At first, the person invented simple mechanisms to facilitate his work. Using these uncomplicated tools, he really improved them. So there were complex mechanisms, and with time and cars.
Vacuum cleaner and refrigerator, plane and lifting crane, weaving machine and combine, bike and car - all this examples machines. Please note that, despite the differences in the appearance and purpose, in the materials from which they are driving, their common name is cars. Why? First, by what they all perform the necessary person to work.Secondly, to fulfill all machines energy is needed. And thirdly, common to all machines is the presence of three main parts: work body, engineand binding their mechanism(Fig. 116). In the absence of one hour, the machine will not work. In this way, a car - This is a system, composite parts of which are interrelated. And since the cars creates a person, they can be called them manual systems.
Workers of the machine May be different. The helicopter has a propeller, the excavator - bucket, the bicycle - wheels. The name of the working body suggests that this part of the help of a person to fulfill the work for which the car was created.
Engine appointment - turn one type of energy in the friend. In the engines of machines such as a car, a motorcycle, tractor, the chemical energy of the fuel turns into a heat-vous, and then into mechanical.
The engines of the vacuum cleaner, the washing machine turn the electrical energy entering them from the power grid into the mechanic. All engines, including electric motors, are heated during operation. This means that part of the energy obtained turns into a thermal.
There is no bicycle or manual meat grinder. Why are they also called machines? Because the role of the engine is performed by a person, while spending its energy.
The working body and the engine are interconnected mechanism-MOM. Many cars are simple mechanisms (lever, block, chain, belt) or a combination of them. For example, a bike mechanism is a combination of such simple mechanisms as lever, axis, gear wheel (gear), chain (Fig. 117). Material from site.
Cars - These are devices that make a job useful for a person and at the same time converting one type of energy into another.
The main parts of each machine is the working body, engine, mechanism
Sergey Safonov
abstract "The role of a car in a person's life. Why a person is a car?"
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Ministry of Education of the Russian Federation
Municipal General Education
Secondary school №6
Project
"The role of a car
in human life"
Leader: Teacher
Primary classes
Nalabardina Olga Pavlovna
Tulun 2010
I.V.V.
II. The source
1. History of the creation of the first car.
2. The first car in Russia.
3. Types of cars by way of using fuel for movement
4. Different types of aspects of the influence of a car for a person's life.
5. First car accident
6. Rule road.
III final part.
IV. Bibliography.
Objectives Research:
1. Sociological study of various groups of students on the subject of knowledge of the history of the car.
2. Examine the history of the development of the automotive industry.
3. To identify the most popular cars, including in Russia.
4. Determine when the rules of the road appeared for the first time.
5. Determine what is the car for people today is a luxury or means of movement.
6. Explore and identify positive and negative transport, psychological, economic, medical, criminal aspects of the car, road accident.
Introduction
What is the story of the emergence of a car?
Which of the boys in our day do not dream of a car? The emergence of a new model of the car does not leave indifferent or children or adults. Increasingly on the roads of the country, including our city you can see the car's wheel not only men, but also women. Students of the primary classes of our school and parents of our class in the form of testing were interviewed.
Test # 1 / for students /
- Do you have a car at home? If not, would you like him to be? Why?
- Why do you use it?
- When did the car appear?
- Would you like to have your own car and why?
Test number 2 / for parents /
As a result of the survey, it was revealed that% of students at home there is a car,% of students would like him to be, because:
It is easier to achieve to school and home -% of people.
No need to stand at stops and wait for the bus -% of people.
Beautiful view of transport -% of people.
When did the car appear?
Who is the creator of the first car?
A) Knife -% of people. b) do not know -% of people.
When did the first car appear in Russia?
A) Knife -% of people. b) do not know -% of people.
Would you like to have your own car? -
Yes -% of people. No% people.
These are the results of the questioning of parents:
Do you know how to drive a car? If not, would you like to learn?
Able to control the car -% of people.
would you like to learn? -% of people.
