Of course not. Yes, GAZ-M1, he "EMKA", was the only Soviet car, produced before the war with significant series. And "Willis" was the main army carcass until the end of the war. However, before moving towards the less common in the Soviet Army, we will briefly affect the main.
GAZ-M1, EMKA
As in the case of the Gas-MM, the prototype "EMCI" also served as a car model range of Ford Corporation. More precisely - "Ford Model A", it is "Ford A", a direct successor on the conveyor of the legendary Ford-t. Unified and interchangeable were a significant number of parts of these two cars; Engine, front axle, wings, hood, instrument shield, front seats, steering mechanism, and the engine itself of the entire series - and the passenger Ford-A, and freight Ford-Aa - was a modernized engine "Liza Militan", as Ford called Ford -T. With the same operational characteristics; I went on any fuel, but also consumed it in significant quantities ..
Initially, the USSR was going, of course, it was Ford-A; So far, gas has been completed in Nizhny Novgorod, a screwdriver assembly of American passengers occurred at the plants of "Board of October" (in Nizhny Novgorod, after renaming - bitter), and at the Moscow Plant Kim (subsequently an AZLK).
A feature of the car gas was a tarpaulin awning, and the sidewalls of the body with celluloid windows, as well as wheels with wire knitting needles. Very quickly, the car was already upgraded by Soviet specialists, and the modernized version was named gas-a, and in 1936, in connection with the change of the range of gas products, the car-m1 car began to go from the conveyor, further modernization of gas.
First of all, the engine was upgraded: it was forced from 40 hp up to 50 hp A gas station was added; The benzobak began to be located below the level of the carburetor, and, unlike gas, the grave no longer walked. Considering the experience of gas-a on the roads of the USSR, the frame of the car was significantly enhanced, the car got 4 springs (instead of two in the prototype), the frivolous wheels on the spokes were changed by all-grade, and the car itself was turned out to be more slim, rapidly, and, perhaps, .
In the future, the car got a bunch of modifications. For example, a GAZ-M-415 pickup was produced serially, a version of GAZ-11-73 with a 6-cylinder engine with a capacity of 76 hp (subsequently, these engines were put on the light tanks T-60, and T-70), was developed EMCA with Faeton Body (GAZ-11-40, did not have time to go to the series), as well as the All-wheel drive version of EMKA GAZ-61. Also, on the basis of Emki before the war, Ba-10 armored vehicles were produced serially (with the beginning of the war, production was discontinued).
With the beginning of the war, most of the passenger cars were sent to the front. The very same EMCA was produced until 1943, until a purely military utilitarian SUV of GAZ-67 was changed on the conveyor, but it will be discussed below.
"Willis"
The history of this car began a year before the beginning of the Great Patriotic War, when the US Army organized a competition for an easy army SUV. The conditions of the competition were extremely tough, and the deadlines are extremely limited, 2 months - and no more day. Only 2 firms participated in it: "Willys-Overland Motors" and "American Bantam", and only the second one was put in the dignified period.
First, the company "Willis-Overland Motors", using direct bribing of officials, has achieved the extension of the prototype time for 75 days. And - again, not quite honestly and through military departments - stole all technical documentation on the prototype of the opponent. This fact came across only after the end of World War II, when the company "Baths" was already going bankrupt. Thus, having a shelter for time, and having the drawings of the car rivals, "Willis" was able to create a quite worthy competitor to the SUV of the company "American Batam". Nevertheless, not only the company "Willis Overland Motors" was laid in the increased time of the competition, but also a real shark of the American car industry: Ford. Which also created a completely decent alternative, easy all-terrain vehicle "Pigmey". Which, by the way, won the first stage of the competition. It has already been proven that the prototypes of "bans" and "Willis" were externally similar not by chance; Randomly Ford Pygmy turned out to be similar to "Willis" and on "Bans" - the question is open until now.
