Home Transmission Machines ZAZ forz. Car ZAZ Forza: technical and operational characteristics, reviews. Configuration and "filling"

Machines ZAZ forz. Car ZAZ Forza: technical and operational characteristics, reviews. Configuration and "filling"

I was preparing for the worst. Because the murderer silhouette of the Fathers with its long face, short feed and disproportionately narrow side windows involuntarily resurrects in the memory of dozens of such non-zeysky Chinese automobiles with smelly plastic salon and a complete reluctance to find at least some mutual understanding with the driver.

No surprises did not cost.

Everything starts with the ignition key. He is "European", with folding sting - as on vOLKSWAGEN cars and Audi. Click one button - unlocked door locks. I pressed the other - it snapped the electric boot.

First of all, I pulled the trunk lid: she rose up along with the rear glass. It turns out that it is not a sedan at all, but Liftbek is like amulet and Slavuta.

Interior - without embellishment. A slippery steering wheel is adjustable only on the angle of inclination. Salon and outer mirrors are deprived of diopter zones and provide excellent back. Instead of door handles - plastic pockets. Window control unit "sred" at Volkswagen. If you lower the anti-sown visor, then he will block height almost half windshield

The trunk is not the most capacious - only 370l. If folded the whole back seat, 1400 liters of free space is formed - it is quite enough for avid dachens. But before shipping bags with potatoes, you have to cover the film with a neat pile upholstery, which for some reason will not be silent and does not fall into the bottoms of the bottom, as is customary on VAZ front-wheel drive cars.

Sunwarded to the salon, I instinctively wrinkled, but did not teach the disgusting and acid smell of cheap plastic. Progress! Although the plastic here is really cheap, tough and "ringing". Fortunately, the Chinese have enough prudence to abandon the interior experiments: everything is here on the usual places, and only bloody-red devices with unusual dials are driven out of the general ensemble.


Huge backdoor With integrated glass, it opens access not only in the trunk, but also in the salon is Liftbek


The "native" radio tape recorder plays like an ancient shaman. Air flow control handle has already jammed

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Light doors slam with the Zhigulevsky rattle. "Kosyakov" is enough, but unassuming buyers will certainly close their eyes. For example, all doors have only a single seal "in a circle": in winter Thresholds will be dirty. Plastic shoes are covered only the front wheeled arches, and behind the snow porridge and sand from under the wheels drums. "Janitors" chelluritat and do not dare the windshield from above and left. And the front seats are installed too high: the tall drivers will have to put up with the fact that the antickery visor hangs over their eyes, and the left head of the windshield strongly "cuts" the review sector.

There are specific solutions. If you drown out the motor and leave the included parking lights, In a few minutes they will go out: the electronics is struggling with "unauthorized" consumers of energy. So, leave the car on the side of the road only with the "accident".

The sound of the regular radio is such that I preferred to bubble songs myself - although I have a hearing or voice. You can shut up a semi-third-liter 109-strong motor only when the tachometer arrows does not reach 3000 rpm. You can "twist" the engine and further, but the effect, like on Kalina and Logan: the noise is growing faster speed. It's better to change more often transmissions More, the switching mechanism of the five-speed box is not worse than on Logan and is definitely better than on Kalina.

Feels, acceleration to "hundreds" occupies "in the limit" no more than 13-14 seconds, but this is a visual-sound deception. After all, the more easier the car, how louder howls the motor when overclocking, than the call the work of the suspension - the brighter impressions. Points over "I" set the passport details: to "hundreds" - in 16 seconds.

Equipped with rush hydraulic steering It does not shine informative in the okolonulous zone - and this is a rod of Forts with many budget cars. But at the same time, it reliably goes through the speed straight, allows you to confidently rebuild in a dense stream and boldly flies into steep turns. Slightly moved at the speed on the blurry - and the Forta crawled out with a face. I dropped gas - and it smoothly screwed into turn. Everything smoothly, it is clear and without proud.


In the center dashboard - Route computer display: Instant fuel consumption It shows, but the average value is calculated


"Bardac" rather capacious, but A4 paper will have to be folded


Threesome on rear seat Closed - like in Kalina. Headrests are only two


Rubber compressor Only one - on the inner contour of the doorway. So thresholds will always be dirty

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Suspension for energy intensity, of course, far both to viburnum, and to Logan. But there is no excessive hardness. And the constructions of the joints of the suspension (front of the McPherson rack, and behind the twisting beam) do not go beyond the acceptable background.

