In order for the fuel (fuel-air mixture) completely, it is necessary to properly ignite it in the working chamber of the internal combustion engine (DVS). And for this you need a special element (which is the ignition candle), which is relevant mainly for gasoline power units. In diesel engines, there are also its own devices, but they are made a little different, therefore, within the framework of this article will not be considered. And we will begin to begin with what kinds of spark plugs can offer us a modern automotive market. We also touch the differences between them and simultaneize with the peculiarities of choice.
General
Spark plugs are an integral part of any OH. Their main role is to ignite fuel in the combustion chamber using a spark created by an electrical discharge. And it is worth noting, its power is not so small - about several tens of thousands of volts. In addition, the engine work, as, however, and its life resource depends on the performance of this element.
If in fact, the car candle is unfortunately, not all drivers appreciate such important details. But their condition is largely affected by changes in the operation of the power unit. And to all, whatever the appearance of the ignition candles, they are directly related to changing the fuel consumption.
Loads for car candles
In the course of work, the Ignition Candle Candles are subjected to a variety of loads:
- thermal;
- mechanical;
- chemical;
- electric.
With regard to heat load, you can say the following. The ignition candle is established in such a way that its working part is directly in the combustion chamber, while the contact is in the subcontrol space. The temperature here varies from several dozen degrees on the inlet to 3000 ° C during the combustion process. Under the hood, this indicator reaches 150 ° C.
As a result, due to such uneven heating in relation to the entire length of the part (the difference can reach a few hundred degrees) thermal stresses and deformations occur. In addition, regardless of the types of automotive spark plugs, the insulator and metal parts are different thermal expansion coefficient, which only aggravates the position.
As for the mechanical load, it is worth considering the pressure difference. On the inlet it is lower than atmospheric by 50 kgf / cm 2, and when fuel combustion is significantly higher. In addition, during the operation of the engine on the candle, vibrations are affected.
Chemical loads are caused by a variety of substances allocated during fuel combustion. Moreover, some of them can cause oxidative reactions in the most persistent materials. And this is despite the fact that the operating temperature of the electrodes and the insulator is about 900 degrees.
Does not do without exposure to electrical load. In the course of formation of sparks, which is somewhat 3 ms, a high voltage pulse is operating on the insulator at this time. Sometimes it can reach 20-25 kV, but some systems are capable of issuing much more tension.
Types of spark plugs and their characteristics
After familiarization with the loads, it is worth moving to the discussion of the technical characteristics of the spark plugs. If necessary, knowledge will help to make the right choice. Actually, the parameters themselves:
- Kalil number.
- Number of electrodes.
- Spark gap.
- Temperature Range.
- Life time.
- Thermal characteristics.
Consider each of these important parameters in more detail.
Something about the gallop
When choosing a spark plug, this is the very first thing that experienced motorists pay attention to. This parameter indicates that with which pressure will arise a vibrant ignition. This is understood as the ignition of the fuel and air mixture, which is not through the spark resulting, but from contact with the heated electrode.
Regarding any type of ignition candles in the car, this characteristic is very important, and it must be compliant with the requirements of the OI. Sometimes you can briefly use candles with an overpriced calilie. At the same time, the products that are below the requirements are prohibited. Otherwise, this leads to undesirable consequences. This is the roasting of pistons and valves, breaking the gasket of the GBC.
Number of electrodes
Since the invention of the first candle, the ignition has passed a little more than a century. And the first products had only one electrode. But progress does not stand still, and such a necessary automotive attribute has been improved all the time. Thanks to the efforts of some manufacturers, products with two, three and even four electrodes began to enter the global automobile market, depending on the type of ignition candles.
Many vehicle owners mistakenly believe that they are more, the higher the engine performance. In fact, the purpose of such a step is slightly different - to ensure the quality and stability of sparking. In other words, when disgracing one work will be continued by the other. In this case, interruptions do not arise. This stability in the engine is good can be noticed on small revs. In addition, the use of several electrodes significantly increases the life of the ignition candles.
However, this is not the only way out. There are products in which the side electrodes are missing at all. In this case, auxiliary elements placed on an insulator take into account. This kind of spark plug (photo can be found below the text) is characterized by good prospect. During the work of the candle, several electrical discharges are formed alternately, and the spark is as if started into the dance. Only such know-how has a high cost, based on this not every car enthusiast can afford a similar luxury.
Period of use
If the engine is in good condition, then, as a rule, the life of the candles is 30 thousand km of mileage against the classical ignition system and 20 thousand km - for electronic. At the same time, as many experts say, the actual value is two times higher. It is only possible to achieve this only in laboratory conditions. Only here you can create ideal conditions, which cannot be done during the operation of the vehicle in the usual mode. And often the type of spark plug leaves after work leaves much to be desired.