As a result, trial parties in one and a half thousand copies were ordered to all three firms. Only "Ford", "Willis" and "Baths" did not have time for the designated deadlines. However, "Willis", as the production volume increases, modernized its model Ma to the MV model; In 1941, the drawings of the MA model were transferred to the powers of President Roosevelt engineers of Ford, and until the end of the war "Ford Motors Corporation" produced them, under their own name Ford GP and Ford GPW. American Bantam from the entire military order got the most crumbs; She was entrusted to the production of army light trailers to the car of its own development. By the way, at Jeeps, Willis and Ford, who were supplied on Land Lesu, the interchangeability of even small details was very bad, and the "Bantan" jeep was greatly rare.
By the way, most of the first, trial parties of all three manufacturers went to the USSR on Land Lisa; Probably guided by the principle "Take God, that we are not gag". Moreover, if the products "Ford" and "Willis" were called "Willis", then the Soviet companies of the company "Baths" worn by the Soviet soldiers their own name: "Battle". It is reliably known that the guard of Marshal Zhukov belonged to them.
To the honor of American cars, the love of Soviet soldiers was justified completely: simple, unpretentious, all-wheel drive cars seemed simply created for military off-road. Open body gave the opportunity to quickly leave the car, and even provided a chance to survive the crew when the car flew for a mine; The driver and passengers simply threw out of the car. If "Willis" stuck in the mud, it could be pulled out with her hands out of it; Special handles were welded from the sides for this purpose, and the ax and shovel walked and fastened to the left side. Willis could accelerate more than 100 km / h, to overcome Brody to a half-meter depth and significant lifts, and generally showed itself as an indispensable car on all fronts of the Great Patriotic War. Tractor for light guns, a storage machine, a sanitary car, an intelligence car - this is not a complete list of versions of the Villysta.
In addition, Ford supplied Ford GPA amphibian to the USSR. This little car was very appreciated in the explosions of the Soviet Army; Contemporaries described cases when one such car changed at once to three "Willisa". The Higher Military Soviet leadership provided a huge number of floating tanks in the RKKE nomenclature, but the floating cars somehow did not care, and after it became too late.
In total, about 50,000 jersey was sent to the USSR, some of them were returned to the American side according to the conditions of Land Lisa. By the way, the island United Kingdom on the same Lend Lisa was twice as much more "Willis" than the gigantic USSR, and actively used them in all colonial wars after VMW.
By the way, there are still disputes about the origin of the word "Jeep" until now, there are still disputes on the origin of the word "Jeep" in relation to light army cars of increased traffic. On the one hand, "Jeep" - "Gypsy" is the name of the prototype of the company BANTAN. On the other hand, there is a version that as "EMCA" is a consonance from M1, so "Jeep" is a consonance from Ford GP. Be that as it may, the name "Jeep" after the war accepted the company Willys-Overland Motors. And the company is American Bantam, who gave the world if it's not the name of the class of passenger cars, then at least the very first representative, went bankrupt immediately after the war, is now in almost complete oblivion, and is known mainly among retro-mobile fans. And the overseas.
GAZ-67, "Russian WILLIS", or IVAN-WILLIS. He "goat"
To the honor of the Soviet Auto industry, the analogue of "Willis" in the USSR began to be developed before the war, and the all-wheel drive army passenger arrival was developed in general in the world, in 1938, and even was released in minimal quantities: it was already mentioned in the head of the gas series -61 and its modifications. However, it was not what it is necessary; The car was severe and complex in production.
Meanwhile, in January 1941, the Commissar Malyshev, who oversaw, including the Soviet Auto industry, was photographed in the hands of the American Automobile Journal, at which the prototype of the Baths firm confidently climbed the steps of the White House in Washington. As it often happened in the USSR, the order was appropriate: to do the same!
And they did. For record 51 days!
At first, the prototype P-1, a little later - serial gas-64; The first samples were sent to the front already in August 1941. This car really was largely copied from the American prototype; In particular, the width of the rut was similar to a millimeter. As a result, the "children's sore" that "Willis" that the early "Ivan-Willis" was overturning into a ditch with a sharp turn, and non-literability in a standard rings.
