Historically, the engine building is binding primarily with two surnames - Otto and dieselwho know even amateurs. The most important inventions of these engineers more than 100 years ago contributed to the rapid development of engine design. internal combustion.
Many inventors worked on this problem, but all attempts to create a working sample were vain. All the same for work, people used steam vehicles, but such equipment was not suitable for artisans and small production. To form a couple, a boiler was required, which was supposed to heal, and in addition, the police required for the use of such mechanisms in production. Therefore, the creation of the Belgian mechanic Lenoar engine operating on the light gas has become a significant step forward.
Jean Etienne Lenouar (Jean Etienne Lenoir, 1822-1900) at that time lived in Paris and earned a living by working as a waiter. In his spare time, he was engaged in technical issues. He created his first engine in 1860. The figure shows the diagram of this engine.
Fig. Lenoara engine scheme
The construction itself was largely a reliable steam machine of that time. As a result, Lenoara turned out to be double two-stroke engine internal combustion. In the steam vehicle, the superheated pairs are fed into the cylinders under pressure from the steam boiler, and in the Lenoar engine, the working mixture of air and light gas through the intake spool was carried out into one of the cylinders under the influence of the permit caused by the movement of the piston in the cylinder. Then the working mixture flammped from the simplest spark plugs. Combustion products, expanding in volume, shifted the piston until the end of its working stroke. The treated gases were thrown out of the cylinder through the exhaust spool, while in another piston, this cycle just began. Lenoara engine cylinders had water cooling. Slot control of the inlet and the release of the working mixture of Lenoar borrowed from the design of the steam machine. Both spools operated from the eccentrics on crankshaft shaft Engine. Spark plugs worked from the electroinductor with the wagner interrupter.
The voltage was fed to the ignition candles through the contact bus. Candles were alternately worked in constant mode, as a result of which the consumption of electricity was large and contacts often burned.
Lenoara engine produced the power of almost 3 hp and consumed approximately 4 m ^ 3 / kW * h luminaire gas. Noise when working the motor was very strong. However, such an engine was easier to install and maintain than the steam machine, so he quickly gained popularity. Soon a new engine learned the merchant Nicaus August Otto (Nikolaus August Otto, 1832-1891). Being a born mechanic and inventor, he himself constructed his first gas engine.
Just like Lenoir, Otto understood that a steaming machine for small production was too road and difficult to maintain. As a merchant, he realized that the internal combustion engine was able to cover the market deficit and will be in demand. Otto decided to improve the design of Lenoara, abandoning the use of light gas in favor of flammable liquid oil refining fractions, but in the first question of providing Patent OTTO was denied. After that, the inventor stopped thinking about the patent and dedicated time to improving the engine of Lenoara.
Otto clearly understood that the Lenoara engine works noisily and unstable, and a strong detonation with the ignition of a mixture of a luminous gas with air adversely affects the design details. These disadvantages of the designer decided to eliminate using the new composition of the working mixture. In this case, it turned out that at the end of the working stroke in the cylinder, there is a vacuum when the piston was typing a new portion of the mixture only by a quarter of his stroke. Because of this piston piston, again "was absorbed back." Thus, the idea of \u200b\u200bcreating atmospheric came to Otto gas engine.
This design, which still worked on a mixture of light gas and air, is schematically shown in the figure.
Fig. Atmospheric gas engine. Both eccentric passed once the rotation of the gear through the ratchet mechanism at each operating cycle. In this case, one eccentric lifted a slightly piston (suction stroke), and the second led the spool. After that, the eccentrics did not move until a new working cycle starts
The piston sucked on the tenth of his stroke up a mixture of gas with air, which was then flammable from the gas burner. The combustion products of the mixture, expanding, pushed the piston up, while the mechanism was activated free travelDisconnecting the connecting rod and motor power selection shaft. At the end of the stroke of the piston in the cylinder formed a vacation. Then, moving down, the piston was again connected to the power take-off shaft, and the weight of the lowering piston, reinforced by means of pressure, performed mechanical work.