The importance of the spark gap
Sparkle spark plug is the distance from the central electrode to the side elements. Each manufacturer sets its meaning, so the implantable adjustment threatens serious interruptions against the background of reducing performance.
If the electrode was accidentally rented, it is worth trying to return its original position. To do this, you can navigate the other product. In the extreme case, you can buy a new candle.
Temperature range of candles
The temperature of the ignition candle is also very important. It denotes the heating of their working part. Ideally, this range must be within 500-900 ° C, based on the mode of operation of the power unit. Moreover, regardless of the conditions of the combustion chamber. Whether it is idle turnover of DVS or the maximum, the temperature of the candle should be all the time within the established norm. And it also concerns any kind of spark plugs.
This state of affairs is due to the fact that due to the reduced temperature on the insulator is formed. This in turn causes interruptions in the work of automotive candles. In addition, the increase or decrease in temperature adversely affects their service life.
Thermal parameter
This characteristic indicates the relationship of the operating temperature of the spark plug and operating modes. In order to increase this parameter, the length of the heat cone increases, but it becomes necessary to adhere to the established boundaries - 900 ° C. Otherwise, a vibrant ignition is observed.
Based on this characteristic, the candles are divided into two types (a calil number is indicated in brackets):
- Hot (11-14).
- Cool (twenty or more).
- Average (17-19).
- Unified (11-20).
It is worth noting that all types of ignition candles in the summer and winter work in different ways. In this regard, it will be more rational to keep two sets at hand: in the summer, use cold candles, and in winter, on the contrary, hot. However, it is still worth considering the driving feature. If when driving in the winter, it is necessary to spend quite often in traffic jams, the best option is the Candles caraffaceous. At the same time, what Russian does not like quick ride, especially in the summer and the city? Then you should use colder products.
Ignition Candle Review
Automotive spark plugs can be divided into different types not only depending on the technical characteristics. Their manufacturing material should also be taken into account. Accordingly, they can be:
- nickel;
- platinum.
- iridiyev.
Nickel candles are the most simple design. Central and side electrodes are made of nickel, so they have a low cost, in connection with which they should be changed quite often. As the manufacturers assumes, their resource is 15-50 thousand mileage kilometers. However, our modern realities are such that it is possible to boldly divide this value in half, and it turns out that the periodicity of the replacement is once over the year of operation.
They are distinguished by the presence of an attack from the same metal on both electrodes (central and side). This significantly improves the service life of up to 50-60 thousand km of run. This material is resistant to corrosion and is perfectly held in high temperature conditions.
In iridium ignition candles, a mixture of two metals is used: an iridium attack is applied to the central electrode, and on the side elements - platinum. As a result of such a tandem, the life of the ignition candles is even more increased. According to manufacturers, it can range up to 60-100 thousand mileage kilometers.
Talk about troubles
During the entire period of operation of the spark plugs on them, with time, the Nagar is formed under the influence of a number of factors. At the same time, it may be a different form that kinda acts as a good engine diagnostic tool.
What is the difference between the types of nagara on the ignition candlelight from each other? Each breakdown is characterized by its touch:
- Oil - indicates the wear of the oil-challenge caps and the rings of the piston, the guide sleeves of the valves.
- Black (dry) - indicates the wrong work of the candle. Perhaps due to lack of energy to obtain a spark of the desired power. It is also a sign of low cylinder compression, poor carburetor operation, in relation to injection engines it is a reason to check the fuel pressure regulator. The air filter is not excluded.
- Red is definitely not a view of the working spark plug. Usually it happens when using different additives for oil or fuel. If there is a need for frequent use, it is necessary to lower the concentration, otherwise the Nagar will gradually increase. And this threatens the unstable engine operation, as the patency sparks will be noticeably deteriorated. Therefore, when it first appears from it, it is necessary to immediately get rid of it.
- White - indicates the absence of cooling of the candles, the pistons are very hot. By more account, this is a sign of engine overheating.
- If the Nagar has a white shade of a weakly generated character and settles evenly, it is worth changing the fuel.
Features of the selection of spark plugs
To make the right selection of spark plugs, it is necessary to follow the recommendations that are set forth in the instruction manual for the vehicle or in his passport. First of all, it is worth paying attention to a calil number, the gap between the electrodes and the thermal parameter. This will allow as possible to admire the type of defective ignition candles.
Preferred is worth proven manufacturers, including:
- DENSO.
- BOSH.
- Brisk.
These companies have already been checking time, and for a long time. Many drivers have already managed to be convinced of the professionalism of these professionals, which is reflected in the form of high quality of their products.
