grandfather also had a "Zaporozhets". He called him gently donkey. Do you ask why? Because there were almost no places in the trunk, so half a thin potatoes, things in the country, suitcases, bicycles, a stack of hay, a kilogram of apples, etc. We drove on the lattice stand on the roof of the little "Zaporozhets". That's why donkey.
Of course, the Soviet auto industry has a continuation and now. The USSR engineers gave an excellent start to the future. If it were not for them, we would now have to buy cars of only foreign production, and they are unlikely to endure a trip to the country, conceiving relatives to the station, and a real, Russian, sincere wedding. And finally, a little bearded anecdote about the domestic automotive industry: "Do you know why the Zaporozhet's trunk at the front? And everything in order to do not stole the thing at such a speed! "
One of the most interesting pages domestic history The XX century was the chronicle of the development of the automation of the USSR - the economic industry aimed at creating a rolling stock and ensure the country in all areas of its multifaceted life. In a pre-war period, this process was in an inextricable connection with the general industrialization of the state, and in the following years it became an important part of Lifting the national economy and creating a solid economic base. Let us dwell on some of the most essential stages.
Why did it all start?
The beginning of the history of the USSR automotive industry was found in 1924 by the release of the first Soviet truck AMO-F-15. His prototype was the Italian car Fiat 15 Ter. The place of creation of this generator of the Domestic Automobile Industry was the Moscow Plant "AMO", founded in 1916, and in soviet time Renamed and received first of the name Stalin (1933), and then Likhacheva (1956) - his first director who occupied this position since 1927.
A little later, in 1930-1932, this undertaking was further developed by the construction of another plant for the production of cars in Nizhny Novgorod. It was designed for the production of both passenger and trucksThe license of the American Ford Motors campaign. From the conveyors of these first two enterprises created in the framework of the national industrialization program, many legendary Soviet cars have gone, and it is they who became the basis for the further development of this most important industry.
In subsequent years, several other auto plants were added to these largest auto enterprises: Kim (Moscow), Yagaz (Yaroslavl) and GZA ( Nizhny Novgorod). Now it seems incredible, but in 1938 the USSR auto industry occupied the first (!) Place in Europe and the second in the world (losing only the United States) for the production of trucks. In the prewar years, there were more than a million units, which allowed to equip the red army in the necessary amount of rolling stock and enterprises of the national economy. The creation of numerous and sufficiently equipped fleet allowed the country to achieve success in the implementation of programs of pre-war five-year plans.
Manufacture of cars during the war years
With the beginning of the Great Patriotic War, the Moscow Plant "ZIL" (former IMO) was evacuated to the rear, and part of his equipment went to the creation of new auto enterprises. Thus, using Zil's production facilities, a Ulyanovsk Automotive Plant was opened - UAZ, which was carrying the name Ulzis at that time. Subsequently, he was renamed and received wide fame with its products both within the country and abroad. At the same time, at the Uralzis plant, built in the city of Miass Chelyabinsk region, the production of the first samples of the "Ural" brand trucks began.
It should be noted that during the war years, the production of cars in the USSR was not limited to the release of models based on domestic developments. To fully satisfy the needs of the front, as well as to ensure the rolling stock of the country of industrial enterprises, the assembly of vehicles from the sets of nodes and parts, which came to Land Lases - a special program, within which the United States provided the countries of the Anti-Hitler coalition by ammunition, technology, medicines and food.
Post-war priorities of the domestic auto industry
The postwar years brought with them the exacerbation of the relations between the former allies, which were at different directions of the Iron Curtain, and were marked by the beginning of the general arms race. In the history of those years, episodes are noted when humanity stood on the grain of the global nuclear catastrophe - it suffices to recall the Caribbean conflict of 1962. These circumstances largely determined the specificity of the development of the entire national economy of the USSR and the auto industry as one of its most important components.
Since the beginning of the 50s and until the end of the 70s, the Ministry of Automotive Industry of the USSR, supporting the course for the release of trucks, gave priority to those models that could be used with equal success both to maintain the country's defense capability and in various fields of the national economy. These were main dual-use trucks, as well as multi-wheel drive tractors. One of the most famous developments of those years has become a cargo vehicle ZIS-164, which came down from the conveyor of the Moscow plant named after Stalin and was the result of a deep modernization of the VIS-150 vehicle.