The brakes were surprised by the vague pedal setup: minimal idling and accurate dosing of deceleration. But with the ABS came out confuse. On the wet asphalt At a temperature of + 5 ° C, the wheels are blocked - and I instinctively won your leg in order not to disappoint the tires. Still back, more ... Wheels are blocked! I open the hood: the ABS unit is. Maybe a failure in the electronic program? Applied colleagues: "Jim on the pedal and wait!" Again overclocking, a sharp blow on the brake pedal - and after a noticeable "Uza" ABS finally shook! And what will happen on the rolled snow or on a bare ice?

Forza - the car is not so small. Length - 4269 mm, wheelbase - 2527 mm. But on the back seat I sit down "for myself" with almost no clearance: the knees relate to the back of the front seat. And threesome and at all closely - eats in the shoulders. All as in Kalina.

And what about the microclimate? Air conditioning is included in basic complete set. The ventilation system nozzles located on the front panel are equipped with comfortable "Volkswagen" blinds, and air ducts are laid to the legs of the rear passengers. But the army of the distribution of air flows is already hidden and turns only half of his stroke. Ogrechi Zaporizhzhya assembly?


And what kind of instrument buyer will not look at the machine "under the belly"? I also kept my knee and still tape measure grabbed: the clearance under the engine is only 14 cm. And the lower point turned out to be a system of release, which will "boil" and rural tracks, and snowy growths in urban courtyards.

The reason is that the motor on the Forest is located in Toyotovsky - the exhaust manifold forward. And the Chinese did not come up with nothing better how to skip the exhaust pipe under the crankcase - that's why it turned out to be the lowest and most vulnerable place. And what a vulnerable! The long pipe is tight (without transient corrugations) is screwed to the exhaust collector - and the first blow to the curb or the stone will lead to sad consequences.

With the Chinese bribes of the smoothness: they build new roads with thousand kilometers and are sacred that in other countries it is diligently engaged in an equally useful business. What do we do? Theoretically, the bottom can be attached to steel protection (although there is no regular flooring for it) - but what then will be the clearance?


In the tense rotations, the Forta is strongly cubed and raises into the air rear wheel, but rides surprisingly stably and understandable, slightly screwed into the virations of the gas discharge

It is a pity that the tool does not include outdoor scales - it would be useful. If you trust the instructions, the car load capacity is only 375kg. There are enough Chinese, but we will be more bigger: according to the norms, the weight of one person is taken equal to 75 kg. This means that, sitting in the car in the lamp (5x75 \u003d 375), you can no longer take a kilogram of cargo. And the same Logan takes on board 500 kg.

However, we will throw in the direction of design, ergonomics, the volume of the trunk, controllability, fuel consumption, and other "common-car values". Reliability is that, first of all, an inexpensive car "uncommon" buyer is interested. Reliability and price. What is the sense with the fact that the Tavria was cheaper than a motorcycle? Is this a car? At one time, I rolled more than 60 thousand km on the VZ-1105 Universal Dana. It was a nightmare year. I fought with the flowing window seals, in the winter tormented with the launch of the engine, soldered corroding power wires of the starter. I learned to collect from three dead generators one working, changed the clutch, repaired door locks and windows, infinitely cleaned and regulated the carburetor - the list of problems exceeded all imaginable boundaries! Finally, twice I almost burned alive: for the first time right in the MREO during the formulation of the car registration (the benzobak turned out to be leaning), and in the second - at a speed of about 100 km / h, when the plug was twisted from the carburetor, and the gasoline of the river on the engine.


From asphalt to the exhaust pipe located under the crankcase - less than 14 cm. Not enough? The lambda-probe sensor is open to all winds and the cutting power steering tube and the cooling system


Under the pile upholstery of the floor - the foam "Organizer". Even below - Full-size "Outlet"


The main drawback of the trunk is a high rear side, through which suitcases need to pass. The seat folds entirely: the back is set vertically, and the pillow falls NIC

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And forza? The instruction manual says that the resource of the car is 300 thousand km. Will she leave so much? How soon servicemen will learn all her sores? And how long "in the case of what" will have to wait for spare parts? Cat in a bag.

