On the question of who made the first or, as often they say who invented a motorcycle, there is no unambiguous response. At the same time, Gottlieb Daimler and Wilhelm Maybach became officially officially by the authors of the first patented motorcycle.
Reitwagen.
A riding wagon with a kerosene engine or Reitwagen was created in Stuttgart and patented in 1885. The vehicle had four wooden wheels - two large basic and two auxiliary sides. The frame of the first bike was also wooden, and the drive on the rear wheel - belt. The engine was located under the seat.
The operating volume of the four-stroke power unit of air cooling was 264 cc. Maximum engine power (0.5 hp at 600 rpm) was enough to overclock the first motorcycle to a speed of 11 km / h. One year after the first single-speed version, the developers presented a two-speed motorcycle model. Weighed the "wagon" of only 90 kg.
It is noteworthy that the developers did not have the goals of creating a new vehicle. They just needed to prove the performance of the new internal combustion engine developed by them and explore the prospects for its use to perform specific works. The power of a small motor was clearly not enough to install in a full-size wagon, so it was created a lightweight design of an extremely simple vehicle with a motor.
The real first Reitwagen was destroyed in 1903 in a fire at the enterprise Daimler-Motoren-Gesellschaft. Copies of the original "first motorcycle" can be found in Mercedes-Benz museums in German Stuttgart, in Munich Deutsches Museum, as well as in Japan, USA, Australia.
Preceded by the appearance of Reitwagen at least three developments of two-wheeled vehicles with the engine. The difference between them was that the engine of the first was a vapor, and the Daimler and Maybaha braes are internal combustion. But in this question, not everything is definitely. The fact is that in 1882 Enrico Bernardi created a model of a modern motorcycle with a single-cylinder gasoline engine. From the most famous first motorcycle, it was distinguished only by the presence of three wheels.
Gottlieb Daimler
Gottlieb Wilhelm Daimler is a famous German designer and an engineer, a successful industrialist. The name of Daimler has become famous worldwide through the development of several types of DVS and the creation of one of the first cars in the world.
With nineteen-year-old Wilhelm Maybah, Daimler met at the time of work at the factory in Roitling. Maibach's capable engineer has become a daimler business partner for many years.
In 1879, Daimler appointed one of the technical directors at the factory, the director on which was Nicaus Otto - the inventor four-stroke engine. Disagreements with Otto forced Daimler and Maybach to leave the plant and start working together in their own laboratory.
Daimler constructed its first internal combustion engine in 1885, in the course of the case, invented the carburetor. The motor was installed on a wooden wagon and patented the world's first motorcycle. A little later, a four-wheeled wagon with a motor (first car), a boat engine and a balloon with an internal combustion engine were presented.
Daimler Motoren Gesellschaft (DMG) was founded in 1890. Motors for the sky, land and sea have become its main products and at the same time symbol of the company - a three-pointed star, symbolizing the three daimler elements.
Gottlib Daimler died in 1900 in Stuttgart.
One year later, Wilhelm Maybach came out of the joint-stock company to continue to work independently. The company's first car was sold in 1892. Soon the company was sold to the British entrepreneur. In 1899, the collected first Daimler, presented on sale under the name Mercedes.
Wilhelm Maybach
Wilhelm Maibach is a German entrepreneur and engineer, born in the family of a joiner, early orphaned. After the death of Parents, Wilhelm got on education in the fraternal house of Pastor Werner. The boy got the opportunity to learn, and later practicing a machine-building factory. The new technical director of the enterprise (Gottlib Daimler) drew attention to the talented young man, after which they began working together to create new engines.
The first friend of Maybach, who worked on Kerosene, was made in 1883. Considerable merit of Maybah and in the creation of the engine with a carburetor for the world's first motorcycle.
In 1889, the exhibition in Paris was presented the Crewer of Daimler / Maybach with the world's first two-cylinder V-engine - the development of Maybah. The same motorized wagon is considered the world's first car with a capacity of more than 1 hp. The first four-cylinder four-stroke engine was constructed by Maybah in 1890.
In 1900, after the death of Gottlib Daimler, Wilhelm Maibach, together with the son of the company, took the Office of Daimler Motoren Gesellschaft to their hands. After seven years, Maybach with her son founded Maybach Motoren-Werke - Engine Production Company.
It is known that the engine of progress is the usual human laziness. It is she forces it to look for the shortest, fast and convenient way to solve the problem facilitating existence. Laziness who won movement on foot is called "Motorcycle". So refer to two or three-wheel transport, with a vertical landing, the presence of stops for the legs and most importantly, the presence of an engine from mechanics, whether it is pneumatic, electricity or internal combustion engine. His story began not so long ago, a little more than a century ago.
The most ... first
The ancestor of the current motorcycle was invented at the very beginning of the nineteenth century and its engine, as well as many inventions of that time, mastered the work for a pair. But the very first motorcycle whose heart began to "internally burn" was collected 129 years ago by the industrial designer from Germany Gottlyb Daimler in Tandem with another compatriot engineer, Wilhelm Maibach. As the basis was taken collected, almost over half a century before this, the French nobleman, Count de Sirvak, a bicycle, which was also wooden. The patent for the invention was issued to the design, called Riding Wagon with Kerosene Engine or "Reitwagen".
With a real wagon, the plates of the motorcycle Rodnil only frame, four wheels and their knitting needles, made of wood, were made of metal. The transmission was a belt, and the engine consisted of one cylinder, with a volume of 264 cm3. The declared capacity has long to relate him to the wagon and did not reach even 1 horsepower, and there was only half it and could develop the speed of no more than twelve kilometers per hour. The whole design of weighed salted and was widely used in World War I, as the main means of movement.
... who is not the first one, we have the second! ...
There is no limit to someone else's inventive perfection and a new modified model already, a decade, appeared before the world community. This model was more like modern motorcycles: it was accompanied by two cylinders with 1498 cm3 volume and power that could develop up to two and a half horses. She was produced under the brand "Hildebrand & Wolfmuller" and moved on wheels of different sizes. Despite the fact that these aggregates had a wonderful appearance and could accelerate up to 45 kilometers per hour, they did not have sufficient demand and two years later stopped their production. Despite the fact that the industrialist Henrik Hildebrandtu and his companions, employees of the Karl Benz plant, Aloiza Wolfmüller and Gansa Gezengof managed to assemble the 2nd Motomethele in the world, still the championship in the serial production of podmotocycles on the right belongs to them.
Honorary third place
It took another 16 years and in the first year of the beginning of the 20th century finished its assembly under the brand name "NSU", third motorcycle in the world. He inflicted in the speed of the second model just five kilometers, but was not so heavy and had a mass-38 kilogram. The "MORE" company manufactured motors for these motorcycles with a capacity of one with a quarter horsepower, which hid under the frame borrowed from the bicycle. The rear-wheel drive remained unchanged and was a belt, two pedals were added to help him.
Further development of a motorcycle civilization undergo more constructive changes. They consist in refusing the cycloths and installation of a more serious design - a metal pipe of a wide diameter, to which the battery of the ignition mechanism was attached, and the belt was finally replaced by the chain. This rationalism belonged to the first state model, brand Indian.
The single-cylinder engine, a capacity of 260 cm3, was, however, four-stroke and hidden under the seat, accelerating the means to the power of 1.75 horsepower. The tank for fuel fastened on the wing of the rear wheel. These transformations did not give the means of special advantages in speed or power and, literally, after four years, this model had a new engine for 2 with a quarter of horsepower and 310 cm3 volume.