Birth of the first Zilov and "Urals"
The next milestone development of the plant was released in 1963 the legendary Soviet car ZIL-130, which to this day can be seen on the roads of the country. According to its constructive characteristics, he successfully competed with the best global samples of the time. It is enough to say that the car was equipped with the engine, the power of which was 150 liters. C., as well as a power steering and a five-speed gearbox. The novelty was the panoramic washer windshielddeveloped by factory engineers.
In the late 50s car park Countries have been replenished with a novelty issued by Ural specialists. It was a two-axis cargo car Uralzis-355mm (photo is given below). Despite the fact that technical characteristics This model referred to the category of medium loading machines (up to 3.5 tons), it was she who was destined to play a leading role in the development of virgin lands of Kazakhstan, Siberia and the Urals.
Impressive statistics
How intensively was the development of production of trucks and tractors in the first post-war decades, statistics testifies. According to the data available, the total release of this type of products in 1947 amounted to 133 thousand units, and by the beginning of the 70s the automotive enterprises operating in the USSR increased their number to 920 thousand, that is, almost seven times, which exceeded the similar indicators of the leading Industrial countries in the world.
No less impressive was the increase in production passenger carswhich in the prewaging period paid less attention due to the need to provide the country truck. According to the USSR auto industry, in 1947 they produced about 9.5 thousand units, whereas by 1970 this number increased to 344.7 thousand, in other words, increased almost 36 times.
Cars that have made emblems of the era
Among the passenger cars produced in those years, the legendary Soviet car "Victory" was greatest fame, which went off the conveyor of the Gorky Automobile Plant under the index M-20. Its development has become a new word not only in domestic, but also in foreign automotive industry.
The fact is that "victory" was the world's first sample of large-scale passenger cars with a bearing body that did not have protruding elements, such as headlights, steres and wings with all their rudimias. Important distinctive feature This design was also the absence of a frame, the function of which performed the body itself. The Gorky Plant "Victory" was produced in the period 1946-1958, and their number on the roads of the country then reached almost a quarter of a million units.
It is noted that the 50s were generally an unusually productive period in the activities of designers and designers of the Gorky Automobile Plant. At the World Exhibition, held in 1958 in Brussels, three of their developments were awarded the highest award - the Grand Prix. These were passenger cars: Volga GAZ-21, who came to the change "Victory", "Seagull" GAZ-13 and GAZ-52 truck. Later, the fame of the plant brought memorable to all the cars "Volga" GAZ-24.
BLANTS OF CAPITAL AUTO RECORDERS
Another peculiar emblem of that era was the passenger car "Moskvich-400", the release of which was established at the metropolitan enterprise the same name, open in 1930. His specialists, taking the basis of German opel car Kadett pre-war design, developed its own model, launched into mass production in 1947. Its first samples were released on trophy equipment exported from Germany.
After 7 years, the design of the car was significantly upgraded, and he began to be produced under the Moskvich-401 index. In subsequent years were developed and started in mass production His new models that replenish the car park. The most famous among them was the car "Moskvich-408", who deserved good glory with his reliability and unpretentiousness.
Epoch "Zhiguli"
In the mid-1960s, the task was set to the mass production of passenger cars available to the wide layers of citizens, and thereby eliminate the difficulties associated with their acquisition, was delivered to the USSR. As part of this project, in the summer of 1966, an agreement was concluded with the leadership of the Italian Fiat Concern to build in the city of Togliatti plant for the production of passenger cars. The brains of the new enterprise became cars of the brand "Zhiguli", which were produced in an unprecedented amount of quantities. In the 70s, their release reached 660 thousand per year, and by the beginning of the 80s increased to 730 thousand. This period is assumed to be the beginning of the country's major motorization.
Salt tract from the shores of Dnieper
Tangle contribution to the case of the Soviet people, the Zaporizhia Automobile Waterproof and the Zaporizhia Automobile Plant. In 1961, the release of a small-calm car ZAZ-965 was established on it, which was found in the people the ironic name "Humpback" Zaporozhets ". It is curious that his design was developed by specialists of the capital auto plant, producing "Muscovites", and there was also planned to establish its serial release, but for the lack of necessary production facilities, they had already been handed over to colleagues from the banks of the Dnieper.