It is also necessary to remember the forgery that any market is flooded, including automotive. So, in the original candles of the company NGK, the central electrode is perpendicular to the contact and absolutely smooth.
Bosch's products are slightly above the thread (subtle) is a branded stamp. There is also no marking W8 PBX, which is usually placed on the fake.
The contact withdrawal of original candles DENSO does not glorify that it is often found among fake products. Marking itself is clear, the surface of the rim is the ideal, the electrodes themselves are centered.
Finally
We were touched on the topic of nagar candles on the spark plug, finally try to disassemble such an important question: what candles of ignition are the best? It is very difficult to definitely respond to it, because it is necessary to be guided by not only acquired knowledge, but also sound logic. The owners of the car VAZ purchasing candles for twenty or thirty dollars apiece would be an increasing, stupid and meaningless solution. According to the same logic scheme, it is unlikely that any owner of the dear luxury in the face of Mercedes will buy cheap products that have a reduced resource and bad characteristics.
Spark plugs (SZ) are designed to transmit spark that flammifies a combustible mixture needed to start the motor and start moving the car. The domestic market today offers consumers a huge variety of different SZ, differing among themselves according to certain parameters. We will talk about the types of candles with photos and videos in today's article.
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Size varieties
What are the spark plugs and how do they differ among themselves? Various types of spark plugs, as can be seen in the photo, can be used in different engines - diesel, gasoline, for HBO.
By the number of electrodes
Let's start with the electrodes. By their number of SZ are divided into two- and multi-electrode. SZ, in which two electrodes, is considered to be classic - its design is equipped with one central and one side contact. As for the multi-electrode SZ, then in such a design there may be three or more contacts. Accordingly, in four-electrode and more contact devices, reliability will be much higher, and this, in turn, contributes to a higher resource for using SZ.
By material
In addition to the number of electrodes, the types of spark plugs can be divided into material from which these electrodes are produced. Usually for the manufacture of devices are used by nickel or manganese steel. To increase the service life of the part, the electrodes can be equipped with an attack from iridium or platinum (by video author - Vladimir Ross).
It should be noted that in platinum and iridium devices for two-contact engines or other motors on an average electrode, as seen by the photo, iridium or platinum plastic is mounted. This plate allows you to provide the most powerful spark at the start of the engine. What such devices may differ from others, so that they can be used in more stringent operating conditions of the power unit. Due to this, three-electrode candles or any other are equipped with a thinner electrode.
In addition, platinum models require significantly less voltage to transmit spark, respectively, the reel load will be less. And this, in turn, allows you to optimize the combustion of a combustible mixture.
Any many or two-contact candles made of platinum or iridium have a higher operation resource, which makes up more than 60 thousand mileage kilometers. This is the main advantage that distinguish such SZ from classic, but the cost of the latter will be significantly lower, unlike platinum. It should be noted that classical models can be cleaned with almost any way if necessary, about which in detail with photos and video is said here. As for platinum SZ, their cleaning is not allowed. The cost of such details involves the careful attitude and adherence to all nuances of operation.
Products of the new generation - Plasma-Forkarmed SZ
Automobile spark plugs are the details, the choice of whose choice will always be relevant to the car owner. Especially if the car installed gas-ballon equipment HBO 4 generation. Not so long ago, new devices appeared on sale in the domestic market - plasma forkar spark plugs. Forkaround three-pin candles have certain differences in the design, in particular, in this case, the housing itself protrudes as a side electrode.
Thanks to this design, the spark clearance is equipped with a rings shape, that is, during operation of the SZD, the spark on it moves in a circle. What else differs the forkarm multi-electrode spark plugs from classic, so this is the fact that their resource is operating compared to the last more than twice. Of course, there is a lot of depends on the manufacturer and operating conditions. However, what can be exactly confident, so this is that during the winter cold weather, plasma devices show better results of work when starting the power unit. And in general, the work of the latter during the operation of the forkarmic devices will be more stable (by the video limit of the forkarmic SZ for gas-balloon equipment - the hedgehog and protein channel).
In a caliber number
Cold and hot spark plugs for two-contact and other engines may differ among themselves and in a calic part. The caliper is a parameter that demonstrates the time for which the device will be able to achieve the state required for normal operation. Lubricant candles or spark plugs may have completely different parameters. The higher the calil number, the less time it will be necessary to heat the device so that it can normally transmit the spark. That is, if the calil number of the SZ is low, the item will be hot, and if it is too high, respectively, cold.
If the load in the system is small, then with the task of starting the power unit, the hot SZ will cope well. However, if the motor functions sufficiently long, while the conditions for its operation are intense, then the working temperature of the part may increase. Accordingly, it will lead to a "caliper" ignition. Ultimately, the power unit of the vehicle can overheat that nothing good is promulit for the car owner. If the motor overheats due to the inoperability of the SZ, the device must be changed as quickly as possible, pre-clarifying the heat parameter and getting rid of all faults.