Car for you is a means of movement or luxury?
method of movement -% of people. Luxury -% of people.
Cars benefit a person or harm?
we benefit a person -% of people.
made a man -% of people.
The life of people has become better when the car appears?
Better -% of people. worse -% of people.
What needs to be done so that the car becomes a secure movement tool?
The question arises: "What is the role of a car in a person's life. Why a person is a car? Before answering these questions, you need to know the history of the car. Who is the creator of the first car? The need for people in the need for accelerated movement on the ground led humanity to the creation of various machines and mechanisms, the most convenient and beloved of which was the car.
Main part
The word "car" means a "self-devaluing wagon", although in a modern understanding of cars, it is customary to call only vehicles, equipped with autonomous engines (internal combustion, electrical, steam).
In 1725, Nikola Joseph Kuno was born in Lorraine, who was already in his youth manifest itself as a promising inventor and the rationalizer. Since he himself was not sufficiently secured to finance his experiments, he entered military service and made a lot of inventions as a captain of the French army. Separates did not lose their relevance so far. Especially attracted a thoughtful curious steam car. He reflected on how to use it when constructing self-propelled crews, and in the light of this - how to reduce its size, reduce the mass and increase the power. In 1764, the French Military Minister officially instructed him the creation of a steam tractor for the needs of artillery. Cuno designed a small car model and in 1769 demonstrated it in Paris on the place where the temple of St. Magdalena. Road wagon "Kuno, as he called him, had three wheels and a huge steam boiler; The energy of the steam led into motion front wheel. The monster was not just heavy (several tons), not just a slower (two and a half miles per hour) - after every couple of hundred feet in his boiler, couples ended. Nevertheless, this precise thing was the first car in the world's first! On October 23, 1769, Kuno showed a reduced model, and on April 22, 1770, an official presentation of the mechanical crew of the Royal Commission took place. The wagon developed a speed of 4.5 km / h, and the working cycle of the steam boiler was calculated only for 12 minutes.Then the boiler had to be filled again, to breed fire on Earth under him, wait for steam to be formed - and again continue the path for 12 minutes. Despite all these shortcomings, the steam engine is so fascinated by the Military Minister that he immediately ordered the Kuno project of a larger car.During the demonstration of the device, at first held successfully, the control system criticized. The unit crashed into the wall, and she collapsed. Despite this blow, the design remained intact, which testified to the high quality of this combat vehicle. However, as it often happens in life, happiness turned away from the inventor, because the military minister fell into disfavor at the court. Indeline to everything, all the forgotten Cuno died in 1804 in Brussels.The fire under the boiler of his car was divorced only once, when it was transported from Arsenal to Conservatwar Nacional Dz Art e Meta in Paris, where we can see this exhibit today.
Fire-hearted car
The first car of Russia
IN Russia in 1780s Over the car project worked famous RussianinventorIvan Kulibin. IN 1791 they were made by a self-wiring wagon in which he appliedflywheel, brake, box of speeds, rolling bearings etc. Many of our contemporaries are in full confidence that the pre-revolutionary Russia was the "backward agrarian country." Meanwhile, this "backward" country at the end of the XIX century. He entered the top ten leading world powers on a total length railways, mining aluminum, the production of certain types of industrial and agricultural products, as well as by the number of cars that had existed, although it should be recognized that their main mass was not their own production. Equipment itself appearance No different from such foreign structures. The horizontal gasoline engine develops two forces, which turns out to be sufficient for the crew with a speed of 20 versts per hour along the smooth pavement. Cash stock of gasoline is enough for 10 hours. First russian car Yakovleva and Freens in Nizhny Novgorod. Fire truck "Frever". 1904 |
Types of cars according to the method of using fuel for movement
Machines with steam engines. Farmobili
Continuing the case of their predecessors, Russian inventors set themselves the task of connecting a wheel cart with mechanical engine, that is, the creation of a self-dividing crew for a straight road. So, based on the development of steam engines I.I. Polyzunova, P.K. Frolova, E.A. And M.E. Cherchepanovy in 1830. The Russian launch master of K. Yankevich with his two comrades-mechanics came close to the creation of a wheeled self-propelled crew with a steam engine.