In 1966, an updated and radically distinguished from his predecessor, known as "Zaporozhet-966", was revealed from the enterprise's gate, and in the following decades, more and more new developments appeared. Their characteristic feature was air cooling of the engine located in the rear of the body. For all the production time, which covered the period 1961-1994, almost 3.5 million cars were released.
Contribution of Ukrainian specialists in the development of auto industry
For several decades, the main load on the transport of passengers in the field public transport It was assigned to the products of the Lviv bus factory (LAZ). Built in the first postwar years, he was up to the collapse of the USSR, one of the main Soviet enterprises specialized in this area, and in 1992 was transformed into a joint Russian-Ukrainian enterprise that existed for 22 years.
The largest fame among its products was obtained by destined buses of the LAZ-695 brand, the release of which began in 1957. In addition, a noticeable trace in the history of domestic automotive industry was left and models intended for servicing all the challenges with each year of tourists. These include developments such as LAZ-697 and LAZ-699A. In 1963, the plant mastered the release of a new product for it - LAZ-695T urban trolley buses.
The creators of the famous "Urals"
Specialists who operated in the city of Miass of the Ural Automobile Plant opened in the city of Miass. For the period from 1942, when the first sample of products came down from his conveyor, and until the collapse of the USSR, an extensive model range of machines and tractors of various carrying capacity and power was developed.
In addition to the Uralzis-355m biaxial truck mentioned above, which has become the legend of virgin expanses, the first three-axis car "Ural-375", released in 1961 and has a heightened permeability, which made it indispensable in off-road, can be attributed to the number of the most striking achievements of this afraid. For its development, enterprise designers were awarded the diploma of the USSR of the first degree. The high quality of new cars was appreciated by many foreign buyers, hurried to conclude contracts for their supply.
The next government award is the Order of the Labor Red Banner of the Ural Automotive Workers received in 1966 for the modernization of a number of previous models and the development of new ones. Shortly before the collapse of the Soviet Union, a million car came down from his conveyor. In the subsequent period, the plant has undergone repeated restructuring and today is included in the GAZ Group, which is the largest automotive company of Russia.
Achievements of Ulyanovsk automakers
In one of the previous sections, the article mentioned that during the Great Patriotic War on the banks of the Volga, an enterprise was formed, who received fame as a Ulyanovsk Automobile Plant (UAZ). Its role in the development of the national economy of the country was so great that it should stop several more.
The history of this famous plant began in May 1944 from the release of the first prototype 4-ton truck Ulzis-253. In parallel with this, his team has established the manufacture of a gas-mm car, developed and produced in the Gorky plant, and then transferred to Ulyanovsk to continue its mass production. It was the most famous "half-timer" - a car with a carrying capacity of 1.5 tons, which, wrought front road, became an indispensable assistant in the case of post-war recovery of the national economy.
In 1954, Ulyanovsk specialists set up the release of a passenger car increased passibility GAZ-69, and after some time and its modified model - GAZ-69A. Both of these cars have become bright milestones towards the development of the Soviet economy of post-war years. They were equally sought after in the armed forces of the country, and in all areas of the economy. It is important to note the fact that since 1956 their assembly was made from the details of its own production.
The next labor victory is breast crafts (it was customary to speak during the years of Soviet power) was established in 1966 the production of low-tonnage trucks UAZ-450D and modifications of UAZ-452D. These were the legendary "UAZ", without which it is difficult to imagine the roads of those years. This development was awarded the Gold Medal of VDNH. The passenger cars of the UAZ-469 and UAZ-469B passed from the factory conveyor were not less successful, who had increased permeability and became a continuation of the tradition, laid back during the release of GAZ-69.
Afterword
This article presents a far from a complete list of products that produced the USSR auto industry enterprises for the years since its formation to the decay of the country. In addition, even the majority of the models mentioned had various modifications, each of which is of interest to the originality of the design and the courage of technical thought. In general, the history of the Soviet automotive industry is an exciting chapter in the chronicles of the domestic history of the 20th century.
The first serial passenger car of the new Soviet state, produced from 1932 to 1936. The car was initially represented in the body of Phaeton, which over time was supplemented with a sedan and pickup. 3.3 liter engine and 40 hp accelerated gas and up to 90 km / h. The retail sales of the car were single (about 1000 cars were divided by private hand), and the main consumers were civil services, army and taksopark. The overall issue was 41,917 cars.