The following peripetia in the rackets for modifying motorcycles are collected in the table:
| Year | Inventor | Mark. | Innovations |
| 1903 | Joseph Merkel | "Milwaukee Merkel" | -Rama in the form of a loop -digator for 1 cylinder -Reper from leather |
| 1903 | Harley, Davidson | "Harley-Davidson" | - Move the engine-405 cm3 -Diameter flywheel-23.5 cm, weight 12.7 kg |
| 1905 | Joseph Merkel | Racing "Flying Merkel" | - 2-speed transmission appeared - Move the engine-1000 cm3 |
| 1912 | USA | "INDIAN" | - Dvukh cylinder V-shaped engine at 633 cm3 - Power - 3.5 x. Forces "Yale" -tlign is cooled by air, having 2 horizontal edges "Excelsior 20 R" -1000 cm3 engine, 4 cylinder in 20 x. Forces Oreating air -CP on 4 steps - Skore-160 km per hour -Massa-227 kg |
| 1913 | "INDIAN" | sport | Machine volume 1000 cm3 |
| 1923 | Germany | "BMW R 32" | -The capacity of the engine-486 cm3 - Power of 8.5 x. Forces - Skiffness of 95 km per hour -3-step gearbox -Massa-122 kg |
First serial motorcycles
Serial motorcycle manufacturers, which have survived all the peripetics and supply their motorcycles in world rolling to date, undoubtedly, the company remains, founded 4 people. These were three brothers: Walter, Arthur and William Davidsons and William Harley, who collected the first engine in 1901, with the possibility of installing on a regular bike. Until now, the main office of the company "Harley-Davidson" is located in the city of Milwauke, Wisconsin, where the first wooden garage for assembling the motorcycles was previously stood. To this day, the models of this brand are considered one of the best representatives of the American motor, and their design and dignity are recognized by all countries of the planet.
Motorcycle invention
The birthday of the motorcycle is considered to be on August 29, 1885 (this afternoon is dating a patent for a motorcycle). German Engineer Gottlieb Daimler received a motorcycle patent, which was first demonstrated in November 1885. The motorcycle was patented as a "riding a riding wagon with a kerosene engine."
German engineers Gottlieb Daimler and his assistant Wilhelm Maybach today built a "riding machine" - a bike with a wooden frame and a belt transmission, weighing 50 kg, with a single-cylinder gasoline engine with a working volume of cubic cm, the developing power of 0.5 hp At the rear wheel, on each side, it was located one small tight remote wheel (all the wheels were with iron rims and wooden knitting needles). The first decided to ride Maybach, and the wooden manbike man also went on the road at a speed of 12 km / h. Returning Daimler was waiting for a long time, and now, finally, they appeared. Maybach muted a motor, started a motorcycle in place and sighed: "This is not a car, Gottlieb, it is a boredral. My congratulations!"
Motorcycle in the XX century and early XXI century
From bike to motorcycle
Both the first motorcycle and the first car appeared in many ways very similar. "The very first" and in this case, the crew with an internal combustion engine, pre-marching structures with steam engines to the turning point of 1885, are trying not to call this term, although after this date, the term "motorcycle" is applied without a shadow of doubt or "car". The total of these two cars Father is a German engineer Gottlieb Daimler, although again, almost every country calls his "parents." But the pedigree trees, although closely intertwined with crowns and roots, all the same different: if the car novels in his ancestors almost all types of wheelboat, then the progenitor motorcycle is one - bike.
Start industry
From 1900 to 1905, historians are often referred to as the "Motorbike Epoch", since this is how the motorcycle looked like that. At this time, the demand for motorcycles gave rise to an excitement, and hundreds of firms entered a new business that did not contribute to the high quality of products. The motorcycle boom began in the most favorable circumstances - there was an attachment of those who could not satisfy the dynamics of the bicycle and the need to twist the pedals, the cycle industry was quite developed all over the world, and the motorcycle was not very different from the bike in essence. Many cycling factories added to just a bike also a motorized bike, especially since there were no difficulties with power aggregates and components: dozens of firms offered all the lungs and relatively reliable engines. The most popular were French de Dion and Peugeot, Belgian Minerva and Fn, German Fafnir. Many firms also proposed reinforced frames, tires, ignition systems and other parts. It was during these years that many firms were born that more than half a century would define the path of the motorcycle development. Naturally, those producers that could not provide their products with the right quality, descended from the stage in the beginning of the twentieth century.
At the beginning of the new century, the appearance and details of the technical device of the motorcycle were finally developed. The motorcycle resolutely became two-wheeled - tricycles slowly extinct, they were unstable at the turns and bad roads. The engine also shifted to the lower part of the frame and is located inside it, sometimes embraced in a frame or hanging under it - as now in the ridge frames. By its design, all engines have copied de dion: one cylinder, a closed crankcase, an automatic intake valve, graduation with a compulsory drive from the cam. The most advanced firms were dried to make forced and control inlet valve. Evaporative carburetors by 1905 were virtually ousted by carburetors of a pulverization type. The ignition systems worked from the battery and reels or from the low voltage magneto, but since 1902, Bosch has released a high voltage magneto and spark plugs for each type of engines that have become very popular. Neither the gearbox nor any other device for changing the motorcycles did not have. The drive was belt, the clutch was not - it was replaced by a device for adjusting the belt tension. Chains for the drive were rare exception - they poorly kept jerks arising from starting the unplugged engine clutch. But the chain drive was certainly attended by foot pedals that served and to start the engine from the stroke and to help the engine on cool lines, and sometimes both replacing the engine if he refuses. The chassis of these motorcycles was purely bicycle, sometimes the front wheel tried to subressive springs. The brakes of the shoe-type, affecting the wheel or transmission pulley. In 1902, Bouuden patented the brakes with a horseshoe bracket (as on modern sports bicycles), would be widespread. No electrical equipment system (besides ignition) was not, oil or acetylene lanterns were used to move at night.
By 1914, the motorcycle became a reliable and hardy machine capable of serving a light and cheap vehicle on the worst roads. He had to confirm these qualities in the war. For the first time, the UK motorcycles were trying to apply motorcycles during the war against the drills. But only in the First World War, motorcycles have become truly massive: motorcycle firms received orders for tens of thousands of cars. Motorcycles were used for communication, machine guns installed on heavy motorcycles with wheelchairs. The first world war is often called the "First Magitors": for the first time a car, a plane, a motorcycle took part in the fighting. And thus finally proved that they are not only toys for rich athletes. In the battlefield, a motorcycle as it were received a quality certificate: "It is already reliable. Stretching. It is suitable for use in any conditions. "
Golden era
The period between the end of the First World War and the beginning of the "Great Depression" is often called "Golden Eroy" in the history of the motorcycle. Motorcycle by this time won the reputation as a reliable vehicle, affordable for the price hardly by any worker with a decent earnings. Competition from the car has not yet threatened - with the exception of the United States. The operation of the motorcycle also got cheap: no fuel crises also did not smell. Therefore, the motorcycle got a mass distribution - in the UK, by 1929 there were more than 700 thousand motorcyclists.