GAZ-64 was released in minimal quantity; 686 copies. Most chassis on which this car was laid, went to the production of Soviet Armor Ba-64, the only one who produced in the USSR during the war years.
Nevertheless, GAZ-64 managed to melt nicely; In the battle for Moscow, it was actively used to quickly transfer from place to the place of anti-tank guns along with the calculation and ammunition. At the same time, the first "Jersey", in particular, almost the entire series of Willis Ma began to arrive in the USSR.
And at the end of 1942, GAZ-67 went to the series of "Russian Willis", with an increased rumor width prototype; The main difference of the 67th of the 64th - sharply protruding the borders of angular wings. In 1944, the car was being called now called the fashionable word "restyling"; So the version of GAZ-67B appeared, which was produced up to 1953, and the circulations comparable to the "Willis" circulation; On the conveyor, it changed no less legendary GAZ-69. In the memory of the Soviet people, GAZ-67 remained under another, where much is less pleasant for the hearing of the nickname: "Kozlik".
If you compare the "Willis" and "Russian Willis", then the second will be more unpretentious, more passable, and capable of towing the mass, for the "Willis". But the American has a much easier steering, more comfortable landing, more intelligible brakes and less "wooden" transmission in the box. The braking path of the "Willis" is on a third in short, the brakes are more smooth (hydraulics in the American and mechanic at the Soviet), pedals - much softer, the dynamics of acceleration is more smooth, the maximum speed is more than a tens of kilometers more. But GAZ-67 is easier to maintain, since part of its units is unobed with aggregates as "half-timer" and "EMKI".
And what about the Germans?
And the Germans are the same as with trucks; At the beginning of the war - almost the entire car fleet of Europe, plus the whole own, very different. All because the German government supported the domestic producer, and, as a result, in the 30s, the supply of passenger cars of their own production in the Vershitt and SS division and SS were engaged in more than 30 firms. Around the middle of the war, relative unification began. There was a clear separation in the size of the service passenger car for officers of certain ranks; For example, a car with a size of "EMCI" in the Wehrmacht relied on the Major, or lieutenant colonel, but for the colonel it would not come to the colonel, he relieved the car more and more comfortable.
Meanwhile, as in the USSR, the nickname "VILLIS" was entrenched in the USSR, so in the German army for all light army open cars, the nickname "Kübelwagen" ("Kübelwagen") was gained. The very name of the "tin car" appeared in the 1930s, before the war, and came from the phrase "Tin Bucket"; The first open cars in the German army of the 20s were to provide a comfortable ride on the bumps, which was achieved as simple as possible; Very deep landing and too soft seats. Actually, Kyubelvagen was called any open army utilitarian car, sometimes with tensioning tarpaulin, often with the tarp doors, often with folding windshield. But most often a "tin car" called the car produced by Volkswagen.
This car was named KDF-Wagen (KDF, abbreviated from the German "Kraft Durch Freude" - "Power through joy"); It was created back in 1936 by Ferdinand Porsche in 1936, even before the prototype was created by the legendary Volkswagen Bittle, which became the legend of German automotive industry after World War II. In the series, the car went under the abbreviation KFZ.
By the way, it was a car of an even simpler design than "Willis"; According to the modern classification - rather not even a car, and the rear-wheel drive motorcycle with a low-power engine with a slightly more liter (2 times less than that of the "Willis") with a capacity of 25 hp (more than two times less than that of the "Willisa), In addition, located behind, as well as the body made of tin.
It all started with the fact that in 1940 the company "NSU" received from the Ministry of Arms of the land forces to develop a light tractor intended to increase the mobility of infantry units. To equip this type of machines, parachute and light anti-tank units were planned primarily.
The project was developed in a few months, and at the exit was a combination of a motorcycle and caterpillar tractor.