The ancestors of the trolleybus. Electric vehicles
Search suitable engine For cars were not limited to work on steam machines and internal combustion engines. In parallel, research was conducted in the field of electrical engineering and its possible use in the automotive industry. However, real conditions for creating self-propelled machines On electrical move appeared only at the end of the XIX century. In Russia, work on electric crews conducted an engineer Ippolit Vladimirovich Romanov, known for his works in the field of suspended electric roads.
First domestic cars with internal combustion engine
Invention gasoline engine Internal combustion is rightly considered one of the most important events in the development of technology, including automotive. He significantly facilitated the creation of a mechanical self-dividing crew and opened the way of improving the straight transport.
According to some researchers, the first Russian car with an internal combustion engine running on liquid fuel, was built in 1882 by a group of Russian engineers led by Putilov and Hlodes in a small town on the Volga.
Different types of aspects of the influence of a car on a human life.
Advantages and disadvantages of the car
Automobile transport requires goodroads. Now in developed countries there is a networkmotorways - Multibone roads withoutcrossroads Advanced speed of over a hundred kilometers per hour.
Despite the advantages, road transport has many flaws. Cars - The most wasteful transport compared to other types of transport in terms of the costs necessary for moving one passenger. The main share (63%) of environmental damage planet is associated with motor vehicles. Significant environmental damage is applied environment and society at all stages of production, operation and disposal of cars, fuel, oils, tires, construction of roads and other automotive infrastructure facilities. In particular, nitrogen and sulfur oxides emitted into the atmosphere when burninggasoline, cause acid rain. According to the Ecology CommitteeState Duma of the Russian Federation, car parkRussia By top year amounted to 27.06 million vehicle. The magnitude of the annual environmental damage from the operation of the transport complex of the Russian Federation is 3.4 billion US dollars, emissions of pollutants into the atmosphere from motor vehicles amounted to 12 190.7 thousand tons.
Transport aspects (positive)
- With the help of the car, it is possible to get free and faster to get anywherecities (countries, continent) than it would be on foot or withpublictransportation. It is not necessary to wait for public transport, and you can also choose the route itself.
- You can take with you family members, friends and more personal belongings (items,food, clothes, money).
- Mass phenomenon in developed countries of the world becameavtotourismfor the needs of which produce a varietycaravan self-propelled and trailed types.
Transport Aspects (negative)
- Urban traffic jams often find themselves that you can quickly reach the destination onmetro or speed \u200b\u200btram, as well as buses and trolley busesmoving along specially allocated for public transport road strips than on a personal car.
- When traveling over long distancesaviatransport and high-speedtrains , on average, much faster personal car.
- On the car is more expensive than by public transport.
Psychological aspects (positive)
- personal car, depending on the size and prestige of the brand, became an indicator of the owner's public position, symbol of success.
- Control own car It has long been considered a means of obtaining additional positive emotions.
- Own car gives a feeling of social independence.
- Trips on a personal car allow you to minimize contacts with outsiders.
- Personal car is perceived as "its own territory", "House on wheels" and serves to maintain and strengthen friendly and related ties.
Psychological aspects (negative)
- Many people have a kind of "automotive dependence" - they strive to always ride on a personal car, even if it would be faster on foot, and when they have to enjoy public transport. Trips on a personal car minimize contacts with other people.
Social aspects
- The possibility of transporting a significant amount of baggage contributes to the concentration of purchases and the appearance of hugesupermarkets and hypermarketswhere people at once buy a lot of food and household goods.
- Wide prevalence of personal cars leads to an increasecities, mass resettlement of people insuburbs.
- « Traffic jams»Become an integral attribute of life in large cities and lead to a lot of time loss.