In essence, gas A was a licensed copy of American Ford Model A (on the right), which by the beginning of production in the USSR was already removed from production in the States. In the process of adaptation, Soviet engineers and constructors based on gas A, several more modifications have created, including fire, armored and semi-migrating.
KIM-10 / Ford Perfect
According to the idea of \u200b\u200bSoviet power, Kim-10 should have become the first mass car intended for the sale of the population. The basis for the first "folk" machine of the USSR became the technically simple and inexpensive Ford Perfect sample of 1938, produced by the English division of the American brand. According to projects of Soviet designers in the United States, stamps of three bodies were created: a coupe, sedan and a convertible.
The first serial samples of KIM-10 saw the light in April 1941. And in less than three months, production was stopped - the Great Patriotic War began.
In total, the plant managed to do less than 1000 cars.
Moskvich 400 / Opel Kadett K38
The ideological follower of Kim-10. The new "folk" car was decided to create one of the German "trophy" cars on the basis of one of the German "trophy", which, by the end of the war in the USSR, a lot was accumulated. The choice fell on a fairly modern at the time of the Opel Kadett K38 of the 1937 sample. True, the car had to recreate the car almost again, since most of the documentation and equipment of the Opel plant were destroyed, or exported by the Americans (Opel's brand since 1929 belonged to the General Motors concern).
As a result, in December 1946, the first "Moskvich 400" was released. At the beginning of its production, the car was equipped with a 1.1-liter motor capacity of 23 hp, three-stage mechanical gearbox and independent front suspension. Moskvich was produced in several types of body, including a sedan, a convertible, a van, pickup and chassis with a cab.
In total from 1946 to 1956, 247,861 car was produced.
GAZ-M20 "Victory" / Opel Kapitan
The first serial Soviet car with the bearing body. GAZ-20 has been equipped with a weak four-cylinder engine with a volume of 2.1 liters and a capacity of 52 hp. With a three-stage gearbox without synchronizers (later synchronizers appeared on the 2nd and 3rd transmissions). The limited version of GAZ-M20G with a more powerful 90-strong six-cylinder engine was created specifically for special services.
GAZ-M20 was not created by direct copying method, and was Kintessentia technical ideas All trophy and set on the lend-lease of the technique in the territory of the Soviet Union after the war. However, a significant role in the creation of "victory" was played by German Opel Kapitan (at that time - the flagship model Row Opel) - It is his constructive features largely adapted to create a new domestic model.
By the way, the modification of "Victory" (GAZ-M72) on the All-wheel drive chassis of GAZ-69 sample of 1955 is, in fact, the first crossover in the world - that is, the all-wheel drive passenger car of increased passability with the bearing body.
In total from 1946 to 1958, 235,9999 cars were released.
GAZ-21 "Volga" / Ford Mainline / Plymouth Savoy / Chevrolet 210 Deluxe
Just like the "victory", GAZ-21 is not a direct Soviet analogue of any of the Western models. Moreover, at the initial stage of development, domestic designers acted completely independently, trying to upgrade already available gas-M20. Already as the next-generation prototype prototype undergoes, the gas was taken for studying and comparing foreign samples, among whom were models Ford., Plymouth, Chevrolet, Kaiser, Willys, Opel.
As a result, the new GAZ-21 "Volga" stylistically became strongly reminding all available Western analogs of that time, but the copy of any of them was not. In addition, on Western models some were borrowed technical solutionswhich our designers were recognized as successful or in the creation of which our specialists had no experience. Thus, GAZ-21 "Volga" became the first serial Soviet car to be installed automatic box Transmissions created based on the Ford-O-Matic transmission.
During the production of GAZ-21, had a large number of modifications with different bodies and engines, including, station wagon, "parade" convertible, automobiles of special services with a V8 engine, as well as export diesel versions.
From 1956 to 1970, 639,483 cars were released.
ZAZ 965 / FIAT 600
After the release of the model "Moskvich 402", which was almost twice as expensive than its "budget" predecessor, again became the question of creating a cheap car capable of transporting four people. After examining the Western counterparts, the Soviet designers chose a model for adaptation - they were the FIAT 600 of the 1955 sample. Compact two-door hatchback back-engine and rear-wheel drive layout. (The front-wheel drive cars were not considered by our designers, since the domestic industry was not able to master the production of hinges of equal angular velocities (Solus).
