Spark plugs are present in each car and each of the car owners at least once in his life tried to "figure out" with them on their own. In the operation manual, the machine is always recommended by the manufacturer. It is worth understanding what the candles differ of different types and different manufacturers? Is there any difference when replacing one type of candles to others in the machine?
Often, car owners cannot decide on the choice, buy cheap candles or high-quality
Types and principle of work
Spark plugs ignite the mixtures formed by mixing fuel and air. Depending on the manufacturer, the design of the candles is different, however, two groups can be distinguished. Their types:
- multielectrode spark plugs;
- two-electrode.
The two-electrode devices are equipped with a single side electrode, in contrast to them, multoelectrode candles consist of several side electrodes. The latter justify themselves with a long service time. In the most common spark, there are two electrodes that wear out. The failure of the side electrode is full replacement Candles. The spark in a multi-electrode device comes only on one side electrode, which increases the opening time of the candle.
Spark plugs are different from each other also material. In classic devices, minor electrodes are made of steel. The most expensive candles are equipped with platinum attacks, in addition, the release of plasma-forcar spark plugs began quite recently. The tip of the main electrode is made of alloys consisting of iron, nickel and chromium and copper plugs. The side of the central element often flashes, it must be periodically verified for a malfunction. The insulator is almost always made of ceramics of aluminum composition, carrying temperatures above 1000 ° C. The heat marking of the ignition candles directly depends on the composition and proportion of the various components contained in the insulator.
In addition, the candles differ in the type and long thread, the size of the head.
Ignition candle device
Any candle, regardless of its type and manufacturer, consists of a metal housing, electrodes, a ceramics insulator and the main contact rod. Core base special tool From corrosion, top is equipped with a thread embedded in a cylinder block, and a hexagon. A part of the plane that the candle "faces" with the head has a flat or conical shape. If there is a flat reference part for better sealing, the sealing ring is built. In contrast to the first conical top, it seals the hole between the spark plug and the block head. The insulator is made of durable ceramics. The spark plug device is thought out to the smallest detail to avoid electricity leakage in the insulator, ring longitudinal stripes are provided and the technical glaze is applied, part of the hull next to the combustion chamber is made as a cone. FROM inner The main electrode and rod are attached to the isolator. In some models, the gap between them fills the resistor that is preventing. Compounds are tightly sealed by glass mass with high conductor. Next to the central there is a side electrode, which is made of heat-resistant metal and is welded to the case. To reduce the thermal effect, the main electrode is performed from several metals (copper and heat-resistant shell).
Signs of Ignition Candle Fault
Stable work of the candle provides car owner reliable functioning of gasoline power aggregate. However, problems in the work of candles simply not to avoid. Let's figure out when changing spark plugs:
- the car began to start not the first time, the engine is working with difficulty, "coughs" displeased idling. This is one of the very first signs on the need to check the candles for a malfunction;
- fuel consumption has recently increased significantly, in addition, CO and CH increased in exhaust gases;
- one of the candles all the time is wet from the gasoline falling on it (it will be faulty).
- during the operation of the motor, negative dynamics is manifested (a reduced power or auto is not limited to revolutions).
- "Trojections" appeared (the car pulls into the car during driving, the engine lacks the power).
It is not necessary to wait for it, if there is at least one of the described features, you should take a box with tools and thoroughly check the functioning of the candles. On time, not replaced parts may in the shortest possible time to apply a huge damage as a car and the owner's wallet. All manufacturers of the car recommend replacing these parts with the annual maintenance passage.
Methods of diagnosis
The diagnosis of the power unit provides for inspection of candles as an important element Ignition systems. Almost all cars are overseas and domestic production They are easily accessible, car enthusiasts themselves can check them. In order for checking successfully, they are undesirable to be confused and change places relative to cylinders, it is best to consider them in.
There are several ways to check the health of the candle at home. Before removing them, first of all you need to disconnect the wires going to the distributor. To determine which candle stopped working, you can remove them alone and listening to the operation of the engine. A unchanging sound talks about the problem in a disconnected part.