It should also be noted that, depending on the design of the vehicle, the temperature in the combustion chamber may increase in different ways. Therefore, SZ can have a different thermal equivalent. This parameter is expressed in the form of a gallinal number. The heat equivalents of the NW expressed using a gallinal parameter are, in fact, the average temperature modes that correspond to the load on the power unit. As you know, on the insulator skirt, the temperature in the normal mode of operation of the engine can be from 400 to 850 degrees Celsius.
It is necessary to take into account that too high temperatures, in particular, more than 400 degrees are simply necessary. All because at such high temperatures there is self-purification of the NW, which helps to prevent the occurrence of Nagar and the raid on them.
Of course, during normal operation of the motor, the temperature should not be above 850 degrees on the insulator, as this may lead to undesirable consequences. In particular, if the insulator will be overheated up to 900 degrees, it will lead to the appearance of a vibil ignition. In addition, with too high critical temperatures, aggressive substances from a chemical point of view are prosecuted. In turn, over time, this will lead to the accelerated destruction of the elements, which is fraught with a breakdown of the device as a whole.
Therefore, it is important to prevent such a development of events.
If the ignition candles are used or any other, then avoid this is quite possible for this, it is important to:
- Do not allow too early ignition settings. For this, the car owner needs to know how its adjustment is carried out. You can find the appropriate materials on our site regarding this process. For example, on the classic models of cars VAZ, the ignition adjustment instruction is given.
- Use only high-quality fuel corresponding to the specifications of your car.
- Always carry out visual diagnostics of the state of the NW.
By type and thread length, turnkey head
As can be seen in the photo, in addition to the number of electrodes and other parameters, the SZ has different dimensions, in particular length. In addition, the SZ for different types of engines can have different types of thread and, accordingly, the size of the head under the candle wrench. Accordingly, think that the candle is a universal product that can be removed from one engine and put on the other - at least incorrectly. SZ size, and the type of thread is selected in accordance with the specification of the motor. All these nuances should be considered when buying a product.
Video "How to determine the condition of the engine in the candle"
About what can say SZ on the status of a power unit, find out from the video below (the author of the movie - Carvizor).
Ignition Candle is the most important element of the engine ignition system, which directly changes the fuel and air mixture in the combustion chamber. In modern cars, candles are used in various designs and operational parameters, but they all have a similar principle of operation.
Device and role in the car
Spark plug designBasic Candle Design includes the following items:
- Metal case with a thread applied to the outer side for fastening the candle in the cylinder head. It also performs the function of removing excess heat and serves as a conductor from "mass" to the side electrode.
- Insulator. It, as a rule, has a ribbed surface, which lengthens the actual path of surface currents and prevents breakdown over the surface.
- The central and side electrodes, between which the spark arises, flammifying the fuel and air mixture. The side electrode is performed from steel alloyed by nickel and manganese. Central - made of noble metals, which ensures the possibility of self-cleaning of the electrode.
- Contact pin for fastening the candle to high-voltage wire ignition wires. The compound may be a threaded or with a snatching contact.
A resistor can also be provided in the automotive candle of the ignition system. Its main task is to suppress the interference created by the ignition system. Resistance can vary from 2 com up to 10 com.
Candles used in internal combustion engines are also called spark. They form a spark on each compression tact (or compression and output when applied), igniting the fuel and air mixture at a certain point, throughout the operation of the motor. On each engine cylinder, as a rule, accounts for one candle (for the exclusion of TWINSPARK engines), which is screwed with a thread into special holes in the cylinder head housing. The working part is at the same time in the engine combustion chamber, and its contact withdrawal is outside.
Incorrectly performed candle tightening can lead to unstable motor operation. Insufficient tightening helps to reduce compression in the combustion chamber. With too strong tightening, mechanical deformations may occur.
Principle of operation and characteristics
Formation sparks on electrodes The main task of the candle is to form a spark and maintaining it for the required amount of time. To do this, the low voltage from the car battery is converted to high (up to 40,000 V) in the ignition coil, and then enters the electrodes of the candle, between which the clearance is made. Plus from the coil comes to the central electrode, "minus" - on the side of the engine.
At the time of the formation of the voltage on the electrodes ("plus" from the coil on the central and "minus" on the side of the engine), sufficient to overcome the (breakdown) of the resistance of the medium in the gap, the spark occurs between them.
The value of the spark clearance
Sparkle clearance - the main parameter of the spark plug. It determines the minimum distance between the electrodes, which ensures the formation of a spark of sufficient size and the possibility of a breakdown of the corresponding layer of the medium (fuel-air mixture under pressure).