As a result, Fiat 600 was significantly reworked at the MSM plant and initially received the name "Moskvich-444". However, mass production was mastered at two factories in the city of Zaporizhia and in Melitopol, after which the car was assigned the name "ZAZ-965". The 3.33 meter long machine received a three-volume body (as opposed to a two-volume Fiat), a four-cylinder air cooling engine with a volume of 870 "cubes" (26 hp) and front suspension on two transverse tocions.
Since 1960 to 1969, 322,166 cars of all modifications were released.
ZAZ 966 (968) / NSU PRINZ 4
The next generation of Zaporozhtsev, who received the 966 index (after a minor upgrade - 968), was also copied from the Western counterpart. This time, the appearance of the Soviet car almost literally repeated the exterior of the West German NSU Prinz 4 sample of 1961, which in turn himself was stylistically close, first of all, to Chevrolet Corvair 1959.
German car did not possess an advanced technical stuffing, but he used success thanks to the cheapness and simplicity of the design - initially a two-cylinder engine with air cooled (later Motor 1200 V4), the synchronized gearbox and differential were in a single case in the back of the car.
All these technical features There were completely recreated and on ZAZ 966 (968). The only "branded" honors were "ears" - air intakes on boards of ZAZ, which disappeared with the release of the Restyling version of ZAZ 968m. "Eashadow" did not possess a high degree of reliability, however, it was very "live" - \u200b\u200bthe ability to move with strong technical problems formed the basis of many jokes.
In total, the modification of ZAZ 966 (968) was kept on the conveyor from 1967 until 1994.
GAZ 24 / FORD FALCON / PLYMOTH VALIANT
The most massive passenger car of the Gorky Auto Plant. Like the previous model, the "twenty-fourth" was projected not "under the copy", but on the basis of the general trends of the models of the American auto industry. Stylistically in the exterior and interior are clearly guessed by the features of such cars as Ford Falcon and Plymouth Valiant Sample of the early 1960s.
The main aggregate component was 2.5-liter gas engine (85 or 95 hp) and mechanical four-stage PPC. A 5.5-liter V8 engine was installed on a limited batch of cars in a pair with "automatic". In addition, Soviet designers tried to master the installation under the hood of GAZ-24 foreign six-cylinder gasoline engines, as well as the French diesel for export options. Constructive GAZ-24 was at the level of its American analogues, but it was noticeably inferior to European cars of the same class.
As well as GAZ-21, the new Volga had many body modifications and became the most prestigious mass machine of their time in the USSR.
Since 1970 to 1992, 1,481,561 GAZ-24 cars were released. Modernized versions of GAZ-24 were produced flesh until 2009.
VAZ 2101 / Fiat 124
Today, it is unlikely that someone does not know that the legendary Soviet "penny" is a licensed copy of the Italian Fiat 124 of the 1966 sample, which in the same year received the title "Car of the Year in Europe". In general, the Soviet auto industry became truly mass, starting with VAZ-2101. With the advent of this model in the Soviet Union, not only new factoryBut also subsidiaries for its provision, and also develops automotive infrastructure for the population.
Despite the loud title, Fiat 124 was not an advanced car for his time, but was distinguished by good consumer and driving qualities in ease of design and a low price. Technically, the VAZ-2101 is not an accurate copy of Fiat, since the latter was originally created in the calculation of good European roads and a warm climate. During the driving tests, our engineers "smashed" the design of almost all nodes and aggregates, making a reliable car in the conditions of domestic realities.
For the Soviet owners of that time, the VAZ-2101 has become a real technological breakthrough in many parameters, the main of which was comfort, both rolling and operational.
Despite the fact that Fiat 124 production was completed in 1976, the VAZ-2101 and all its subsequent modifications existed on the conveyor almost 42 years (!) From 1970 until September 2012.
Moskvich 2141 / SIMCA-Chrysler 1307
In the second half of the seventies of the last century, according to AvtoVAZ, the new management of the AZLK plant began searching for a foreign partner with the finished model, the production of which could be established in the Soviet Union. According to the concept and price, the "new Moskvich" was to become an optional excavation and take a place between the mass "Zhiguli" and the prestigious Volga.
