Plan:
1 Purpose
2 Classification
2.1 Passenger cars
2.2 buses
2.3 Trucks
3 History of car creation
4 General structure
4.1 Chassis
4.2 Engine
4.3 Transmission
4.4 Control mechanism
5 Application of cars
6 Production of cars
7 Automotive enterprises of Ukraine
8 car problems
9 Interesting Facts Notes
Literature
Introduction
Introduction
Modern passenger car Mercedes-Benz CLS 350 BlueEfficiency.
Car, car, car (from Greek. αὐτός - "SAM" and LAT. mobilis. - "The one that is moving") is a self-propelled wheelchaater, which is driven by the engine installed on it and intended for the transport of people, cargo, towing vehicles, performing special works and transportation of special equipment with straight roads. Moves mainly land.
1. Purpose
The car is intended for the transport of passengers and goods, was originally considered as a mechanized version of the equestrian.Most modern cars have four wheels, liquid (usually in cooling systems, antifreeze is used) or engine cooling, carburetor, injection or diesel engine internal combustion.
Cars on electrical batteries are also being developed and hybrid cars.
2. Classification
Road train
Modern cars for appointment are divided into:
transport - The main group intended for the transport of people and cargo (to transport cars also includes special tows and saddle tractorsdesigned to work as part of a road trip):
cargo,
passenger:
passenger
buses;
special - equipped with appropriate equipment and are designed to perform certain production operations (truck cranes, auto-shirts, autocompressors, fire trucks, mobile repair workshops, etc.);
racing - Used for sports competitions.
2.1. Cars
Cars intended for individual passenger traffic with 2 to 8 places, including the driver's location, and are classified on the working volume of the engine cylinders, which is determined in liters. The following classes of passenger cars distinguish:
microllates (up to 0.57 liters)
small (0.75-2 liters),
seednalitrophry (2-4 l),
large (more than 4 l).
limousines (closed body),
convertibles (closed body with a cloth riding),
phaetons (open body with awning).
2.2. Buses
Buses are designed for group transportation of passengers. By number of seats are divided into:
buses of low capacity (up to 25 seats),
medium (from 26 to 35),
big (from 36 to 45),
particularly large capacity (more than 45 places).
urban
long-distance
specialized, characterized body planning, equipment, seating equipment, movement speed.
2.3. Trucks
Trucks are classified for carrying capacity. The following classes of trucks distinguish:
very low load capacity (less than 0.75 tons),
small (0.75-2.5 tons),
medium (2.5-5 tons),
large (5-10 tons),
very large carrying capacity (over 10 tons).
universal - have an open platform with folding sides,
special
dump trucks (with a cake open platform),
vans (closed body),
tanks (for liquids),
cement and others.
3. History of car creation
Car model "Velo" Charles Benz (1894) is designed for the first car racing.
Self-propelled crews of various schemes and structures were developed by many inventors in the XVI - XVIII centuries. Especially interesting inventions were made in Russia. In 1751 - 1752 L. Shamshurenkiv He built a "self-brotherpiece", which was moving with pedals. In 1784 - 1791, the famous Russian inventor I. P. Kulibin built a "scooter", which had a kind of gearbox, flywheel, mechanical brakes, roller bearings. The invention of the steam machine allowed the French engineer Kyunio (1769 - 70) to create the first steam car. The rapid development of cars began after the emergence of high-speed and economic, internal combustion engines. Such an engine was the first carburetor gasoline engine created in 1879 by the Russian inventor-designer A. S. Kostotovich. Its engine weighed 240 kg and developed power in 60 to. S. The invention of the lung, the compact piston internal combustion engine was of great importance for creating a modern car. In 1885 - 1887, German designers K.-F. Benz and Daimler built the first cars with internal combustion engines. An important role in improving and improving the performance of the car was played by the Soviet Scientific School, created by M. G. Brilling and E. A. Chudakov.