Sparkker The size of the gap should be within the limits specified by the manufacturer. If the gap is too large - the energy of the spark discharge may not be enough to maintain the required combustion time of the candle and the mixture may not ignite. On the other hand, too small gap will lead to the extension of electrodes and increased wear of the candles.
The magnitude of the spark gap differs depending on the mode of operation of the engine and its type and manufacturer. The lower threshold of the spark gap can be about 0.4 mm, and the upper reach up to 2 mm.
To check the size of the spark clearance, a special tool is used - probe, which can be rounded or flat. The second type is more simple to use, but gives an error because it does not take into account the wear of the electrode surface. The adjustment of the gap for the required size is performed by manually by sweeping the side electrode.
What is a calil number
Location of spark plugs in the engine An equally important parameter is a calic number. It determines the thermal properties of the structure and demonstrates, with what pressure in the combustion chamber can occur uncontrolled self-ignition of the fuel and air mixture (cylinder ignition). Simple words, the more a calil number, the smaller the candle will warm up during the engine operation.
Constructions with different caliling numbers are applied according to the type of motor, the mode and conditions of its operation. So, in the summer and at elevated loads, it is optimal to use structures with a large caliling number, and in winter or with a calm ride in the city feature - with a smaller.
Candles with low caliling numbers are installed in motors with a small level of pressure running on fuel with a small octane number. Constructions with a high gallinal number on the contrary are used in engines with high compression and high temperature loading of the combustion chamber.
Types and labeling
Marking of spark plugs In order not to be mistaken when choosing a model, you should pay attention to the marking of the purchased spark plugs. Each manufacturer has its own.
The first parameter is, as a rule, the diameter of the thread and the form of the reference surface showing the ability to actually set the candle to a particular engine.
The symbol R (P) often indicates the presence in the design of the resistor. Further, a ganal number is indicated, the size of the spark clearance and the material from which the electrodes are made.
By the number of electrodes, the spark plugs are divided into two types:
- One-electrode.
- Multielectrode - they have several side electrodes. Spark arises with those of them who has the smallest resistance.
Depending on the value of the gifting of the candle, the candles are divided into:
- hot with a calil number from 11 to 14;
- average - from 17 to 19;
- cold - from 20 and above;
- unified - from 11 to 20.
Spark plugs with different number of electrodes By type of material of the central electrode, the ignition candle is distinguished:
- iridium;
- yttrium;
- tungsten;
- platinum;
- palladium.
The most durable and wear-resistant ignition iridium car candles are considered. They are used in high power engines, but when installing on ordinary motors, serious improvements are not created.
Service life and common faults
Determine in practice when changing the spark plugs can be taken into account by several aspects:
- Declared by the manufacturer's service life of a specific brand of spark plugs. For example, the periodicity of replacement for typical models is up to 50 thousand kilometers of the mileage, for platinum, this figure is 90 thousand kilometers, and the most expensive iridium ignition candles serve to 160 thousand kilometers.
- Operating conditions. When using low-quality fuel, the real life period will be less than the manufacturer's declared by 20%. At the same time, iridium is especially sensitive among spark plugs.
- The state of the electrodes. They can be fascinated during a long operation or as a result of a violation of engine operation modes. Cleaning electrodes can be mechanically carried out or spontaneously (when high temperatures achieved). It is worth noting that iridium and platinum ignition candles cannot be cleaned mechanically.
- The state of the insulator. It can be contaminated or destroyed.
From the performance of this, at first glance, the simple element depends correctly launch and power of the engine, fuel consumption and content of the exhaust gases, and therefore the answer to the question why the ignition candles in a timely manner is quite obvious.
Ignition candle device
The task of the spark plug in the car's gasoline engine is to ignite the fuel and air mixture in the combustion chamber. Details of the candles that are in the combustion chamber are subjected to high thermal, mechanical, electrical loads, as well as the chemical effects of fuel combustion products. The temperature in it varies from 70 to 2500 ° C, the pressure of gases reaches 50-60 bar, and the voltage on the electrodes reaches 20 kV and higher. Such strict working conditions determine the features of the design of candles and used materials, since power, fuel efficiency, starting properties of engines, and toxicity of exhaust gases depend on the uninterruptedness of spar formation.
The main elements of any spark plug are a metal housing, a ceramic insulator, electrodes and a contact rod. The housing has a thread that is screwed into the head of the cylinder block, a turnkey hexagon and a special coating for protection against corrosion. The support surface can be flat or conical. In the first case, a sealing ring is used for reliable sealing of the candle hole. The insulator material is high-strength ceramics. To prevent electricity leakage on its surface (at the top of the insulator), ring grooves (current barriers) are made and a special glaze is applied, and a part of the insulator from the combustion chamber is performed in the form of a cone (called thermal). Inside the ceramic part of the candle, the central electrode and the contact rod, between which the resistor can be located, the overwhelming radio intercoms. Sealing the connection of these parts is carried out by conductive glass mass (glass grocery). Side electrode "Mass" is welded to the case.