Check sparks
The first method of checking at home is the presence of a spark. Carefully cleaned with different contaminants, the candle with the device (probe) is adjusted at a distance with the electrodes. It is covered with wire and adjacent to the metal basis of the power unit. This is done in order to create electrical contact. Check the operation of the candles (the presence and color of the spark) is necessary by the starter included for a couple of seconds. In a normal functioning candle, the spark has a blue color, but if a red color or it is played in a spark, in general, no, it means that the candle is subject to replacement.
Checking multimeter
In the second way, to test the health of the candle is much easier, for this you need a multimeter - a device that is often called a tester. This device checks the presence of either no short circuit. However, the verification of the multimeter does not always exactly indicate a malfunction. Simple in circulation The device has a form understandable for a simple car enthusiast. Checking the candle is carried out as follows: The wires from the device should be on the spark plugs so that the first wire is at the exit, and the other was attached to the base. A spark appears in a workable position, with 4 mm regarding contacts.
Check "Pistol"
The third method of calibration is the most sophisticated - this is a test of a gun. To make it yourself, you need a stand, conducted by such a test under some pressure. Nowadays, you can buy such a device in the store trading in auto parts. Check the candle is needed like this: insert it into and wear a special cap. The main candle after pressing the trigger should respond on the electrodes of sparking and a tanned light bulb. It is worth remembering that the gun, due to the pressure difference in it and in the car, cannot give an exact result. However, the candle does not work when checking the pistol must be replaced soon.
Conclusion
Even small violations and malfunctions from the spark plugs can, with the unscrupulous attitude of the car owner, lead to serious malfunctions in the operation of the machine. It is worth knowing that any driver can do this device. To do everything correctly, you only need to follow the actions described above.
Spark plugs play an important role in the engine internal combustion Any car. It is impossible to life without a heart, and the operation of the motor without candles is impossible. Before moving to the question of their device, it is necessary to figure out: what is the sign of a motor system?
Spark plugs are a car device that serves to ignite the air-fuel mixture. The spark is formed between the electrodes of the candle and has a fairly large electric discharge (several tens of thousands of volts).
The condition of the device directly affects the functioning car Engine: high-quality launch, maximum speed, fuel consumption, idling stability and much more.
In the world market there are a huge number of manufacturers of automotive candles, among which NGK, Bosch, Brisk and Denso should be highlighted.
The world leader is NGK - known to motorists in any corner of the planet. Products of this brand gained popularity due to its reliable strength characteristics and long service life. The company is not limited to the production of spark plugs, it provides a wide selection of such spare parts as oxygen sensors, incandescent candles, high voltage wires.
The photo contains packaging of spark plugs DENSO IRIDIUM POWER
Bosch - a unique manufacturer of equipment that has invested in its products german quality and European reliability. Products of this brand are found not only under the hood of our cars, but also in apartments of lovers of home comfort and heat. Vacuum cleaners, refrigerars, spark plugs and other goods showed the world's wide specialization of Bosch, facilitating the lives of people in all areas of their activities.
The ignition candle produced under the Brisk brand is applied in almost all engines of Japanese and European cars. This device Gives a large power of sparks, unlike standard candles, and has a high acceleration. The company has a BRISK Platinum line - is platinum spark plugs that are particularly resistant to electrical erosion.
The company Dance releases the device since 1959. During this time, manufacturers have developed a unique spark plug line - DENSO IRIDIUM POWER - capable of maximizing the power characteristics of the engine, reduce the level harmful emissions and significantly reduce fuel consumption. Iridium ignition candles have greater wear resistance and most often used in Lexus, Toyota cars, etc.
Modern spark plugs must meet the following requirements:
- Insulator and candle electrode must have good thermal conductivity;
- at high voltages, the device must work smoothly and have reliable insulation properties;
- spark plugs should be resistant to harmful deposits resulting from the chemical processes occurring in the combustion chamber.
Despite the high level of production of production, it is not possible to achieve perfection yet: ignition candles fail every 20,000-40000 mileage kilometers (depending on the operating conditions of the car) and cause malfunctions in the engine operation. Candle out of order allocates more toxicity in environment And negatively affects the work of the entire car: the ignition makes it difficult, the combustion chamber is beginning to leak technical oilsA malfunction appears inlet valves. For long operation Candles that do not apply to the characteristic of the engine may arise serious problems that can only solve overhaul car. Before installing new spark plugs in the engine - familiarize yourself with their characteristics.