4. General structure
4.1. Chassis
The chassis consists of a frame, front and rear axles (axes), suspension and wheels with pneumatic tires. Rama is the basis for fastening all car mechanisms, as well as body or cabin and cargo platform in trucks. IN passenger cars And buses are widely used frameless structures, in which all mechanisms are attached to the body of the entire metal carrier body. Car bridges transmit vertical load from frame or body on wheels, and pushing and braking efforts - from wheels to frame or body. Front axle It consists of a beam and a swivel pin join with it, with which the car makes turn. The rear axle is usually made by hollow. It contains part of the power transmission mechanisms. The suspension of elastically connects bridges with a frame and, together with the tires, softens the shocks and shocks arising during the movement of cars.Springs are used as an elastic element (elastic beams composed of individual steel sheets) or twisted springs; Also use the rod (torsion), rubber, pneumatic and pneumohydraulic suspension. For the front wheels of passenger cars, the so-called independent suspension is widely used, "in which the elastic element connects the frame or body directly with the wheel. To clean the suspension oscillations in all passenger and in some trucks, hydraulic or mechanical (frictional) shock absorbers are installed.
To improve the maneuverability of the wheel of vehicles are installed with certain angles of collapse and climbing. To control and regulate these parameters, special (laser or computer) benches are applied (laser or computer).
In addition, vehicle wheels are subject to periodic balancing on special balancing machines.
4.2. Engine
Engine Mercedes V6, 1996 release.
The main type of engine of modern cars is the piston internal combustion engine. Significant development prospects have a car with a gas turbine internal combustion engine. Electric (rechargeable) cars are used for urban transport of light and small cargo. Steam cars are now hardly applied. By type of fuel used for piston engines Internal combustion, distinguish:
petrol
gas-ballon
gas generator
diesel.
Diesel cars include mainly heavy cargo trucks and medium and large buses. Gas floor and gas-generated cars operate on local fuels.
The engine converts the thermal energy of fuel into the mechanical, as a result of which a torque occurs on the motor shaft. Modern carburetor automotive engines operate through a four-stroke workflow. They have power from 25 (microllates) to 450 k. P. (high-class passenger cars) at rotation speed crankshaft 3 000-4 500 rpm. Diesels use four-stroke and two-stroke power from 100 to 450 k. P. at 1,500-2,500 rpm. The number of cylinders from 2 (microllates) to 12 ( powerful engines heavy trucks and high-letter passenger car engines). Placing cylinders is usually vertical single-row or V-shaped. The engine is placed in the front of the car along its longitudinal axis or from the driver. In passenger cars and buses, the engine is often placed in the rear along or across the body.
4.3. Transmission
Typical circuit of power transmission of a passenger car.
Power transmission (transmission) is used to transmit torque from the engine crankshaft to drive wheels of the car. It consists of a gearbox, a clutch mechanism, a cardan transmission, the main transmission, differential and semi-axes connected to the hubs of the leading wheels. The gearbox allows you to increase the torque on the drive wheels of the car while increasing the resistance to the movement (for example, on the rise, during overclocking). In addition, it allows you to make a reverse and provides long-term disagreement of the engine with the driving wheels required during the engine start and idle move. By way of change gear ratio Gearboxes are divided into:
stepped
stepless
combined.
friction - the torque is transmitted due to the friction forces between the leading and driven elements of the mechanism (usually with discs pressed against each other with springs),
hydraulic (hydromefta) - torque is transmitted using a fluid circulating between the drive element - a pump blade wheel and a slave element - a turbine wheel,
combined - apply in vehicles with a simple step gearbox, so the hydromefta provides a very slow acceleration of the car, but does not prevent the gearbox between the gear gears when switching as a friction clutch.
The main transmission is designed to increase the torque and transfer it from cardanian Vala To differential and further on the semi-axes, located at right angles to the longitudinal axis of the car. The main programs are divided into:
gears:
single
double;
worm.
4.4. Control mechanism
The car management mechanism consists of two systems: steering and brake system. Steering consists of a steering mechanism and steering drive. The steering mechanism converts the rotation of the steering wheel into the angular movement of the steering tower. The steering wheel binds the tower with the rotary pin of the controlled wheels. It consists of a longitudinal steering thrust, swivel track levers and a transverse steering thrust.In heavy trucks and buses to the steering system, hydraulic or pneumatic amplifiers (servomechanisms) are included, increasing the driver's efforts and significantly make it easier. For braking in a car, two systems:
main, acts from brake pedals
auxiliary (parking), acting from manual lever.
5. Application of cars
In the process of improving the design and production technology, the scope of their application has significantly expanded, which caused the appearance specialized cars. Special cars are used in particular for needs:
armed Forces (armored vehicles, infantry combat vehicles, mobile missile systems, radar installations, etc.).
construction and assembly organizations (truck cranes, drilling rigs, etc.).
auto sports
emergency services (fire trucks, ambulance, etc.).
municipal economy (snow-cleaning, garbage trucks, cleaning, etc.).