Electrodes are made from heat-resistant metal or alloy. To improve the heat removal from the heat cone, the central electrode can be made of two metals (bimetallic electrode) - the central part of the copper is concluded in the heat-resistant shell. The bimetallic electrode has a high resource due to the fact that the good thermal conductivity of copper prevents it from excessive heating. This allows, in addition to improving thermoelasticity, increase the reliability and durability of the candle. In order to increase the service life, spark plugs with several side electrodes and fine-electro with a central electrode coated with platinum or iridium layer are available. The service life of the spark plug (depending on the design) is from 30 to 100 thousand km.
In the marking of the spark plug, its geometric and landing dimensions, design features and a calil number are indicated. Different manufacturers have their own system of designations. Below are marked, applied by Russian and leading foreign manufacturers, as well as a table of interchangeability of candles of different brands (for viewing, click on the desired picture - the file will open in a new window).
Kalil number It is an indicator of the thermal properties of the candle (its ability to heat at various thermal loads of the engine). It is proportional to the average pressure, in which the Calinal ignition begins to appear in the process of testing the candle on the motor calibration in its cylinder (the uncontrollable process of igniting the working mixture from the hot chip elements). Candles with a small calilie call are called hot. Their thermal cone is heated to a temperature of 900 ° C (the temperature of the margin of gauge ignition) with a relatively small heat load. Such candles are used on small-minded engines with small degrees of compression. In cold candles, the rival ignition occurs at high heat loads, and they are used on high-affiliated engines.
While the thermal cone is not heated to 400 ° C, it is formed a naiga, leading to current leaks and sparking violations. Upon reaching this temperature, it begins to burn, the candle is cleansing (self-cleaning). The longer the thermal cone, the greater its area, so it is heated to the self-cleaning temperature with a smaller thermal load. In addition, the advantage of this part of the insulator from the body increases it by blowing it with gases, which additionally accelerates the heating and improves purification from Nagara. An increase in the length of the thermal cone leads to a decrease in the gallinal number (the candle becomes "hot").
Diagnostics of engine operation at the state of spark plugs
The ignition candle can ensure uninterrupted operation only subject to the following conditions:
- candles recommended by the engine manufacturer are used;
- the gasoline brand is used, indicated in the car manual;
- good ignition and nutrition systems;
- the force is not exceeded when screwing the candle into the engine block head.
The most likely cause of premature candle refusals is pollution by their products of incomplete combustion or an increase in the spark clearance due to the wear of the electrodes. In this case, the technical condition of the engine has a decisive effect on the performance of the candles. Even in appearance of the candle, you can say a lot of how about the operation of the engine as a whole and the individual nodes. An inspection of the candle needs to be carried out after the engine continuous operation, the ideal option will be an inspection of the candle after a long trip along the country highway. The error of some car enthusiasts, for example, is that after the cold start of the engine at a minus temperature and the unstable work, the candles are twisted first and having seen a black nagar, make hasty conclusions. But this Nagar could form during the engine operation in a cold start mode, when the mixture is enriched, and unstable work could be a consequence of a bad state of high-voltage wires. Therefore, if something does not suit you in the engine work, and you decided to make the diagnosis of its work with the help of candles, you need to drive on the initially pure candlelight at least 250-300 kilometers, and only after that do some conclusions.
In photo №1 The candle is depicted from the engine, the work of which can be considered excellent. The skirt of the central electrode has a light brown color, naiga and deposits are minimal. Complete lack of traces of oil. The owner of this engine can only be envied, and there is something: this is an economical fuel consumption and lack of need to top up oil from replacement to replace.
Photo №2. - Typical example of a candle from an engine with increased fuel consumption. The central electrode is covered with velvetist-black Nagar. There are several reasons for this: the rich air-fuel mixture (incorrect adjustment of the carburetor, the ignition advance angle or injection faults), clogging the air filter.
Photo number 3. - On the contrary, an example of an overly poor air-fuel mixture. The color of the electrode from light gray to white. There is a reason for concern. Riding on too depleted mixture and at elevated loads can cause significant overheating as the candle itself and the combustion chamber, and overheating the combustion chamber is a direct path to the discharge valve.