If you evaluate the "constructive" quality, then you need to admit: the Chinese made a serious step forward. And it doesn't matter what this step has been helped by the unacceptable theft of foreign ideas and the heavenly help of European specialists. The result is important. Forter is more pleasant than the boning Lanos and externally, and on the trim of the cabin, and on the ride properties, perhaps, no worse. Kalina, it replaces the level of equipment, it will be easy to argue with it according to the quality of materials and will lose only on the passability and smoothness of the stroke. Romanian Logan she will give way to the rear seat, according to the volume of the trunk, for carrying capacity and the energy intensity of the suspension, but, again, the Forta is not worse than the interior decoration.


Podcast space It is organized very neat. In its characteristics, a 109-strong engine resembles a viburnum engine: noisy, sluggish on medium and high revolutions, but responsive "on the pedal" and the "on the Nizakh" - on the fifth gear of Forta eagerly rides from 50 km / h

Forta - one of best cars With Chinese pedigree from all that came across to our hands. In some way, she even bestly liked the Chery M11 (see Art No. 14-15, 2010). And it is completely indisputable that Forta is better than Tavria and Slavuti - in all respects. But it is possible to say that Forta came to replace Slavuta, only in the "production" sense of the word, but not in the market. If the most expensive Slavuta cost about 40 thousand hryvnia, then visiting us forza in the Comfort configuration for sale for 83900 hryvnia (about $ 10,500). Replacement? With the same success, we can assume that the biscuit cake replaces the bread loaf.

The price for Fortza "begins" where the prices of the most expensive Lanos are "end." In this sense, marketers of Ukravto worked very clearly, deploying Forts to a narrow price niche between Lanos (69600-80160 UAH) and Chevrolet Aveo. (92960-104640 UAH). So, Fortsty needs to be compared not with the Slavs and not even with Lanos, but with more expensive machines. What we will do at the first opportunity.


Zaz Forza. Manufacturer data

Body type / number of places 5-door Liftbek / 5
The volume of the trunk, l 370/1400*
Curb weight, kg 1200
Full weight, kg 1575
Engine gasoline, with distributed fuel injection
Location in front, crosswise
The number and location of cylinders 4, in a row
Working volume, cm³ 1497
Number of valves 16
Max. Power, hp / kW / rpm 109/80/6000
Max. Torque, nm / rpm 140/4500
Transmission mechanical, 5-speed
Drive unit front
Front / rear brakes disc / drum
Minimum reversal radius, m 5,5
Tires 185/60 R15
Maximum speed, km / h 160
Acceleration time 0-100 km / h, with 16,0
Fuel consumption, l / 100 km urban cycle 5,8
country cycle 7,2
mixed cycle 9,7
Capacity fuel tankL. 50
Fuel Gasoline S. octane number not lower than 93.
* With folded rear seats


Alternative

ZAZ Forter plays in a very popular market segment, in which about two dozen sedans and hatchbacks are represented - from inexpensive Chinese and russian cars To quite decent Korean and European models in the simplest equipment.

Car

Engine

Transmission*

Price, UAH**

ZAZ LANOS. 1.5 (81 hp) M5 69600-80160
ZAZ SENS. 1.3 (70 hp) M5 58400-63200
Lada-1118. 1.4 (81 hp) M5 64890-82290
Lada-1119. 1.4 (81 hp) M5 64890-76530
Lada-2114. 1.6 (86 hp) M5 60120-61800
Lada-2110. 1.6 (80 hp) M5 60950-72000
Lada-2170. 1.6 (98 hp) M5 76300-85100
Chery Jaggi. 1.3 (82 hp) M5 53120
Chevrolet Aveo. 1.5 (86 hp) M5 / A5. 92960-104640
Chery Amulet. 1.6 (94 hp) M5 75000
Daewoo Nexia. 1.5 (75 hp), 1.6 (85 hp) M5 62900-91350
FIAT ALBEA. 1.4 (77 hp) M5 104640
Fiat Punto. 1.2 (65 hp) M5 97000
Hyundai I10. 1.1 (65 hp), 1.2 (78 hp) M5 / A4. 92400-113500
Hyundai Getz. 1.4 (95 hp) M5 / A4. 95900-122320
Nissan Almera Classic 1.6 (107 hp) M5 / A4. 103600-126800
Geely CK-2 1.5 (94 hp) M5 61900-65900
Geely MK. 1.6 (107 hp) M5 80900-86500
Peugeot 107. 1.0 (68 hp) M5 / A5. 73600-93600
Renault Logan. 1.4 (75 hp), 1.6 (90 hp) M5 / A4. 81900-125500
Renault Sandero. 1.4 (75 hp), 1.6 (94 hp) M5 / A4. 88900-117700
* M - mechanical, and - automatic; The figure indicates the number of steps ** Prices as of February 15, 2011 at the rate of $ 1 \u003d 8.0 UAH, 1 euro \u003d 10.9 UAH