By this time there were three main class of motorcycles. Motorcycles of "middle cube" were most common - with single-cylinder four-stroke engines with a working volume of 300-500 cc. Most of these engines had both valves with forced actuator and lower arrangement. Carburetors - pulverization type, ignition - from high voltage magneto. In a separate unit, there was a two or three-stage gearbox. Rear wheel drive roller chain, occurs and belt. The tubular frame is already unlike the cycling. The front wheel is usually suspended in a parallelogram fork or in the lever system, the rear wheel without suspension - only the German NSU introduced the springs between the frame and the pendulum. The rarity was drum brakes with sliding pads, more often the brake was a shoe, in which the shoe pressed on the pulley or belt transmission, or on a special rim in the front wheel. Electric headlights appeared, but they received energy from the battery, which had to recharge the network. Only on American motorcycles, current generators appeared, and Indian in 1916 was trying to use the electric starter!
Heavy motorcycles - from 500 cc. And above - we had, as a rule, two-cylinder V-shaped four-stroke engines, novel flaps or with the upper inlet valve. Since 1907, the English company Douglas has produced popular motorcycles with a two-cylinder opposite engine located cross-frame, that is, 1 cylinder forward, second - back. Belgian FN and American Henderson had row four-cylinder engines.
Light motorcycles - up to 300 cm3 - were often equipped with single-cylinder two-stroke engines, although the four-strokes still prevailed. Very often they did not have a gearbox, the drive was a belt right on the rear wheel.
The leading motorcycle power was in those years the United Kingdom. In 1919 moto exhibitions, more than hundreds of firms presented their products! The Motor industry of Great Britain has formed not only motorcycle firms, but also a huge industry of aggregates, among which Motor Living Firms Villiers and Jap. From 1914, Villiers from 1914 specialized in two-stroke engines, and the JAP from 1902 released four-stroke engines. The power units of these firms used not only British, but also other firms, and not only Moto-firms - on the three-cylinder car Morgan ahead was the V-Twin Jap.
The first post-war years includes the very first "Motor Bow". Small machines with wheels of a small diameter, an open frame and a comfortable seat-chair, suddenly became unusually popular - although this popularity was enough for only five years. The engine was either left ahead, closing it with a casing, or was already placed under the seat, as on the magnet trains of our days. True, it was rarely possible to see the front shield familiar to us and a flat floor, well-protecting the driver from road dirt.
It is by this time that the activities of ABC, AJS, Brough-Superior, BSA, VELOCETTE, Douglas, Matchless, Northon, Royal Enfield, Scott, Sunbeam, TriUmph are related to this time, which left a noticeable trace in the history of motorcycle development. The American Troika - Harley-Davidson, Indian and Excelsior, German firms BMW, DKW, NSU, Zundapp, Wanderer, Puch, Italian Gilera, Moto Guzzi, Benelli, Biachi and others have also included in the motorcycle development process.
The newborn of the USSR satisfy the needs of motorcycles through the repair of different cars survived by the Civil War, then imported. The first motorcycle of his own design was designed at the former Dux factory under the guidance of an engineer P. N. Lviv in 1924. The motorcycle, named "Union", had a single-cylinder 500-cubic engine and combined the archaic features - the upper intake and lower exhaust valve of the engine and belt drive - with such advanced, as the inclined location of the cylinder and the spring rear suspension. But the production of aviation equipment is the main profile of "Duksa" - was recognized as much more important, and the case was limited to the construction of one experienced copy. The second attempt to create a motorcycle refers to 1928-1929, when a series of experimental motorcycles of five different modifications were created under the Izhevsk "Izhstalzavoda" under the leadership of P. V. Mozharov. IZH-3, IZH-4 and IZH-5 had various German engines with a working volume from 200 to 750 ccm, but the most original were "IL-1" and "IZH-2" with two-cylinder V -She like low-glove engines with a working volume of 1200 cc., Three-speed gearboxes in a block with an engine and a cardan drive. The engine had a longitudinal crankshaft location to the direction. Motorcycles had stamped frames, the back of which served simultaneously with the casing for the silencer, the front plugs of the Neander type - generally the chassis of all five Izhevsk cars was designed under the strong influence of the ideas of this German designer. Unfortunately, all these developments were destined to remain experimental, it was then "glorious" tradition: the experimental work of the Soviet designers always allocated the original and advanced technical level, in contrast to hopelessly sad serial products.
In Japan, it was also a chaktko nor Valko. The first motorcycle Narazo Shimatsu built in 1908, and in 1913 the Miaat union began the serial release of the Asahi motorcycle on the sample of the English "Triumph" - however, the case ended in two years, for which only 40 motorcycles were made. In the twenties, several semi-pedagorates made several hundred motorcycles per year - the main part of the Japanese Motor owned by foreign manufacturers of motorcycles.
After crisis
The global economic crisis, which began in October 1929 by collapse in the New York Stock Exchange, divides the history of the history between the two world wars into two approximately equal parts. The "Great Depression" influenced all parties to life and had a powerful impact on the development of a motorcycle. Motorcycle production fell several times, many firms closed, most of the remaining were forced to merge and absorb more powerful concerns. But the fall in demand is spilled designers, stimulating the creation of motorcycles more powerful and reliable. Motorcycle construction In most countries in the thirties passed the same way that the automotive industry was previously passed: it passed on mass production, the accuracy of the manufacture of parts increased, more advanced materials were used in the motorcycle design.
The appearance of the motorcycle in 1929 was determined by two design schools: English and German. The classic British motorcycle had a single-cylinder four-stroke vertical engine, with a three-step transmission in a separate unit, with a chain transmission. The tubular single frame - an important improvement was the transition from soldering to the electric welding - did not have a soft pendant of the rear wheel, the front plug was a parallelogram, the Druid system. Drum brakes - on both wheels. Ignition from the autonomous high voltage magneto, the generator and the battery maintained the entire electrician. Machines "Basic" retained the lower valves, sports motorcycles had engines with the top valve drives with long rods from the bottom camshaft, racing motorcycles had the upper camshafts. For lovers of driving with a carriage, a large range of motorcycles with two-cylinder V-shaped engines was still produced, but their motorcycles were already tested with single-cylinder low-voltage engines of a large working volume - up to 600 cc. Motor - which have enough power for this service. Single-cylinder two-stroke engines were very popular among light motorcycles. British motorcycles reached at this time of the degree of perfection that many experts in all ends of the world still sighs about those times when "real motorcycles" did in England. In the same years, the ancestors of modern choppers and sports moto cells were created.
Motorcycles of German schools more often used engines in one block with a gearbox (as they were then called, "block motors"). Some firms used a cardan drive. Frames from stamped elements were popular, and the front suspensions were often lever, with an elastic element in the form of a spiral spring or springs. Rear suspensions were rare. The armament race, where the motorcycle was assigned the role of "parties" to prepare future pilots and support from the government led to the fact that Germany's motorcycle industry by the middle of the thirties more than doubled the Great Britain on the annual production of motorcycles.
For Italy, it was characteristic of a complete disappearance of the first dungeon of the economic crisis of large motorcycles with two-cylinder engines - gasoline in Italy in the thirties was the most expensive in Europe. But very loved were motorcycles with single-cylinder four-stroke engines with a pronounced sports character. Italy is much earlier than in the rest of Europe, the soft pendants of the rear wheel spread, usually with friction shock absorbers. French firms in the thirties produced a variety of motorcycle models, but two categories used explicit preference: light motorcycles with engine capacity up to 175 cm3, often equipped with two-stroke engines, and sports style motorcycles in the spirit of English school with vertical single-cylinder four-stroke 500-cubic motorcycles.