The main characteristics of the spark plugs
Kalil number. This characteristic shows, with what pressure in the car cylinder, the air-fuel mixture is noted not from the spark, but from the contact with the open section of the device. If the use of candles with a large caliling number is allowed for a short period of time, then the operation of the device with too low caliling number will instantly lead to the trough of the pistons. Therefore, install the ignition candles, strictly corresponding to the characteristics of your engine.
Self-cleaning. Such a parameter of the candles is also needed. It provides removal from the surface of the candle of residues of combustion products, leading to the output of the device. Unfortunately, despite the large number of manufacturers that approve of high ability to self-cleaning are their devices, the spark plugs of any model sooner or later are covered by Nagar.
Spark gap. This characteristic displays the distance between the side and central electrodes. For each manufacturer's company, its so-called gap is characterized, which cannot be adjusted. If for any reason, a change in the magnitude of the ignition candle clearance has occurred, then it is best to replace it. Spark clearance directly affects the ignition advance angle: its reduction provokes an increase in the angle of ahead, i.e. The appearance of earlier inflammation of the working mixture, and vice versa. Lastly ignition promotes the increase in the gap. With a properly adjusted gap, the engine is quickly gaining momentum, the torque increases.
Number of lateral electrodes ("masses").Quite unusual indicator, because The classic design of spark plugs provide only one side and one central electrodes. One-electrode devices were installed in cars around the world, but not so long ago, the company's leading world spare parts manufacturers began to produce devices equipped with two, three and four side electrodes. The use of this technology allowed the companies to achieve stable ignition, sustainable sparking and increase the service life of the candles.
The use of a non-standard number of electrodes prompted the inventors to create something more perfect - a candle without additional electrodes. You can now buy such a device in any auto store. The only drawback of this spark plug is a relatively high price. However, such a candle is able to provide stable engine operation on a guaranteed long service life. Its work lies in the consistent formation of the "walking" spark on the additional electrodes installed on the insulator.
Candle working temperature. This indicator characterizes the temperature of the working part of the ignition candle during the engine operation. Candle temperature should be within 500-900 ° C. Its value should not be changed by increasing the engine power or when it is idling. Outside the limits of the norm may affect the performance of the candle. In addition, the increase in the temperature of the working surface of the device reduces its service life.
Thermal characteristic of the spark plug. This characteristic determines the dependence of the operating temperature of the candle from the mode of operation of the OI. In order for the temperature of the thermal cone of the insulator and the central electrode to increase, it is necessary to increase its length. However, the temperature of 900 ° C cannot be exceeded - the ignition will occur. The heat characteristic of the spark plug is dividing the device to "hot" and "cold". The installation of hot candles is made in those engines where the self-cleaning procedure is needed from aggressive deposits with low heat loads. Cold candles are put there, where less heating of the working surface of the candle is necessary when maximum load Engine.
In order to prevent the engine breakdown, experts recommend periodic inspection of spark plugs. Their color and visual damage can not only tell about the availability of the problem, but also on the unsuitability of the device with these characteristics. Evaluate the condition of the candles is recommended every 15,000-20,000 thousand kilometers, and during the operation of the car in hard weather conditions, much more often.
Twinking each candle separately, pay attention to its color and availability of Nagar:
If there are no failures in the system, deposits on the working part will be absent, and the device color will have a light gray shade.
If there is a small nagar on the electrode of auto parts, but the color has not changed, it means that the candles of the same thermal characteristics are suitable for replacement. It is not recommended to operate further spark plugs with charred electrodes, because the larger the engine, the more difficult to start the engine.
If all the working space of the candle is contaminated with dark brown sediments, the toxicity of the device increases, there are malfunctions in the operation of the system, and pollution is visible on the choke, it means that a serious problem has appeared in the car. Air-fuel mixture in this case It is not completely burned, and remains on the surface of the candle in the form of deposits. You can temporarily solve the problem, cleaning the surface of the candle in gasoline, but in the future it is recommended to conduct an inspection vehicle: Replacing the spark plugs will not eliminate the malfunction.
If the working part of the candle has a yellow glossy color, it means that the resource of the device decreased due to the "aggressive" method of driving a car. Sharply pressing on the gas pedal, there is a sharp overheating of the electrode of the candle and deposition on the working cone of a large amount of Nagara. You can fix the problem not only by replacing the candles, but also by changing the style of the ride.