Medical aspects
- On the health of people (both rides and pedestrians and people living near the roads with intensive movement) harmfultraffic fumes, noise and vibration. This leads to an increase in oncological, pulmonary, neurological and other diseases, raising mortality on their background.
- Travel in "Door to doors" mode lead to a decrease in the level of physical activity of the population, i.e. leading to an increase in morbidity and mortality from cardiovascular diseases, which in a numberdeveloped countries It has already become a problem of national security.
- Since it is prohibited to control the vehicle in a state of alcohol intoxication; drunk They often lead to emergency situations. In Russia, ride in a state of intoxication has become the main reason for increasing the number of accidents with severe consequences.
- Personal car - a vehicle of increased danger. Literally all states of the world carry significant losses from accidents and mortality atDTP. For example, in the PRC in 2006, 100,000 people killed in an accident and 400,000 more people were injured (1st place in the world in terms of accident rate).
Criminal aspects
- Hijacking personal cars - one of the most common and significant species in the financial sensecrimes. Personal car is often used when committing other crimes (to arrive at the crime scene and then disappear to take the abducted things to transport the victim or corpse to the right to criminals, etc.).
- In countries with poorly developedinsurance literacy of car owners (including Russia, before the introductionOsago) Completed "auto-one". In this case, in advance of the selected car owner (new, but not very expensive car)forced to break PDD, Substituting under your blow (old, but prestigious brand) car. A configured violator, realizing its formal guilt, as a rule, agrees in this case to "immediate damage" without calling representatives of the authorities and the insurance agency.
The owner of a personal car, managing them, risks in negligence to commit a crime, and incur corresponding punishment.
First automobile accidents.
With the advent of the first car appeared in the history of mankind and the first car accident. The first hit of the car on a pedestrian has happenedAugust 17 year B. London A car managed by Arthur Edcell, bridged Bridget Driscoll, 44-year-old (according to other data, 45-year-old) mother of two children. It was the world's first chance of a pedestrian on a pedestrian, which resulted in a fatal outcome. According to witnesses, the car was driving with "huge speed." The driver of Arthur Edcelle, an employee of the "Anglo-French Automobile Company", which demonstrated his novelty to the public, was to go with a speed of four miles per hour, but halvedly exceeded it - it is obvious to impress the young lady, which he took. According to witnesses, during the incident, he talked lively with her. The driver's experience of Edsella counted three weeks. Lack of experience distractingfactors, Excess speed - all these are the main causes of the car accident and to this day. After the six-hour proceedings of the first in historyDTP With fatal outcomejury trial ruled that it was a "random death", and against Edsella and the companycriminal case Correct did not. On the proceedingscoroner He stated: "This never happens again." Mrs. Driscoll went on the road, without paying attention to the fence and signs that announced the movement of vehicles with the engine. Seeing the wagon-carrying horse, she tried to defend himself with an umbrella, but in vain. The judge issued a historical verdict: "Mrs. Driscoll became a victim of his own negligence."
Driscoll, Bridget
Bridget Driscoll (englishBridget DRISCOLL) (or - August 17, London) - the first victim in the worldautomotive Sitting. Bridget Driscoll (circled) on a family photo |
Traffic Laws
Ancient Rome
First well-known attempts to streamline city traffic were taken back inAncient RomeGay Julia Caesar.. According to his decree in the 50s BC. e. on some The streets of the city were introduced one Way. From the sunrise and to the end of the "working day" (about two hours before its approach), the passage of private wagons, chariots and crews was prohibited. The visitors were obliged to leave their transportation beyond the city feature and move around Rome on foot, or honeyingpalanquin. Then it was established special service oversight of compliance with these rules, they were recorded mostly former firefighters, from amongvoltopotnikov. The main responsibilities of such regulators were to prevent conflicts and fights between vehicle owners. Many intersections remained unregulated. Noble venomazhs could provide themselves to unhindered travel around the city - they sent ahead of their crews of the boosters, which cleared the streets for the owner.