In photo №4. The skirt of the central electrode of the candle has a characteristic reddish tint. This color can be compared with the color of the red brick. Redness is caused by the operation of the engine at low-quality fuel containing an excess number of additives that have metal in their composition. Long-term use of such fuel will lead to the fact that the metal deposits form a conductive flare on the insulation surface, through which the current will be easier to pass than between the candle electrodes, and the candle will stop working.
In the photo number 5 The candle has pronounced traces of oil, especially in the threaded part. The engine with such candles after a long parking is used after starting "Trojite" for some time, and as the operation is heated, it is stabilized. The reason for this is the unsatisfactory state of oil caps. There is an increased oil consumption. In the first minutes of the engine, at the time of the warm-up, characteristic white-blue exhaust.
Photo number 6. - Candle is turned out of the non-working cylinder. The central electrode, its skirt is covered with a dense layer of oil, mixed with drops of unburned fuel and small particles from the destruction that occurred in this cylinder. The reason for this is the destruction of one of the valves or breakage of partitions between the piston rings with the ingress of metal particles between the valve and its seat. In this case, the engine "Troit" is no longer no longer, a significant loss of power is noticeable, fuel consumption increases in one and a half, twice. Output one - repair.
Photo number 7. - Complete destruction of the central electrode with its ceramic skirt. The cause of this destruction could be one of the following factors: the long-term operation of the engine with detonation, the use of fuel with a low octane number, very early ignition, and just a defective candle. The symptoms of the engine are the same as in the previous case. The only thing that can be hoped is that particles of the central electrode managed to slip into the exhaust system, not stuck under the outlet valve, otherwise it is also not to avoid repairing the head of the cylinder block.
Photo number 8. Last in this review. The electrode of the candle is overgrown with ash sediments, the color does not play a decisive role, it only testifies to the operation of the fuel system. The reason for this outflow is the combustion of oil due to the development or location of the oil piston rings. The engine has elevated oil consumption, with a strong blue smoking from the exhaust pipe, the smell of exhaust looks like a motorcycle.
If you want to work with the work of your engine less problems, remember the candles not only when the motor refuses to work. The manufacturer guarantees trouble free operation of the candle on a good engine of 30 thousand kilometers. However, it will not be superfluous on average every 10 thousand kilometers of run. Check the condition of the candles. First of all, it is verification and, if necessary, adjust the gap to the required value, the removal of nagar. Caramines of the central electrode are destroyed from sandblasting, the ceramics of the central electrode is destroyed from sandblasting, and you risk getting a copy with photo number 7.
In the gasoline engine of internal combustion (DVS) for ignition, a compressed piston, the fuel and air mixture uses the element called - the ignition candle. Invented her Robert Bosch in the distant 1902 after which, the company of the same name introduced it in.
What is her device?
The basic device of the spark plug is about the same in any company producing it. This is a metal housing, the electrodes whose number can vary depending on the brand, a ceramic insulator and a central contact rod passing through it. The further distinguishes begin.
The central contact rod, for example, may have a tip in the form of a flat platform. But may have U or V-shaped groove. It may be pointed - in the event that it is made of iridium as in Denso's candles. They even have a side electrode has a special form profile. This company produces the most, perhaps, reliable candles - Iridiyevo-platinum.
Separate models of the side electrode may not be in general - in particular, SAAB engineers have developed a motor in which the piston itself has a pointed ledge, the function of which is the same as the side electrode. When the piston is as close as possible to the upper dead point, there is a spark between it and the central electrode, igniting the compressed fuel and air mixture.
Already mentioned two and more side electrodes also change the operating modes and motor operation parameters. At the same time, the requirements for working gaps that do not recommend changing or somehow touching or bend, but only strictly retaining the factory parameters of their manufacture are increasing.
At the same time, the principle of operation of the candle with two or more electrodes is simple, no technical tricks are required for its stable operation: when, as the electrode is produced, the sparks "eaten", it starts, it automatically appears on the non-worked electrode, and the process of operation of the OBS continues without interruptions.
The metal housing at the bottom of the thread for screwing into the cylinder head (GBC) has a flat or conical ring-shaped platform. In the candles with a flat venue in the kit there is a crimp ring-washer made of soft metal, which prevents the breakthrough of a compressed fuel and air mixture or combustion products. In the candles with a conical profile after a thread in such a ring, no need the conical profile is reliably cleaned the top of the combustion chamber.
Central insulators in all models make heat-resistant ceramics. It is on it that the markings are applied with the type, the name of the manufacturer, etc. Inside, between contact for the wire and a core with a central contact, a resistor is placed, the main function of which is the suppression of radio cells that occur at the time of the spark discharge. Taking into account the development of radio and telecommunications and their introduction into the car system, including electronic injection control, the placement of such a resistor has become mandatory in the spark plug device.
