The combat machine of the landing machine: why the Russian Army BMP Light. Mattering machine: Why the Russian Army BMP Light Difference BMP from BMD

Currently, the topic of ensuring airborne troops by armored vehicles is hotly discussed in the Ministry of Defense and military experts. However, this topic seems to deserve a much more attentive relationship - and above all in terms of the fate of BMD-4 and related issues related to the development of weapons for the Airborne Forces.

Undeservedly offended BMD

BMD-4 in principle meets all modern requirements. Little repeat: Basic chassis - BMD-3, Armament - BMP-3. Recall that BMP-3 is in production since 1979.

Let us turn to the consideration of TTH machines. We will not consider everything, only selectively, problem moments in comparison of BMD-4 and BMD-2 (BTR-D). Machine mass - more than 13 tons. The question immediately arises: is it not much? Apparently, the mass is extended. For example, the mass of BTR-D - 8 tons, IL-76 is able to transport three units of BTR-D (BMD-2), and the BMD-4 is only one. Again the question: where to get so many airplanes? There is no answer, as there is no such number of aircraft.

Transmission by hydromechanical machine. Easy in management, but much more difficult on the device as opposed to mechanical transmission BMD-2, from here and some problems. There are three transmissions powerful filter For oil purification and quite a few different valves. In particular, high-quality GSM TSZP-8 (MGE-25T), hard requirements for moisture and all sorts of impurities, as well as high demands on the qualifications of the service personnel - in particular, the driver of the driver are used.

The weight of the transmission of BMD-4 is more than 600 kg, at the BMD-2 more than 200 kg, the difference is significant. The repair of the BMD-4 transmission is performed only at the factory, the BMD-2 transmission can be repaired in the field.
The engine at the BMD-4 of the same family as on the BMD-1, -2 and BTR-D, only these engines are different in power and mass, we will not consider them. The lack of one, again the mass of the BMD-4 engine and the dimensions above.

Armament BMD-4 is similar to BMP-3: 100-mm gun 2A70 and 30-mm gun 2A72, fire control system (SUO) in principle the same. The weight of the BMD-4 ammunition is higher than the mass of BMD-2 ammunition, and this, in turn, causes a problem with the provision of ammunition, an increase in the number of transport or the amount of ammunition feeds per day is required.

Machine 2C25 "Sprut" - 125-mm self-propelled artillery installation (SAU), in fact, the same BMD-3, only other weapons. The "spruit" is equipped with a 125-mm gun 2A75, analogue of 125 mm tank gun 2A46 T-72 tank. A gun charging, apparently, also borrowed in T-72. In general, the set of weapons has long been tested, reliable and no complaints cause. Moreover, T-72 tank is the most sold abroad and the most warring domestic tank, another advertisement and do not. But the mass of the car is 18 tons, which is already clearly excessively for the airborne car.

Yes, and the weight of 125-mm ammunition is clearly high and income even with the "non-Nona" ammunition and the D-30 Gaubits with all the consequences. At the same time, according to its combat qualities, 120-mm of the Nona projectile exceeds 125 mm of and comparable with the combat power of 152-mm of the Gaubitsa. If the presence of "spruit" in the ground forces and marine infantry is necessary, it is easy to substantiate and historically confirmed, then the presence of such a heavy and overall car in the Airborne Forces is incomprehensible. After all, there are anti-tank missile systems (PTRS), which are most suitable for paratroopers, besides, there was already a similar ACS-85 car, it was later refused, although the paratroopers gave her a good assessment - yes it weighed 15 tons.

Economic component

At the moment, the procurement price for BMD-4 and Sprut varies within a few tens of millions of rubles per car. This is a definitely overestimated price, and at times, and nothing is justified, it is clearly worth the cars so much. What is the reason?
For example: at the moment, the cost of T-90 tank is at the level of 55-60 million rubles per car depending on the configuration. It is not difficult to conclude: at such prices, the Airborne Forces will indeed be on a hungry soldering.

In 1978, the Soviet Airborne DVD was adopted by the target of the landing machine under the designation BMD-1P. With high firing power when shooting on armored goals. The re-equipment of the linear was carried out due to the seizure of the "Baby" and installations instead of the complex 9k113 "Competition" (9k111 "Fagot") with semi-automatic guidance, increased armoredness and an extended range of combat use. Machine development BMD-1P. It was carried out in the same KB VGTZ by analogy with the modification of the infantry combat vehicle. Production BMD-1P. It was carried out from 1979 to 1986 - more than 1000 units were released, and the commander BMD-1PK - was produced in 1987 (220 cars were released). In addition, it was upgraded with overhaul, all previously issued and BMD-1K.. Thus, all the remaining in Russia and the CIS countries after 1990, the array of the landing machines were modifications BMD-1P..

When converting the basic starting bracket for rockets 9M14M "Baby" on a gun mask was dismantled, and a special pin was installed on the roof of the tower, which was put on the rotary launcher 9p135m (1) Competition complex ("Fagot"). The shooter could lead the shooting rockets, leaning out of the hatch of the tower. The inkopteft of the PTur has decreased to three pieces (two 9m113 and one 9m111), which in the standard starting containers are stacked inside the case instead of old styling 9m14m. The starting unit with a sight in the marching position also stacked inside the case, in addition, there is a tripod, which turns the FEDR in the portable option, which allows you to shoot a fifty. Complex 9k113 was intended to defeat tanks and other mobile armored objects moving at a speed of up to 60 km / h, still targets - firepoints, as well as hanging enemy helicopters under the condition of their optical visibility on the range of up to 4000 m.

In the ammunition gun 2a28, 16 shots were introduced OG-15V. with fragmentation grenades. In the mechanized laying, they are uniformly - after three shots of PG-15B - two OG-15B. An enhanced monitoring devices and an advanced sight 1PN22M2 were also installed on the machine, new rollers, the engine and transmission were subjected to some refinement. In addition, the gyroscopic gyroscopic semi-pump GPK-59, the caloric heater and the medium compartment fan are installed. Battle mass BMD-1P. rose to 7.6 tons.

On the base BMD-1P. also produced commander machine BMD-1PKwhich differed from BMD-1K. Only the composition of the weapon, which included a new FEDR. It had the second radio station R-123m, the second apparatus of the R-124 negotiation device, the remote VHF radio station R-105M, the benzoelectric unit AB-0,5-P / 30 and two removable table for the commander and a radio operator in the landing office. In the working position, the charging unit was attached outside the case. To improve the working conditions of the commander from the car, removed the left coursework machine gun unit, and the ammunition to the 7.62-mm Machine guns of the PKT reduced to 3000 ammunition.

MAIN CHARACTERISTICS
Combat Mass, kg
Crew (landing), people
Main dimension, mm:
- Case length (with ahead of ahead)
- Width
- Height
- clearance
- Base x Pitch	there is no data
- Width of the Caterpillary (Step Track)	there is no data
Average specific pressure on the ground, kg / sq.mm
Armament (Boezapas, Shots):
- 73-mm gun 2A28 "Thunder" - 7.62 mm PKT machine guns - PU PTR 9M111 "FAGOT" / 9M113 "Competition"
Corners of vertical guidance, hail.
Stabilizer armament
Charging mechanism	electromechanical
Aiming devices	(periscope., day / night.)
Observation devices
Number of ambrazur (of them for machine guns)
Funds of smoke-making
Engine type and brand	diesel 5D20.
Maximum power, hp (kW)
Number of cylinders
Specific power, hp / t
Capacity of fuel tanks, l
Transmission	one-piece main friction friction friction, 4-speed manual gearbox (4 + 1), onboard friction, planetary onboard gears
Maximum speed (afloat), km / h:
Stroke, km
Overcome obstacles:
- Lifting, hail.
- Roll, hail.
- wall, m
- Brod, m
Booking, mm.	oppusual
Radio station

Airborne troops were always elite - first in the Soviet, and then in the Russian army. They differ from ordinary land units not only increased level Combat training, but also a special equipment, part of which, since the 60s of the last century, became the martial vessels of the landing machine. The most advanced model of this light armored equipment is 4M BMD. Their mass production continues from 2015, however, the "biography" of new combat vehicles began significantly earlier and was quite difficult.

