"BUSINESS GUIDE (suburban railway transport) "Appendix №13 from 04/08/2013, p. 14
The suburban railway communication in Russia appeared more than a century ago, but throughout its history experienced a shortage of modern rolling stock. After the collapse of the USSR, the production of electric trains decreased significantly, although the demand for suburban transportation always exceeded the proposal.
Country period
The first railway lines appeared in Russia approximately 170 years ago, were built in such a way as to connect relatively large cities, and therefore the concepts of suburban and distant trains did not exist. The first steam locomotives have not yet been adapted for long and regular flights over long distances. In the meantime, the growth of the population of major cities in the 70s-1980s of the XIX century was accompanied by their territorial expansion through adjacent villages and villages, new enterprises were built on the country surrounded by the city, in turn, in turn, houses for workers. In addition, among the citizens, as we would now say, the middle class has received a wide distribution of a country rest. The largest cities became unknown with satellites - summer cottages. All these circumstances have increased demand for convenient and regular transport in the country area. It was then that the old word "suburb", once the common name of the villages of the specific principalities, removed from the capitals, acquired its current meaning.
And at the end of the XIX century on the then Moscow-Yaroslavl-Arkhangelsk road appears new Class Rail transportation - the so-called country trains. Them a distinctive feature was that the flight was accomplished on relatively small distanceBut I had many stops in the suburban zone. The stops were located at a short distance from each other, the trains were, as a rule, a very small compost, one or two cars, they could easily "take from the place" even low-power steam locomotives. But the territory to the northeast of Moscow has become the most popular country zone - the population has grown rapidly, and the railway in the direction of Sergiev Posada and Yaroslavl was strongly loaded. It was necessary to increase the agrees. And road management ordered new steam locomotives of a special design that had improved starting dynamics. Later, these locomotives received the designation "I" (Type of Yaroslavl Road).
On some lines, where the movement, except for the suburban, was small, found the use of the so-called tank locomotives, which did not have a tender, and the reserve of coal and fuel took themselves. The main steam locomotives when moving forward the tender had a very troubled course and could not drive in such a position, so they had to deploy them upon arrival at the final station. The tank locomotive was "Tanya-pushing", the reversal did not require and allowed to avoid long delays at the end stations.
In 1910, the release of a passenger locomotive series "C" (Type of the Sormovsky Plant) began in Russia. This locomotive had increased power and very high for the operation of the efficiency, thanks to which he got widespread on railwaysoh country. Soon, a very valuable feature of this locomotive was found: he had the same calm turn when moving back and forth. And this made a turn optional and made it possible to increase the number of suburban flights. The locomotives "C" and their strengthened version of "Su" provided suburban transportation on many busy directions before the beginning of World War II.
Suburban trains from the very beginning have proven themselves as a democratic type of transport. The wagons in them were only a third class - green (the second class had a yellow color, the first - blue). All seats, wooden shops, winter salon heated iron stove. The low cost of the passage did this type of transport by publicly available, and the trip for a short distance was quite comfortable.
Coming electric stories
After civil war, rail traffic in our country began to grow rapidly. Already by the beginning of the 1930s, technical speeds suburban trains Even with powerful steam locomotives of the "C" series, the movement of freight and long-distance passenger. The pair of trains increased, new ones were completed between old stopping points. Acceleration of trains on steam rod has become insufficient in frequent stops. Effectively increase the acceleration, and therefore, and the technical velocity of suburban trains could be by the introduction of electric motor-auditing thrust at which electric motors are installed directly on the wagons.
Electricating on rail transport was not a domestic invention. First electric railways common use appeared in Germany in the 1880s. Before the beginning of the First World War, electrified roads spread quite widely in the world, but mainly as intra-city transport (tram, metro), as well as in industry.
One of the first suburban lines on the electric car was the line Baku - Sabunchi - Surakhany, earned in 1926. This line was a departmental and submitted to the City Council. And in 1929, the first section of general use was electrified - Mytishchi then North Road At the current Yaroslavl direction, which even in those years was the most overloaded. In 1930, electrification continued to Pushkin and Schelkovo. This site began to be served by the electrical components of the "C" series (type of the northern road). The first such cars had electrical equipment of the production of the British company Vikhers, and since 1932, it was already built with the equipment of the domestic plant "Dynamo". The mechanical part was made by the well-known today Mytishchi machine-building factory.
