Introduction
For your course project, I chose the MAZ 231 bus. Uniqueness of promisingMAZ 231. lies in the possibility of its use both on intercity and on suburban routes. With the length of the machine that makes up 12 m, 51 seats can be installed in its cabin. The suspension from the new Minsk liner is made fully dependent, that is, less costly in production and more easy to maintain (in front of two are installed, behind - four pneumobalon).
Nevertheless, newMAZ 231. It is quite suitable for "long-range" transport. For example, a sample demonstrated in Moscow was equipped with soft comfortable seats with high-quality finish, armrests and adjustable backs. Over the heads of passengers, the comfort blocks are located along the entire salon stretched the luggage shelves for a small hand-made bag, and the windows could be seen on the windows, without which it is difficult to do in long-range flights. By order it is possible to complete the bus with air conditioning and the video system.
In the same time, salon MAZ 231. It is also designed for the fact that on some suburban routes, some passengers can drive standing. Thus, its common passenger capacity is 80 people.
Although Russia still continues to produce and register autotechnics satisfying environmental standardsEuro-3. , the new Minsk bus was originally designed immediately under the standardEuro-5. which is currently acting in Europe. To achieve these norms, one of the most modern serial turbo diesel engines was installed in the engine compartment of the liner - inline 6-cylinderMercedes-Benz Om926La . With its volume of 7.2 liters, designers managed to remove 326 hp If we consider that the rest of the aggregate "filling"MAZ 231. also consists mainly of imported components
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The appearance of the MAZ 231 was fulfilled in full compliance with the trends in Europe. Moreover, exteriorMAZ 231. made in a single key with other modern buses of the Minsk Automobile Plant, and in this one of its strengths.
Workplace The driver is also contemporated in the spirit of modern ideas: on both sides of dashboard settled keys to control various systems, seat and steering column Adjusted in a wide range. The floor of the cabin for several centimeters rises above the floor of the rest of the cabin, which protects the pedal knot from the streams of water when washing and from pollution into slushful weather. It only seems that the gearbox lever MAZ 231 in the old manner is installed next to the driver's seat, while in Europe it is now increasingly placed right on dashboardTo the right of the steering wheel. Yes, and the algorithm for switching the steps of the transmission, judging by the scheme, not the most familiar, as if specifically performed by the backward. It would not be prevented by a bus and more stylish exterior rearview mirrors. In general, both the ergonomics of the driver's workplace and visibility are at a very high level.
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Section 1.
Comparative analysis Buses MAZ 231, MAZ 251, MAZ 152
MAZ-251 bus from Minsk car factory Designed for the transport of passengers for long distances. The tourist bus series 251 received a prize of visitor sympathies and was recognized as the best tourist bus at the international exhibition MIMS-2004. The concept of the tourist bus MAZ-251 is based on the application in the design of fiberglass bodies of the body, which significantly reduce the mass motor vehicle. Application in the tourist bus of the Minsk Automobile Plant of pasted tinted plastic braids, which are manufactured using all modern technologies And the materials ensures the tightness of passenger transport, increases the rigidity of the body. The overall stylistic of this tourist bus also determines the use of modern lighting devices.
Equipped modern engine MAN D 2866 LOH 28, with EURO 3 environmental safety class, tourist bus MAZ produces power 360 horse powerThis is an excellent indicator. It is able to develop a speed of 134 km / h, this property allows the MAZ-251 to get to the destination. Excellent indicators Speed \u200b\u200band power make MAZ-251 competitive in the world market. In the MAZ-251 salon, it can be conveniently located 44-49 (depending on the configuration) person, for each of which there is a comfortable seat. According to experts, the MAZ production bus is not inferior to foreign counterparts in the level of passenger comfort, nor in high-quality technical equipment.
The MAZ-152 bus is actually the only alternative on the territory of the former Soviet Union with obsolete Ikarus-250 for autoships engaged in long-distance and tourist transport. The bus is designed using most nodes and aggregates used on trucks MAZ.
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Body buses - all-metal, carriage type, carrier. The sidewalls and the roof are made of solid-dimensional steel galvanized sheet, the front part is fiberglass. Glasses are gluing, which has a positive effect on the rigidity of the body. It has two drawing doors. On the bus MAZ-152A, the back door is transferred to the wheelbase. The front door and the rear door are equipped with an electropneumatic drive design. In the pneumatic system of the drive of each door the distributor is installed, the electronic unit Control, cranes of emergency door opening. Pressure in pneumatic systems is regulated by a reduction valve, which is installed near rear door. To ensure the necessary trajectory of the door movement, a traction is installed, which is articulated by one end on the bottom of the door, another - on the buses frame.