In the 1930s, serial production of motorcycles and in the USSR began. The firstborn was a copy of the German DKW Luxus-300, a small motorcycle with a single-cylinder two-stroke engine. The first batch of 25 experienced cars was collected, part of the imported units, on the Leningrad Plant "Promet". After the tests stretched for two years, the mass production of these motorcycles began immediately at two factories - under the brand "L-300" on the Leningrad Plant "Red October" and as "IL-7" on Izhmash. In 1938, a motorcycle with a 350-cubic four-stroke motorcycle Motor L-8 was designed in Leningrad, and soon its production began in Leningrad, on the newborn Serpukhov Motion and Izhevsk (under the brand IZH-12). In 1931, under the direction of P. V. Mozharov, the design of a heavy motorcycle was started. Their brainchild was a connection of a copy of the 750-cubic V-shaped engine "Harley-Davidson" with the chassis designed in the Spirit of BMW. In 1935, mass production of these motorcycles under the brand name "PMZ-A-750" began on a Podolsk Mechanical Plant. The most successful Soviet motorcycle of those times was "TIZ-AM-600", the production of which began in 1935 at the Taganrog instrumental factory. Stalin. Structurally, it was a copy of the BSA with a single-cylinder nipped engine, tilted forward. But the most important thing is the high culture of production of the plant managed to ensure the high quality of the manufacture of motorcycles who received mainly in the Red Army. At the end of the thirties, interesting racing structures were created at the factory: "TIZ-6" and "TIZ-7" with single-cylinder engines with an upper switchgear and TIZ-51 with a two-cylinder engine with a parallel position of cylinders, two upper camshafts and a supercharger "Zoller" . In general, the motorcycle remained in the USSR to the war exotic - in 1940, all 4,600 motorcycles were released by the forces of all motos. There was a very similar situation in Japan, which in the same year produced 3 thousand motorcycles, mostly copies of heavy Harlsi Davidsons for army purposes.
War
In England, many motor vehicles switched to the release of army equipment, details for the air industry. The main suppliers of motorcycles for the armed forces were identified by the AMS concern - it was used on 350-cubic motorcycles AJS and Matchless telescopic plug - first in the UK, BSA, which issued an army version of the single-cylinder 500-cubic model, VelocationTe with a 350-cubic top motor, Northon, produced Two versions of motorcycles - a 500-cubic single and 600-cubic motorcycle with a wheelchair drive, Royal Enfield made an easy 125-cm motorcycle for landing parts. British paratroopers received another special motorcycle - tiny folding Velobike with a 100-cubic two-stroke engine, which was placed in a special container and could be in combat readiness in a few minutes after landing. An interesting special army motorcycle was prepared by Triumph. He had a two-cylinder inline 350-cubic engine and, according to the results of the military commission, was recognized as the best of British army motorcycles. But the firm plant was completely destroyed at the beginning of the war, and after recovery, he made only the option of the usual single-cylinder model for the army.
American Harley-Davidson and Indian in large quantities made for armies not only the United States, but also allies military versions of their motorcycles with two-cylinder V-shaped nipped engines. Moreover, both firms tried to create special army motorcycles. Harley-Davidson took the German BMW R71 for sample, combining its power unit - a two-cylinder opposite engine with a four-stage gearbox and a cardan drive - with a typical "Harleev" chassis. A thousand such motorcycles have been made successfully used on the fronts of North Africa, where the sand was too harmful for chain gears. Indian made a motorcycle with a two-cylinder V-engine, placed in the frame longitudinally and also with a cardan shaft, but this development remained experimental.
The most founder approached the development of special army motorcycles in Germany. In addition to the options for standard DKW, NSU, ARDI, TRIUMPH and PUCH, BMW and ZundApp prepared very similar models - with two-cylinder 750-cubic opposite supervisor engines driven by a wheelchair wheel with a blocked differential and four-step transmissions with the reverse transmission and a two-stage demultipator. A very interesting machine is a motorcycle symbiosis and a tank - produced during the war years by NSU. A steel boxed body on two caterpillars, equipped with a car semi-cure engine "Opel", had a parallelogram motorcycle plug with one wheel, and all this was called a tracked motorcycle. The car could pull a three-tone trailer.
Italian firms Biachi, Gilera and Moto Guzzi produced options for the Italian army of their civilian 500-cubic models. A very interesting project of a special motorcycle was developed in France by Engineer Marseille Viola. The motorcycle had a stamped frame, easily broken into several pieces, and a two-cylinder two-stroke engine with oil cooling in a single case with a gearbox. SIMCA car was manufactured by 230 such cars, but the order was not made by the French, but the Polish army.
In the USSR, the design of a special army motorcycle has begun to 1940. As a basis, all the same BMW R71 was taken, which was prescribed thoroughly copy; For this purpose, five motorcyclones were purchased, to preserve the mystery, in Sweden - and reproduce. For the manufacture of a motorcycle that received the M-72 index, took three plants in 1941 - in Moscow, Leningrad and Kharkov. But the war began to evacuate the equipment of these plants far east, to the Ural Irbit, where the production of these motorcycles was mastered in a short time. The Taganrog plant was evacuated even further - to Tyumen, where until 1943 produced Motorcycles "TIZ-AM-600", and experienced samples of a special motorcycle with a 1000-cubic two-cylinder opposite engine and a wheelchair drive were made. But nevertheless the needs of the Red Army in motorcycles during the Great Patriotic War were met mainly due to the lendliz supplies from the United States and the United Kingdom.
After the war
The long and terrible war ended. For the peoples of Europe and the entire Earth, the restoration of the world meant not only the relief from the horrors of the war, but the difficult job to restore the destroyed. Changes in society inevitably reflected on the fate of the motorcycle. The post-war reconstruction gave practically everyone well paid work, but at the same time the automotive industry could not cope with the flow of orders for cheap cars. And many in search of an acceptable means of transport turned to a motorcycle or scooter. It was unprecedented by the production volumes of motorcycles, from 1950 to 1960, the world motorcycle park increased more than ten times. A significant role in this was played by the popular scooter, the efforts of Piaggio and Innocenti, which caused a real boom in post-war Europe. Fantastic popularity has also acquired a moped - a very simple motorcycle with a 50-cubic engine, auxiliary pedal drive and open from above. At the same time, post-war motorcycles did not differ from the pre-war, because the war assigned futuristic projects to the side.
In the end of the fifties, an unprecedented force appeared on the global motorcycle market - the Motor industry of Japan. Starting from the semi-pediguric production of perfectly made copies of foreign cars, in just ten years, the Japanese motor industry has become an advanced industry with a powerful potential. It is the Japanese that will be destined to open a new era in the history of the motorcycle - but this will happen in the sixties.
On the motorcycle cabin in Berlin, the majority (48.2%) of motorcycle models had two-stroke engines, a slightly smaller amount - 34% - single-cylinder four-stroke upper flaps. Obviously prevalted the battery system ignition - 89% of all models. The transmissions prevailed four-stage (57.2%), in the engine with the engine. Motorcycles had both tubular and stamped frames with a parallelogram or lever fork - only BMW could boast more modern telescopic. Rear spring suspensions, also a candle type, also began to spread, but in smaller quantities. The first postwar years have dramatically changed this picture, especially in the suspension. It has not been five years old, as it was difficult to imagine a modern motorcycle without anterior telescopic fork and a soft rear suspension.