The HG-101 halfway motorcycle had an open body made of leaf iron. In the running part of the transport, a front controlled wheel was included, and a tracked propeller was mounted on a carrier welded body, consisting of an Opel Olympia engine with a capacity of 35 hp, five rinks from each side, located in a checker order (+ drive wheel, front from each side ), and caterpillars. The conveyor turned out to be triple; Two passenger places with their backs to the driver were placed on the feed of the apparatus.
In total during the war years, at least 10,000 units Kettenkraftrad HK-101 were released. Army abbreviation he had SDKFZ 2.
Many devices, as you can see, still.
The second world war is often called the "Motors' War" - because it was the first collision in the history of humanity, where such a number of new techniques was used. By the beginning of hostilities, almost every participating officer had its own cars, distinguished by high reliability and increased permeability. Many of those models have become the progenitors of modern SUVs.
Willys MB.
USA
Before you - that subsequently call the jeep. The development of designers Willys-Overland Motors turned out so successful that the car began to deliver to all the allied troops. Enjoyed specially popular in the Red Army, which received as many as 52 thousand "Willisov". Based on this model, many "great-old" contemporary SUVs were built in the post-war time.
GAZ-61.
the USSR
GAZ-61 was created under certain needs: the highest leadership of the Red Army was required by a reliable staff with good patency. The model became the world's first comfortable SUV - oddly enough, but it was the experience of Soviet masters later and in other countries. GAZ-61 had excellent characteristics and was highly evaluated by the army commander - for example, it was one of the favorite cars Marshal Zhukov.
Volkswagen Tour 82 Kuebelwagen
Germany
SUV, by special order, developed the famous Ferdinand Porsche. Volkswagen Tour 82 Kuebelwagen was designed to transport personnel, but several modified models could serve as other purposes. Tour 82 turned out to be very successful: Easy, supergoing, he was quite appreciated by even the troops of the Allies: the soldiers have swallowed the trophy cars.
Dodge WC-51
USA
And this is a heavy SUV, characterized by simplicity of design and technological performance. Dodge WC-51 perfectly approached the transportation of guns, because he had an increased load capacity and could overcome almost any. This car also supplied to the Red Army on Land Lesu.
GAZ-64.
the USSR
The Soviet Union had their own jeeps - however, the basis of the designers "spied" from the same Willys MB. The GAZ-64 model was admitted in 1941 and perfectly showed itself on the battlefields. Before the appearance of "Willisa", GAZ-64 was an indispensable assistant to Soviet soldiers, and then the need for the production of his own just disappeared.
Horch 901 Type 40
Germany
Another German SUV, which has become a real hit on the battlefields. "Horic" distinguished high maximum speed (the car could accelerate to 90 km / h) and an increased stroke stock: two fuel tanks provided as many as 400 kilometers of driving. However, he also had his own, very substantial minus - Horch 901 turned out to be rather "gentle" and often demanded a serious maintenance.
The second world war is often called the "Motors' War" - because it was the first collision in the history of humanity, where such a number of new techniques was used. By the beginning of hostilities, almost every participating officer had its own cars, distinguished by high reliability and increased permeability. Many of those models have become the progenitors of modern SUVs.
Willys MB.
US in front of you is that it will be called a jeep. The development of designers Willys-Overland Motors turned out so successful that the car began to deliver to all the allied troops. The car used specially popular in the Red Army, which received as many as 52 thousand "Willisov". Based on this model, many "great-old" contemporary SUVs were built in the post-war time.GAZ-61.