During each working cycle of gears through the ratchet mechanism, two eccentric were operated once, one of which lifted a slightly piston in the intake during the intake, and the second led the control spool. After that, the eccentrics did not move until the next operating cycle start.
Fig. The torch ignition system. If the spool is in the inlet position, the piston pulls into the cylinder the working mixture from the gas and air in the bypass channel. At the same time, the melted mixture is formed in the outstanding channel, which is set on fire from the constantly working ignition burner and is transferred to the moving up the spool in the intake canal, where it lights the working mixture in the cylinder
To ignite the working mixture, Otto did not use the Lenoara ignition candle, since too much electricity was required for its permanent operation. Instead, OTTO applied the flare ignition system developed by him. The processes of the release and intake of gases, as well as the ignition of the working mixture were controlled by an appliance, which was driven by an eccentric. Otto's atmospheric gas engine worked quite loudly, but a strong detonation during the ignition of the mixture no longer arose. In addition, the flow rate of the luminaire was much smaller compared to the Lenoara engine, since gas energy was much more efficient.
If the spool is in the inlet position, the piston pulls into the cylinder the working mixture from the gas and air in the bypass channel. At the same time, an ignitary mixture is formed in the outstanding channel, which is set on fire from the constantly working ignition burner and is transferred to the moving up the spool in the intake canal, where it lights up the working mixture in the cylinder.
Engineer participated in the development of this engine Oumen Langen (Eugen Langen, 1833-1895). Otto, who moved away from trade and completely devoted himself to his inventions, suggested Langen to create joint engine production. So in 1864, Otto & Cie was formed, later converted to the Gasmotorenfabrik Deutz factory for the production of gas engines, on the basis of which today's KLOCKNER-HUMBOLDT-DEUTZ AG appeared. Otto and Langen presented their atmospheric gas engine in 1867 at the Paris World Exhibition. Low gas consumption attracted universal attention, and the engine was awarded the Grand Prix. The power of the first gas engine was approximately 0.87 hp. With an overall height of almost 2 m. For the year, the designers were able to raise power up to 2, 72 hp, and it became the limit. The engines of even greater power due to their dimensions could not be installed in the workshops and, moreover, in small workshops. In addition, the noise when operating the engine became unbearable.
However, engines buyers demanded a greater power model, so I had to develop a new design. Otto made a sketch of a new engine with a direct connection of the pistons and the crankshaft and invented a method for reducing detonation when the working mixture is ignited. The idea was that gas and air should be located in the cylinder in such a way that at the ignition point in the piston, the mixture contained as smaller gas as possible.
At that time, Otto thought that the greatest invention in its new engine was a layered charge of a working mixture, which was also compressed before ignition. In fact, the ingenious idea was the creation of a four-stroke method of work. The four-stroke work method consists of the following parts (clocks):
- inlet of the working mixture of gas and air;
- compression of the working mixture;
- inflammation of the working mixture with the subsequent expansion of gases formed during combustion;
- the release of exhaust gases.
The first four-stroke engine Otto and Langen, created in 1876, developed the capacity of 2.72 hp at 180 rpm. It is a prototype of all modern four-stroke engines.
A few years later, a new type was invented power plant - diesel engine. His inventor Rudolph Diesel (Rudolf Diesel, 1858-1913) Developed refrigeration units in the company "FA. Lindes Eismaschinen. Carefully studying refrigeration equipment and heat engineering, he developed a steam car worked on ammonia. Working with overheated ferry crawled diesel on the idea of \u200b\u200bcreating an engine in which highly compressed air will operate at high temperatures. Such a thermal engine in terms of efficiency should have exceeded all other designs. High temperatures diesel wanted to achieve with air compression up to 250 bar. To prevent premature ignition, fuel should be injected into the air in the engine cylinder only at the end of the compression tact. When the working cycle is selected, the diesel still made an error by selecting a carno cycle, which consists of two isoentropy and two isothermal changes in the state of the gas and has the best thermal efficiency of the efficiency of all thermodynamic cycles. The carno cycle is still not suitable as a working cycle for an internal combustion engine, since the isothermal burning in the engine is impossible. In addition, the beneficial work with the carno cycle is so small that covers only engine friction losses. This is due to a small cycle area (closed process), which is visible in the figure.