The reserve of "real motorcycles" remained in the fifties of the United Kingdom. Unlike the rest of Europe, it has never been particularly popular neither mopeds or motor scooters. The vertical four-stroke engine - at the end of the forties, two-cylinders entered the fashion - remained a signature sign of English cars. Guided by the principle of "exporting or die", the British firms have forced exports to rich America, which led to even greater popularity of powerful high-speed machines with engines of a large working volume. Only by the end of the 50s in the production programs there are lighter motorcycles with two-stroke engines. The AMS Concern only in 1958 released the first "small" motorcycle, with a 250-cubic top motor. But the motorcycles made in a purely British spirit, buyers liked, and the concern constantly Ros: In 1953, he bought the famous Northon firm. In the model range it was motorcycles with single-cylinder engines with a volume of 350 and 500 cc. and 2-cylinder row with a volume of 500, 600 and 650 cc. A lot of contributed to the popularity of his motorcycles and sports progress. But even more successfully won the company Northon with single-cylinder 350 and 500-cubic upnergled engines - this superiority was fixed since 1950, when motorcycles appeared in the races with a new chassis, nicknamed racers "Featherbed." ("Perina"). Light tubular frame was equipped with a telescopic fork and a pendulum with two shock absorbers. The fact that Northon's motorcycles lost to multi-cylinder rivals on straight lines, they crawled on turns. Five times, the British riders became world champions on motorcycles with a carriage with Norton engines.
BSA, who gathered under his wing of Ariel, Sunbeam, and since 1950 - and TriUmph, remained up to the middle of the fifties of the largest motorcycle company. Accordingly, its production program was also a variety. The two-stroke model BANTAM is a copy of DKW-KT125 shortly after the war, a copy of DKW-KT125 was added to traditional models with single-cylinder four-stroke engines. Motorcycle became very popular with those who looked at two-wheeled techniques as cheap transport. For connoisseurs of sports ride BSA began at the end of the forties, production of motorcycles with double-cylinder engines. In the fifties, BSA has mastered the release of various scooters - from 70-cubic dandy to 250-cubic Tigrex with a two-cylinder four-stroke engine. VelocationTe also supported this trend - stamped fans of the brand. In the late 1940s, Vincent Vincent Motorcycles were sent to the series with a 1000-cubic V-engine and a 4-speed gearbox and with a 500-cubic single-cylinder engine, but the cost of them, taking into account the manual assembly, even though they contained There are a lot of modern technical solutions in yourself, it was so great that in 1955 the production stopped.
The American market in the post-war time has been invasion of imported motorcycles from the UK, Germany, Italy. Local firms, not ready for such an attack, turned out to be broken by the head of foreigners - only Harley-Davidson, having made a bet on the traditional attachment of Americans to large V-twin, remained afloat. Harley-Davidson Yes Several semi-pedars type "Mustang", producing micromotocycles with four-stroke low-spirited engines from lawn mowers - that's all the American Motor industry to end the fifties. The main debut of those years - in 1957, the model Sportster, with a supervised engine with a working volume of 883 cc.m., produced so far. Indian was not able to resist the war with competitors, his only model of Chief, alas, not a surrender of hopes, and in 1953 he closed.
German Moto Industry could not recover from the damage to the war: In 1949, all plants produced only 8 thousand motorcycles. But from that time, a rapid economic growth begins, and the demand for motorcycles jumped incredibly. Golden times came for motorcycle firms. In the early 1950s, the efforts of German engineers were created in the early 1950s, a scale of magnificent designs was created, and by 1955, German motorcycles were the most perfect in the world. Confirmation of this and numerous imitations arising in different countries - from the USSR to Japan - and all the time increasing exports that have reached 40% of the total production in 1956. The vertex was 1955, when over a million motorcycles, scooters and mopeds were released on the territory of the FRG. But in the second half of the 1950s, a sharp decline begins - the "economic miracle" continued, the well-being of the Germans continued to grow rapidly, and they began to transplanted on cars in the mass, which caused the crisis of industry - from the market left Adler, Horex, Triumf (TWN). Since 1949, Adler launched a series of light motorcycles and motor scooters with two-stroke engines of their own design, where the most successful was the model 1953 of MB-250 with a two-cylinder two-stroke engine. This design, simple and at the same time with good potential for forcing, served as the basis for the famous Japanese motorcycles Yamaha, Suzuki and Kawasaki, and at the same time became the last model of the company. BMW in 1949 resumed motorcycle production with a single-cylinder topless engine 245 cc. and opposite two-cylinder, also upper elevated 490 and 593 cm3. The chassis was performed on pre-war canons: tubular duplex frame, front telescopic fork, rear candle suspension. BMW motorcycles used right to legendary reputation for their reliability connected to excellent dynamics. DKW was revived in 1949 on the former branch of the AUTO Union concern in Ingolstadt. At first, the production of popular DKW RT125 was resumed, new models were developed, including in 1954 - a small scooter at high wheels "Hohy" with an automatic clinoremable variator. In addition, the concern was developed by a 350-cubic 3-cylinder 2-stroke racing engine, where two cylinders were located in a normal position, in parallel, and the third - horizontally, equipped with resonators returned to the cylinders part of the working mixture, which took place when purging - With him, DKW won several sports trophies. NSU At the end of 1945, the production of a pre-war model "Quick" began production. Soon, other models appeared in the production program, with two-stroke and four-stroke engines with a working volume from 125 to 350 cm3, in 1949 - the first post-war NSU FOX model with a ridge stamped frame, a short-circuit front fork, rear suspension with a central monoamorter and 100-cubes four-stroke engine. In 1952, 250-cubic "MAX" debuted, with the original eccentric drive of the upper camshaft. In 1953, the production of Quickly mopeds began, which became the most popular German moped - in 1960, the anniversary millionth Quickly was released. And since 1955, the company began to produce motor scooters under the license of the Italian company Innocenti. In that year, NSRa produced about 300 thousand motorcycles, scooters and mopeds, becoming the largest motorcycle company in the world. Successful sales promoted sports success. Racing motorcycles firms were created on the basis of structures developed back at the end of the thirties. From 1953 to 1955, the firm racers won five world titles in classes 125 and 250 cm3. On these motorcycles in different classes, 54 speed record were installed, and the absolute record was updated three times, bringing it in 1956 to 337.89 km / h.
Two large plants remained on the territory of the eastern area of \u200b\u200bthe occupation of Germany: BMW branch in Eisenach and DKW plant in CScopau. BMW until 1955 released the R35 model with a single-cylinder topless 350-cubic engine with a four-step gearbox, a cardan drive and a stamped frame. The brand was changed on EMW, the blue sectors in the emblem were red. At the DKW plant in 1949 it was possible to establish the manufacture of an improved pre-war DKW RT125 under the IFA brand with a telescopic fork and a candle rear suspension. In 1952, the production of a heavier motorcycle was a completely original design - with a two-cylinder two-stroke opposite engine with a longitudinally located crankshaft and a cardan drive. A new series of motorcycles, with single-cylinder two-stroke engines with a working volume of 172 and 244 cubic meters, long-grazing front forks and characteristic fuel tanks, merged with a spotlight, appeared in 1956. These motorcycles have already carried the new MC-MotorRadwerke Zschopau. In 1953, a racing department was created at the factory. On racing engines, a disk spool appeared on the crankshaft of the shaft and allows to obtain asymmetric gas distribution phases, an additional overhead window opposite the graduation and resonators. By the end of the fifties, MZ motorcycles were definitely the most high-speed in classes of 125 and 250 cc. CM, and it seemed that only hairs separate them from victory in the World Cup.