6. Manufacture of cars
More than 300 million cars are produced in the world annually.From 1951 to 1991 the number of cars on english roads increased from 2 to 20 million.
In the i-m quarter of 2007, for the first time overtaking GM. By the number of cars sold at first, Toyota came out. This indicator at Toyota: 2.348 million, and GM - 2.26 million cars. Perfection of the design and fitness of cars for use in various operating conditions is estimated at its dynamic (high-speed) qualities, resistance of motion, cross-time, streaming, ease of control, fuel efficiency, reliability. These operating quality of cars are determined by its structural, geometric and weight parameters. For production domestic cars It is characterized by a significant need to increase the reliability and durability of mechanisms due to improving the quality of materials, improving the technology of manufacturing parts, enhancing their rigidity, improving the oil and air filtration system in engines. An important problem is the ergonomics and comfort of domestic cars. Measures are taken to facilitate the terrible service, in particular the system of central lubrication of the parts of the chassis and control mechanisms is introduced.
7. Automobile enterprises of Ukraine
Autotechnology
Anto-Rus.
Galaz
Krasse
Eurochar
Stry-car
8. Car problems
Number of passenger cars per 1000 inhabitants of the country.
Creating engines that do not pollute the environment, shot environmental problems of large cities.
The car is a complex system, a combination of mechanisms and nodes that may fail. Therefore, cars require regular maintenance. Often it is necessary to check the air pressure in the tires, the oil level (oil) and brake fluidas well as engine temperature. Based on this, most cars are equipped with indicator instruments that allow you to monitor these parameters. Air pressure in tires is measured by a tire pressure gauge.
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Literature
Ukrainian Soviet Encyclopedia. In 12 volumes. / Ed. M. Bazhan. - 2nd ed. - M., 1974-1985.
Nesvitsky Ya. I. Trucks. K., 1953. (Rus.)
Car (descriptive course). Ed. G. V. Zimelieva. M., 1955. (Rus.)
Gold B. V., Falkevich B. S. Theory, design and calculation of the car. M., 1957. (Rus.)
Abramovich A. D. Specifications cars. M., 1958. (Rus.)
energy
Device of a modern cargo car.
Modern trucks can
move without driver
Types and classification motor vehicles
Classification of cars is carried out by the following features:
Type of motor vehicle;
Basic technical parameter
(mass, power or dimensions);
Appointment;
Car rolling stock are divided into varieties of cars:
Passenger
(passenger cars, buses, passenger trailers and semi-trailers)
Cargo
(Gruss cars, car tractors, cargo trailers and semi-trailers with universal or specialized superstructures for the location of the goods)
Special (Ambulance, Police, Fire Cars)
Specialized (trailers and semi-trailers with installed special equipment, having technological or other purposes and perform various, mostly non-transport, work)
Passenger cars (capacity up to eight people, including driver) are called passengerOver 8 people bus.
After studying the classification of motor vehicles, pay attention to the layout of cars, which will give general concepts about the layout of the mechanisms and aggregates on the car and will help youto disassemble.
Classification of motor vehicles, cars, car body varieties
Cars By the operating volume of the engine cylinders is divided into the following classes:
Especially small (up to 1.2 l);
small (1.2-1.8 l);
Medium (1,8. — 3.5 l);
Large (3.5 l or more);
The highest (not regulated).
Buses divided by overall dimensions - length to the following classes:
Especially small (up to 5 m);
Small (6-7.5 m);
Medium (8.0-9.5 m);
Big (11-12 m);
Particularly large (16.5 or more meters).
Classification of trucks With the onboard platform is determined by carrying capacity:
Especially small (less than 1T);
Small (1 - s);
Medium (3-8 tons);
Large (8-15 tons);
Especially big (15-26 tons);
Just high (over 26 tons).
Special cars Perform mainly non-transport work. These include fire trucks, autolars, compressor, drilling rigs, truck cranes, cleaning, auto-mobile ambulance.
Specialized cars Considate the specifics of the cargo (bulk, liquid, large-sized, etc.). These include: dump trucks, trucks, tanks, panels, container carriers, etc.