If the candle enclosure is destruction, the seals ceased to prevent gas output from the combustion chamber, and the top of the thread of the cylinder block is visible dark sediments, it means that the device's clearance is not correctly adjusted. Reuse parts are not allowed.
If you feel that the start of the engine of your car is difficult, and you do not have the ability to independently diagnose the problem, contact the service center.
Car care, timely inspection of its components, as well as a smooth way of driving will allow you to save you in excellent condition for a long time technical remedy. You give him more time and do not allow the engine overheating, and then you do not have to spend a huge amount of funds on it.
Spark plug It serves to transfer the fastening high voltage in the cylinder, in order to create a spark of ignition and ignite the working mixture. In addition, the candle should be isolated from the cylinder block the high voltage feed on it (more than 30 kV), reduce the trifles and breakthroughs, as well as hermetically close the combustion chamber. In addition, it should provide an appropriate temperature range in order to avoid contamination of the electrodes and the occurrence of the gauge ignition. A typical spark plug device is shown in the figure.
Fig. Ignition Candle Production of the company "Bosch"
Terminal terminal and central electrode
Terminal terminal is made of steel and protrudes from the ignition candle housing. It serves to attach high voltage wires or directly installed ignition core. The electrical connection between the terminal rod and the central electrode is made using the glass melt located between them. To the melting of glass, the filler is domed to improve the degree of burning and resistance properties of interference. Since the central electrode is located directly in the combustion chamber, it is exposed to very high temperatures and strong corrosion due to contact with the exhaust gases, as well as with residual products of combustion of oil, fuel and impurities. High sparking temperatures lead to partial melting and evaporation of electrodes material, so central electrodes are made of nickel alloy with chromium, manganese and silicon additives. Along with nickel alloys, silver and platinum alloys are also used, since they slightly burn out and warm warmly. The central electrode and terminal terminal are sealed in the insulator.
Insulator
The insulator is designed to separate the terminal terminal and the central electrode of the spark plug from its housing so that there is no high voltage breakdown on the "mass" of the car. For this, the insulator must have high electrical resistance, so it is made of aluminum oxide containing vitreous additives. To reduce the leakage currents, the neck of the insulator has fins.
Along with mechanical and electrical loads, the insulator is also exposed to high thermal loads. When the engine is operating at maximum turnover, the temperature of the insulator reaches 850 ° C, and the insulator head is about 200 ° C. These temperatures occur due to cyclic combustion processes of the working mixture in the engine cylinder. In order for the temperature in the support area, the insulator must have a good thermal conductivity.
GENERAL Ignition Candle Device
The spark plug has a metal housing that is screwed into the appropriate hole in the head of the cylinder block. The insulator is built into the spark plug housing, which uses special internal seals to seal. The insulator contains inside the central electrode and terminal terminal. After assembling the spark plug, the final fixation of all parts by heat treatment is performed. The side electrode made from the same material as the central, is welded to the candle housing. The shape and location of the side electrode depend on the type and design of the engine. The gap between the central and side electrodes is regulated depending on the type of engine and the ignition system.
There are many possibilities for the location of the side electrode, which affects the size of the spark discharge gap. The pure spark is formed between the central electrode and the side, M-shaped form. At the same time, the working mixture easily falls into the gap between the electrodes, which contributes to its optimal ignition. If the ring-shaped side electrode is installed at one level with the central, then the spark can slide over the insulator. In this case, it is called a sliding spark discharge, which allows to burn down the layers and residual nagar on the insulator. Improve the effectiveness of the inflammation of the working mixture can be either an increase in the duration of sparking, or an increase in sparking energy. The combination of sliding and ordinary spark discharges is rational.
Fig. Types of spark plugs with air sliding spark discharge
To reduce the need for voltage on a spark plug with a sliding spark charge, a control electrode can be additionally installed. With an increase in the temperature of the insulator, sparking is capable of occurring at less voltage. With a long spark discharge, the ignition is improved both for poor and rich mixture of fuel with air.