History of development of the Battle Machine of the BMD-4M

In the 80s of the last century in the Soviet Army, generations were changed with light armored vehicles: BMP-2 motorized rifle troops received, and airborne-airborne - BMD-2. These machines differed among themselves on the layout and total weight, but were unified by armament, the main element of which was an automatic thirty-million dollar gun 2A42.

Apparently, both military customers and designers of armored vehicles planned to continue to provide "fire equality" of ordinary infantry and paratroopers. Meanwhile, in 1977, work began on the creation of BMP-3, the armament of which was radically strengthened due to the new tool 2a70 by a 100 mm caliber. An attempt to establish the same gun on the BMD threatened unacceptably increase its mass.

Despite these fears, in the design of the future BMD-3, it was possible to use the same types of weapons on it as on BMP-3. Calculations have shown that the weight of such a car will exceed 18 tons. This meant that the IL-76 main military transport aircraft would be able to take on board only two BMDs, which was not satisfied with the command of airborne troops.

As a result, the BMD-3 remained with the same gun 2A42 as the BMD-2, differing from the last weapon control system and several reinforced armor. As "semi-dimensional" to increase the level of armed, the new car was equipped with an automatic grenade launcher. In 1990, BMD 3 was adopted, however, the entire volume of its subsequent serial release was only 137 units.

As a result, by the beginning of the twenty-first century, the Russian Airborne Forces came with morally obsolete BMD-1 and BMD-2. Both of these cars could no longer provide full-fledged fire support on the battlefield. Anticipating this situation, the constructors of Volgograd tractor plant Back in 1997, they decided to return to the old idea and try to modernize the BMD-3, holding the Bakhch-y combat department on it, as well as on BMP 3.

On the last day of 2004, the renewed martial car of the landing was named BMD-4. After a few months, the first samples were entered into airborne troops. It should be noted that even during the development period, designers managed to achieve some mitigating requirements for the weight of the machine. At first, the military wanted that the mass of the BMD-4 was the same as the BMD-3, but after long and painful negotiations, the parties agreed on a limitation of 13,200 kilograms. Other obtained on BMD 4 specifications Customers were quite suitable.

In reality, the weight was 13.6 tons, which immediately caused a lot of complaints, although it was clear that it was impossible to install a velomyllimeter gun with an ammunition and not to dye the car is physically impossible.

In an effort to reduce the mass, the designers were removed from the BMD automatic grenade launcher and somewhat reduced the ammunition of the thirty millionth gun, but it was not possible to achieve complete "compensation".

Despite a number of positive feedback, the Ministry of Defense did not hurry with orders for the BMD-4. The reasons for this revealed a little later, but the Volgograd Tractor Plant was no longer helped - in 2005 the company went bankrupt, and was actually abolished. Since the airborne troops still needed updating his armored vehicles, the BMD-4 project was transferred to the "Kurganmashzavod", the manufacturer of BMP-3.

Already in 2008, a converted version of the array of the landing machine was demonstrated, which received the designation of the BMD-4M. Designers "Kurganmashzavod" significantly changed the geometry of the armorpus, bringing it at BMP-3, and installed more powerful engineWhat made it possible to slightly increase speed and maneuverability. At the same time, the set of weapons remained the same. It seemed that the project was finally shifted from the dead point, however, then the "under the carpet" remained before the carpet among the military leadership took place.

In April 2010 V.A. Popovkin, First Deputy Minister of Defense of Russia, on behalf of this department, said that no purchases of the BMD-4M are planned. A new car immediately began to criticize violently - this time quite publicly. Special indignation was expressed relatively low level Protection of the crew and high purchase price (about 10% more than that of T-90A tank). It came to statements about the need to purchase a foreign military equipment For airborne.

In 2012, BMD-4M once again "buried" N.E. Makarov, Head of the General Staff of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation, who continued the BMP-3 in the way. Meanwhile, the new car and supporters were in. At the same time it was not difficult to note that the generals from the "ordinary" land forces protruded against the BMD-4M, while their opponents were representatives of the Airborne Forces. The most authoritative "defender" of the new car was V.A. Shamans.

It should be borne in mind that from 2007 to 2012, the Ministry of Defense was led by A.E. Serdyukov, who treated the airborne troops with frank dislike, since they obviously "did not fit" into the reform. For a while it was even a question about the full branch of the Airborne Forces. Of course, paratroopers could not accept a similar attitude, which led to a long and meaningless "war", one of whose victims could well become BMD-4M.

Only in 2016 it was decided to adopt a new martial car of the landing. The volume of serial production of the BMD-4M was over 180 units, production continues. Moreover, it is planned to manufacture new types of landing armored vehicles on the chassis of this car. Whether these ideas come true, it's hard, because the financial position of the "Kurganmashzavod" is rather heavy - now for many years the company literally balances on the very edge of the abyss, and there is simply no other manufacturer in Russia.

Goals and objectives

Fighting machine The BMD-4M set is created to solve the following main tasks:

1. Transportation of airborne fighters in the near and operational rear;
2. The destruction of firepoints, armored vehicles, fortifications and the living force of the enemy;
3. Ensuring the protection of airborne fighters on the battlefield from the fire of small arms and fragments of the most common types of shells and mines.

The main quality that distinguishes the BMD from the conventional infantry fighting machine - it can land both parachute and landing method, and together with the crew.

Design Description

In their way internal device The BMD-4M is largely similar to earlier tracked cars for the Airborne Forces, first of all, on BMD-3, however, the engineers of the Kurganmashzavod have introduced a number of changes a number of changes aimed at achieving the maximum level of unification with BMP-3. This approach greatly simplifies mass production, repair and maintenance.

Corps and tower

The layout of the BMD-4M is the same as other Soviet / Russian array of the landing machine. In front of the case there is a control unit. It provides places for two paratroopers and driver mechanics (center). The middle part of the car is a combat department. Directly above it is a rotating tower. Here, together with the main weapons systems, the commander and the gunner are located.

Tower, in contrast to the aluminum case, made of steel armor. It is part of the Bakhch-y single combat module, which is installed on other samples of Russian light armored vehicles. Turn the tower in the horizontal plane can be 360 \u200b\u200bdegrees.

Fire Management System (Suo)

A set of equipment intended for the maintenance of an accurate fire for various purposes includes the following main elements:

1. Sight commander. Using this device, the commander can independently shoot on various purposes from guns and machine gun, or to give the targer to the target. Used rangefall, day and night channels;
2. Powder sight. Unlike the commander, this member of the BMD-4M crew can apply anti-tank controlled rockets, for which there is a separate information channel in his sight. If necessary, you can use a twelve-fold optical increase. In addition, there is a contaminated thermal imager;
3. Stabilizer of weapons. Alignment is performed in two planes;
4. Device for automatic accompaniment of goals integrated with sight;
5. Ballistic calculator.

In addition, the commander and the gunner have monitors and control panels. All these devices work in close cooperation, which is achieved through the use of a unified information system, complemented by sensors to obtain external environmental data.

The characteristics of the onboard control system of fire control provide accurate defeat of the goals from both the place and during the movement, including afloat. There is also the ability to guide the shooting with fragmentation fugasic shells with closed positions.

Power installation and transmission

Multi-fuel is installed on the BMD-4M diesel engine UTD-29 with liquid cooling, the same as on BMP-3. This ten-cylinder engine reaches its maximum power in 500 horse power At the speed of rotation of the main shaft of 2600 revolutions per minute. The greatest torque is 1460 nm. The engine has its own mass of 910 kilograms. It is capable of working in highlands, keeping all its TTX even at an altitude of 4500 meters.

The transmission of the martial machine of the landing is also unobed with BMP-3 and is collected in one block with the engine. Transmission - automatic, four-step, with a hydrodynamic transformer. When moving with reverse, the machine is able to reach a speed of 20 km / h.

Chassis

Representatives of the Kurganmashzavod have repeatedly stated that they managed to achieve the unification of the BMD-4M with BMP-3 and on the chassis, however, if this happened, then the changes apparently touched them mostly hidden from the eye of the details of the design. Externally, the former five support rollers on each side of the machine is well visible on the BMD 4m. Nothing new and in the design of the caterpillars.