Fig. Carno cycle
Soon, diesel discovered that its engine could operate and without using the carno cycle. The inventor patented his new principle of motor operation and began to look for an enterprise capable of creating its design in the metal. After long negotiations, MAN in Augsburg agreed to build an engine according to Diesel drawings. The first prototype created in 1893 was four-stroke, did not have a cooling system and started using an external mechanical drive. Initially it was supposed to be used as fuel gasoline, but these attempts were unsuccessful. At the same time, without cooling system, the design quickly overheated, and the system direct injection fuel just did not work because the production of that time was unable to create fuel pump With the required accuracy of the manufacture of parts.
The inventor changed the principle of fuel supply, which was selected kerosene. Now he was injected into the cylinder at the time of ignition with compressed air. To prevent engine overheating, a water cooling system was developed. For the first time, a modified diesel engine engine independently earned in 1894, there were still many experiments and constructive changes before the engine was ready for use. In 1897, Diesel demonstrated its engine big circle stakeholders. On the test bench force aggregate Diesel developed power 17.7 hp at 154 rpm, and fuel consumption was 324 grams / kW * hour. With such low flow Fuel Diesel engine surpassed all thermal motors, becoming in fact the most economical thermal engine of its time. Excellence at fuel consumption The diesel engine saves and now.
Today benzi new engine With forced spark ignition Very often called OTTO engine, and motors with self-ignition mixture from compression - diesel engine. Thus, the glorious memory of two Great Motor Builders is preserved - Nikolaus August Otto and Rudolph Diesel.
The nineteenth century was full of people who do not want to live calmly. They complemented and changed the world with their inventions. One of these geniuses of engineering thought was Etienne Lenoir. Not having a special education, he possessed a hectic heart and faith in the infinite force of the mind.
From Garson to Mechanics
Jean Etienne Lenoir was born on 01/12/1822 in Mussi-La Vilg (Belgium). His father was the Belgian industrialist. He died when the boy was eight years old.
The young man dreamed of learning in the Paris technical school, but instead he had to work as a waiter in a restaurant called "idle Paris." Frequent visitors to this institution were mechanics and shop owners. Etienne Lenoire often listened to conversations of mechanics and engineers. The idea was originated in his head - engine improvement.
Soon the young man left the restaurant and moved to work in the workshop, where he was drafted by new enamels. A year later, he quarreled with the owner and became a free mechanic. He cleaned everything that was required - from crews to the kitchen utensils.
Work at Marinony
Small repair was an ungrateful occupation that did not bring enough money to existence. Lenoire decided to go to work for the Italian Marini. Thanks to its work, Etienne Lenoir was able to transform the foundry in a galvanoplastic workshop.
During these years, the mechanic led a peaceful life. In addition, he was able to experiment with its inventions. He managed to create its own versions of such devices such as an electric motor, a dynamomachine regulator, a water meter. For all his inventions, he received patents.
Lenoir has long time to study the engineering experience of other inventors to create a steam machine double action. His first creation struck his silent. In this case, the engine quickly heated. The inventor could not take care of his invention in legal terms, so his car was sealed.
Creating a private company
A quarrel with a sponsor, which Marinoni played, pushed the inventor to create his own company. His company has established the release of gas engines. The power of the invention was four horsepower.
In 1860, Etienne Lenoar, whose biography is associated with the development of a car, received a patent for his brainchild. Two years later, the car was demonstrated at the Paris exhibition. A total of about three hundred engines were produced by such French and German firms as "Marini", "Gauthier", Kun and others.
They were used on ships, locomotives, in road crews. In 1872, the Lenoir engine was installed on airship. His tests were successful. However, fame ended in a few years. The reason for this was the new invention.
Colleague
In 1860, Etienne Lenoire introduced his engine to the German colleague, who first glorified the author's work, and later his laurels took his place. Engineer Nicaus Otto created together with Langen, the production of engines from Belgium.