On MAZ-152 buses, soft seats are installed with a mechanism for adjusting the seat back of the seat back, the passage control mechanism and the mechanism of the transverse offset of the seat. The pillow and the back of the seat are fixed on the cooler. The side of the seats from the passage is fixed on the floor bolts. The mechanism for regulating the angle of the seat back of the seat allows you to change the angle of inclination of the back in the range of 15 °. To change the angle of inclination of the back, you must move to the limit of the knob to the direction of the specified arrow, reject the seat to the desired angle and release the handle. When the seat handle is released, it is fixed in any intermediate position.
In the cabin, the MAZ-152 buses are soft with armrests of the chair. The angle of inclination of the back and the distance between the seats in the width is adjustable. The salon is equipped with individual lighting and ventilation systems, air conditioning, dry-style, refrigerator, kitchenette, audio and video systems. The number of seats for seat 43-47 (MAZ-152) and 39-45.
The buses can be installed as EMM engines and MAN and Mercedes motors. On buses operated in Minsk, the YAMZ-7601 engines, developing 300 hp and 1275 N * m.
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comparison table technical characteristics
| SPECIFICATIONS | MAZ-231. | MAZ-251. | MAZ-152. |
| Engine: | Daimler OM 926LA (Euro-5) | MAN D 2866 LOH 28 (Euro-3), Mercedes-Benz OM 457 LA (Euro-5) | Mercedes-Benz Om 501La |
| Engine power, kW (hp): | 240(326) | 265(360) | 260(354) |
| Transmission: | Mechanical ZF 6S-1701, automatic ZF6HP | ZF 6S-1701 BO Mechanical with the ladder | Zf. |
| Front / middle / rear axle: | Dependent, pneumatic, 2penomobalone, 2 shock absorber | Independent / dependent pneumatic with telescopic shock absorbers | Dependent Spring |
| Main bridge: | ZF with hypoid main transmission | Double-dimensional tight beam | |
| Wheels: | 8,25*22,5 | Disk 8.25 * 22.5 | Disk 8.25 * 22.5 |
| Tires: | 295 / 80R22.5. | Cameless 295 / 80R22.5 | 295 / 80R22.5. |
| Base, mm: | 6180 | 6060 | 6000 |
| dimensions, mm: | 12000/2550/3100 | 11990/2550/3820 | 11985/2500/3323 |
Comparative Table of Mass Distribution and Loads
Maz-231 bus scheme
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Experience in the operation of buses shows that on uneven roads
average speed Movement drops by 35 - 40%, fuel consumption increases by 50 - 70%, the interrontal mileage decreases by 35 - 40%. At the same time, the performance of vehicles is reduced by 32 - 36%, and the cost of transportation increases by 50 - 60%. To this should be added to the losses due to the overflow of metal, fuel, rubber and additional costs of labor. To reduce these losses, you can or improve the roads, which is expensive, or improve the car suspension, which is more expensive, but in terms of thousands of cars it turns out cheaper.
Nevertheless, the roads with a smooth surface impose very stringent requirements to the suspension. After all, speeds are constantly growing, and the requirements for manageability and stability of cars and road trains are tightened.
The characteristic of the suspension affects the set of car performance: smoothness of the course, comfort, resistance of motion, durability, both the machine itself, and a number of its nodes and parts. In severe road conditions, the capabilities of the suspension, and not the engine power at all, is determined by the average and maximum speeds Movement.
The pendants with steel springs are no longer able to fit into the requirements for them, in the meantime, how, pneumatic elastic elements have a greater energy intensity in the main operating range and at large deflections, which means that the amplitude of the oscillations will reduce the amount of energy absorbed by the shock absorbers simplify adjustment; In this case, in suspensions with steel elastic elements, the progressive characteristic is achieved only due to the strong complication of the structure; ease of automatic control of rigidity and dynamic suspension strokes in accordance with loading conditions, which allows you to get a greater smoothness of the stroke and improve other operational qualities; With the same dimensions of the elastic element, the suspension allows you to have a high degree of unification for cars of different carrying capacity with a significant difference in the magnitude of the undercorns; Pneumatic elements have extremely high durability, unattainable for steel elastic elements.
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The decrease in suspension stiffness improves the smoothness of the car's course with low-frequency oscillations, the most noticeably reduced the acceleration of the body, as well as the movement of the body and wheels.