the USSR
GAZ-61 was created under certain needs: the highest leadership of the Red Army was required by a reliable boat car with good passability. The model became the world's first comfortable SUV - oddly enough, but it was the experience of Soviet masters later and in other countries. GAZ-61 had excellent characteristics and was highly evaluated by the army commander - for example, it was one of the favorite cars Marshal Zhukov. Volkswagen Tour 82 Kuebelwagen
Germany
SUV, by special order, developed the famous Ferdinand Porsche. Volkswagen Tour 82 Kuebelwagen was designed to transport personnel, but several modified models could serve as other purposes. Tour 82 turned out to be very successful: Easy, supergoing, he was quite appreciated by even the troops of the Allies: the soldiers have swallowed the trophy cars. Dodge WC-51
USA
And this is a heavy SUV, characterized by simplicity of design and technological performance. Dodge WC-51 perfectly approached the transportation of guns, because he had an increased load capacity and could overcome almost any off-road. This car also supplied to the Red Army on Land Lesu. GAZ-64.
the USSR
The Soviet Union had their own jeeps - however, the basis of the designers "spied" from the same Willys MB. The GAZ-64 model was admitted in 1941 and perfectly showed itself on the battlefields. Before the appearance of "Willis", GAZ-64 was an indispensable assistant to Soviet soldiers, and then the need for the production of his own car simply disappeared. Horch 901 Type 40
Germany
Another German SUV, which has become a real hit on the battlefields. "Horic" distinguished high maximum speed (the car could accelerate to 90 km / h) and an increased stroke stock: two fuel tanks provided as many as 400 kilometers of driving. However, he had his own, very substantial minus - Horch 901 turned out to be quite gentle and often demanded a serious maintenance. Knowing not very bad what the front and military operation is, Hitler understood perfectly well that without proper provision of advanced parts, a large-scale military operation was not held. Therefore, a considerable role in the build-up of military power in Germany was given to army machines.
Source: wikimedia.org.
In fact, ordinary cars were quite suitable for hostilities in Europe, but the Fuhrer plans were much larger. For their implementation, they needed all-wheel drive machines that could cope with the Russian off-road and the sands of Africa.
In the middle of the thirties, the first program of the Motorization of the Army Parts of the Wehrmacht was adopted. The German automotive industry has begun to develop trucks of increased patency of three sizes: light (loss of 1.5 tons), medium (with a payload of 3 tons) and heavy (for transportation of 5-10 tons of cargo).
Daimler-Benz, Bussing and Magirus were engaged in the development and production of army trucks. In addition, in the techman it was stipulated that all cars both externally and in the structural plan should also be similar and have interchangeable main units.
Source: wikimedia.org.
In addition, the German automotive factories received an application for the production of special army cars for command and intelligence. They were released eight plants: BMW, Daimler-Benz, Ford, Hanomag, Horch, Opel, Stoewer and Wanderer. At the same time, the chassis for these machines were unified, but the manufacturers made mostly the manufacturers.
Source: wikimedia.org.
German engineers created excellent machines, combining four-wheel drive with independent suspension on screw springs. Equipped with blocking inter-axis and inter-wheeled differentials, as well as special "weak" tires, these SUVs were able to overcome very serious off-road, were hardy and reliable.
So far, military actions were conducted in Europe and Africa, these cars fully satisfied the command of the ground forces. But when the troops of the Wehrmacht entered Eastern Europe, the disgusting road conditions became gradually, but methodically destroying the high-tech design of German cars
The "Achilles fifth" of these machines was the high technical complexity of structures. Complex nodes required daily maintenance. And the biggest disadvantage was the low loading capacity of army trucks.
Whatever it was, but the fierce resistance of the Soviet troops near Moscow and the very cold winter finally "finished" almost the entire fleet of the vermochet of army cars.
Complex, expensive and energy-proof in the production of trucks were good during a practically bloodless European campaign, and in the conditions of the present confrontation of Germany, it was necessary to return to the production of simple and unpretentious civil models.
Source: wikimedia.org.
Now "half-timer" began to do: Opel, Phanomen, Stayr. Three shoes were made on: Opel, Ford, Borgward, Mercedes, Magirus, Man. Cars with a lifting capacity of 4.5 tons - Mercedes, Man, Bussing-Nag. Shexatones - Mercedes, Man, Krupp, Vomag.
In addition, the Wehrmacht operated a large number of cars of the occupied countries.