At the same time, the German engineer led to creating its own option. He managed it in 1878. His car was noisy and cumbersome. The engine was four-stroke. But he worked with the efficiency of 16%. The car Lenoara gave only efficiency in 5%. The record was broken, and Glory moved to the Germans.
The inventor died 04.08.1900 in France. Lenoir did not become a rich and famous inventor. But he was one of those who brought progress. He died as a citizen of France. He received such an honor for his inventions, but for the defense of Paris in the Franco-Prussian war. Many as the creator of a writing telegraph.
Which was a Lenoara engine
The car, which was created by Jean Etienne Lenoir (engine), became the first similar invention, which was used to produce serial.
Its design was single-cylinder, two-stroke. The idea of \u200b\u200bsuch a technical solution was taken from the Watt steam truck. The difference was that not steam was used as a working fluid. It was replaced by combustion products produced by a gas generator in which a mixture of light gas and air was burned.
The gas engine had its advantages towards steam:
- less bulky;
- easier to manage;
- did not require the heating of the boiler before launching;
- worked automatically (inpatient mode);
- low noise;
- low vibration.
All these advantages made the gas unit popular. However, he soon displaced the engine Otto. The principle of the implementation of the last invention is widely used in modern times. What is the model of Lenoara inferior to the car of a German engineer?
Despite the mass of advantages, the invention of the Frenchman of Belgian origin had a low efficiency, as well as low power. Therefore, it could not withstand competition, and was supplanted from the market by the more productive brainchild of Nicolaus Otto.
Etienne Lenouar (Fr. Jean Joseph Etienne Lenoir, January 12, 1822, Mussy La Vilg, Musa, Luxembourg, Belgium - August 4, 1900, La Varan-Saint-Ilher, Saint-Mor de Phosse, Val de Marne, France) is the French inventor of Belgian origin, the inventor of the internal combustion engine (Lenoara engine).
Biography
From 1838 he lived in France.
In 1860, the first practically suitable gas engine of internal combustion was constructed. The engine power was 8.8 kW (12 liters.). The engine was a single-cylinder horizontal dual-action machine that operated on the mixture of air and light gas with electric spark ignition from an extraneous source. Efficiency engine Not exceeded 4.65%. Despite the flaws, the Lenoara engine received some spread. Used as a boat engine.
Invented technology for producing galvanoplastic copies (1851), electrical brake (1855), writing telegraph (1865).
Literature
Radzig, Alexander Alexandrovich. History of heat engineering. - M.: Publishing House Acad. Sciences of the USSR, 1936. - 430 p.
Ignition Candle This is another indispensable detail of the car, decent attention and the whole article. The ignition candle was born in those distant times when the science of electric current was just beginning to be born. It is believed that the father of the first prototype of the candle was .
in 1800, Volta For the first time placed plate from zinc and copper in acid to get a continuous electric current, creating the first in the world chemical source Current ("Volt Pole"). Name Volta. Named the unit of measurement of electrical voltage is volt. The prototype of the candle can be called the manufacture of a metal rod placed inside the clay insulator, in order to clarify the properties of the electric current and its possibility of insulation from the metal. Of course, in those years there were no internal combustion engines, there were only thoughts and ideas about something new, about an independent device capable of rotating and moving a certain weight.
Years later, Belgian engineer Jean-Etienne Lenoir He began the development of its first internal combustion engine operating on the light gas. For spark, Lenouar Developed electrical systemBased on the ignition candle, which is very similar to the modern work and the principle of work.
Jean-Etienne Lenoir In 1860. Lenouar I made a patent for the engine invented by them and by 1885 completely finalized its candle. Based on its prototype engine, Lenoire has created a new engine for its self-election wagon under the merry title "Hippoomobile"which appeared long before the car Benz.
The candle required permanent service due to grinding and regularly failed. The insulator could not withstand the temperature and the overheating was destroyed.
Engine Jean Lenoara 
Separate wagon - "Hippoomobile" In 1898, at once, three patents for the invention and the development of spar formation systems were issued by Nikola Tesla, Robert Bosch and Frederick Richard Sims. This year can be confidently called the basis for modern spark plugs. But only thanks to the efforts of Gotlib Honneldd, who collaborated with Robert Bashes in 1902 a candle appeared, capable of working in the magneto system.