Before the start of the war, the electric train went from Moscow to Orabylovka (now Railway), Balashikha, Ramensky, Podolsk and Leningrad to Lomonosov, Gatchina. In the North Caucasus, electric trains began to serve the resort line Mineralnye Vody - Kislovodsk, where electrovagons with soft sofas appeared for the first time in the country.
The Great Patriotic War did not stop the electrification of the railways, but suburban traffic It was reduced due to the transport of troops and military goods. From the Moscow and Leningrad nodes of the train were evacuated deep into the country, some of them began to work on the Perm node, the commuter line Kuibyshev and other routes, the majority defended at the base bases. And after the fracture during the war, already in 1943, the refund of electric trains to the Moscow node began. Only elegant gray-cherry color of the wagons changed the frontal green.
In the first post-war decade, suburban movement on large nodes quickly gained old revisions. At the plots electrified during the war, electric trains were also launched. To help wait for the War Electroscopes of the "C" series, which even more needed more than before the war was received on the reparations of the train from the suburban lines of Berlin. In the Soviet Union, they received the designations of the EM165 series and EM167 and served the suburban zone of Kiev, Tallinn, Moscow - Domodedovo section. And since 1947, the Riga Carriage Plant (RVZ) has begun to produce electrical installations.
By virtue of its social significance, suburban transportation did not stop even during the war. Electric trains from suburban lines of Berlin turned out to be valuable trophies of the Great Patriotic
Golden age electric train
By the mid-1950s, transportation volumes in the suburban report exceeded the pre-war level. Among other things, it was caused by the second wave of the popularity of country rest: if earlier cottages, as a rule, were filmed for the summer, now the workers began to receive summer cottages. The first horticultural partnerships appeared. At the same time grew the speed of freight and distant passenger trainsEspecially with the beginning of mass replacement of steam locomotives on the latest locomotives - diesel locomotives and electric locomotives. As a result, the development of new types of electric trains who have better than the train series "C", acceleration indicators during acceleration and structural velocity. Since 1957, the ER1 series of trains has begun on RVZ, and later there are their improved version of ER2. The letters "ER", meaning "Electric train Riga", for many decades have become the "face of" domestic electric trains.
The new trains with elegant streamlined head cars, automatic sliding doors, improved lighting of the salons, differed from the angular first trains. The body of the wagons had a lightweight design, and for each engine carriage there were no two trailed, like electric trains of the "C" series, and one by one. Maximum speed rose to 130 km / h.
On the roads of the country, in the meantime, the new electrification system was distributed to 25 thousand. V. for servicing the suburban zones of Gorky, Rostov, Krasnoyarsk, Vladivostok, where such a system was used, in the early 1960s, the production of ER7 electric trains was launched, later - more advanced ER9.
In the mid-1960s there is another revolutionary event in the development of trains: the edition of the ER22 model began. The cars of these trains had an enlarged length, three tambours, soft sofas, improved heating. Changed I. appearance wagons: green color, the legacy of wartime, replaced the bright festive yellow-red; Rounded design, fashionable in the 1950s, was replaced by energetic sharp. The conditions for the operation of the machinists have improved: air conditioners began to be installed in the cabins. And most importantly, these were the first serial electric trains that used the recovery electric braking, in which part of the electricity returns to the contact network. Advanced equipment for such braking began to be installed on the ER2R trains, which began to be issued since 1983 and is still massively exploited.
Up to the early 1990s, the volume of suburban rail transportations steadily grew steadily. This time can be rightfully called the golden age of electrics in the USSR. Interestingly, for example, in the United States in the same years, the reverse process was observed in the same years: the passenger movement, primarily the suburban, fell into decay. In many ways, this was caused, of course, the notorious automation, but our electricians did not threaten this problem for obvious reasons.