Relying on the comparative table of technical characteristics of the MAZ 231 buses, MAZ 251 and MAZ 152, I propose to improve pneumatic suspension Bus Maz 231, which will increase such characteristics as smoothness, comfort, resistance when driving, durability.
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The MAZ 251 bus was submitted to the general public in August 2004. The presentation took place within the Moscow Motor Show. The mass production of the model of the AutoGinger began next year. Today, it is MAZ 251 that it is customary to consider the high achievement of the Belarusian plant and a bright representative of the line of passenger equipment of the autobrade.
Features and advantages of MAZ 251
Today's tourist bus MAZ 251 presents the second generation of the model. It is designed on the basis of high-tech systems, knots and units of foreign production. Among its advantages, professionals and passengers celebrate:
- availability of quality air conditioning;
- ergonomic seats;
- comfortable individual tables;
- soft suspension;
- presence in the cabin of the refrigerator and the dry lad.
Acquisition of the bus MAZ 251
AUTO-TRANS, OOO, Official dealer MAZ, has been presented on Russian car market for more than 8 years. Through a wide network of retail sales, Russians are invited to acquire well-proven buses MAZ 251. They are reliable, hardy, maintainable. Spare parts are always in the warehouse of the company.
SPECIFICATIONS| Parameters | Indicator |
| Overall dimensions, mm | 11990/2550/3820 |
| Base, mm. | 6060 |
| Ploot wheels (front / rear), mm | 2093/1825 |
| Outdoor rotation radius not more, mm | 12500 |
| Height steps above the level of the road, mm | 380 |
| Floor height at passage level, mm | 1440 | 7000 | 11000 |
| Full weight, kg | 18000 |
| Number of seats | 44-49* |
| Nominal capacity, people | 44-49 |
| Maximum speed, km / h | 134 |
| Engine | Mercedes-Benz OM457LA (E-5) |
| Engine power, kW (hp) | 265(360) |
| Transmission | MKP ZF 6S1901 BO with intarder (6st.) |
| Front / rear axle suspension | independent / dependent pneumatic with telescopic shock absorbers |
| Main bridge | double-dimensional tight beam |
| Brake system | pneumatic with ABS / ASR system |
| Volume fuel tankL. | 500 |
| Wheels | disk, 8.25x22.5. |
| Tires | 295 / 80R22.5. |
| * - without kitchen installation |
EQUIPMENT
| Independent Liquid Engine Heater 30kW Webasto used for preheating Engine and salon heating |
| Independent air cabin heater 2,0-2.2kW (Webasto or EBERSPACHER) |
| Automatic centralized lubricant system "Lincoln" |
| Anti-lock brake brakes ABS |
| ASR anti-test system |
| Digital Tachograph |
| CC200Webasto air conditioning |
| Kitchens: Boiler, washing, microwave, installation for heating, refrigerator |
| Audio Video System, Car Avtomagnetol, DVD Player, 2 Monitor 14 "with Holder and Bracket or 1 Monitor 14" Without Holder and Bracket, Microphone Guide, driver |
| Biotica |
| Tinted glass |
| Roof fans |
| Imported driver's seat on a pneumoprop with automatic maintenance of a given height and heated pillow and backrest seat with seat belt. |
| Adjustable passenger seats with a displacement device to the center with a stopper and a folding table |
| Guide seat |
| Floor coating "Autolin" |
| Thermoshimo insulating ceiling coating |
| Anti-corrosion processing of the bottom and hidden cavities |
| Wellness Hella |
| Set of outdoor mirrors MEKRA |
| Faworit carpet "AZO" |
| Driver's sleeping place equipped with an independent air heater and communication device with salon |
| Board, roofs, lids of luggage and motor compartments from fiberglass panels |
| Individual ventilation blocks and passenger lighting |
| Curtains in the back and side windows |
| Electrochloride of any glass |
| Coloring by polyurethane enamels of the company "Helios" |
Additional equipment at the request of the customer
DIMENSIONS
Maza is the brainchild of Belarusian manufacturers. Model 251 is a variety of buses. Tourist class appeared in 2006. The car well shows itself on traveling for long and short distances.
Manufacturers have something to be proud of. The emergence of the vehicle in Moscow took place in 2004. A well-known motor show was conducted. On the show, the car was able to express himself, to distinguish, she received 2 prizes:
- the best international tourist bus MIMS-2004 - from the jury;
- the best bus MIMS-2004 is from the exhibitors.
Not only Russia became interested in a bus that showed himself from the best side. They are interested in the EU countries.