Another motorcycl development center arose in the late 1940s in Zul, on the former Weapon Plant Simson. Here, the production of the AWO-425 motorcycle in the BMW traditions is: a single-cylinder four-stroke 250-cubic engine with a longitudinal crankshaft location and a cardan drive. The designation AWO has deciphered as "Austvo" - the Soviet joint-stock company, which united several German factories issued techniques for repairing on reparations. In 1952, the company's plants were transferred to the Government of the GDR, and the motorcycle began to be issued under the Simson brand. He remained in the manufacturing program of the plant until 1961, but in 1955 the first moped was made with a single-cylinder two-stroke engine, and gradually a lightweight technique, more affordable and popular, displaced the dear four-stroke motorcycle.
The Italian Motor industry has gained rapid development immediately after the end of World War II. The feature characteristic of this period is the overwhelming prevalence of light motorcycles, scooters, motorbikes: in the fifteen post-war years, almost a new design of the road motorcycle is created by a working volume of more than 250 cm3, launched into serial production. Another typical thing for Italy feature is the predominance of four-stroke engines in the smallest classes, up to 50 cc. For that two reasons: the best economy of four-stroke engines (and after the war, gasoline in Italy remained the most expensive in Europe) and the ease of forcing to create sports modifications (at that time the two-stroke engines were considered even less "sports", and small motors with excellent dynamics were always loved by temperamental Italian motorcyclists). Italian engineers were famous for creators of excellent designs, and motorcycles of Italian firms set tone in the highway-ring motorcycle racing of the fifties. The championship belonged to MV Agusta with four-cylinder row twin engines 500 cubic cubic meters. After leaving the races of three other Italian firms, she got a unique record: three years in a row - from 1955 to 1960 - she won the world champion titles in all four class of single motorcycles - 125, 250, 350 and 500 cc. On the basis of the racing "five hundred" in 1954, a prototype of a road motorcycle with a four-cylinder engine was made - but the time of such monsters has not yet come. Also, the racing success was accompanied by Ducati, in which the engineer Fabio Talion created a number of low-intensive - 100, 125, 175 and 205 cc. - single-cylinder urgent engines with a forced closing system of valves - the famous desmodromic drive that created the glory of markes and used so far.
The development of a new vehicle for peacetime in Piaggio was headed by an engineer Agostino d'Askanio. The design of the machine created by him admires its technical thoughtful: the single-cylinder two-stroke engine is closed with a three-step transmission, on the output shaft of which the rear wheel was installed without intermediate transmission. All this block was combined with the rear suspension lever, and the wheels were installed console. Steel stamped facing served at the same time carrier body. The car was extremely technological and easy to handle. Its production began in April 1946 under the VESPA brand. At first, the working volume of the engine was 98 cubic meters., Two years later, it grew up to 124 cubic meters. And later a 150-cubic modification appeared. The popularity of the scooter was fantastic - by the way, finally the steering wheel could sit in the usual skirt and ... monks that the use of these machines was allowed by the special Edict of Pope. Innocenti concern has released his first lambretta in 1948. The scooter has discovered explicit relationship with American "scooters" of pre-war pore: flooring, turning into a short front shield, tubular frame, lack of facing over the engine. Unlike VESPA, the engine was located closer to the middle of the scooter, although the engine-transmission block also served as a rear suspension lever, and the drive was the output shaft of the box with a gearbox.
Development
The beginning of the sixties for many experts was a sunset of motorcycle buildings. Production of motorcycles with engine working volume more than 50 cc. In all countries of Western Europe, we gradually fell, and it seemed that in the end only a cheap and economical moped would survive. Indeed, society has transplanted the car's wheel, and the motorcycle lost its role to the daily means of transport. Especially these changes were reflected on the fate of the scooter, which almost disappeared by the end of the decade.
Flewing
The seventies became the time of the new motorcycle boom - but already on a completely different basis. Now, no one has already watched a motorcycle in developed industrial countries as a means of transport - except for the urban movement. Motorcycle became a means of self-affirmation, sports projectile, beloved toy. This was manifested both in the popularity of powerful and expensive - price equal to the value of a microlitron car - super-diversified working volume, and in the fact that even the utilitarian mokyki and mopeds were dressed in "sporting" clothes, taking the exterior of motorcycles for racing. Almost disappeared by the scooter - only the Italian firm "Panjo" remained correct. Innochi has transferred production to the Spanish branch, and several factories in the USSR and India still produced these launched aggregates.
Modernity
If the seventies were in the history of the motorcycle, the next "golden decade", the eighties began with the next recession. The sale figures began to decrease slightly in 1981, but the real collapse came a year later. For example, in 1982, Japan's motofirms have released more than seven million motorcycles, but at the same time so thoroughly scored all warehouses and stores that next year their overall release did not reach up to 5 million, and several more dealers were cheaply sold out motorcycles "Models 1982 of the year". But these figures were not yet the lower point of the recession, it came only in 1987, when four concern have released only 2 million 630 thousand motorcycles. Since then, production has become slowly growing, but such a turtle rate, that the sale figures of the seventies will still be remembered by motorcycles with tears about old good times ...
On the threshold of the XXI century
What is a modern motorcycle? A great toy, "The car, so perfect that it is simply sorry to ride" (but the expression of the employee of the German magazine "Motorrad"), - for residents of Japan, Europe, North America. And reliable, unpretentious vehicle - for the rest of the world. And, although over the past three decades, the inconspicuous number of publications assured that the motorcycle finally lost the transport function, turning into a entertainment machine, for millions of inhabitants of India, Russia and China, he remains the only alternative to public transport - and, given the scale of motorcycle boom in Asian countries, Motorcycle-work in the world is much larger than the toy motorcycles.
Few people know, but the history of the creation of motorcycles began at all accidentally. In the end of the nineteenth century in Germany, the inventor engineer spent for a long time in his workshop, working out a gasoline engine. He managed not only to assemble the working unit, but also make a design, very similar to modern motorcycle. The man did not think at all thought to invent a motorcycle, but only wanted to test the operation of the engine. On August 29, 1885, he drove out of his huge courtyard on a two-wheeled vehicle, resulting in a gasoline force aggregate. This day is considered to be the beginning of the era of motorcycl development.
Domestic production
The domestic history of the creation of motorcycles began in 1913. It was at the dawn of the twentieth century that attempts were made to organize imports from Switzerland, as well as to establish an assembly of lung motorcycles. For this, production facilities were allocated at the Dux factory, located in the capital. But due to the World War I began to stop the conveyor.
The first non-relocated motorcycle, which was collected in the territory of the USSR, is the model that called the Soyuz. It was designed due to the enthusiasm of the whole group of Moscow engineers who worked under the leadership of P. N. Lviv. The model received a rather powerful single-cylinder four-stroke power unit, the operating volume of which was 500 cm 3. Despite the fact that the development ended with success, the mass assembly was impossible, since the plant has changed its profile of its activities.