Yesterday I went for the first time on a new car Zaz Forza.. And today I want to lay out your feedback, about him .......


Immediately I will say that the car photographed only in the parking lot, did not succeed during the stroke, all because: firstly I was driving, in the second, the salon manager said that it was impossible to photograph! But still many photos gathered, and as usual there is a video file.

So, developed by the Chinese company Chery, and is called Chery A 13. Now the car is supplied to Russia collected in Ukraine, I have already written about it. I will not be repeated, but just remind you that Forza, in Ukraine, is called the Lada killer.

Exterior Zaz Forza.

As long as the manager, hired in the cabin, was looking for keys and filled the papers on a test drive, I took the opportunity and pofotkal car.

The body looks pretty not bad, the front part is stretched, the rear is short and sharply cropped. So it is done on sports cars, but call it a sports car, the language does not turn.

I must say the details are fitted to each other, very good, the gaps are smooth, the distillations are not observed, as usual it happens on chinese cars. The only thing that personally rushed into my eyes is, it is discovering plastic wheels of the wheels, not very beautiful.

But in defense I will say metal is not such a toy, like on former Chinese cars, it is definitely plus. The same point, welded seam is quite often, which strengthens the body is also plus. I climbed even in the arches of the wheels. Here is a photo

Rubber True disappointed, it is tough and not known for me by the manufacturer. When driving is very much noise, not even at high speed. So unambiguously change. And what did you want "forza" - very budget car And no one will put any dear rubber on it, but in our review only the truth. Here is a photo of rubber names. It is called "Solazo".

Rubber "Solazo"

The nameplates on the rear trunk also have the name Chery, and not Zaz as expected.

On a long slightly sloping front part, there were ahead fog lightsBut there was no magnetic, why?! Paradox!

In general, the exterior did not leave any negative, everything was done by the mind.

Interior Zaz.

In the cabin is spacious, the front and rear passengers will feel good, the legs do not rest on anywhere, respectively, the long-round road is not terrible, it is possible to sit comfortably.

The front seats are not bad, even there is some side support. The seventure material of the two color, leaves much to be desired, thin, it seems to me for a long time it will not stretch. See yourself.

Plastic is very tough and budget, when driving some panels will rattling and it new carAlso crickets came from the continuation of the torpedo, in the area of \u200b\u200bthe handbrake. It is felt that there is no noise insulation at all, even when the windows are closed, the road is perfectly audible, like the engine. The gear lever is pleasantly lying in the hand, has a casing from the leatherette. As I already wrote, the radio tape recorder was not, the average console has three adjusting handles - the position of the air supply damper, the adjustment of warm and cold air, the power supply force of the stove / air conditioner. The steering wheel is made of cheap plastic, but in his hand is not bad. Doors are closed with a roar, it seems to me in our pelvices as well, you need a sizing.

On the driver's doors there are buttons: control of all windows, unlocking the trunk and gas tank strap, also adjust the mirrors. Not bad!

Driver Door - Glasses Management

And finally my video salon video

Trunk.

The trunk is big given that it is Liftbek, I think to hover large overall loads will not be a problem.

Engine and suspension

I will tell you that the engine has pretty not bad craving, pressed the gas and the car quickly accelerates, 1.5 liters. and power (109 hp). The only thing seemed to me the speed a little stretched, but there are no complaints to inclusion, the box works for five! Also, the engine is noisy, everything in the cabin is wonderful! The suspension is rigid, on small irregularities and rails, and I specifically guided the car in those areas where there were rails, a car shakes, plastic salon creaks and friendly with crickets. In general, definitely sizing and sneakers, otherwise it will not be possible to ride.