Cars of towing trailers and semi-trailers are called car tractors.
Car tractor or standard cargo vehicle together with one or several trailers form road train.
By fitness to road conditions distinguish cars ordinary and increased passability.
Cars for the total number of wheels and leading wheels Denote by the wheel formula where the first digit is the number of vehicles of the car, the second number of leading wheels.
Each dual one leading wheel It is considered one thing. For example, the 4x2 wheel formula is indicated by a two-axis car with one leading axis (ZIL-431410), 6x6 - a three-axle car with all the main axes (ZIL-131), 6x4 is a three-axle car with two leading axes (KAMAZ).
By the nature of the fuel consumed and the type of engine Automobiles are diabel to gasoline, diesel, operating on alternative fuels (gas generator, gas-balloon, electric (electric vehicles), pa-pic, gas turbine, as well as cars with combined power installations, such as the engine internal combustion (DVS) Electric engine.
Each model of the car (trailer, semi-trailer) is assigned an in-dex consisting of four digits.
The first figure denotes the class of the car (trailer, semi-trailer), by the operating volume of the engine for passenger cars, in length for av-tobuses and for the full mass for trucks.
The basis of the division of classes on the species is the sign of the operational purpose of the car. The following types of cars (trailers, semi-trailers) are installed on the second sign of the four-digit digital index of the model:
1 - passenger;
2 - buses;
3 _ cargo onboard;
4 - truck tractors (reserve);
5 - dump trucks;
6 - tanks;
7 - vans;
8 - reserve;
9 - special.
The third and fourth digits indicate the number of the basic model.
The car is a self-apparent crew designed for the transportation of passengers, various cargo or special equipment, as well as to tow trailers. The basis of the classification and the system for the designation of domestic motor vehicles are the following features: type of motor vehicles (rolling stock); main technical parameter (mass, power or overall dimensions); body type; appointment; wheeled formula; engine's type.
Car rolling stock is divided into passenger, cargo and special.
Passenger rolling stock includes passenger cars, buses, passenger trailers, cargo - trucks, car tractors, cargo trailers and semi-trailers with universal or specialized superstructures for cargo placement.
Special rolling stock covers cars, trailers and semi-trailers with special equipment installed on them, having a special technological or other purpose and perform various, mainly transport work.
Passenger cars with a capacity of up to eight people, including the driver, belong to the passenger, and above eight people - to buses.
All cars depending on type and destination are divided into classes according to which they are marked.
Each car model, trailer or semi-trailer has its own designation, depending on whether it is basic or modification. The basic is the main model based on which its modifications are produced.
The base model of the car is assigned a four-digit digital index, in which the first two digits mean the class, and the two subsequent numbers are a car model. At the same time, the first digit corresponds to the class of the car (according to the engine operating volume for passenger cars, the full mass for trucks and the length for buses); The second digit is the operational purpose of the car (1 - passenger; 2 - buses; 3 - cargo onboard cars; 4 - truck tractors; 5 - dump trucks; 6 - tanks; 7 - vans; 8 - reserve; 9 - special cars). In front of the digital index is the letter designation of the manufacturer.
The modification is called a car model, differing from basic by some indicators (constructive and operational), satisfying certain requirements and operating conditions. For example, modifications may differ from the base model used by the engine, body, interior trim, etc.
Modifications have a five-digit digital index in which the fifth digit means the modification number of the basic model.
Cars for domestic classification are divided into five classes depending on the operating volume of the cylinders (litter) of the engine (Table 1.1).
Table 1.1.
Classes of passenger cars depending on the working volume of the engine cylinders
Marking of passenger cars is made as follows. For example, BA3-2105 and BA3-21053 mean: BA3 - Volga automotive factory, figures 21 - small car small car, figures 05 - model fifth (basic), digit 3 - Third modification.
According to the UNECE International Classification, cars belong to one category M1, as they, regardless of their size and design features, must meet the same specifications.
From the point of view of the consumer, cars can have very significant differences among themselves. In this regard, the European experience of the classification proposes as the main classification parameter of the passenger car to use its overall length. At the same time, general-purpose cars are divided into six basic classes denoted by the letters of the Latin alphabet. The following distribution of cars in classes is established (Table 1.2).
Table 1.2.