Four years after the first model was collected in Moscow, the first model was tested, the history of motorcycles of domestic production was continued. In Izhevsk, it was decided to create a design bureau, whose main task was motorcycl development. He headed the group of specialists Peter Mozharov, who was considered one of the talented engineers of those times. Under his beginning, painstaking design work started, and in a few years the whole five models of motorcycles were created, which successfully passed all the tests and were ready for mass production. That is how the history of the creation of a motorcycle IL began.
Bikes from Izhevsk
The history of Motorcycle IZH began with models that were called IL-1 and IL-2. They were equipped with a two-cylinder V-shaped power unit, whose volume was 1200 cm 3. At maximum loads, this engine is able to produce 24 liters. s., That at the time it was a good result. As soon as the motorcycles entered mass production, the following models were constructed and tested, such as IL-3, 4 and 5.
IL-3 received a V-shaped two-cylinder engine, the volume of which was significantly less than that of precursors, and was 750 cm3. The easiest and bobby in the lineup turned out IL-4, which had a two-stroke motor with one cylinder in his equipment. IL-5, who received the attractive name "Composition", borrowed a power plant at the Nender motorcycle, but there was no external similarity to him.
Only having a ready-made model range, the leadership of the Soviet Union seriously thought about the construction of the plant, which will collect domestic motorcycles. At this point, several design bureaus existed in the country, which were located in Leningrad, Izhevsk, Kharkov and Moscow. After the Commission of Experts of the Presidium of the All-Russian USSR was collected and this question was studied in detail, the motorcycle plant decided to build in the city of Izhevsk.
In 1933, the first motorcycles came off the conveyor, and the designers continued to work on new models. However, due to the beginning of the war, all projects had to freeze. The designers returned to their duties only in 1946, after which the mass production of motorcycles of the Saturn series, Orion, Sirius, and Saturn was established.
IZH-Planet
In 1962, the history of the "Izh-Planet" motorcycle began, which became a real legend of domestic motorcycle construction. The older generation, who lived for many years in a country with a socialist building, probably remembers how almost all guys dreamed of having an Izh-Ps ("Planet Sport"). Models representing this line are often found on urban roads today.
Motorcycle History "Minsk"
Minsk motorcycle and bicycle plant began its activities in the post-war period, namely in 1945. Run production capacity has become possible due to imported equipment, which was brought from the territory of Germany, which announced its surrender. For the first six years, exclusively bicycles were produced, and since 1951 a serial assembly of motorcycles was launched.
The first bike, left from the territory of the plant, was "Minsk-M1a", which had a lot in common with his foreign counterparts. For example, the front of the motorcycle was very similar to the German model DKW-RT125, which turned out incredibly successful. DKW-RT125 was so competent that the development of German designers became interested not only in the Soviet Union, but also in countries such as Japan, the United States and the United Kingdom.
Time went, and it was necessary to change the appearance of motorcycles to more modern. The leadership of the country instructed the plant designers not only over the exterior, but also increase the durability of the design. It is worth noting that the factory workers came up with full responsibility to fulfill the task, and in 1974, on the eve of the Day of the USSR Constitution, the model of the MMB road motorcycle 3-3.111 was presented. However, the history of motorcycles collected by Belarusian specialists was not over.
Handsome M-106
Sympathy of Soviet citizens were given a bike that was named M-106. This handsome man had a combined color in two colors (cherry and black). But the main feature was the fact that, despite serious differences from their predecessors, 84% of the details were interchangeable. That is, when you fail, for example, a piston group, you can use a similar part for repair, removed from another model of the Minsk motorcycle.
"Ural" (ICE)
The history of the Motorcycle "Ural" takes its beginning in the pre-war years. At once, several factories located in Leningrad, Kharkov and Moscow received a task from the government: to make a domestic analogue of a German motorcycle for this in Sweden, five units of foreign technicians were purchased in Sweden, which secretly transported to the Soviet Union.
Work on the "cloning" began in 1941, and before the start of the hostilities, three motorcycles were created, which were received by the service in the Soviet Army. The design was equipped with an anti-tank setup "Competition-M". However, due to the war, it was necessary to transfer production facilities to the East, in the small Ural city of Irbit. It was here that the mass assembly was established. Despite the incessant work, satisfy the need for the army in the motorcycle and failed. In order to get out of the difficult situation, the state was forced to buy equipment in the United States and Great Britain until the end of World War II.
Motorcycles for civilians
Despite the fighting, the plant was able not only to survive colossal difficulties, but also continued to work after the capitulation of the fascist Germany. The first motorcycle, called the "Ural", desired from the conveyor in 1960. It was a model M-61, which for three years was going to IMZ.
In the history of the Motorcycle "Ural" there were not only black stripes. After the M-61 lineup, the M-63 series appeared. She could boast of bikes whose characteristics were at the level, and sometimes exceeded their best foreign analogues. The most successful are "Arrow" and "Cross-650".
The index "Ural" was used until 1976. It was during this period that the model M 67-37 appeared, which became the latter in the line. Imz works and to date. The company made serious rebranding and collects motorcycles capable of competing with any world leaders.
"Sunrise"
The history of the motorcycle "Sunrise" began since 1965. These bikes came to replace the model K-175, which also gathered at the factory. Degtyareva. Like all other motorcycles, the "sunrise" has strengths and weaknesses. To the latter, it is safe to attribute the cost of a new motorcycle, as well as the simplicity of its design. It was more affordable for the average citizens rather than Izh or "Java", and not so good in service.
"Sunrise", as a rule, they bought considerable drivers who were weakly understood in the technical part of the apparatus itself. This is explained by the fact that there are no complex nodes and units in the design, and you can eliminate the breakdown right on the road, having a minimum of tools with you. However, this does not mean that the motorcycle did not need maintenance. The more attention paid to the prevention and lubrication of all the mechanisms, the less time there were breakdowns.
2m and 3m
In 1976, motorcycles "Voskhod 2m" appeared on sale, which were the final version of their predecessor. The cardinal changes were not, however, the engine of the light domestic bike became a little shunter, the head optics - better. The suspension received advanced shock absorbers, and the front fork was completely replaced.
In 1954, the "Sunrise 3m" came up from the conveyor. He has proven himself and produced for eight years. 3m received a better cooling system, head optics with a European-class light diffuser. The dashboard was also subject to the dashboard, which was displayed not only the usual indicators of temperature, turns and speedometer, but also the brake shoe wear indicator.
Motorcycles "Java": the history of models
These motorcycles have a rather interesting story and appeared spontaneously. The founder of the plant, which F. Yanechk was engaged in the production of firearms and was not going to change his genus. However, the case intervened. Gradually, the number of orders began to decrease, the sale of rifles did not bring the expected profits. In order not to become bankrupt, the entrepreneur decided to modernize factory capacities and go to the release of motorcycles. He acquired a patent for the production of motorcycles that were previously gathered by Vanderer. Having gained good to assemble heavy motorcycles, Yanechki in 1929 launched a conveyor, but the demand for "Java" 350 SV was small.
Cooperating with the English designer, Czechoslovak entrepreneur created a new model that went on sale in 1932. More light motorcycles were equipped with 250- and 350-cubic four-stroke engines, allowing to develop a good speed. Sales climbed noticeably and kept at a high level before the beginning of World War II. Occuping Czechoslovakia, Wehrmacht's soldiers have long tried to create their own motorcycle under the brand name "Java", and also repaired military motorcycle production at the factory.