For engines with fuel injection in the intake manifold, preference is given to the ignition candle with a spark discharge path, "stretched" in the combustion chamber, while for engines with direct injection Fuel into the combustion chamber and layer-by-layer mixing spark plug with surface discharge has advantages due to the best self-cleaning feature.
When choosing an ignition candle suitable for an engine, its calil number plays an important role, with which you can judge the heat load on the insulator support. This temperature It should be approximately 500 ° C higher than the temperature required for self-cleaning of the candles from the layers. On the other hand, it is impossible to exceed the maximum temperature of about 920 ° C, otherwise the occurrence of a vibil ignition is possible.
If you do not achieve the temperature required for self-cleaning of the candle, fuel and oil particles, accumulating with the support of the insulator, will not be burned, and conductive bands can be formed between the electrodes on the insulator.
If the insulator's support is heated above 920 ° C, this will lead to an uncontrolled combustion of the working mixture due to the administered support of the insulator during compression. The engine power decreases, and the ignition candle due to thermal overload may be damaged.
The ignition candle for the engine is selected according to its calilic number. The candle with a small caliling number has a slight surface absorption of heat and is suitable for high load engines. If the engine is weakly loaded, an ignition candle is installed with a high calil number having a large surface absorption surface. Structurally, the ignition candle is adjustable during its manufacture, for example, by changing the length of the support of the insulator.
Fig. Definition of a calil number of spark plugs
When using a combined electrode, including a nickel-based electrode with a copper core, thermal conductivity improves and as a result of this heat removal from the electrode.
Important tasks in the development of spark plugs include an increase in intervals maintenance. Due to corrosion associated with the spark discharge, during operation, the gap between the electrodes increases, and at the same time increases the need for voltage in the secondary chain of the ignition system. With strong wear of the electrodes, the spark plug should be replaced. Today, the service of spark plugs, depending on their design and materials, is from 60,000 km to 90,000 km. This is achieved by improving the material of the electrodes and the use of a larger number of lateral electrodes (2, 3 or 4 side electrodes).
IN gasoline engine Internal combustion (DVS) for ignition, compressed by the piston, the fuel and air mixture uses the element called - the ignition candle. Invented her Robert Bosch in the distant 1902 after which, the company of the same name introduced it in.
What is her device?
The basic device of the spark plug is about the same in any company producing it. This is a metal housing, the electrodes whose number can vary depending on the brand, a ceramic insulator and a central contact rod passing through it. The further distinguishes begin.
The central contact rod, for example, may have a tip in the form of a flat platform. But may have U or V-shaped groove. It may be pointed - in the event that it is made of iridium as in Denso's candles. They even have a side electrode has a special form profile. This company produces the most, perhaps, reliable candles - Iridiyevo-platinum.
Separate models of the side electrode may not be in general - in particular, SAAB engineers have developed a motor in which the piston itself has a pointed ledge, the function of which is the same as the side electrode. When the piston is as close as possible to the upper dead point, there is a spark between it and the central electrode, igniting the compressed fuel and air mixture.
Already mentioned two and more side electrodes also change the operating modes and motor operation parameters. At the same time, the requirements for working gaps that do not recommend changing or somehow touching or bend, but only strictly retaining the factory parameters of their manufacture are increasing.
At the same time, the principle of operation of the candle with two and more electrodes is simple, no technical tricks are required for it stable work: When, as the electrode is generated, the sparks are "eating", it starts, it automatically appears on the non-public electrode, and the process the work of the DVS continues without interruptions.
The metal housing at the bottom of the thread for screwing into the cylinder head (GBC) has a flat or conical ring-shaped platform. In the candles with a flat venue in the kit there is a crimp ring-washer made of soft metal, which prevents the breakthrough of a compressed fuel and air mixture or combustion products. In the candles with a conical profile after a thread in such a ring, no need the conical profile is reliably cleaned the top of the combustion chamber.
Central insulators in all models make heat-resistant ceramics. It is on it that the markings are applied with the type, the name of the manufacturer, etc. Inside, between the contact for the wire and the core with the central contact, the resistor is placed, main function which is the suppression of radio domain arising at the time of the spark discharge. Taking into account the development of radio and telecommunications and their introduction to the car system, including electronic control Injection, the placement of such a resistor has become mandatory in the spark plug device.
In that part, which is screwed into the GBC, the central insulator has the form of a gradually narrowing cone - this is done in order to more effectively distinguish heat, not allowing it.