The combat machine Airborne BMD-4M is equipped with a hydropneumatic suspension, which allows changing clearance from 190 to 590 mm, lifting and lowering the case.

Armament

The composition of the universal combat module "Bakhcha-y", installed on the BMD-4M, includes the following types of weapons:

1. A tool 2A70 with the charging machine. Caliber - 100 mm, sighting range - up to 7 km, weight shot - from 15.8 to 18.2 kg, rapidity - up to 10 shots per minute;
2. Automatic gun 2A72. Caliber - 30 mm, aiming range - up to 4 km (alive). Food - selective, fragantive fugasic or armor-piercing cartridges 30x165 mm;
3. Pectm machine gun. Caliber - 7.62 mm, aiming range - up to 1.5 km;
4. Anti-tank controlled Rockets "Arkan" 9m117m3. Start through the barrel of the main tool. Aiming range - up to 5.5 km, armor-proof - 750 mm (average). The combat part is tandem.

The bulk of the main tool includes 34 shots, of which 4 is the Ptur "Arkan", and 30 ordinary shots are accommodated in the "Carousel" of the charging machine.

Amusement gun 2A72 consists of 350 shells. If necessary, the regime must be reduced to 254 to reduce weight. Compared to the 2A42, which was installed on the BMD-2, the new cannon has a much lower return, but this advantage is obtained by reducing the shooting rate, which puts the effectiveness of air target damage. However, for the BMD 4M characteristics of the "anti-aircraft fire" are not so important.

Pectm machine gun is completed with two thousand cartridges.

In addition, on sides of the tower there are six miners to launch smoke grenades 3D6M.

Tactical and technical characteristics

The main parameters are provided for both BMD-4M and the original version of the combat vehicle.

	BMD-4m	BMD-4.
Weight	13 500 kg	13 600 kg
Case length	6.1 M.	6.1 M.
Width	3.11 M.	3,114 M.
Height	2.45 M.	2.4 M.
Clearance	19-59 cm	19-59 cm
Maximum speed	70 km / h	67.5 km / h
Speed \u200b\u200bby water	10 km / h	10 km / h
Power reserve	500 km	500 km
Engine power	500 hp	450 hp
Capacity	Crew - 3 people, landing - 5 people	Crew -3 person, landing - 5 people.

Thanks to the replacement of the engine, the combat machine of the BMD 4M landing machine has a higher specific power - 37 horsepower on a ton (BMD-4 had 33 hp on t.).

Advantages and disadvantages

The main advantage that the BMD-4M has compared to all the earlier models of the array of the landing machine, is very powerful weapons to affect any goals at significant distances.

This sample has a lot of armored vehicles and other advantages:

1. The high level of compatibility with BMP-3 provides increased maintenance, ease of operation and maintenance, and also improves the supply of components;
2. Excellent permeability on any off-road;
3. BMD-4M is distinguished by excellent handling, confidently passing sharp turns and overcoming steep slopes. The car is no longer swing, "entering into the resonance", as happened to the BMD-1 and BMD-2;
4. It is possible to enhance security with a set of overhead armor. True, when landing it is impossible;
5. The BMD-4M has a certain reserve of modernization - on its basis you can do many other types of military equipment.

The disadvantages of the new car are largely traditional for all this class of weapons:

1. Weak armor protection crew. BMD-4M is relatively easily affected by small-caliber automatic guns, and board is vulnerable for large-caliber machine guns;
2. The ammunition of the main tool is in the middle of the car and does not have additional means of protection. Thus, during detonation of 100-mm projectiles, the entire crew will guarantee;
3. Anti-mining protection is not strengthened compared with early models;
4. Inside the BMD-4M is very close, especially if fighters in full combat equipment.

In addition, the layout of the car causes complaints. The opinion was repeatedly expressed that there would be ahead of the motor-transmission compartment, which would be an additional protection for the crew. That's just such a decision is incompatible with landing due to the transfer of the center of gravity.

BMD-4M modifications

So far, the options for BMD-4M are only two - basic model and upgraded to its level "commander" BMD-4K, which gave the designation of the BMD-4km.

In the near future, a whole family of new modifications should appear:

1. Self-propelled anti-tank weapon 2c25m "Sprut-SDM1". Experienced samples of this car are a combat department of already existing landing self-propelled "Sprut-SD", rearranged to the finalized and elongated BMD-4M chassis;
2. Self-propelled gun for airborne 2c42 "Lotos". The chassis is the same as the "Sprut-SDM1", the armament is a long-life universal gun by a 120 mm caliber. This machine must come to replace the well-known "nonon-C";
3. Cornet-D1, index 9p162m. Installation for anti-tank controlled missiles "Cornet" on the BMD-4M chassis;
4. "Birds". Middle anti-aircraft complex for airborne troops. There is little information about it, but it is known that it will be produced on the basis of BMD-4M.

In addition, the press has come to the use of BMD-4M to create a repair and evacuation tractor and an intelligence machine.

All this new technique is likely to appear in the next decade.

If you have any questions - leave them in the comments under the article. We or our visitors will gladly respond to them

Development of a new combat vehicle - "Object 915" - began in 1965 in the head of the I.V. Gavalov OKB Volgograd Tractor Plant (VGTZ). The designers had to create a high-speed, legogencies, a tracked, floating air-bentrated combat machine with combat capabilities, similar to the dried BMP-1 developed during that period. The initial idea provided for the creation of a conventional landing block, consisting of the actual machine, a multi-pool parachute system of the ISS-5-128R and the serial landing platform P-7. The platform was intended to roll the unit into the aircraft, provided it from an airplane using an exhaust parachute and amortized to the landing. However, the required landlord mass, determined by the carrying capacity of the An-12 aircraft for a given number of simultaneously loadable combat machines, did not allow the machine to be created with the corresponding TTZ with its own mass. To ultimately meet the mass limit, the idea was proposed to use a hydropneumatic suspension with variable clearance. This assumed the opportunity to implement the following scheme: the block (the car with a parachute system) independently goes into the aircraft, then lowered on the bottom and mooring at the time of flight; When the unit is released, the block is moving along the rolling of the aircraft's cargo deck and leaves the board. In addition, it was assumed that during the flight to the ground, the support rollers of the machine will automatically be devastated to the maximum clearance. Then the suspension given in the working condition will play when landing the role of the shock absorber. However, it turned out that such a decision would lead after landing to unpredictable bouncing of the machine and to its possible overturning. At the same time, the car was inevitably due to get confused in the parathyutyral systems. This problem was solved using special disposable depreciation skis, but the supporting rollers had to be recorded at the time of landing in the special upper position "D", right up to the operation of the pussy, spent on Earth.

In 1969, the combat machine of the landing "Object 915" was adopted by airborne troops Soviet army under the designation of BMD-1. Since 1968, it was serially produced on VGTZ.