The new history of Motorcycle "Java" began in 1945. At first, the plant produced pre-war models, but already in 1946, a completely new "Java 250" was presented. Motorcycle attracted attention to the fact that it was equipped with a very swing-stroke engine, as well as a transmission with automatic clutch shutdown.
The famous "Java 350" saw the light in 1948. Since the company has become state and was under the control of the Soviet Union, it allowed to export motorcycles abroad. But the main consumers remained the Soviet motorcyclists who had to do Czechoslovak quality.
In the period from 1950 to 1970 We produced such models:
- Jawa 250;
- Jawa 350;
- Jawa Pionyr;
- Jawa 100 robot;
- Jawa 50 Type 23 Mustang.
Modern story jawa.
Despite the fact that demand fell sharply with the collapse, the history of Motorcycle "Java" did not end. The enterprise to this day is engaged in the production and assembly of motorcycles. The last model that was represented by Czech designers is JAWA 250 Travel.
"Dnieper"
The history of motorcycle "Dnipro" began in the postwar years. Almost immediately after the victory over the fascists, the authorities of the Soviet Union decided to re-equip the armored repair plant. In his place was to appear Kiev
The re-equipment of factory capacities did not take much time, and in 1946 the first motorcycle "K1B Kyivliner" was assembled. Designers used as a prototype an experienced model of the German Bike Wanderer. This 100-cm apparatus stood in production until 1952.
After K1B, the assembly of motorcycle "Dnipro 11" started, which had a side stroller in his configuration. The following model was the "Dnipro 16", which received an additional drive to the wheelchair wheel. This motorcycle was presented in two variations - with a carriage and without it. The latter had enlarged wheels, as well as a place to attach the cradle.
Despite the fact that KMZ designers could not create a reliable model of a heavy motorcycle, which would not have broken so often, they managed to conquer the hearts of many motorists. Today you can find a large number of converted from which folk craftsmen collect choppers and other custom bikes.
Those who really love motorcycles cannot be indifferent to their history. The history of motorcycles originates in the 19th century, when the first motorcycle was created on the steam engine. But, honestly, it is difficult to call it a real motorcycle, because a real motorcycle is a two-wheeled vehicle, the heart of which is internal combustion.
Motorcycle Daimler
First motorcycle in the worldwhere ICH was used, invented Gottlieb Daimler. He patented his invention in 1885, called the "Riding Riding Wagon with Kerosene Engine".
This first motorcycle had a wooden frame, belt transmission. The engine had only one cylinder, which could develop power at 0.5 hp The volume of this engine was 264 cubic meters. The wheels had a metal rim, and the knitting needles were wooden. It was wearing a miracle of technology of that time 50 kg, and could develop speed up to 12 km / h.
Second in the history of a motorcycle,
Hildebrand & Wolfmuller.
it did not make himself wait for a long time and already in 1895 the light saw Hildebrand & Wolfmuller. On this motorcycle, an engine with two cylinders and a volume of 1498 cubic meters was already used. See such a motor could develop power up to 2.5 hp And the maximum speed increased almost four times, compared with the first motorcycle, and was 45 km / h. True, they were produced for only a couple of years, as they did not use due demand.
And now comes the first year of the 20th century, and the world saw the third motorcycle in history, released by NSU.
The oldest motorcycle in the world is 3rd place.
This machine could develop a speed of up to 40 km / h, with a weight of 38 kg. On this motorcycle, an engine from the Mine-Developing capacity of 1.25 hp was used. The engine was installed under the bike frame. The drive was also a belt connected to the rear wheel. Pedals were used as a drive.
Indian motorcycle
A coup was that instead of a cycling frame, a pipe with a large diameter was used here, on which the battery of the ignition system was located, also a chain was used instead of the familiar belt transmission, contrary to the constructors' assurances in the fact that the chain can go on when starting from the place.
The engine was installed directly under the seat. The engine volume was 260 cubic meters. See such an engine could develop the power of 1.75 hp It uses an automatic intake valve. The engine consisted of one cylinder, but he worked in four tact. The benzobak was also installed in an unusual place, namely on the back wing. In 1905, a 310 cubic engine was installed on the same motorcycle. See and with a capacity of 2.25 hp
Milwaukee Merkel
The next two years were some calm before the storm for the history of motorcycles, during this period many tried to build motorcycles, but these attempts were not very successful.
I put it an end to Joseph Merkel, who created a Milwaukee Merkel Motorcycle, which has a loop-shaped frame, on which a single-cylinder engine and a leather belt drive was installed. In general, he created this motorcycle in 1902, but used a diamond-shaped frame, but it was not very comfortable for fastening the engine, so the appearance of the fifth motorcycle dated 1903.
Two guys from the same city of Milwaukee, who have already tried to collect a motorcycle earlier on this motorcycle. Their names were Harley and Davidson. They looked, they looked at Merkel's motorcycle, and decided what could do better.
So in 1904, the sixth motorcycle called Harley-Davidson was released.
First motorcycle from Harley Davidson
The engine of this motorcycle was 405 cubic meters. See, the flywheel, which had 23.5 cm in diameter, was also used. And weighed 12.7 kg.
Seventh motorcycleWho left a trace in the history of motorcycle education began again Joseph Merkel, who in 1905 developed a motorcycle for racing called Flying Merkel. On these motorcycles, a transmission, having two speeds, a 1000 cubic engine was used for the first time. See these motorcycles produced for 12 years, after which the production curled them.
Eighth in the world
In 1907, Indian company, which creates a motorcycle with a V-engine with two cylinders with a total volume of 633 cube, is published on the first lines. See, capable of developing the power of 3.5 hp The following year, the company proposed the sports version of this motorcycle, the engine of which was 1000 cu. see this motorcycle has become eighthwhich baked the history of motorcycles.
In 1912, the light was seen at once two Yale and Excelsior 20 R. Motorcycle
True, these companies are not long kept in Motorka, and by 1920 their existence was forgotten. But this is in 1920, and in 1912 the Yale motorcycle produced in California, had an air-cooled engine. To do this, it had horizontal ribs that allowed the engine better to cool due to a strong air flow.
As for Excelsior 20 R, he had a 1000 cubic engine. See, consisting of four cylinders and the developing capacity of 20 hp Cooling was air. The gearbox consisted of four steps. It was the first motorcycle in the world that could reach a speed of 160 km / h. The weight of this motorcycle was 227 kg.
Well, and the tenth motorcycle in history,
Honorary Tenth place - the first motorcycle from BMW!
if you do not count the various modifications above the described models, BMV R 32 became, which I saw the light in 1923. In general, as it is known, the BMW company specialized in the production of motorcycle engines, but after World War II, decided to tie with his past and closely took up the production of motorcycles.
And I must say, very successfully. So the first of their experience BMV R 32 had a tremendous success. After all, thanks to this motorcycle, the European manufacturers re-entered the advanced position in the production of two-wheeled technology. This motorcycle model was equipped with a BMW M2B33 engine, which had 486 cu in volume. See, and the air system was used as cooling. This engine developed the capacity of 8.5 hp, which contributed to the motorcycle acceleration to 95 km / h.
There was a box that has three transmissions, the front brakes were drum, and the rear is bloc. The weight of the motorcycle was 122 kg, the fuel tank could accommodate 14 liters of gasoline. At the same time, consumption was three liters per 100 km.
That ended the brief excursion on the history of motorcycles. We hope that it was, not only interesting, but also informative.