Classes of passenger cars depending on the overall length
|
Urban (overall length up to 3.5 m) |
Convertible and roadster |
||
|
Small class (overall length from 3.5 to 3.9 m) |
Converts and Roadsters "Premium" |
||
|
Small middle class (overall length from 3.9 to 4.3 m) |
Universals of increased passability |
||
|
Middle class (overall length from 4.3 to 4.6 m) |
Light SUVs full mass up to 2100 kg |
||
|
Business class (overall length from 4.6 to 4.9 m) |
Medium SUVs with a complete weight of up to 3000 kg |
||
|
Executive class Overall Length Over 4.9 m) |
Heavy SUVs with a complete mass of over 3000 kg |
||
|
Executive Premium (overall length over 4.9 m) |
|||
|
Minivans |
|||
|
Coupe "Premium" |
Small commercials |
In the case of a coincidence of the overall length with the upper boundary of the range, the car refers to a higher class.
In our usual terms, cars class A - are particularly small, class B - small, classes C and D - average, class E - large, class F - to the highest class.
There are, however, the passenger cars of a narrower destination, the use for which adopted classification criterion is inappropriate, since it does not reflect the characteristics of their consumer qualities. These cars are made to allocate in separate classes.
The specificity of powerful high-speed cars, called sports, is taken into account by the allocation of them in two classes G and N, in which they differ already depending on the length, but on the cost.
The type of car body is determined by the number of functional compartments and their structural execution. The body can be three-, two- and single-volume. Three Body Body It has motor compartment, Salon and trunk. Two-blank bodies have a salon and trunk.
Domestic classification buses are also divided into five classes depending on their length (Table 1.3).
Table 1.3.
Bus classes depending on the overall length
Buses are indicated as follows. For example, Liaz- 5256 means: Linkin bus factory, bus big Class, Fifty-sixth basic model.
By destination, the buses of three groups are distinguished: urban, intercity and long-distance follows.
According to the international classification of the UNECE, the buses from the point of view of the availability of the difference in specifications are divided into two categories: M2 - buses with a complete weight of less than 5 tons (messengers) and m3 - buses with a complete mass of over 5 tons.
Trucks for the domestic classification are divided into seven classes depending on their total mass: first class (up to 1.2 tons), the second (over 1.2 to 2 tons), the third (over 2 to 8 tons), fourth (over 8 up to 14 tons), fifth (over 14 to 20 tons), six (over 20 to 40 tons), and seventh (over 40 tons). In this case, the first digit of the index means the car class, the second digit of the index shows the type of cargo car, the third and fourth digits are the car model number, and the fifth digit (for modifications) is the modification number.
For example, ZIL-4331 means: Automotive factory them. Likhacheva, cargo car with a complete mass of 8 ... 14 tons, onboard, thirty-first model.
Trucks can be general purpose, specialized and special.
General-purpose trucks are designed to transport all types of goods, except for liquid without packaging. They have cargo body in the form of onboard platforms.
Specialized trucks serve to transport goods only with certain species. They have adapted for such shipments of the body and are equipped with special devices and devices for loading and unloading. Specialized includes dump trucks, tanks, vans, refrigerators and self-loading.
Special trucks are designed to perform various non-transport and operations. These include automotive workshops, cranes, towers, concrete mixers, as well as cars used in utilities (garbage, snow removal, watering, etc.) and fire trucks.
Specialized and special cars are manufactured on the basis of general-purpose trucks.
Depending on the purpose and loads per capita axis, the two types of trucks are distinguished: road and off-road. Cars of the first type are designed for road traffic common use, second type - on special roads or on the ground. In Russia, there is a division of trucks into two groups, depending on the axial load: up to 60 kN and up to 100 kN on the axis. These cars correspond to the carrier's ability of the total network of two main types. Cars S. axial load More than 100 kN belong to the type of off-road.
Cars according to the total number of wheels and the number of leading wheels are marked with wheel formula 4h2, 4h4, 6h6, 8h8, etc., where the first digit corresponds to the number of vehicles of the car, and the second is the number of leading wheels. In this case, each dual leading wheel is accepted as one.
According to the UNECE International Classification, trucks are divided into three categories: N1 - up to 3.5 tons; N2 - from 3.5 to 12 tons and N3 - more than 12 tons.
In the classification for lifting capacity, freight cars are distinguished by highly small (up to 0.75 tons), small (from 0.75 to 2.5 tons), medium (from 2.5 to 5.0 tons), large (from 5.0 tons up to 10 tons) and highly large (over 10 tons).