Modernity
The history of modern rules of the road takes its beginning inLondon. December 10th1868 On the square in front of Parliament, a mechanical railway semaphore with a color disc was installed. His inventor - J. P. Knight was an expert in railway semaphores. The device was manually controlled and had two semaphore wings. Wings could take different positions: horizontal - the "Stop" signal; and lowered at an angle of 45 degrees - you can move with caution. With the onset of darkness turned on the rotating gas lamp, which served in red and green light. A servant was asked to Semafora, the responsibility of which was to raise and lower the arrow and turn the lantern. However, the technical implementation of the device turned out to be unsuccessful: the circuit grinds lifting mechanism It was so strong that the horses passed the horses and got up. Without worker and monthJanuary 21869 Semaphore exploded, who was in him a policeman was wounded.
The prototypes of modern road signs can be considered the signs, which indicated the direction of movement to the settlement and distance to it. Decision on the creation of uniform european rules Road traffic was accepted in1909. At the World Conference inParis.. In view of the increase in the number of cars, the growth of speeds and the intensity of movement in the city streets, the International Convention was adopted car traffic. In accordance with which the first were introduced road signsindicating the presence of an intersection, railway crossing, winding road, irregularities on the roadway.
In modern rules of the road, the duties of drivers, pedestrians and passengers are presented, descriptions of road signs, marking, traffic lights, etc. are given.
Children relate to pedestrians and passengers, they should know traffic rules (road rules). The rules are needed for safe traffic through the streets and roads. because of violations of traffic rules There are accidents, pedestrians, drivers and passengers receive injuries.
Final part
So why a person is a car? ".
The car today is the optimal vehicle, both in the city and off-road. It is difficult to imagine the life of people without this transport. With the help of the car, it is possible to get free and faster to get anywherecities (countries, continent). Mass phenomenon in developed countries of the world becameavtotourism. All this is possible only under one condition - compliance with the rules of the road, both by pedestrians and drivers. Moreover, there is no big difference between these groups, since at any moment they can change places - a pedestrian sat behind the wheel of his car and became the driver, the driver left a car for some reason and became a pedestrian. Studies of scientists have shown that if the participants in the road traffic 100% observed the rules of the road, the number of wounded in the accident would decrease by 27% (± 18%), and the dead were 48% (± 30%). It is not for nothing that says: "Pedestrian and driver, follow the rules of the road and be intercrying!" And then the car will become a real assistant in a person's life. The practical significance of the study is that the results of work, in the form of recommendations and visual benefits, can be used by students elementary school Community Schools in Obzh lessons, in extracurricular work when studying the rules of the road, on the circles of technical modeling, as well as when conducting classroom hours. As a visual manual, you can use Safety Safety Smeshariki / Cartoon Collection / - See Appendix
Bibliography:
- Devis E., Salaria D .., Time touches. Transport. On the ground, on the road, on the rails. Rosman Moscow. 1994
- Danilov A.V., Zolotov A.V., Shugurov L.M. Cars; Rosman Moscow. 2007
- Kubrin E., Rubetova A. Russian car transport - 100 years. // Automobile transport. 1996. No. 10.
- See: Yakovlev N.A. Development of domestic automotive technology. M., 1955. C.3.
- Isaev A.S. From self-chassis before ZIL-111. M., 1961. P. 28.
- Gordienko M.P., Smirnov L.M. From the wagon to the car. - Alma-Ata, 1990. S. 112 Gordienko M.P., Smirnov L.M. From the wagon to the car. Alma-Ata, 1990.
1672
Ferdinand Vestaist can be built the first car with a steam engine
1740
Jacques de Wucancon demonstrates a wagon with the plant
1764
Russian hydraulic engineer Kozma Dmitrievich Frolov built an enterprise in Altai for the extraction and processing of ore where the trolleys loaded by ore were moved along the world's first metal rails.