View of modern candles
A variety of technical solutions in the development and production of internal combustion gasoline engines has generated many candle models for them. Depending on the fuel used for the machine, the compression ratio in the cylinder, the ignition control method (mechanical, using a distorter, or electronic), can be divided into the following types.
Types of candles
They are divided into several characteristics:
- A calic number.
- The number of electrodes.
- Spark gap.
- Temperature range.
- Service life.
- Characteristics of heat resistance.
In addition, some of the spark plugs of different years of release of the same company may differ along the length of the thread skirt: early car models have a smaller thickness of the cylinder heads that were made from cast iron and, respectively, the thread is needed shorter. With the transition to the GBC from aluminum alloys, their thickness increased, which means - and the length of the thread in it also became greater.
An experienced motorist at the beginning will always pay attention to a calil number that shows the pressure with a glow effect, that is, the continuation of the engine operation after breaking the ignition circuit when the motor heated to critical values \u200b\u200bcontinues to operate.
At the same time, the use of a candle with a calil number is more recommended to use even permissible, with the exposed - the operation of the engine is prohibited! Otherwise, the unlucky driver will quickly collide with the problem of burning pistons, valves and with breakdown of cylinder head laying.
For high-quality and stable sparking in the last two dozen years, we produce candles with two, three and even four side electrodes.
But the stability of work can be achieved in other way: the location of the auxiliary elements playing the role of these electrodes, on the insulator of the candle. There are several ring wandering around the central electrode of electrical discharges, and thus, the likelihood of the engine operation is significantly reduced.
Sports candle Brisk. with intermediate electrodes on the insulator
We give a few more important moments In the characteristics of candles:
- Violation of such a parameter, as a spark gap, will also adversely affect the operation of the motor;
- No less important thermal resistance, its temperature range, meaning the heating of the part, which is immersed in the space between the piston and the cylinder head. The temperature range inside the working part is normally under 500-900⁰. The output beyond this range means lowering the resource. In particular, in all types of spark plugs, a decrease in temperature leads to a rapid rise in Nagara;
- In a normally adjusted engine, efficiency depends on the run and amounts to about 30,000 km for candles operating on classic scheme Ignition, and 20,000 - on electronic. However, at the highest price (but also in the most reliable) candles of DENSO service life - up to 5-6 years. Or, in other words, they will provide mileage without replacement, subject to standard operation for about 150,000 - 200,000 kilometers. True, the requirements for maintaining modes according to the instructions are tightened. These requirements include the use of fuel with octane number In no case below the recommended, and their installation is strictly according to the rules. In particular, they are not allowed to tighten them into the cylinder head with effort above or lower than recommended, which may entail reduced to all of their advantages;
- The heat parameter shows the relationship of the engine modes and the operating temperature of the candle. It increases the size of the thermal cone, adhering to the size of the thermal cone, and, however, the recommended value of 900 degrees. The way out of these boundaries increases the risk of vibil ignition.
Precious metals in candles design
The gradation of species depends not only on the stated parameters. Describing the performance of the spark plug, it is necessary to take into account since what material the tips of the electrodes are made.
The cheapest candles are nickel. The simplicity of the design causes a short service life, so their replacement is often done, after 15-18 thousand mileage kilometers. Although in the conditions of the city, given the irregularities of operation (standing with a working engine in traffic jams, frequent alternation of acceleration and braking on traffic lights) This mileage can be safely divided into two, so that the time of operation of nickel candles is no longer more than a year.
Platinum candles are made platinum attacks, which increases their life to 50,000 kilometers. Look at the cost of platinum in any exchanger - and you will understand why these attacks make them as expensive.
In iridium candles, two precious metal are already: iridium in the form of an attack on the edge of the central electrode and platinum - on the side. Given the cost of iridium, the price of them compared to nickel increases by 50-60%. But specifications Spark plugs with iridium are such that it is already from 60 to 200 thousand kilometers away with them.
Such candle parameters like: thread diameter; number head number under it; Skirt length with thread; The gap between the electrodes also belongs to their technical characteristics.