Despite the fact that ZAZ Forza is definitely not sport-car, measurements of overclocking dynamics caused a lively discussion from readers. Many of them reacted skeptically. Against this background, the thought was born to check the real power and torque of the new Ukrainian car. And try to objectively confirm that ZAZ Forza is not a sleepy fly; Its motor allows you to safely stay in the urban stream and make overtaking on the country track.

No sooner said than done. At the end of November, the Forza test zap with the sequence number 768 drove on a certified motor stand. The manufacturer of the stand is the European company V-Tech, delivering its products to professional racing teams, as well as fans of serious tuning. The stand is able to measure on both axes of the car, with a capacity of up to 1000 hp

However, our requests were much more modest ... Specifications Stands provide measurement accuracy with deviations not more than 0.1%. At the end of the test, a graph is formed, clearly showing what the power values \u200b\u200band torque at all stages are formed. "Auto Center" two control measurements were made. The measurement process was removed on the video; It can be viewed

Zaporizhzhya automotive factory in the instruction manual claims 109 hp The power of the engine ZAZ FORZA, achieved by 6000 rpm. Torque - 140 nm at 4500 rpm.

So, measurement. The car was "ridiculous" on dino-stand rinks and securely fixed with straps. Behind the wheel - a specialist of the company conducting tests. Computer screen is displayed "Speed" of the car and engine speed. Indoors are incredible noise. This mighty fan drives the air into the Radiator ZAZ Forza. The motor is spinning to the cut-off of 6200 rpm on the fourth gear, closest to the line. And silence comes - ZAZ Forza "stops". Then the measurement schedule is printed.

The result is in front of you:

Over the schedule, the peak power values \u200b\u200band torque are displayed. ZAZ Forza reached 107.4 hp Power at 6168 rpm and 127.2 nm of torque at 5213 rpm. It is characteristic that the torque reaches 107 nm at 1500 rpm. That is why ZAZ Forza is easily rushed. Next, the torque is still growing slightly, and starting from 2500 rpm The moment curve becomes almost even, at the level of 120-125 nm, and it remains up to the cut-off. Of course, ZAZ Forza did not beat records and did not break the Dino stand running drums in the shreds. But it spoke as a whole, worthy. The deviation of real power from the claimed was 1.5%.

For clarity, we give the factory data and the results of our measurements in the table:

We are leaving with parting words of a specialist: "You will now light up the ABS malfunction light, it always happens. During tests, the front wheels are spinning, the rear is still. The ABS sensor at such a moment refuses to understand what is happening, but will come to normal through a kilometer of a regular ride. "
So there is, on a torpedo - a yellow symbol of problems with anti-lock system. Performance returned even earlier - after 400-500 meters, the alarm disappeared.

What is the result? Acknowledged, worried before the start of the test. And suddenly Zaz Forza will not reach the stated indicators? But everything ended well. The manufacturer specifies the objective data, this is a fact. But what about the difference of values? Such differences - in one and a half or two horsepower - The usual phenomenon is characteristic of almost all manufacturers. It is easy to explain, for example, a difference in measurement methods and fuel quality.

Let's return with bench tests to every operation. And continue the conversation about the engine. In the yard of winter, day on Street -1-3 C0. In the motor ZAZ Forza - original oil GM ( sAE viscosity 5W-30), filled during zero.

Periodically, morning begins with checking the probe. The oil level is held at the maximum, without changes over 2,000 km run after service. With cooling, the motor is also easily started. But his voice, in the first minutes after the start, has changed. Dry and ringing "say" hydrocompensators. So lasts 1-2 minutes after launch. Then, "drunk" oils, the hydrocompensators are silent. In the identified feature there is no crime, but I dare to give a recommendation to today's and future owners of Forza: be careful, do not go off the place immediately after starting the motor. Do you wash yourself and have breakfast after awakening? Give such a chance and engine. So you will save the resource, because 90% of the wear of modern DVS occurs in the first minutes after the launch, while the engine oil "travels" from the crankcase pallet to places requiring lubricant. But you do not need to warm up the motor 10-15 minutes! It is in vain lost time and money, plus a contaminated atmosphere. It is enough and 2-3 minutes of warming up to the start of movement.

To new meetings on the pages of the forza ZAZ diary. In the following release: as a test car overcomes a Kiev blocking, a long road with full loading and little things of life.