1769
Nicolas-Joseph Kuno demonstrates its experimental steam artillery tractor
1784
William Murdoz built a work model of the steam wagon to Redruf, England
1807
Isaac de Rivas made a car on hydrogen
1862
Etienne Lenoyar made a car engine on gasoline
1885
Karl Benz builds the world's first practical car with an internal combustion engine
1908
Henry Ford is developing a assembly line for the manufacture of a car
1924
In the USSR (Sormovsky and Kolomensky machine-building plants) A steam locomotive of the series C (power is 1650 liters with., Speed \u200b\u200bto
115 km / h).
Smeshariki "ABC security" / Collection of cartoons /
Name
Short description
Traffic light
Seeing the traffic light, Smeshariki-Children are surprised, but soon they understand how to use it, and explain it to the viewers.
Pedestrian zebra
Barash, Nyusha, Krosh and Hedgehog, accidentally shed paint, got a pedestrian zebra and learned to use it.
SAMI scary car
Barash says that the most terrible car is that worth it. Krosh with a hedgehog do not believe, but soon make sure in the opposite ...
Metro
Barash, Krosh and Hedgehog descend to the Metropolitan and study the rules of behavior on the escalator, in the car, on the platform and at the entrance to the subway.
Harmony of traffic light
Pin and Losyash tell about traffic lights.
Dacificent men
Losyash talks about traffic lights.
Flashing men
Losyash warns that it is impossible to move the road to a flashing green traffic light signal.
Overboard
Equipment extinguishing 1.
Electric appliance extinguishing 2.
Smeshariki are shown and tell how to grieve fierce electrical appliances and where to call in a fire.
Games with fire
Nucleating cars
Hedgehog, Krosh and Barash tell about bad cars. Western style series.
Dangerous icicles
Racing with obstacles
Where to ride?
Smeshariki - Adults explain the guys to ride a bike, rollers, etc.
Who quickly?
Smeshariki - children arrange the competition "Who is faster?" And fall into an accident. Copatych explains Crochie and Hedgehog, what is the danger of these games.
Industrial Revolution XVII-XIX centuries. coincided with the period of social bourgeois revolutions in the world (1640 - England, 1775 - USA, 1789 - France, 1848 - Germany, 1861 - Russia) and consisted of three stages:
1. The emergence of workers in textile production (manual weaving machine with a "airplane" shuttle of Keia (1733), Powly spinning machine (1785), Jenny Hargryvs (1764), first mechanical carbonate machine (1764) 1785), weaving machine with Jacquar software control (1800)).
2. Invention, development and implementation of a universal thermal engine (steam machine James Watt from 1764)
3. Creating work machines for the production of machines, the emergence of mechanical engineering (invention: caliper, cutting holders, copying and cam systems automatic control).
Until the middle of the XVIII century. The technique of manufacturing machines, even in developed countries, was mainly manual inherited from handicraft and manufactory production. Therefore, the machines were made of little (in a single execution or small parties), the truth of good quality, but at an expensive price and with high time spending. Material processing equipment was very primitive and low, it allowed only to mechanize manual work of masters (Fig.16).
Fig.16. Scheme of a lathe with a foot drive and manual feed cutter
Mechanics and artisans of that time thought about the idea of \u200b\u200bfreeing the hand of a person from the immediate implementation of energy and material flows. At the same time, automatic control issues (i.e., the implementation of the information flow) was solved. Historically, automata with fisthers and copiers appeared first.
Cam It was used to drive the working bodies of machine guns, and they provided the movement of the working bodies, coordinated in space and time in accordance with the required sequence specified by the cyclogram of the machine-machine operation. It is from cams and stops that all mechanical automata worked. Specifying information was laid in the cam profile. The cam systems simultaneously perform two functions: a power (executive) mechanism and control device. The movement of the movement of the protected organ is carried out according to the law laid down in the cam profile and the perceived pusher (Fig. 17). Due to the rigid connection between the cam and the pusher in mechanical cam systems, movement is possible on any law. The law of movement is selected depending on the requirements technological process.