1 and 21 - inserts with embrasures; 2 - upper frontal sheet; 3 - the base of the hatch of the driver's mechanics; 4 and 6 - roof sheets; 5 - Ring; 7 and 8 - stops for the installation of the platform of the parachute and reactive system; 9.14 and 20 - rear, medium and front top onboard sheets; 10 - ring for installation and mounting onboard; 11 - Shatka for a ball unit for ACMS machine; 12 - hole for pneumatic springs; 13 - holes for the axis of the supporting roller; 15 - Balance Stop Bracket; 16 - lower onboard sheet; 17 - Balance Bracket; 18 - a hole for the bracket of the crank wheels; 19 - towing hook; 22 - Lower frontal sheet; 23 - Wave-refrigerated shield hinge flaps

1 - flaps of the loop of the wave-reflective shield; 2 - Luke Machine Commander; 3 - clip for the observation device; 4 - hole for the device TNPP-220; 5 - hatch gunner; 6 - Cover of the feed hatch; 7 - a hole for installing the collective protection supercharger valves; 8 - hole for the device MK-4C; 9 - removable engine air intake nozzle cover; 10 and 27 - shells for access to fuel tanks; 11 and 24 - removable covers for access to water and oil pipelines; 12 and 16 - removable sheets of roofs for access to the power compartment; 13 - protective grid with a grid; 14 - the outlet of the waterproof pipe; 15 - rear inclined sheet; 17 - hole for the water pipe; 18 - hole for installing a glass of water damper; 19 - towing device; 20 - Feed List; 21 - Bracket for installing a removable ski mount bracket; 22 - pad (bunching fist); 23 - hatch for a ball unit for ACMS machine; 25 - hole for a glass of antenna entry; 26 - hatch for accessing the filling neck of the oil clock; 28 - hatch for accessing the refinement of the cooling system; 29 - Folding loops for parachute systems; 30 - hole for the exhaust fan valve; 31 - Hole to install PSP equipment

BMD-1 has a classic for tanks, but an unusual infantry chart for combat vehicles: the combat department is located in the middle part of the hull, and the motor-transmission is in the fodder. The body is welded from relatively thin armor plates - for the first time in the practice of Soviet engineering, aluminum armor is applied. This made it possible to significantly alleviate the car, but by security. Armor could protect the crew only from the fire weapon of the caliber of 7.62 mm and fragments of shells. The upper head plate is very tilted to vertical - by 78 °, the angle of inclination is significantly less and is 50 °. This decision was dictated by the desire to increase the volume indoor space, as well as buoyancy machines. The wave-reflecting shield lying when driving on land on the front front plate serves as additional protection. The housing in the nose is narrowed, its cross section It has a T-shaped form with developed sugranic niches. The tower is welded from steel armor, borrowed at the BMP infantry combat vehicle. Its frontal parts are protected from 12.7-mm armor-piercing bullets.

In the front of the housing along the axis of the machine there is a workplace of the mechanic-driver. To enter and exit the car, it has an individual hatch, the cover of which is lifted and shifted to the right. In the process of driving, the mechanic mechanic can observe the terrain in the 60 ° sector using the three prism appliances of the Obpo-170. For observation when the BMD is moving, instead of the average TNP-170 appliance, the TNP-350B device with increased periscope is established. For driving a car under nightlock instead of the average daily observation device, a night-distance binocular instrument of observation of Twine-4 is installed. To the left of the driver's mechanic is located the place of the BMD commander, which falls into the car and comes out of it also through his hatch. The commander has a periscopic heated observation device - the Sight TNPP-220, in which the branch of the sight has a two-way increase and angle of view of 10 °, and the branch of the observation device - the viewing angles of the vertical of 21 °, by horizon 87 °. The same device of the TNPP-220 is installed at the machine gunner, sitting to the right of the driver. Under nightlife, the commander uses the instrument of Twine-4. Arrows - paratroopers placed behind the combat separation in the MTO feed partition, use two gifless heated appliances TNP-170 and the MK-4C periscopic device (in the feed hatch).

1 - bracket for connecting the exhaust parachute lock; 2 - bracket for fixing depreciation ski; 3 - pad for attaching prz prz; 4 - emphasis for depreciation ski; 5 - hole for the release of gases from the heater boiler; 6 - hatcher for draining oil from the tank; 7 - protective grating of the water supply; 8 - brackets for attaching prz prz; 9 - shelf for access to the engine oil pump reducing valve; 10 - hatcher for draining oil from the gearbox; 11 - capture to install removable depreciation brackets for depreciation skiing; 12 - rear towing hook; 13 - hatcher for draining oil from the engine; 14 - the hatch for draining fuel from the tanks; 15 - hole for the coolant descent; 16 - hatcher to access the tension mechanism of the conveyor mechanized can

In the middle of the case there is a combat compartment with a single tower borrowed from BMP-1, inside which the seat of the gunner is located. It serves a semi-automatic smooth-bore cannon 2a28 "Thunder" caliber 73 mm with concentrically located anti-tottack devices and a 7.62-mm PCT machine gun with it. The tool has a wedge shutter and sector lifting mechanism. The height of the fire line is from 1245 to 1595 mm, depending on the installed clearance. The range of direct shot by a target of 2 m is 765 m high. The largest sighting range is 1300 m. Combat rainformation 6 - 7 SECTION / MIN. The ammunition for the gun - 40 PG-15V shots with cumulative anti-tank grenades is located in a mechanized (conveyor) laying located around the circle of the tower on the rotating platform, as in BMP-1. Since one of the most important requirements for the car was her low mass, designers had to simplify (compared to BMP-1), the charging automatic machine. The conveyor delivered a projectile selected by the gun to the charging point, after which the gunner had to manually move it and insert it into the venue. The simultaneous solution of such tasks as the search for targets, guiding tools, its charging and burning fire, for one person the problem is rather complicated, therefore the navel's psychophysical data deteriorated significantly depending on the duration of the fighting and the number of shots produced. The armament of the tower supplemented the launching installation of anti-tank controlled rockets - Ptthi (according to the terminology: jet shells - PTURS) 9M14M "Baby", access to which is carried out through a special hatch in the roof. The rocket management is made on the wires of a single-channel system, in which the control forces in the pitch planes and the course are created by one executive body. The separation of controls in two mutually perpendicular planes occurs due to the forced rotation of the rocket in flight with a frequency of 8.5 v / s. In total, three ptters are placed in the car (two in the laying in the tower and one in the housing) and 2000 cartridges for a paired machine gun. The latter are equipped with ribbons that are stacked in two stores of 1000 ammunition in each placed in the gilzotraffer. After installing shops, the ribbon is connected to each other.

1 - hatch cover of the commander; 2 - stopper; 3 and 16 - screens; 4 - the hatch cover of the driver's mechanics; 5 - Machine gunner lid; 6 - belt handle; 7 and 15 - hinge sash; 8 - opening for observation device; 9 - hole for the ball device; 10 - Cover of the feed hatch; 11 - bracket; 12 - torsion; 13 - finger; 14 - locking screw; 17 - emphasis; 18 - loop

As in BMP-1, the tower is not stabilized. Hovering in horizontal and vertical planes is carried out using electrical drives. In the event of their failure, the gunner can use manual drive.

For observation of the terrain and maintenance of fire, the gunner has at its disposal a combined (daily and unreliable night) monocular periscopic sight 1pn22m1.

1 - 73-mm smooth-bore gun; 2 - driver-driver seat; 3 - accumulator battery; 4 - switchgear; 5 - 7,62-mm machine gun, paired with an instrument; 6 - machine gunner seat; 7 - collective protection system supercharger; 8.9 and 31 - the seats of shooters; 10 - Sharp installation for firing machines; 11 - relay controller; 12 - manual pump hydraulic system; 13 - fan blowing the generator; 14 - hydraulic pump drive coupling; 15 - Removable engine air intake cover; 16 - the refueling neck of the right lower fuel tank; 17,28 - fuel tanks; 18 - hydraulic heating tank; 19 - water radiator; 20 - Protective cover over exhaust valve reservoir pump; 21 is a water pump; 22 - rear overall lamp; 23 - protective grid with a grid; 24 - water pipe; 25 - antenna entry; 26 - power block; 27 - oil tank assembled with a boiler of a heater; 29 - fuel filter rough cleaning; 30 - hydraulic pump; 32 - Rotating Tower; 33 - Operator's flooring seat; 34 - exhaust fan; 35 - sight; 36 - Commander seat; 37 - SPP sensor; 38 - power supply; 39 - CRP control panel; 40 - switching unit; 41 - A-1 apparatus of a tank negotiation device; 42 - installation of 7.62 mm coursework machine gun; 43 - Box for machine gun tape; 44 - radio station; 45 - the power supply unit; 46 - Air Cylinder

1 - Gyropolucompace; 2 - power supply radio; 3 - machine gun installation; 4 - the seat of the driver's mechanics; 5 - radio station; 6 - monitoring device with an elevated targeted tube; 7 - the central shield of the mechanic-driver; 8 - driver's mechanic hatch; 9 - driver observation devices; 10 - power supply unit of the driver of the driver's mechanic; 11 - rechargeable battery; 12 - shop-box; 13 - Battery switch; 14 - Crane gear engine aircraft system

Ambusura sight is located on the left side of the roof of the tower in front of the gunner hatch. In night mode, visibility range depends on the background of the terrain, the transparency of the atmosphere and the magnitude of the natural illumination and is an average of 400 m. The angle of view is 6 °, the multiplicity of zoom is 6.7. In day mode, the sight has a 6-fold increase and field of view 15 °. In the ocular to the right of the sighting mesh there is a rangefinder scale, calculated for the target with a height of 2.7 m. In addition to the sight for observing the area, the gunner uses four periscopic instruments of TNPP-170.