In that part, which is screwed into the GBC, the central insulator has the form of a gradually narrowing cone - this is done in order to more effectively distinguish heat, not allowing it.
View of modern candles
A variety of technical solutions in the development and production of internal combustion gasoline engines has generated many candle models for them. Depending on the fuel used for the machine, the compression ratio in the cylinder, the ignition control method (mechanical, using a distorter, or electronic), can be divided into the following types.
Types of candles
They are divided into several characteristics:
- A calic number.
- The number of electrodes.
- Spark gap.
- Temperature range.
- Service life.
- Characteristics of heat resistance.
In addition, some of the spark plugs of different years of release of the same company may differ along the length of the thread skirt: early car models have a smaller thickness of the cylinder heads that were made from cast iron and, respectively, the thread is needed shorter. With the transition to the GBC from aluminum alloys, their thickness increased, which means - and the length of the thread in it also became greater.
An experienced motorist at the beginning will always pay attention to a calil number that shows the pressure with a glow effect, that is, the continuation of the engine operation after breaking the ignition circuit when the motor heated to critical values \u200b\u200bcontinues to operate.
At the same time, the use of a candle with a calil number is more recommended to use even permissible, with the exposed - the operation of the engine is prohibited! Otherwise, the unlucky driver will quickly collide with the problem of burning pistons, valves and with breakdown of cylinder head laying.
For high-quality and stable sparking in the last two dozen years, we produce candles with two, three and even four side electrodes.
But the stability of work can be achieved in other way: the location of the auxiliary elements playing the role of these electrodes, on the insulator of the candle. There are several ring wandering around the central electrode of electrical discharges, and thus, the likelihood of the engine operation is significantly reduced.
Brist Sports Candle with Intermediate Electrodes on Isolator
We give some more important points in the characteristics of the candles:
- Violation of such a parameter, as a spark gap, will also adversely affect the operation of the motor;
- No less important thermal resistance, its temperature range, meaning the heating of the part, which is immersed in the space between the piston and the cylinder head. The temperature range inside the working part is normally under 500-900⁰. The output beyond this range means lowering the resource. In particular, in all types of spark plugs, a decrease in temperature leads to a rapid rise in Nagara;
- In a normally adjusted engine, efficiency depends on the run and amounts to about 30,000 km for candles operating on the classic ignition scheme, and 20,000 - to electronic. However, at the highest price (but also in the most reliable) candles of DENSO service life - up to 5-6 years. Or, in other words, they will provide mileage without replacement, subject to standard operation for about 150,000 - 200,000 kilometers. True, the requirements for maintaining modes according to the instructions are tightened. These requirements include the use of fuel with an octane number by no means lower than the recommended, and their installation is strictly according to the rules. In particular, they are not allowed to tighten them into the cylinder head with effort above or lower than recommended, which may entail reduced to all of their advantages;
- The heat parameter shows the relationship of the engine modes and the operating temperature of the candle. It increases the size of the thermal cone, adhering to the size of the thermal cone, and, however, the recommended value of 900 degrees. The way out of these boundaries increases the risk of vibil ignition.
Precious metals in candles design
The gradation of species depends not only on the stated parameters. Describing the performance of the spark plug, it is necessary to take into account since what material the tips of the electrodes are made.
The cheapest candles are nickel. The simplicity of the design causes a short service life, so their replacement is often done, after 15-18 thousand mileage kilometers. Although in the conditions of the city, given the irregularities of operation (standing with a working engine in traffic jams, frequent alternation of acceleration and braking on traffic lights) This mileage can be safely divided into two, so that the time of operation of nickel candles is no longer more than a year.
Platinum candles are made platinum attacks, which increases their life to 50,000 kilometers. Look at the cost of platinum in any exchanger - and you will understand why these attacks make them as expensive.
In iridium candles, two precious metal are already: iridium in the form of an attack on the edge of the central electrode and platinum - on the side. Given the cost of iridium, the price of them compared to nickel increases by 50-60%. But the technical characteristics of the spark plug with Iridium are such that they can already pass with them from 60 to 200 thousand kilometers.
Such candle parameters like: thread diameter; number head number under it; Skirt length with thread; The gap between the electrodes also belongs to their technical characteristics.
Conclusion
Progress does not stand still. New technologies allowed, for example, to bring the degree of purification of metals for electrodes to 99.999%. Iridium, platinum and even nickel such cleanliness are able to increase the service life of the spark plug by another 15-18%, in the example, we will deliver Denso. In addition, engineering thought continued their development, offering the factory and the forkar type of spark production, which made the work of the motors even more stable.
As for the inevitable in this case, the price increase is the possibility in the process of operation of the car as much as possible to look under the hood already justifies the purchase of each spark plug even for 10-20 dollars per piece.