Trailers and semi-trailers for the domestic classification are marked with a four-digit digital index, which is placed in front of the manufacturer's alphabet. At the same time different models trailers (semi-trailers) are given the following two first digits of the index of four: passenger - 81 (91), cargo side - 83 (93), dump trucks - 85 (95), tanks - 86 (96), vans - 87 (97) and special - 89 (99).
The two second figures of the index of four for trailers and semi-trailers are assigned depending on their total mass, in accordance with which trailers and semi-trailers are divided into five groups (Table 1.4).
Mark trailers and semi-trailers as follows. For example, the High Trailer Chmap-8390 means: Chelyabinsk machine-building factory car trailers, truck trailer onboard, full of over 24 tons.
Table 1.4.
Groups of trailers and semi-trailers depending on their total mass
According to the UNECE international classification, the division of trailed rolling stock into four categories (Table 1.5) is provided.
The car tightly entered the life of a person and became an integral attribute of the modern world, giving extensive opportunities for movements and a lot of other advantages. The desire to acquire a personal vehicle, today, is, according to statistics, one of the most priorities in the field of material needs. But is there always a similar purchase and rational (especially if we are talking about the refusal of other benefits of civilization in favor of the car)?
Exactly, this consumer? Suddenly the main motivation acts: "To be like everyone else." But the man is reasonable to come from such motivations. In this regard, in order for the car, indeed, it benefited and practical significance, it is important to understand - what is actually the appointment of the car. However, initially, as in any matter it is necessary to determine the conceptual apparatus regarding the problems under consideration. Since, it is that the concept of a car is laid in the concept.
The word "car" was not an initial designation, what is customary to be considered by the car. Initially, this human creation was called "voiatootomobil". Woadootomobil - a word consisting of three: Fr. - Walking, Greek. - Self, Lat. - traffic. This can be translated as a wagon that can easily move. Or, as the Russian inventor of Kulibin called her, "Scooter Wagon".
Thus, the initial purpose of the car is an independent movement, which is not fully true, since the presence of the human factor in most cases is necessary, but, nevertheless, discloses the essence, since previously movement of the carriage was carried out with the help of driving and hard animals.
Gradually, as the appearance is upgraded, the word has undergone a change and turned into a "distortion", that is: itself and movement. The next step was the change in "OTO" - for "Auto" - automation, mechanics. And in front of a person appeared a car.
So, the car is a vehicle moving automatically. This definition is the most accurate, since it does not exclude the presence of the human factor and more fully describes the purpose of the car.
When, a person, only invented the wheel, which was destined to become the first-axis carts and subsequently vehicles, he did not think that the purpose of the car could lie beyond the facilitation of vital activity: cargo transportation, acceleration, performing specific works.
However, voyastomotomobili expanded the purpose of the car by adding a spectacular-aesthetic component into it. These moving carts manufactured piecewise were used for parades, festivals and other solemn processions. Naturally, similar to the use of a car - particular, but these particular and in modern world Often, they did not lose their relevance. For example, on the streets of cities to certain significant dates you can see the exhibition or parade of special equipment.
Now, for clarity and convenience of perception, it is necessary to consider the assignment of the car in the form of classification. Naturally, it will be about applying a question to modern reality.
Appointment of a car on the specifics of the work performed
Transportation
This appointment of the car has two subcategories: transportation of passengers and transportation of goods. This section can be attributed to both personal cars used for transportation and public passenger transport and vehicles involved in the field of logistics.
Performing special work
This category includes special equipment and service transport in all its diversity: autocrante, fire trucks, ambulance and much more. Sometimes official cars that are not specially equipped to perform certain works, but have, only the symbolism of the organization, allocate in a separate subsection. But, as a rule, it contributes to confusion and, therefore, such a separation is inappropriate. Just in this case, the assignment of the car is somewhat expanding, that is, it can, how to carry out transportation and perform special works.
Achieving high speeds
This type of car is divided into two categories: racing, created specially participating in races, and record-indicative, created to set the speed records, or, as experimental models.
By method of operation
- Operation of the car under normal conditions. The conditions include the following: climatic and temperature modes, landscape, capacity of carrying capacity and passability.