Conclusion
Progress does not stand still. New technologies allowed, for example, to bring the degree of purification of metals for electrodes to 99.999%. Iridium, platinum and even nickel such cleanliness are able to increase the service life of the spark plug by another 15-18%, in the example, we will deliver Denso. In addition, engineering thought continued their development, offering the factory and the forkar type of spark production, which made the work of the motors even more stable.
As for the inevitable in this case, the price increase is the possibility in the process of operation of the car as much as possible to look under the hood already justifies the purchase of each spark plug even for 10-20 dollars per piece.
Ignition candle device
The task of the spark plug in the car's gasoline engine is to ignite the fuel and air mixture in the combustion chamber. Details of the candles that are in the combustion chamber are subjected to high thermal, mechanical, electrical loads, as well as the chemical effects of fuel combustion products. The temperature in it varies from 70 to 2500 ° C, the pressure of gases reaches 50-60 bar, and the voltage on the electrodes reaches 20 kV and higher. Such strict working conditions determine the features of the design of candles and used materials, since power, fuel efficiency, starting properties of engines, and toxicity of exhaust gases depend on the uninterruptedness of spar formation.
The main elements of any spark plug are a metal housing, a ceramic insulator, electrodes and a contact rod. The housing has a thread that is screwed into the head of the cylinder block, a turnkey hexagon and a special coating for protection against corrosion. The support surface can be flat or conical. In the first case, a sealing ring is used for reliable sealing of the candle hole. The insulator material is high-strength ceramics. To prevent electricity leakage on its surface (at the top of the insulator), ring grooves (current barriers) are made and a special glaze is applied, and a part of the insulator from the combustion chamber is performed in the form of a cone (called thermal). Inside the ceramic part of the candle, the central electrode and the contact rod, between which the resistor can be located, the overwhelming radio intercoms. Sealing the connection of these parts is carried out by conductive glass mass (glass grocery). Side electrode "Mass" is welded to the case.
Electrodes are made from heat-resistant metal or alloy. To improve the heat removal from the heat cone, the central electrode can be made of two metals (bimetallic electrode) - the central part of the copper is concluded in the heat-resistant shell. The bimetallic electrode has a high resource due to the fact that the good thermal conductivity of copper prevents it from excessive heating. This allows, in addition to improving thermoelasticity, increase the reliability and durability of the candle. In order to increase the service life, spark plugs with several side electrodes and fine-electro with a central electrode coated with platinum or iridium layer are available. The service life of the spark plug (depending on the design) is from 30 to 100 thousand km.
In the marking of the spark plug, its geometric and landing dimensions, design features and a calil number are indicated. Different manufacturers Have their own designation system. Below are marked, applied by Russian and leading foreign manufacturers, as well as a table of interchangeability of candles of different brands (for viewing, click on the desired picture - the file will open in a new window).
Kalil number It is an indicator of the thermal properties of the candle (its ability to heat at various thermal loads of the engine). It is proportional to the average pressure, in which the Calinal ignition begins to appear in the process of testing the candle on the motor calibration in its cylinder (the uncontrollable process of igniting the working mixture from the hot chip elements). Candles with a small calilie call are called hot. Their thermal cone is heated to a temperature of 900 ° C (the temperature of the margin of gauge ignition) with a relatively small heat load. Such candles are used on small-minded engines with small degrees of compression. In cold candles, the rival ignition occurs at high heat loads, and they are used on high-affiliated engines.
While the thermal cone is not heated to 400 ° C, it is formed a naiga, leading to current leaks and sparking violations. Upon reaching this temperature, it begins to burn, the candle is cleansing (self-cleaning). The longer the thermal cone, the greater its area, so it is heated to the self-cleaning temperature with a smaller thermal load. In addition, the advantage of this part of the insulator from the body increases it by blowing it with gases, which additionally accelerates the heating and improves purification from Nagara. An increase in the length of the thermal cone leads to a decrease in the gallinal number (the candle becomes "hot").
Diagnostics of engine operation at the state of spark plugs
The ignition candle can ensure uninterrupted operation only subject to the following conditions:
- candles recommended by the engine manufacturer are used;
- the gasoline brand is used, indicated in the car manual;
- good ignition and nutrition systems;
- the force is not exceeded when screwing the candle into the engine block head.