In the ambrusuras along the edges of the frontal part of the case in ball supports, two coursework is installed. The fire of them lead the machine commander and machine gunner. The ammunition of each machine gun consists of 1000 cartridges placed in four standard boxes. The greatest targeted range of shooting using the Action TNPP-220 is 800 - 1000 m.

In the middle part of the machine body on both sides and in the lid of the feed hatch, there is one ball installation for shooting from AKMS machines. Ball plants located on board are closed with armored dampers, which are opening manually from the workplaces of the shooters.

In the feed part of the case there is a motor-transmission compartment, in which a 6-cylinder V-shaped four-stroke uncompetitive diesel engine of liquid cooling 5D20, developing power 240 hp (176 kW) at 2400 rpm. Taking into account a small mass of the car - only 6,700 kg, it gives a very high meaning of the specific power - 32 hp / t, which, in turn, allows the machine to develop the maximum speed of more than 60 km / h. Engine operating volume - 15 900 cm 3, weight - 665 kg. Power selection from the engine is made on the transmission from the flywheel side, and on the drive of the hydraulic pump - HLU-39 from the opposite side.

Fuel - diesel for, dz or yes. The total capacity of fuel tanks is 280 liters. Fuel supply is carried out using a high-pressure high pressure block pump.

A feature of the power system by air is a device for air intake consisting of two kinematic linked valves, overlapping the air outside the machine outside the machine and from the combat compartment, which increases the safety of the movement. Provided heated by air intake air.

The cooling system is ejection, also provides suction of dust from air cleaner and MTO ventilation. It includes a heater of a canorrifer-type for heating a combat compartment.

1 - cheek of the ambrusura; 2 - ambrusura guns; 3 - holes for wedges; 4 - cutout for machine gun; 5 - Luke for installation 9m14m; 6 - rim; 7 - a hole for the fan; 8 - operator hatch; 9 - Ring; 10 - roof of the tower; 11 - closure for monitoring devices; 12 - Hole to install a sight

1 - gilzotramporic; 2 - roller; 3 - lid of the gilzotraffer; 4 - Pust store; 5 - castle; 6 - edge; 7 - lifting mechanism; 8 - instrument 2A28; 9 - launcher bracket; 10 - bracket fastening of the lifting mechanism; 11 - sector; 12 - eccentric handle; 13 - bracket; 14 - observation device; 15 - guide; 16 - leading roller; 17 - intermediate roller; 18 - drive of the conveyor; 19 - sight 1pn22m1; 20 - front support mechanism tower turning; 21 - traction; 22 - PTurus control panel; 23 - the seat of the operator's flooring; 24 - conveyor frame; 25 - guide mount bracket; 26 - roller bracket; 27 - centers; 28 - platform pendant bracket in the tower; 29 - rear joint tower rotation mechanism; 30 - Tower turning mechanism; 31 - TRAINING BRAINING WITH A TRANSFER; 32 - Roller to install the guide; 33 - PCT machine gun, paired with an instrument; 34 - conveyor chain; 35 - platform; 36 - centering ring; 37 - Guide Support

1 - sleeve; 2 - intermediate clip; 3 - outdoor clip; 4 - nut; 5 - Rubber ring; 6 - seal; 7 - spring; 8 - support; 9 - stopper in a hike; 10 - hylimity; 11 - roof of the housing; 12 - outer disk; 13 - internal disk; 14 - case; 15 - Observation Device - Sight UPPP-220; 16 - Protective Cap; 17 - axis; 18 - low-cost; 19 - Eccentric clamp; 20 - ELECTROPHUME ELECTROPUSTE button; 21 - handle; 22 - bunker; 23 - frame to install a box with a ribbon; 24 - front rack; 25 - frame with crawls; 26 - bed; 27 - torsion balancing device; 28 - bracket; 29 - Torsion

The main way to start the engine by electric starter, it is possible to start the air, but the compressor in the car is not provided. There is a mechanism for automatic motor protection against water from entering water, preventing its penetration into the engine cylinders when it stops while overcoming the water barrier or washing.

The engine is selected with a transmission consisting of one-piece friction friction, four-stage mechanical box Transmissions with a constant gearing gear and synchronizers on the 3rd "and 4th gears, two onboard frictions with ribbon brakes and two single-stage planetary onboard gears. Side frictions multi-disc, with friction steel steel. Main friction, gearbox, onboard frictions are connected The engine is in a single power unit. In addition, gearboxes are installed in the engine and transmission compartment. The radiator of the engine cooling system is placed above the gearbox. Air circulation through the radiator is provided by the blinds in the top of the housing.

The running part of the BMD-1 in relation to one board consists of five conserved dual ribbed support rollers made of light alloy. The role of elastic suspension elements is performed by hydropneumatic springs, combined into a single system. As an elastic element, a compressed nitrogen is used in them, the force for which is transmitted through the liquid.

1 and 2 - boxes for the right coursework machine gun; 3.4 and 9 - bags for signal and lighting cartridges (rockets); 5 and 7 - styling shells of 5m14m; 6 - mechanized (conveyor) styling by 40 PG-15V shots; 8 - bags for hand grenades F-1; 10-nests for laying a grenade to RPG-7; 11,12 and 13 - Boxes for the left coursework machine gun; 14-- Lower shop-box for a paired machine gun; 15 - Upper Store-box for a paired machine gun

1 - block carder; 2 - flywheel; 3 - Pointer arrow: 4 - Tachometer sensor; 5 - block head; 6 - block head cover; 7 - coolant removal fitting; 8 - Fuel filter thin cleaning; 9 - exhaust manifold; 10 - high pressure tube; 11 - fuel pump; 12 - fuel pumping pump; 13 - rod measuring the oil level in the regulator; 14 - Centrifugal oil filter; 15 - Military regulator; 16 - control lever fuel pump; 17 - cover lid access to the nozzle; 18 - intake manifold; 19 - generator; 20 - air distributor; 21 - starter gear

Hydropneumatic suspension is more complicated torsional, but has more favorable characteristics by elasticity in a wide range of loads. In addition, it combines the functions of an elastic springs, a hydraulic shock absorber, damping the fluctuations of the body, the actuating power cylinder when changing the clearance of the machine from 100 to 450 mm and the retention mechanism of the support rollers in the upper position when the housing is posted. The suspension allows you to reduce the overall height of the machine when stopping and movement roven road, hang it when installing it on the landing platform, reduce the protruding running part when moving afloat. All elements of suspension and clearance adjustment are located inside the case. Guide wheels are placed in the front of the case. Changing the caterpillar tension is performed using a crank mechanism with hydraulic drive. The process of tensioning and loosening the caterpillars is controlled by a driver-driver from his place without leaving the car. In the BMD-1, small-grained caterpillars are used with OMS, consisting of 87 tracks each. In the middle of the tracks on their inner surface there are guide ridges. The upper branches of the caterpillars are based on four single-sided rubberized rollers, and two of them (medium) are located outside the ridges, and the extremes behind them. Crawler Do not covered with protective screens.

Movement along the water is carried out at the expense of water vehicles located in the engine and transmission separation along the sides of the machine housing. The water homes are mounted in tunnels, the inlet holes of which are arranged in the bottom of the machine, and the weekend is in its feed. The input and outlet holes are closed with special sliding valves that perform the functions of both protection and steering when swimming. The closure of the flaps of one of the aquesometers leads to the rotation of the machine. The BMD-1 is perfectly held on the water, while having a good swimming rate (up to 10 km / h) and maneuverability. During swimming in the front of the housing, a wave-reflecting shield is rising, which prevents the in the front of the front of the machine to pour the front.