- Operation of the car in extreme conditionsor conditions close to extreme. For this kind of conditions there are cars of a particular category: and wheel all-terrain vehicles.
Appointment of a car by nature of positioning
- Indicative. We are talking about experimental models that companies have not yet been put on conveyor production, but launched, only in piece specimens, in order to evaluate the consumer's interest. Such cars can be positioned at exhibitions, used in public testing, implemented on special conditions and so on.
- Status. Come on to show the status and financial capabilities of their owner others. First of all, it is, of course, the model of the image class. However, piece modifications of the business class auto modifications can be in this role, and in some countries and serial versions of the business class category.
- Historical. As a rule, not operated, if only in significant dates. The purpose of the car of this category is to acquaint people with the history of the automotive industry.
- Paradinary. Designed for the front processions and festivals of one or another.
Depending on the needs of the owner
In this case, it may have been logical to abandon the classifier, since the owner's needs can be extremely extensive. As an example, it can be given that some folk craftsmen can easily prepare the kebab on a heated engine (repeat, naturally, not recommended). However, to maintain the structure of the narration, the main ways to use the car will be below.
- Expanding the possibilities for moving. In the modern world, with its developed communications systems, people usually rarely work within walking distance from home. In this regard, for many, the purpose of the car is the implementation of its basic functions as a means of movement. Naturally, moving is not limited only by rides to work. The car is also actively used to expand the possibilities of leisure: a trip to nature, cottage or present.
- Ability to show those surrounding their social status and financial opportunities. In this category, not only the status machines from the classification "Assigning a car by the nature of positioning" can be
- Increases the level of independence, both physical and spiritual.
Naturally, all the above classifications cannot cover the appointment of the car fully. But this is not fundamentally, since it tends to develop and expand. What is worth only, the so-called flying car, which is no longer fantastic, and long ago, combining the possibilities of vehicles and an aircraft. And it is likely that in the future will be widespread applications in order to avoid automotive congestion and expand the boundaries of high-speed modes.
Article Published 11.11.2014 18:20 Last edited made 08/16/2015 04:09The ability to correctly classify the car needs any driver. The fact is that periodically everyone has to change their "iron horse", and without the knowledge of the methods of the car classification, it is very difficult to formulate your requirements to it and later purchase the car you need.
Everything modern cars Classified according to a specific set of features:
1. Engine type;
2. Type of drive;
3. body type;
4. Engine volume.
Car classification by type
Depending on the type of engine used, all cars are divided into two categories: gasoline and diesel. Cars equipped with gasoline engines are used as fuel gasoline. Machines using as power aggregate Diesel engine, operate on diesel. Smallery cheaper than gasoline, but in maintenance a diesel engine is more and more difficult. In addition, a car equipped with such a motor arise in winter with certain problems with its launch.
The owners of diesel units, in connection, can be given the following advice: Never purchase Saloar "With Hands". The fact is that in Russia many motorists often prefer to refuel from acquaintances, which have a diend one. It may be military, workers of agricultural enterprises, employees of mining enterprises that use techniques working on diesel fuel in their work.
Typically, such fuel is not calculated for use on modern cars, so you who acquired its motorists may have serious problems with the launch of the engine in winter. Also, poor-quality or low-quality fuel can easily withdraw it. Thus, if you do not want to get additional problems with your diesel engine, buy fuel for it exclusively on official filling stationswhich can provide you with a guarantee of the quality of the diesel fuel sold by them.
W. diesel car There are a large number of both pros and cons, so when you purchase it, be sure to consult a specialist who will advise you and give advice on the need for such an acquisition, because if you are limited in funds, it may be more correct to buy a car equipped with a gasoline engine. Typically, such machines are significantly cheaper than their diesel analogues, although in the future the increased value of gasoline compared to the diesel fuel can eat the entire amount of economy. There are still a number of nuances who can explain only a specialist in personal consultation, so do not skimp and consult it. As a last resort, take with you at the car dealership of a knowledgeable friend with a big driver's experience.
Types of drives
You can only bring the car in motion in just three ways, which are based on the qualification of these vehicles according to the type of drive. So, depending on which wheels are driven by motor and transmission, the rear-wheel drive, front-wheel drive and all-wheel drive cars are distinguished.
Machines S. rear wheel drive are driven only by a pair of rear wheels with a cardan shaft, which passes under the nourishing machine from the engine to rear suspension. In the USSR, for use by citizens, exclusively rear-wheel drive cars were made in the personal farm. And now many drivers with Soviet driver's experience prefer to buy such cars.