The most interesting German cars of times of the Second World War:
"Chorch-901 Type 40" - Multipurpose option, the basic middle commander machine, along with Horch 108 and Stoewer, which has become the main transport of the Wehrmacht. Completed with a gasoline engine V8 (3.5 liters, 80 hp), different 4-speed gearboxes, independent suspension on double transverse levers and springs, blocked by differentials, hydraulic drive of all wheel brakes and 18-inch tires. Full weight of 3.3-3.7 tons, payload 320-980 kg, developed a speed of 90-95 km / h.
Source: wikimedia.org.
Stoewer R200. - Produced by Stoewer, BMW and Hanomag under the control of Stoewer from 1938 to 1943. Stoewer became the founder of a whole family of lightweight standardized staff and intelligence cars with wheel formula 4x4.
The main technical features of these machines were constant drive for all wheels with blocked inter-axis and inter-wheeled differentials and an independent suspension of all leading and controlled wheels on double transverse levers and springs.
Source: wikimedia.org.
They had a wheelbase of 2400 mm, the ground clearance of 235 mm, the total mass of 2.2 tons, developed the maximum speed of 75-80 km / h. Cars equipped with a 5-speed gearbox, mechanical brake drive and 18-inch wheels.
One of the most original and interesting machines of Germany has become a multi-purpose semi-barrier tractor NSU NK-101 Kleines Kettenkraftradultral-light class. It was a kind of motorcycle hybrid and an artillery tractor.
A 1,5-liter engine with a capacity of 36 hp was placed in the center of the spar From Opel Olympia, transmitting a torque through a 3-speed box on the front sprockets of the propulsioner with 4 disk support rollers and an automatic system for carrying out one of the caterpillars.
Source: wikimedia.org.
Single front 19-inch wheel on a parallelogram suspension, driver saddle and motorcycle type control were borrowed from motorcycles. NSU tractors were widely used in all vermachlet divisions, had a payload of 325 kg, weighed 1280 kg and developed a speed of 70 km / h.
It is impossible to go around the easy pile car produced on the "folk car" platform - Kubelwagen TYP 82.
The idea of \u200b\u200bthe possibility of military use of the new car appeared from Ferdinand Porsche back in 1934, and already on February 1, 1938, the Department of Arms Affairs of the Ground Forces issued an order to build a prototype of a light army car.
Experimental Kubelwagen tests have shown that it significantly exceeds all other vending cars, despite the lack of drive on the front wheels. In addition, Kubelwagen was easy to maintain and operate.
The VW Kubelwagen TYP 82 was installed a four-cylinder opposite carburetor air cooling engine, the low power of which (first 23.5 hp, then 25 hp) was enough to move the car with a total mass of 1175 kg at a speed of 80 km / h. Fuel consumption was 9 liters per 100 km when driving along the highway.
Source: wikimedia.org.
The merits of the car were appreciated and opponents of the Germans - the trophy "Kübelvagen" were used by the troops of the allies, and the Red Army. Especially loved by the Americans. Their officers were updated from the French and British Kubelwagen on the speculative course. For one trophy Kubelwagen offered three Willys MB.
On the rear-wheel drive chassis type "82" in 1943-45. We also produced a VW TYP 82E worker and a car for the SS TYP 92SS troops with a closed body from the pre-war KDF-38. In addition, the All-wheel drive car vehicle VW TYP 87 was produced with a transmission from the mass army amphibian VW TYP 166 (Schwimmwagen).
Car amphibian VW-166 Schwimmwagen, Created as the further development of the successful design of KDF-38. Arms management issued Porsche Task on the development of a floating passenger car designed to replace motorcycle from a carriage who were armed with intelligence and motorcycle battalions and inspired by the conditions of the Eastern Front.
Floating passenger car Type 166 was in many nodes and mechanisms is unified with the KFZ 1 all-terrain vehicle and had the same fitting circuit with the engine installed in the stern part of the case. To ensure buoyancy, the entire machine body of the machine was tight.