The composition of the additional equipment, which is equipped with the BMD-1, includes a system of collective protection against the OMP, automatic system Fire extinguishing, as well as reservoir and smoke-forming equipment.

To ensure external communication on the martial machine of the landing, the R-123M radio station is installed. Communication inside the machine provides a P-124 tank negotiation device for five subscribers.

On the basis of the BMD-1 since 1971, the BMD-1 K commander machine was produced, which was additionally installed: the second R-123M radio station; antenna filter; Second apparatus A2 of the maintenance device P-124; benzoelectric unit; Codekeeper; Medium heater and fan; Device of radiation and chemical reconnaissance STPP (instead of gammadatchik GD-1M); Two removal tables. To improve the operating conditions of the commander from the machine, the left term-running machine gun unit was removed.

In 1974, the Armediary of the Airborne Forces was adopted by the Crawler Armored Transporter of the BTR-D, created under the direction of A.V.Shabalin in the KB VGTZ using nodes and BMD-1 assemblies. The prototypes of this car passed military tests in the 119th parachute shelf of 7 gv. A VDD, which has become sorted by a kind of base for testing new technology.

The appearance of BTR-D was not random. The stringent requirements for the mass limit forced to limit the dimensions and, accordingly, the capacity of BMD-1. It could accommodate only seven people: two crew members and five paratroopers (for comparison: in BMP-1 - 11). Thus, in order to plant the Airborne Forces "on the armor", it would take too much battle cars. Therefore, there was an idea of \u200b\u200bdeveloping on the basis of the BMD-1 armored personnel carrier, weaker armed, but also having a greater capacity. It was distinguished from the BMD-1 elongated by almost 483 mm hull, the presence of an additional pair of support rollers and the lack of a tower with weapons. The arms of the BTR-D consisted of two coursework 7.62-mm PCT machine guns mounted in the nose of the machine, similar to the BMD-1, and the four smoke grenade launchers 902V "Cloud" mounted in pairwise on the rear wall of the landing off. In the second half of the 1980s, part of the machines were equipped with a 30-mm automatic grenade launcher AGS-17 "Flame", installed on the bracket on the right side of the roof of the case. The permanent crew of the BTR-D consists of three people: the driver of the driver and two machine gunners, ten paratroopers are placed in the landing office. In the side of the landing off, the height of which, compared with the entire body, is somewhat increased, there are two ambrusuras with balls for firing from AKMS machines and two prism heated appliances TNP-170. In the stern hatch there is a periscopic device MK-4C and another ball installation for firing from the machine. Observation in the front sector from the landing department can be conducted through two rectangular viewing windows, in the combat position of the closing armored lids. In the front of the roof of the landing off, the Luke of the landing commander, borrowed from BMP-1, is located. Surveillance sector through the TCN-ZB device and two TNP-170 devices installed on the hatch are expanded by rotating it on the ball support. Despite the increased dimensions, due to the rejection of the tower with weapons, the combat mass of the BTR-D, compared with the BMD-1, increased only 800 kg.

In 1979, the BTR-RD armored personnel carrier "Robot" was created on the basis of the BTR-D, equipped with PU 9P135M anti-tank complex "Competition" for PTS 9M113 or 9P135M-1 for PTS 9M111 "FAGOT". He entered the arms of anti-tank units of airborne troops. Later on the basis of BTR-D, the BTR-Zd "Cross" was created for the transportation of calculations of anti-aircraft missile systems (six CRKK "Strela-3"). This machine is also used as a chassis for installation on the roof of the body of a 23-mm paired automatic anti-aircraft gun PS-23-2 on a field faucet.

BTR-D served as the basis for the creation of a self-propelled artillery gun 2C9 "Nona" and the artillery control machine 1B119 "Reostat". The latter is equipped with radar exploration of terrestrial targets with a distance of detection to 14 km, a laser rangefinder (defined distance - up to 8 km), day and night surveillance devices, top acceptor, onboard computer, two radio stations P-123, one P-107. The crew is placed in the cut, the devices are installed in the rotating turreka. Armament includes coursework, CRKK, three RPGs like "fly".

Command-staffing machine of the "Regiment - Brigade" KSHM-D "Soroka" is equipped with two R-123 radio stations, two p-111, an R-130 reconnaissance radio station and classifying communication equipment. The BMD-KS "Sitin" battalion has two R-123 radio stations.

The armored repair and evacuation machine Bram-D is equipped with a crane-arrow, a traction winch, a soul-shovel and a welding machine.

On the basis of the BTR-D, the Satellite Communication Station of the P-440 ODB "Phobos", the sanitary armored personnel carrier, as well as the starting and control stations and the remote-manned aircraft type "Bee" and "Bumblebee" of the Malachite air surveillance complex.

In the late 1970s, BMD-1 was subject to change during overhaul. In particular, on some machines in the aft of the tower, a block of smoke grenades of the 902V "Cloud" system was installed, on other support rollers were replaced with newered (later such rollers appeared on BMD-2).

1 - donyshko; 2 and 6 - prism; 3 - transition frame; 4 - top housing; 5 - intermediate prism; 7 - cover; 8 - visor; 9 - safety pillow; 10 - clip; 11 - low-key; 12 - body housing; 13 - Eccentric clamp; 14 - Tumbler

In 1978, an upgraded BMD-1P version was adopted with high firing power due to installation instead of the Malytka PTR for firing a contest complex "Competition" or "Fagot" with semi-automatic guidance, increased armoredness and an extended range of combat use. The complex is designed to defeat tanks and other mobile armored objects moving with speeds up to 60 km / h, still targets - firepoints, as well as hung enemy helicopters, provided they are optical visibility on the range of up to 4000 m. Starting installation of the 9m14m complex on the gun mask dismantled And on the roof of the tower there is a bracket for fastening the launching machine 9p135m complex "Competition" ("Fagot"). The shooter can restore and carry out the launch of a ptur, leaning out of the hatch of the tower. The ammunition is the two rockets 9M113 and one - 9M111, which in standard starting containers fit inside the housing. In a marking position inside the housing, the launcher is also stacked, and in addition, the tripod, which allows for the guidance and launch of the ptur from the soil.

In the ammunition gun 2A28, 16 OG-15V shots with fragmentation grenades were introduced. In the mechanized laying, they are uniformly - after three shots of PG-15B, two OG-15B are stacked. Amusement to the coursework PCT machine guns is 1940 ammunition in tapes for 250 rounds, laid in six boxes; 440 cartridges are in factory packaging. The machine also installed advanced monitoring devices and sight 1pn22m2, new rollers, and transmission underwent some refinement. The combat mass of the BMD-1P rose to 7.6 tons.

The battle cars of the BMD-1 landing machine began to enter the troops in 1968, that is, even before their official adoption of arms. The first received a new technique and began to master it the 108th parachute-landing regiment of 7 GW. A VDD, which became the first regiment, fully armed BMD-1. In the rest of the shelves at first new technician equipped only one battalion. The first division equipped with new equipment was 44 GW. A VDD followed by 7 GW. VDD. According to the state in the parachute regiment, it is assumed to have 101 BMD-1 and 23 BTR-D, not counting the combat vehicles of various purposes on their base. The process of armament of airborne troops by combat machines was completed only by the beginning of the 1980s.

In parallel with the development of new techniques during the 1970s, the process of mastering the means of landing. At the first stage, the P-7 parachute platform P-7 and multi-polar parachute systems of the ISS-5-128M and ISS-5-128R were used for the landing of the BMD-1 and BTR-D. Parachute platform P-7 is metal design On removable wheels, intended for landing on it by flight mass from 3750 to 9500 kg of IL-76 aircraft at a flight speed of 260-400 km / h, and from An-12B and An-22 - at 320 - 400 km / h. Versatility of platforms, multiplicity of exhaust mooring options and the presence of a complete set of fastening parts allowed the landing on them literally everything - from the combat vehicle to crawler tractor or field kitchens. Depending on the mass of the paratable cargo, a different number of parachute blocks was installed on the object (from 3 to 5 to 760 m each). When landing at speeds 300 - 450 km / h and the minimum height of 500 meters, the speed of reducing objects is no more than 8 m / s. For damping at the time of landing, air or cellular shock absorbers are used.