The front-wheel drivers are moving using two front wheels. They have no design cardan Val.And the drive goes on wheels directly from the engine through a transmission. The first front-wheel drive car in the USSR became the VAZ-2108, which was launched into mass production in the 80s of the last century. These cars still go through the Russian roads in huge quantities and enjoy well-deserved popularity in not too rich car enthusiasts. Machines with front-wheel drive differ from other high maneuverability, as well as the fact that they are better than the rest of the types of cars oppose the drift and more easily out of it.
The third type of car according to the method of their drive is all-wheel drive cars. They are leading all the wheels. In this case, there are such models on which any leading bridge can be turned off. It is done either in order to save fuel, or in order to adjust to specific road conditions. In the USSR, the first passenger all-wheel drive car There was Niva.
The main advantage of such cars is increased patencyTherefore, usually all-wheel drive machines are SUVs or crossovers. They move well on dirt, snowdrifts, broken in dirt roads, but with high-speed characteristics they are worse. The most famous Soviet and Russian all-wheel drive car is the famous UAZ, which still uses the police in his work, ambulance and other special services.
Classification of car type
Modern cars have several types of bodyworks: sedan, hatchback, wagon, car, limousine, convertible, minivan.
Most of all in Russia "sedans". It is a car with such a type of body allows you to take on board 4-5 passengers and has two or four doors. Such a design, as well as the fact that the cargo compartment here is separated from the passenger, and allowed such cars to achieve high popularity in our country. The most striking example of such a car is all classic models of Zhiguli (VAZ-2101, VAZ-2105, etc.).
The second most popular after the "sedan" is Hatsbeck's body. It also has two or four side passenger doors, and the third cargo located behind them is added to them. It opens up vertically, and the rear armchairs here can be folded. Due to this circumstance, the volume of the luggage compartment is significantly increasing, but everything, it is inferior to the coated trunk at the capacity. Of the representatives of the Soviet Auto industry, the Khakbek body type was at VAZ-2108, VAZ-2109, Izh-Kombi, Moskvich AZLK-2141.
There is also a universal body type. "Universal" has a cargo-passenger salon, two or four side doors and another one - the fifth, located behind and is a cargo. Here, the cargo compartment is divided with passenger, but it is realized otherwise than in the "sedan". This is the same one of the favorite types of cars in Russia. Usually, the wagon is acquired as a seed car, especially since due to the folding seats and the presence of a cargo door can be transported enough dimensional loads, for example, a refrigerator or washing machine. The classic representatives of the Soviet (Russian) auto industry, which possess the body of the type "Universal" is VAZ-2102 and VAZ-2104.
One of the varieties of "wagon" is the type of body "Minivan". A similar car is characterized by a higher suspension and appearance He resembles a minibus. The characteristic example is "Renault Scenic" or "Volkswage Sharan".
There are other, less running options for bodyworks: "coupe", "Cabriolet", "Roaster", "car", "limousine".
Classification of car litter
The power of the engines directly depends on their volume, which is measured in cubic centimeters or in liters. The following categories of cars can be distinguished from litters installed on them:
Especially small class;
Small class;
Middle class;
Big class.
Salo and microllays have no more than 1.1 liters. As an example of such a car, the VAZ-1111 "Oka" can be brought. The technique of this class does not have high power and it has been created to work in urban environments: trips for shopping, to work, for children to school, etc. At the same time, these cars are very maneuverable and economical.
Middle class machines have engines with a volume of 1.8 to 3.5 liters. These are quite powerful and cargo cars. Their example can serve as "Volga" (GAZ-21, GAZ-21, GAZ-3110, etc.) or "Ford Mondeo". Such machines consume a significant amount of fuel and require decent costs to operate.
Cars of a large class are a real house on wheels, in motion that leads the engine with a volume of 3.5 liters. These are serious machines designed mainly for executive purposes or for road off-road. They are still divided into business class and luxury cars. To serve such cars in the state of only financially wealthy motorists.
There are also other ways to classify cars, but we called it is quite enough to choose and purchase the technique you need, as well as if necessary, to obtain the Council for its selection from the seller of the auto shop or the cabin.
Any car from this classification needs timely and quality service. We can advise you