Care of the present day
The era of market relations caused several serious blows to electricians. First of all, he declared itself the need to change the tariff policy. If in soviet era The fare fee was held by the state at a public level, and the losses that the industry began to carry in recent years, tried to cover at the expense of the cross-subsidy system, now they had to go to self-sufficiency. Prices for tickets crawled up, the popularity of the most massive type of transport inevitably began to decline. The increase in the number of personal vehicles, an increase in the share of buses and minibuses in suburban transportation, and at the same time the outflow of the population from the countryside - all these factors have further reduced passenger traffic on the railway. Many deadlock lines, such as Nakhabino - Pavlovskaya Sloboda or Mytischi - Pirogovo, were closed. With the collapse of the Soviet Union, the chief manufacturer of electric trains of the RVZ was abroad, and the huge park of Latvian production of the series of ER almost remained without spare parts. The repair base of the Motor-Vagonny depot was outdated, the receipt of new electrovalempores was stopped. But precisely by this time, a significant part of the trains developed its resource, and in the country a new country boom rolled the country, which raised the social significance of suburban transport.
The situation was largely saved by the Moscow Region Demikhovsky Machine-Building Plant (since 2005, it is included in the "transmashholding"). At this enterprise, where previous electric trains never built, in the late 1980s in as soon as possible Passed refill production. Already in 1992, the release of ED2T trains designed on the basis of one of the Riga developments was established. Changes in the electrochmem allowed to make a new train more economical, and the extended tambura cars raised the convenience of landing and disembarking. Electrical equipment has yet been purchased in Latvia. But in 1996-1997, ED2T changed the ED4 and ED4M models with fully Russian equipment. ED4M became the most massive electric train of the post-Soviet release. It is at its base that Aeroexpress and other suburban trains of high comfort are being built. For variable current sections, the ED9M model is built.
In 1993, a Torzoksky Carriage Plant was connected to the production of electricians. Et2 electric trains, and then ET2M were built by this enterprise until 2010, after which their production was rolled. However, the suburban fleet is updated not only due to the purchase of new, but also due to the modernization of the production resource. In mass order, the old ER2 at the Moscow Locomotive Repair Plant passes such modernization. Refned trains receive a series of "EM" ("Moskovsky Electric Train"). It is the train of EM2 and EM4 first began to serve those who became popular at the beginning of the new century accelerated suburban routes. The most famous example is "satellites" connecting Moscow with major cities of the region. Modernization with the extension of service life is carried out by other enterprises, such as the Altai Depot of the West Siberian Road.
Anton Hlyunin
Historical review of the development of equipment and technologies, how the electric trains were created. Overview of the main inventions that have made it possible to create this type of transport. In-depth view of the stratification of domestic electric trains.
Prehistory.
Such complex types of equipment, as an electric train, do not appear suddenly. Their history is the history of the development of transport technologies from the first key inventions, such as the invention of the wheels or railway, before the use of electricity and electric motors.
Overview of the Key Inventions of Cheledness Before Electrical Railways
The first experiments on electrification ZH.D.
In the mid-19th century, railways were developed in many European countries and in the United States. There are already experiments with electricity, the first electric motors have been created, industry and communications are electrified. The idea of \u200b\u200busing electric traction on the railway trap is already in the air, work is carried out in parallel in different countries. It does not matter who became the first inventor of electric rolling stock for railways, in all technically developed countries, this type of transport appeared almost simultaneously with the difference in 1-2 years.
1879-1900 The appearance of the first types of electric rolling stock
The first electric train Siemens and Chalsel at the exhibition in Berlin. 1879
Source: Wikipedia.
Development of electrification ZH.D. in USSR
The key factor in expanding the use of electric trains is the electrification of railways. Historically, depending on the level of development, the technologies changed and approaches to the choice of electrification system parameters. In the USSR, the electrification of railways led to revolutionary changes in the technology of transport work, which is why electrification has become the main strategic benchmark for many years and in the field of electrical technologies and in the field of creating rolling stock. Currently, Russia is the leading country in the world in the development of electrified railways, which make up more than 43,000 km (50% of the network).