The experience of the BMD discharge on multi-pop parachute systems and special platforms by the end of 1972 was accrued quite large. New combat cars paratroopers were successfully used on large tactical teachings, they took them from the sky, scolded and joined them in "Fight". The systems had a sufficiently high, confirmed by a large number of landings, reliability - 0.98. For comparison: the reliability of an ordinary parachute is 0.999999, that is, 100 thousand applications - one failure.

However, there were cons. The mass of the platform with wheels and mooring facilities was, depending on the type of machine and aircraft, from 1.6 to 1.8 tons. Preparation for landing required a fairly long time, and the transportation of systems on airfields - large quantities truck vehicles. It was hard to load boiled cars into airplanes. Not satisfying the low reduction rate of BMD on multi-pop parachute systems. In addition, when landing the dome was prevented by the movement of combat vehicles, they fell into the caterpillars, melted, why the propulsions jammed. The greatest complexity was in the other. With aircraft different types Reset from one (An-12) to four (An-22) machines, the crews jumped behind them. Sometimes the paratroopers were dissipated at a distance of five kilometers from their BMD and a long time was looking for them.

At the turn of the 1960s - 1970s, the Commander of the Airborne Forces of the General Army, V.F. Magelov, matures the brave and, at first glance, the unrealizable thought - landing people right in the technique, and not separately, as she was done before. Thus, a significant gain in time was achieved, the mobility of landing units increased. Margelov perfectly understood that with a significant variation of paratroopers and equipment, the combat task may be impracticable - the enemy will destroy most of the landing immediately after landing.

In the summer of 1971, the complex "Parachute system - a combat car - man" began to be developed, which received the "Centaur" code designation. At the beginning of the 1972, he was created. Testers have begun to cooked machine layout with people. The overload portability was checked by the specialists of the GNII and space medicine. In the machines, simplified cosmic chairs of the type "Kazbek" - "Kazbek-D" were installed. After receiving positive results, the stage of technical landing complex from aircraft followed. Then - Reset BMD with dogs - the results are also magnificent; Animals transferred overload normally. In mid-December 1972, the testes of L. Zuev and A. Marelov (the son of the Armadent of the Airborne Forces) and five doubles (cadets of the Ryazan School and Athletes of the Central Sports Parachute Club of the Airborne Forces) under the leadership of the Deputy Commander of the Airborne Service of General Lieutenanta I.I. Lisov At the special simulator at the village of Medvezhi Lakes near Moscow, there was a final preparation for landing inside the combat vehicle.

The idea of \u200b\u200blanding inside BMD was carried out in practice on January 5, 1973, when the crew of the "Slobodka" (near Tula) is the crew of the "Kentaur" - the commander Lieutenant Colonel L. Zuev and the station operator Senior Lieutenant A.Marelov for the first time in world history fell on the head "Opponent" from the sky in the Martial Martens of the landing.

A total of 34 landing systems of this type, in which 74 people took part. From the An-12 aircraft landing inside the BMD-1 and the entire crew. This happened in the Ryazan Airborne Command School on August 26, 1975. The use of a joint landing complex allowed the crews of combat vehicles already in the first minutes after landing, bring the car ready to fight the car, not spending, as before, time for her finding, which significantly reduced the timing of the assault entry into battle. Subsequently, work on improving joint landing complexes continued.

Other disadvantages of multi-pop parachute systems managed to eliminate in the adopted airborne Airborne PRSM-915. This is a free parachute agent intended for landing specially trained cargo and military equipment from IL-76 and An-22 aircraft equipped with roller equipment, or from An-12B aircraft equipped with TG-12M conveyor. A distinctive feature PrSSM-915, compared with the ISS-5-128R with a parachute platform P-7, is the following: instead of five blocks of basic parachutes in the ISS-5-128R, each of which has an area of \u200b\u200b760 m?, Only one is applied in PrSM-915 the main parachute of 540 m?; instead parachute platform The shock absorber is applied by a reactive engine-inlet.

At the heart of the operation of parachute-jet systems is the principle of instantaneous amount of vertical reduction rate at the time of landing due to the thrust of jet engines mounted on the very object itself. At the beginning, after separation from the aircraft, using the UPU (exhaust parachute system), the main parachute is introduced, which is quenched and stabilizes the fall rate. At this time, the automation of the reactive system is operated; The special generator is spinning and charges a large capacitor capacitor - it will then go to the ignition of the brake engine. Out vertically down two proves have contact closers at the ends. When applied to the Earth, they cause the powder reactive engine, which instantly extinguishes the vertical speed with 25 m / s to zero. The probe length is established depending on the mass of the object, the height of the terrain and air temperature in the discharge area.

1 - support; 2 - power hydraulic cylinder; 3 - lever; 4 - crank; 5 - guide wheel; 6 - pneumatic spring; 7 - reference roller; 8.9 - supporting rollers; 10 - focus of balances; 11 - leading wheel; 12 - onboard transfer; 13 - TRANS

The advantage of this system is that an additional platform is not required to land objects. All elements of PR are attached and transported on the machine itself. The disadvantages include some difficulty in organizing the storage of PRS elements, the use of them only for a certain sample of military equipment, greater dependence on external factors: temperature, air humidity.

On January 23, 1976, a joint landing complex "Retastavr" or "reactive centaur" was tested using the PRSM-915 parachute reactive system. In the martial car of the landing, there were lieutenant colonel L. Stherbakov and, as in the case of the "Centaur", the son of the Commander of the Airborne Forces A.Margelov. Tests passed successfully. In subsequent years, about 100 targets of the Retastavr system were produced.

For the 1970s, the airborne troops of large-scale training landings was characteristic of the airborne troops. In March 1970, for example, in Belarus, the major international doctrine of Dvina, in which the 76th Guards Airborne Chernihiv Red Banner Division took part. In just 22 minutes, more than 7 thousand paratroopers were planted and over 150 units of combat technology.

The experience of transferring the air to the considerable number of military equipment and personnel was useful when entering the troops to Afghanistan. In December 1979, the compounds and parts of the Airborne Forces, conducting an independent, essentially an airborne operation, landed in Afghanistan at the Kabul and Bagram airfields and the tasks were completed before the land forces.

The use of BMD-1 and BTR-D in Afghanistan was not too successful, and therefore for short. The thin armor of the bottom and a small mass of the machines led to the fact that when undermines in powerful fugas, they practically destroyed the components. Weaker anti-tank mines either completely destroyed the running part, or pierced the bottom.

Immediately revealed the impossibility of shooting over the slopes of the mountains and the small efficiency of 73-mm shells against the global walls. Therefore, most parts of the Airborne Forces in Afghanistan moved to the land BMP-2, and then for an option with enhanced booking - BMP-2D. The benefit of any need for an airborne combat vehicle in Afghanistan was not, and paratroopers fought there as an elite infantry.

The exports of BMD-1 and BTR-D were not supplied. However, judging by Western publications, a small amount of BMD-1 received Cuba, which used them in Angola. After the withdrawal of Cuban troops from the African continent, several machines apparently remained in service with government troops and, judging by photographs, participated in a large battle with UNITA's troops from Moving in 1990. Apparently, an insignificant amount of BMD-1 was also in Iraq in 1991.

After decay, a significant number of array of the landing machine remained outside of Russia, in some former allied republics, in whose territory the airborne compounds were deployed. As a result, these machines were used by opposing parties in armed conflicts in Nagorno-Karabakh and Transnistria.

By the time of the conclusion of the Soviet troops from Afghanistan, the Vienna Negotiations were already in full swing on the conclusion of an agreement on conventional armed forces in Europe (CFA). According to the data that the Soviet Union presented to its signature, for November 1990, the USSR had 1632 BMD-1 and 769 BTR-D on this continent. However, by 1997, on the European part of Russia, their number was 805 and 465 combat vehicles, respectively. To date, their number decreased even more - the fighting losses in the North Caucasus affected and technical wear. Up to 80% of cars are operated 20 years or more, 95% have passed one, or even two overhauls.