Fig.18. Diagram of turning and copying caliper A. K. Nartova
However, the technique of that time was not ready to perceive these ideas, and the engines of the necessary power were not yet (the movement from the water wheel was difficult to transmit on relatively small machines).
Only in 1794, English Mechanic Henry Modsley (1771-1831) invented crusaderwhich provided a revolutionary impact on all mechanical engineering (Fig.19). The hand of man turned out to be liberated from the sale of the energy flow, the quality of the processed parts was many times increased (their cleanliness and accuracy). With the advent of the cross caliper, all metalworking machines used for the manufacture of machines began to be improved.
Fig.19. Henry Modsley Cross Caliper Scheme
Henry Modsley became the owner of a large machine-building enterprise, on which parts for steam cars D. Watt were mainly manufactured. At its plant, a machine production system was used for the first time in the form of a large number of working machines transmissions caused by a versatile thermal engine. Henry Modsley himself, being provided by a person, all his life worked on a par with the workers and students, he educated many talented machine builders, giving them technical education.
Simultaneously with the improvement of machine mechanics, the principles of automatic control were developed. technological machines. So one of the first was implemented in the machines. principleto opping - This is a mechanized manufacturing of a number of identical products by copying a given reference sample. Copiers and cams have become the main part in many technological automata, where the filings were carried out from various cams. However, the direct (mechanical) copy had a number of significant drawbacks:
- The efforts necessary for management (information flow) turn out to be equal to workflow (energy flow): as a result of this - wear of cams, copiers, probe and loss of the necessary accuracy of the parts manufactured;
- the complexity of making copiers and patterns (they should be an order of magnitude more accurately processed parts);
- low remoteness of copier and cam mechanical su;
- the complexity of changing the program (i.e. low flexibility and versatility), which this case I boiled down to changing copiers or cams.
In the future, the copying methods have been significantly developed and improved. In 1890, the Italian Bonmepi applied a hydraulic control circuit for a copy machine. He used the principle of servo-action (strengthening)which has found the widest application for management and automation purposes, and special power amplifiers (mandatory part of servo) - electronic, electromechanical, hydraulic, mechanical - can be found in any modern machine machine. In 1923, a CELLER Copier Machine appeared, in which the power copy was first replaced by control using an electric drive. The program of the future product form was set, however, as before the analog method, using a copier, which was an exact copy of the shape of the finished product, but the effort on the copier was significantly reduced.
Another principle implemented in copying sau is principle of trackingThe essence of which is that the executive body (tool) immediately repeated the movement of the control body (probe), without being directly related. This principle was also widely used in the technique. In 1935, a photocopier was proposed in the USSR, for which the detail drawing was already served as a copier (sample). The machine control system was equipped with a photospitable device that moved along the drawing line.
The first CNC machine appeared in 1952. However, the electric drive copying, and the photocopulation was somewhat ahead of their time and, despite the prospects, were not widely used.
Hydrocopying machines, in which the motion program (trajectory) was obtained from the copier, and the power exposure was carried out hydraulic engineering. The copier affected the probe with a little effort, which excluded the wear of the copier. The probe in such devices is connected to a spool-hydraulic distributor (Fig. 20).
In hydrocopying systems, the relative movements of the probe (valve) cause the control of the control spool, which switches the direction of oil flows. The probe in contact with the copier can be connected to the spool in a different way: mechanically, hydraulically or electrically.
Fig.20. Hydrocopy milling machine
IN modern world A person often helps various mechanisms and cars.
A car - This is a device that performs certain actions in order to facilitate the physical and mental labor of a person. For example, a vehicle is a vehicle, a machine for processing any blanks - a technological machine.
An example of household cars serves a vacuum cleaner, washer, refrigerator. Agricultural machines (tractor, combine, etc.) help a person in harvesting. Computer for man - information and computing machine.