1917-1924 Plan of electrification RSFSR
Infographics: Chronology and production volumes of electric trains for the USSR railways and the CIS countries of 1520 mm (as of the beginning of 2014). Figure in high resolution.
Oleg Nazarov
Creation and development of production of electric trains in Russia
Since 1991, everything has changed in the USSR, the USSR generally ceased to exist. Crisis phenomena in the economy destroyed many production relations. The supply of electric trains from Latvia has decreased significantly and then almost ceased. Before the industry has been new tasks.
Receiving energy from an external electrical network or from its own battery. Electric train is formed from motor and trailed wagons. Front and rear electric trains have cabins of the driver In each of which the control panel is installed.
On domestic railways, as a rule, electric trains get energy from contact network electrified area. On contact-battery electric trains traction engines When switching from an electrified area to non-electrified switches to power from rechargeable batteries. Abroad exist electric trains working only from batteries. Such electric trains are formed from several self-propelled battery motors having two control cabins - the so-called rechargeable electric motors.
Distinguish electric trains metropolitanov , suburban and long-distance. The speed of electric trains of the subway reaches 80-90 km / h, suburban - 120-130 km / h, long-distance - 200-250 km / h. The suburban electric train has seating space, luggage shelves. Tambura and part of the area in the passenger compartment are left free to the passage of passengers. The metro wagon provides a large free area for standing passengers, four entrance doors, no tambourines, luggage shelves. The engine wagon of a long-distance electric train is equipped with soft passenger chairs, it has a special compartment for storing larger baggage, a wardrobe for outerwear, a conductor and a radar coupe, etc. In some intercity trays, there are bars with utility rooms. Abroad (France, Germany, Japan) Some high-speed trains equip the cab of a long-distance telephone machine.
Distinguish the power trains of the direct and alternating current depending on the electrification system of the railway. On the railways of a number of countries there are two- and multi-power electric trains. On electric trains direct current The strength of the traction engines is adjustable using launcher resistors or thyristor regulator, on alternating current electric trains - static converter . On the electric train of domestic railways, the collector traction electric motors of the constant (straightened) current are installed. Some electric trains of foreign railways also use single-phase collector and three-phase asynchronous engines. To start, regulating speed and electric braking, switching in power circuits using devices actuated machinist or automatic Through intermediate devices of control circuits. For this use electronic devices and devices with electromagnetic and electropneumatic drive. On the electric train cars, auxiliary equipment for powering control circuits, pull-engines excitation windings with electric braking, compressed air supply in brake system, electric heating, lighting, automatic control Doors, etc.
The number and mutual arrangement of wagons in the electropoter on domestic railways are denoted by lettering formulas reflecting the composition and composite. For example, a section of two extreme motor wagons M and one intermediate trailer Vagon P has a composition M + P + M, composite 2m / p. For example, a 10-carriage electric train consisting of five engine wagons and five trailers, of which two trailed cabins are provided (head GHG), it has a composition of PG + M + P + M + P + M + M + P + M + PG and The composite M and P. A group of constantly clutch sections that are part of an electric train that can work as an independent train forms a trap. For example, 8-wagon electric train series ER22. The composition of the M and P of four engine wagons with control cabins and four trailed (of four sections MG + P) has two self-propelled scenes of the same composition MG + P + P + MG. On suburban railways, the most common DC electric trains are most common. ER2 and alternating current ER9P. The composition of M and n out of 10 and 12 cars.
The first suburban electric trains on domestic railways began to be operated in 1926 (Baku-Sabunchi-Surahan plot) and in 1929 (Moscow-Mytishchi section). First electric train metro Appeared in Moscow in 1934. Until 1941, the wagons of electric trains built Mytishchinsky Carriage Factory (mechanical part) And the Moscow Electric Educating Plant Dynamo (Electrical Part). Since 1947, the mechanical part of suburban electric trains was built Riga Carriage Factory (RVZ), Electric - Riga Electromachio Treaty (RES). The first 14-carriage long-distance eL200 series electric train whose speed reaches 200 km / h, built on PVZ and RES in 1973 and was operated on the Moscow-Petersburg line.