In the early 1900s brothers Robert and Frank Strannnahanengaged in the sale of automotive spare parts decided to upgrade the candle. Having collected the necessary information, the candle was sent to refinement. The insulator was made from porcelain and a metal ring was added to seal at the landing site. As a result of these searches and improvements, in 1908, Champion was formed, which you know perfectly. More than 300 thousand new generation candles were purchased by Ford. and Triumph.
There is a legend of a certain Edmond Berger, who came up with a special kind of candle, but disappeared, and his drawing left an unknown engineer of one of the companies under the wing of Champion. Unfortunately, there are no proven facts, so it will remain myth ...
Given all changes and progress in the field of creating internal combustion engines, candles have become stronger, more durable and more beautiful! More than a hundred years ago, at the peak of the automotive industry and the development of electrical appliances, the main symbol of the life of the Candle Motor, which is still an integral part of it!
Based on: Google Patents, Wikipedia, Madehow, Champion, Bosch
1 of 13.
Today it will be discussed by the inventor named Etienne Lenoir. Its invention is an engine on hydrogen fuel. It is also one of the best engineers to create engines for hippoomobiles. A journalist of one publication decided to take an interview from Etienne and learn better about his invention ...
- When and where were you born?
- What are you dreamed of in the youthful years?
I dreamed of learning in the Paris Technical Academic Institution. I often had to hear the conversations of mechanics and engineers. From the Small Years in my head, the idea of \u200b\u200bimproving the engine for hippoomobile was originated. Hippomobile is a car that was driven by the internal combustion engine of the Lenoara design.
- What was your first invention?
The innerimate invention was my engine (Lenoara engine), or as it is also called "internal combustion engine." The workflow of the Lenoara engine can be viewed from the movement of the piston from one of the extreme positions. In this case, the spools are set to a position in which air and light gas enters the working cavity of the cylinder, the combustion products formed in the previous tact are supplanted from another cavity. Simply put, gas is in some working cavity, which, due to the isobaric compression, gets energy. (Energy appears due to gas work)
- What year did the engine invented you?
In 1860, I got a patent for the invention own motor. Since I was very fond of the automotive business, after two years later, I demonstrated my car at the exhibition in Paris.
- What was the engine of Lenoara?
The design of the gas engine was single-cylinder, two-stroke. The combustion products produced by a gas generator were used as a working fluid. The cylinder burned down a mixture of light gas and air.
- What was the hindrance to use the engine? (In connection with which the release of the engine was stopped?)
Despite all the advantages of my gas apparatus, soon it turned out the engine Otto. The engine of my invention had a low efficiency, as well as low power. That is why my invention could not withstand the competition and was supplanted by the engine of the German engineer Nicolaus Otto, which came up with the fuel burned directly in the engine operating chamber (inside). OBS transforms thermal energy from fuel combustion into mechanical work.
- How many of your engines was released?
Over 300 units of these engines were released in more than 300 units in several French firms in which I placed my orders for the manufacture.
- Who and under what circumstances became your competitor?
It was my colleague, the German engineer Nicaus Otto. I presented him with my invention in 1860. After that, he began working on the invention of its engine. However, the characteristics of the invention Nicolaus OTTO significantly exceeded mine, so I was defeated in this competitive struggle.
Our suggestions for improving the invention of Lenoara
1 offer. It is possible to improve the hippoomobile by reducing the fuel consumption due to the gas compression device before its combustion. This will provide a larger power device.
To compress gas, you can use the piston that will move to move and make work on the gas, squeezing it.
In order for the efficiency of the invention to increase, you can add crankshaft, which will ensure efficient torque transmission.
2 offer. The use of more favorable gas, for example, propane will reduce the volume of the working fluid, which will lead to the convenience of transporting the device and will be able to compete with modern developments. We would still change the cylinder in the motor, which was located vertically, replacing it to a more practical sample and changed the location of the cylinder. It will also give an increase in the efficiency, since the course of 10% of the piston height does not provide rational use of energy (the energy is wasted).