The machine design includes many, various mechanisms. Mechanism - This is a device for converting one type of movement to another. As an example, consider Screw mechanism , used in the front and rear clips of the joinery workbench (Fig. 52).
In the screw mechanism, rotational movement of the handle 2 Transformed into a straight movement of the running screw 1 together with the clamping BRO 3 (Fig. 52,but). Figure 52, b.shown kinematic scheme Screw mechanism.
Kinematic scheme - This is a conditional designation of various gears and details included in this transmission.
Mechanisms and machines consist of a variety of different parts, for example, in a car there are more than 15 thousand, and on the aircraft - more than a million. Some details are used in almost all machines (bolts, nuts, washers, etc.). They are called general purpose items. Other details, such as machine hulls, stannes of machine tools, are special purpose items.Table 3 shows some typical parts. machines.
Details of the mechanisms are associated with another different ways.If they cannot move relative to each other, then such a connection is called Fixed. Fixed are connections to parts using screws and nuts (threaded compounds), with welding, etc.
If the parts can move one relative to the other, then such a connection between the details is calledmobile. A variety of mobile communication - a hinge compound (table. four).
PRACTICAL WORK
Acquaintance with the device of various mechanisms
1. Inspect the screw mechanism of the front joiner's workbench. Observe how the rotational movement of the handle is converted into a straight line movement of the presser bar.
2. Consider the gear mechanism of the drill and determine which it serves for what purpose.
New terms: A car, mechanism, screw mechanism , kinematic scheme , details of general and special purposes , communication movable and fixed .
Questions and tasks
1. What is called the car?
2. What is called a mechanism?
3. What cars do you know?
4. Name the typical parts of the machines.
5. Where are the screw mechanisms and how do they work?
\u003e\u003e Technology: concept of mechanism and machine
In the modern world, a person often helps various mechanisms and cars.
A car - This is a device that performs certain actions in order to facilitate the physical and mental labor of a person. For example, the car is transportation machine, Machine for processing any blanks - technological machine.
An example of household cars serves a vacuum cleaner, a washing machine, a refrigerator. Agricultural machines (tractor, combine, etc.) help a person in harvesting. Computer for man - information and computing machine.
The machine design includes many different mechanisms. Mechanism - This is a device for converting one type of movement to another. As an example, consider the screw mechanism used in the front and rear joinery clamps (Fig. 52).
In the screw mechanism, the rotational movement of the handle 2 is converted into the straight movement of the running screw along with the clamping Bar 3 (Fig. 52, a). Figure 52, B shows the kinematic diagram of the screw mechanism.
Kinematic scheme - this is symbol various gears and parts included in this transmission.
Mechanisms and machines consist of a variety of different parts, for example, in a car there are more than 15 thousand, and in the aircraft - more than a million. Some details are used in almost all machines (bolts, nuts, washers, etc.). They're called complete details. Other details, such as machine hulls, stannes of machine tools, are special purpose items. Table 3 shows some typical parts of the machines.
Details of the mechanisms are connected one on the other different ways. If they cannot move relative to each other, then such a connection is called fixed. Fixed are connections to parts using screws and nuts (threaded compounds), with welding, etc.
If the parts can move one relative to the other, then such a connection between the details is called mobile.
A variety of mobile communication is a hinge compound (Table 4). 
PRACTICAL WORK
Acquaintance with the device of various mechanisms
1. Inspect the screw mechanism of the front clamp of the joinery. Understand how the rotational movement of the handle is converted into a straightforward movement of the presser rod.
2. Consider the gear mechanism of the drill and determine for which goal it serves.
- Machine, mechanism, screw mechanism, kinematic scheme, details of general and special purpose, communication movable and fixed.
1. What is called the car?
2. What is called a mechanism?
3. What cars do you know?
4. Name the typical parts of the machines.
5. Where are the screw mechanisms and how do they work?
A.T. Tishchenko, P.S. Suzygorian, V.D. Sonenko, N.P.Shpiznitsyn, Technology Grade 5
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