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The most-selling class of cars in the local market are the segment models of the V. due to the current financial situation increased prices for most of them. And yet there are very inexpensive options. One of these is "ZAZ-Forza". The following is considered history, technical specifications this car And his place in the market.

History

First of all, it should be noted that this car It is the version of Chery A-13, so you should consider the features of this car.

A-13 is a subcompact model of class B. It is in production since 2008 is created on the basis of Chery Amulet, which is based on the SEAT Toledo platform for the development of the early 90s. The past century. For creating design, the manufacturer turned to the Body Atelier Torino Design.

Production of a car in Ukraine called "Zaz-Forz" began in 2010 initially it was planned that he would be a successor to Zaz Sens / Chance, but in fact Forza replaced removed from production Opel Astra. G.

The considered car is technically identical to A-13 and differs only by some features of equipping.

Body

This model has two body options: Liftback and 5-door hatchback.

The sizes of the first are in length of 4.269 m, in a width of 1.686 m and a height of 1.492 m, the wheelbase is 2.527 m.

Zaz-forz hatchback is a bit more compact. Its length is 4.139 m. The remaining overall parameters are the same.

The curb weight of the car in both versions is 1.2 tons.

Engine

Forza has the only ACTECO SQR477F motor, which was developed in collaboration with AVL. It is a 4-cylinder power unit with a volume of 1.5 liters. Its power is 109 liters. s., Torque - 140 nm.

Transmission

The only engine is also equipped with only one gearbox. This is a 5-speed mechanical gearbox.

Front drive.

Chassis

The following complete set Comfort is additionally equipped with such equipment as ABS with EBD, driving seat electric heating, passenger airbag, mirror electric drive, rear power windows, MP3 audio system with USB and 4 speakers, front fog lights.

The maximum version of Luxury, in addition to the above, has alloy wheels, audio system with 6 speakers, parking sensors.

The chapter is partially given for familiarization. Illustrations of knowingly impaired quality.

The car is equipped with an SQR477F engine with a volume of 1.5 liters, as well as mechanical box QR515MHA transmissions developed based on newest technologies. SQR477F engine - vertical, water cooling, four-cylinder, linear cylinder locomotive, four-stroke with one switchgear and electronic multipoint fuel injection. The SQR477F engine has perfect characteristics and reliable design, in particular, in terms of the toxicity of exhaust gases and noise. When assembling I. maintenance The engine should adhere to the requirements given in this manual, since their non-compliance may result in a failure to work or even damage to the engine. The SQR477F engine is distinguished by the presence of four valves in each of the cylinders, namely: each cylinder is equipped with two inlet and two outlet valves. Head inlet valve It has a large area than the head of the exhaust valve.

1 - the filling neck of the coolant;
2 - the filling neck liquid for windshield washing;
3 - Tank for working fluid steering power steering;
4 - Tank for brake fluid;
5 - accumulator battery;
6 - oil Prope;
7 - Bulk neck motor oil;
8 - air filter;
9 - power fuse block.

Removal and installation power aggregate

Removing the power unit with a subframe and anterior beam

Disconnect the nodes and parts of the car systems. Make the oil from the engine crankcase and the gearbox crankcase.

1, 2 - fastening bolts;
3 - bolts of fastening the front beam of the power unit;
4 - Radiator beam mounting bolts

Install the trolley under the power unit. Unscrew the fastening bolts (1), (2). Unscrew the fastening bolts of the front beam of the power unit (3). Radiator beam mounting bolts (4).

Installing the power unit with a subframe and anterior beam

Install a trolley with a power unit, a subframe, anterior beam on the lift. Raise the lift to the combination of the silent blocks of the subframe and the front beam with the holes of the body brackets and secure:

  • bolt beam bolts (4), MKP. \u003d 45 H * M (40-50 N * m);
  • front beam of the power unit bolts (3), MKP. \u003d 130 N * M (120-140 N * m).
  • subframe bolts (1), (2); MKP \u003d 130 N * M (120-140 N * m).
Lower the lift.

Removing the head of the cylinder block assembly

Unscrew the cylinder head cover fastening bolts using the end key to 10. Remove the cylinder head cover.

Unscrew two bolts from the top cover of the gas distribution mechanism. Remove the top cover of the gas distribution mechanism. Remove the bottom cover of the distribution mechanism with seals.

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