The newest BMD-4M is armored, tracked, and also a floating machine of airborne troops.

In fact, close relative of the infantry combat vehicle.

Adapted to a number of specific tasks, lightweight, but, the main thing that is suitable for airborne parachute, parachute-reactive or landing method.

Two extremes

Analogs of our BMD-4M, as usual, no. Why? Let's take on the basis of only the main indicators of the machine. Its mass 14 tons, length 6.1 meters, height 2.2 meters, UTD-29 diesel power is 500 hp For comparison, the BMP-3M unified with it, produced by the same Kurganmashware, has the following indicators: 22.7 tons with dynamic protection, 7.1 and 2.3 meters, 500 hp With UTD-29 or 660 L.S. Diesel from UPD-32. For landing purposes, it is heavy.

Abroad caterpillar analogues of BMD and BMP develop a little in another direction. Some countries are increasing protection and thereby dispersed the mass. Here are examples. American M2 Bradley scored from 23 (early modifications) to 30 tons (version M2A3), while it was saved to buoyancy. Machine dimensions: 6.5 and without a small 3 meter. Armament: gun 25 mm caliber and 7.62 machine gun. German Marder: 33 tons, 6.8 and 3 meters, gun 20 mm, 6.62 machine gun. I can not swim. And finally, the newest German BMP Puma: 43 tons, 7.3 and 3.1 meters, 20 mm gun, 5.56 machine gun. Allow, but this is the mass of a heavy tank of the KV-1 times of the war. Exactly! And also the height of the promising BMP is more than that of the leopard 2a6 tank. These are the combat machines of the infantry of a number of NATO countries. Too tall, too heavy, armed with only fine-caliber guns. What are the needs of the landing and chasing with a parachute? The same Puma can even transport the air to the air only the A400m transport aircraft and only despite the fact that it will be a greatly lightweight BMP with a significantly weakened level of protection! It turns out when transporting the air is lost, for which a vegetable garden was found.

And what is going on in our weight category, that is, in the segment of the tracked technology weighing about 14 tons? Here is another extreme - relatively inexpensive legogencies of the poorly armed BMP and BMD not the most advanced designs. An example is American AIFV based on an outdated armored personnel carrier M113A1. Was produced for the Army of Belgium, Holland, Philippines. Weight - 13.8 tons, length - 5.2, height - 2.8 meters. Armament: Gun 25 mm and machine gun 7.62. Engine power 267 hp Aluminium case. Smeats by rewinding the caterpillars. His direct heir to ASV-15 is still produced in Turkey for his own needs and armies of Malaysia, UAE and other countries. Differences in characteristics - a little more (300 hp) engine power.

This technique is inferior to our BMD-4M in all respects. Booking, survivability, armament, speeds on land and afloat, turnover, engine power. The situation is critical so much that the Turkish product received a modification of ACV-SW with a combat module from ... Russian BMP-3! And finally, ZBD-03 from the Middle Kingdom. This is a specialized assault combat machine. In the transport IL-76, they are closer to three pieces. Indicators: 8 tons, Chinese analogue of our gun 2a72 caliber 30 mm, machine gun 7.62. Machine floating, airborne. But, putting your hand on the heart, is not higher than the level of Soviet BMD second generation.

What flames on this background is the domestic novelty?

Sit down and zhink

BMD-4M also refers to the category of light-organized combat vehicles, albeit heavier than predecessors. Its housing is made of aluminum armor with anti-defense. Otherwise, it cannot be - the landing technique has hard limits on dimensions and mass. Unlike BMP, it does not hide a lot of protection for it and not to turn into "almost tank." We can do anything, the design of BMD has to look at the size of the compartments and the carrying capacity of the transport aviation, the characteristics of parachute systems. To date, the IL-76 transport server can be set two BMP-4M. But work is underway to improve aircraft and free parachute systems to land with three units of military equipment from one side, that is, a platoon. Therefore, airborne technique should not be criticized for a weak booking. IN this case It is better thin armor than at all without it. The reserve of strengthening protection within reasonable, of course, is. You can install additional sheets of steel on the sides and modules with ceramic armor. Photos of such BMD-4M come across the Internet.

As for the runoff, in this plan, the BMD-4M is a typical representative of the Patriotic School of Design. Movable, fast, maneuverable. Power point - Powerful atmospheric diesel engine and semi-automatic gearbox. Among the talents easy machines steering, solid stroke, the ability to swim with the help of water veterinary engines (10 km / h with excitement to 3-4 points). Another undoubted plus is the ability to disguise. BMD-4M and so low in comparison with foreign tracked technology. Moreover, it is equipped with a hydropneumatic suspension with changeable clearance. The working road clearance of BMD-4M is about 450 mm, but it can be increased to 530 or reduce to 130 mm. The military appreciate this ability to "Lack" - walk the bikes that combat vehicles can sprinkle on the wheat field.

But the main advantage of our easily organized BMD-4M is powerful weapons. This is where we are ahead of foreign BMP and BMD. Moreover, both the lungs and most severe. The weapon unit consists of an automatic 100-millimeter instrument-starting installation 2A70, rapid (up to 330 shots per minute) gun 2A72 by a 30 mm caliber and a machine gun 7.62 pusts.

In the Unified Machine charging of the main caliber - 34 of the Hydroelectric Fugasal Processing of Zof19 increased power and range of shooting and 4 anti-tank controlled Rockets "Arkan" with a tandem cumulative combat part. The rapidity of the gun is 10 shots per minute, shooting range with projectiles up to 7 kilometers. The armoredness of missiles is 750 mm (equivalent of homogeneous armor with dynamic protection), the range is 5,500 meters. That is, BMD-4M can hit any tank.

Small-caliber rapid 2A72 with a movable barrel - a gun with a reduced return. Designed for installation in weapons modules with thin armor. The highest firing range for land targets is 4 kilometers. In the amphibian, fragmentation fugas-incendiary, fragant-tracing, armor-sized tracing and armor-piercing rolling shells of improved penetrations (CZR8 "Kerner") can be used. The gun is equipped with double-sided tape powered with automated and manual feed switching.

It should be noted that the BMD-4M is equipped with a modern and efficient fire management complex. It allows you to hit the terrestrial and, which is important, air targets around the clock. From place and in motion. As part of the complex, the stabilizer of weapons and ballistic calculator, laser rangefinders, a thermal imaging sight with an automatic hosting machine and a panoramic thermal impetition of the commander. By the way, in the fire management system there is a complete duplication of firing by commander by all types of weapons, in case this is not able to make a gun operator.

The output suggests itself - a spark of two guns is much better than just a small caliber. And the instrument-starting installation and a gift at all - work with the external (installed on the tower) in someters often requires to leave the car, and here all operations will do the charging machine.

I will list the advantages of BMP-4M. Movable and maneuverable airborne combat machine with powerful weapons and good permeability. Floating, airborne.

Among the disadvantages, but what about without them is a complex chassis, problematic under repair in the field, hindered the departure of the landing due to the features of the layout, a small number of paratroopers on board. But the last disadvantage can be considered, eliminated - Cracked armored personnel carriers of the BTR MDM shell are arrived in a capacity of 13 people with a capacity of 13 people, not counting two crew members. These machines are widely unified with BMD-4M on the chassis and must act together. Konk one - firepower, the other is the number of seats for paratroopers.

BMD-4m

Length Width Height 6100/3150/2227 mm
Ground clearance Changeable 130-530 mm
Number of places crew + landing 3 + 4 (5) people.
Weight 14000 kg
Maximum speed 70 km / h
Speedafloat 10 km / h
Highway reserve 500 km

ENGINE

A typediesel, multi-fuel, hopeless
Locationrear cross
ModelUTD-29
Configuration / Number of Valves V10 / 20.
Working volume 26.5 L.
Power2600 kW / l. from. at 331/500 rpm

SUSPENSION Hydropneumatic

Bookingkanna aluminum armor

Armament

Type / Caliber Weapon Installation 2A70 / 100 mm, automatic gun 2A72 / 30 mm, Pectm machine gun / 7.62

Impression 100 Shot + 4 Ptthi, 500 shells, 2000 ammunition