The choice fell on the French car SIMCA-1307 of the 1975 sample, produced by a subsidiary of the CHRYSLER EUROPE concern. As well as Fiat 124 at one time, SIMCA-1307 in 1976 received the title "Car of the Year in Europe". The AZLK constructors completely redested the front of the car for the installation of a domestic engine, replaced the rear torsion pendant SIMCA with a semi-independent beam with twisted springs and changed body panels. However, the carcass of the body and the general appearance of the model called "Moskvich 2141", repeated French car.
The main advantages of the car were spacious and ergonomic interior for their time, as well as good term course stability and ease of control. Disadvantages are weak outdated engines from the VAZ-2106 or Ufa Motor Plant. Frankly low quality assembly, components and corrosive resistance, in the end, and destroyed the car, and then the entire AZLK plant.
For the history of the existence of Moskvich 2141, several attempts of modernization were held, including the installation of diesel motor Ford. and gasoline engine Renault. Also, several modifications in the body of the sedan, coupe, pickup and the universal project were released. All of them remained flat or exhibition.
"Moskvich 2141" was produced from 1986 to 2003.
Volga Siber / Chrysler Sebring / Dodge Stratus
By the end of the "zero" years, the company in the enterprise once again the question arose about the replacement of the archaic in all parameters of the model "Volga", the designs of which knocked, no little, 38 years old. According to the current Soviet tradition new model It was decided to make a licensed copy of the 2000 Chrysler Sebing (Dodge Stratus) in the states of the 2000 car, especially since the domestic plant had already an agreement with Chrysler to supply engines.
As a result, in 2008 with minimal external and technical changes, the car went into production. The car was installed "native" 2.4 liter engine first with a four-step automatic, and then with a five-speed mechanical transmission. There were plans for the installation of gasoline engines 2.0 and V6 2.7 liters, but they were not destined to come true.
After two years later, in October 2010, due to extremely low demand, the production of Volga Siber was cooler. Failure to assign: domestic consumers waited for a new "Volga" - that is, a large, constructive simple and cheap car, and received a relatively modern "foreign car" of the corresponding value.
With the end of the release of Volga Siber, the history of the production of passenger cars was finished. To date, contract assembly has been established on the released capacity car Skoda., Volkswagen and Chevrolet.
Since 2008 to 2010, 8,933 VOLGA SIBER vehicles were released.
Lada Largus / Dacia Logan MCV
In 2009, the Russian authorities appealed to the leadership of the Renault-Nissan alliance with a request to modernize the AvtoVAZ plant (the Franco-Japanese concern at that time was already owned by a 25% stake in the Russian enterprise).
A decision was made on the joint production of a new model - which is a licensed copy of the Franco-Romanian car Dacia Logan MCV. Especially for the new model, new production facilities were created or converted. In addition, localization level new car exceeded 60%, and by 2014 should be 72%.
Aggregate Lada Largus. It does not differ from its European "counterpart", which will soon be presented in the second generation. Under the hood is a gasoline engine 1.6 with a capacity of 84 or 105 horse power, docked with five-speed mechanics. Changes in domestic engineers have drove to "point" refinement of suspension, installation of plastic and rubber anthers, mudguards and protective linings.
Lada Largus is available only in the body of a wagon, and both in five and in seven-seed performance. There is also a cargo commercial modification. Registered installation automatic transmission. In any case, Lada Largus today is the most modern model produced under the Russian brand.
According to plan, the production of the car must last until 2023.
At the moment, from all enterprises producing domestic cars, "Alive" remained only a AvtoVAZ giant with its subsidiary "Izhavto", and even then, thanks to unprecedented financial investments by the state. As well as the Sollers Group of Companies, which managed to maintain the production of UAZ SUVs.
However, AvtoVAZ in the near future should be fully proceeding under the control of the Renault-Nissan Alliance, which will definitely focus on the release of its own models in Russia (let and under the LADA brand). And Sollers is already concentrated on licensed assembly. car Ford., SsangYong, Isuzu ,.
Most likely, in the coming decades, the history of a passenger domestic auto industry will come to its logical final. Leaving endless attempts to adapt and upgrade outdated their own and Western counterparts, Russian enterprises will simply become the production sites of world car brands.
In the material used photos from NNM.ru sites, Motor.net.pl, zp-avto.ru, dic.academic.ru, ned.rontet.ru, autoWP.ru, Telegraaf.nl, wwww.zaz.su, temptauto. Su, Lada-largus.com, Cep.Sabah.com.tr.