The most likely cause of premature candle refusals is pollution by their products of incomplete combustion or an increase in the spark clearance due to the wear of the electrodes. In this case, the decisive effect on the performance of candles has technical condition Engine. Even by appearance Candles can be said a lot of both the engine work as a whole and the individual nodes. An inspection of the candle needs to be carried out after the engine continuous operation, the ideal option will be an inspection of the candle after a long trip along the country highway. The error of some car enthusiasts, for example, is that after the cold start of the engine at a minus temperature and the unstable work, the candles are twisted first and having seen a black nagar, make hasty conclusions. But this Nagar could form during the engine operation in a cold start mode, when the mixture is enriched, and unstable work could be a consequence of a bad state of high-voltage wires. Therefore, if something does not suit you in the engine work, and you decided to make the diagnosis of its work with the help of candles, you need to drive on the initially pure candlelight at least 250-300 kilometers, and only after that do some conclusions.
In photo №1 The candle is depicted from the engine, the work of which can be considered excellent. The skirt of the central electrode has a light brown color, naiga and deposits are minimal. Complete lack of traces of oil. Owner this motor You can only envy, and there is something: this is an economical fuel consumption and the absence of the need to precipitate oil from replacement to replace.
Photo №2. - Typical example of a candle from an engine with increased fuel consumption. The central electrode is covered with velvetist-black Nagar. There are several reasons for this: the rich air-fuel mixture (incorrect adjustment of the carburetor, the ignition advance angle or injection faults), clogging the air filter.
Photo number 3. - On the contrary, an example of an overly poor air-fuel mixture. The color of the electrode from light gray to white. There is a reason for concern. Riding on too depleted mixture and at elevated loads can cause significant overheating as the candle itself and the combustion chamber, and overheating the combustion chamber is a direct path to the discharge valve.
In photo №4. The skirt of the central electrode of the candle has a characteristic reddish tint. This color can be compared with the color of the red brick. Redness caused by the operation of the engine at low-quality fuel containing excessive amount additives that have metal in their composition. Long-term use of such fuel will lead to the fact that the metal deposits form a conductive flare on the insulation surface, through which the current will be easier to pass than between the candle electrodes, and the candle will stop working.
In the photo number 5 The candle has pronounced traces of oil, especially in the threaded part. The engine with such candles after a long parking is used after starting "Trojite" for some time, and as the operation is heated, it is stabilized. The reason for this is the unsatisfactory state of oil caps. There is an increased oil consumption. In the first minutes of the engine, at the time of the warm-up, characteristic white-blue exhaust.
Photo number 6. - Candle is turned out of the non-working cylinder. The central electrode, its skirt is covered with a dense layer of oil, mixed with drops of unburned fuel and small particles from the destruction that occurred in this cylinder. The reason for this is the destruction of one of the valves or breakage of partitions between the piston rings with the ingress of metal particles between the valve and its seat. In this case, the engine "Troit" is no longer no longer, a significant loss of power is noticeable, fuel consumption increases in one and a half, twice. Output one - repair.
Photo number 7. - Complete destruction of the central electrode with its ceramic skirt. The cause of this destruction could be one of the factors listed below: long work The engine with detonation, the use of fuel with a low octane number, very early ignition, and just a defective candle. The symptoms of the engine are the same as in the previous case. The only thing that can be hoped is that particles of the central electrode managed to slip into the exhaust system, not stuck under the outlet valve, otherwise it is also not to avoid repairing the head of the cylinder block.
Photo number 8. Last in this review. The electrode of candles has been around with ash sediments, the color does not play a decisive role, it only testifies to work fuel system. The reason for this outflow is the combustion of oil due to the development or location of the oil piston rings. The engine has elevated oil consumption, when peregovzovka from exhaust pipe Strong blue smoking, the smell of the exhaust looks like a motorcycle.
If you want to work with the work of your engine less problems, remember the candles not only when the motor refuses to work. The manufacturer guarantees trouble free operation of the candle on a good engine of 30 thousand kilometers. However, it will not be superfluous on average every 10 thousand kilometers of run. Check the condition of the candles. First of all, it is verification and, if necessary, adjust the gap to the required value, the removal of nagar. Caramines of the central electrode are destroyed from sandblasting, the ceramics of the central electrode is destroyed from sandblasting, and you risk getting a copy with photo number 7.