The mass of the car is 18 tons. The trunk volume is impressive - 10.5 cubic meters. m. The car can move at a speed of 133 km / h, this is the maximum indicator. Fuel consumption is optimal - 26l / 100 km.
If you wish, you can choose a complete set. Additional options:
- anti-lock system;
- sinking system;
- centralized lubrication system, much more.
All details can be found from the manufacturer.
I want to tell about the power supply system of a separate type fuel. It includes the following:
- fuel tank;
- low and high pressure wiring fuels;
- pump;
- filter of fine cleaning;
- nozzle.
A reliable firm is preheating on the bus - Webasto. This positively affects the cold start of the engine.
The grip of MAZ-251 deserves attention. It provides SACHS. It can be characterized by friction. The slave disk is equipped with twisted oscillations.
Clutch equipped hydraulic drive with pneumatic amplification. The German gearbox deserves attention.
Steering control also causes genuine interest. There is a calculation on the modern steering mechanism. In the cockpit there is a trauma-safe column, which can be adjusted under height and tilt.
Any actions are made by the driver using two cardan shaft and angular gearbox. The system is saturated from the pump that comes with mERCEDES-BENZ engine. All indicators suggest that the steering wheel can be not touched within 800,000-900,000 kilometers (talking about repairs). No, it is simply not necessary during the way.
Another nuance - auxiliary brake system. This is about remote control The damper in the gas outlet system. Still there is a refrequer. This is a retarder brake. Brake devices The MAZ-251 bus is supplied by a reliable company - Knorr-Bremse. Manufacturers did not save on detail. They gave all the best cars.
Safety is above all. Therefore, there is a fire extinguishing system motor compartment. Although the materials in the cabin are the most fire-resistant. The bus burns out 100% more than 40 minutes. But the fire extinguishing system avoids many problems. This refers to the help of powder charge.
Engine and gearbox
The powerful engine allows the bus to make a journey without too much excitement:
Engine type depends on the model:
- 251050 - MAN Euro-3 (MCPP ZF 6 Art.);
- 251062 - MERCEDES Euro-5 (MCPP ZF 6 ST).
In the first model, the number of places is 44/47/49, and in the second 44. But on the fact they are both characterized positively.
Salon bus
On the MAZ-251 installed 44 soft, upholstered seats, which are located pairly along the right and left buses. For the convenience of passengers, each chair is equipped with an adjustable back, footrest and raising armrests. Places are equipped with folding tables with built-in cup holders, grids for books and magazines. In addition, the seats are located on the shelf for the storage of manual baggage, the lamp, ventilation and radio cell are built into the bottom of which are built into the bottom of which.
The second door has a bathroom with a toilet and shell for washing hands. Also in the cabin of the bus is provided with a refrigerator and a kitchenette with a table, microwave and coffee maker.
In front of the bus and middle of the cabin installed two screens intended for watching videos.
Place for a driver with a well-thought-out layout (both the dashboard and the control system of the bus) is not separated from general Salonthat, in principle, traditionally for this kind of buses.
The high location of the floor is due to the impressive size luggage compartmentAccess to which is accessed through lateral hatches.
Under the floor of the second door, the designers provided a heated place to rest the second replaceable driver. It is equipped with a sleeping place, lighting and telephone for communication with the driver behind the wheel of the bus.
Heating and ventilation
Air heating in the cabin occurs due to the cooling system power aggregate. For additional heating of the driver's seat, an independent fan heater is provided. Ventilation of the driver's seat is carried out through the heater holes when the heating function is turned off, in this case the air fence is carried out outside the bus.
The interior is heated by a system consisting of a pipeline, convectors and fan heaters. For natural salon ventilation, two hatches are provided. Forced ventilation It is carried out by two fans mounted in the roof of MAZ-251.
The bus is also equipped with a climatic installation located on the roof in the front of the machine. Passing through it, the processed air enters passenger places, where the intensity of its stream can be adjusted by each passenger individually in accordance with its preferences.
The advantages of MAZ-251
It is logical that the advantages of the car are consisting of its comfort. Moreover, they feel great, both passengers and drivers.
Here is some of the advantages:
- soft suspension;
- mini-kitchen;
- relay;
- comfortable seats;
- folding tables.
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Bus journey begins with luggage download. The hatches of the luggage hold are open vertically - on close sites you can do and narrow passages. But not the entire volume is given to suitcases and bags. In the West, the "on demand" stop is not accepted, because the flagship is equipped with a relay. To drive "Top" in one sitting there will not be given there, so another part of the space is given to the resting driver under the sleeping compartment. Right over the bedroom has a kitchenette, where you can cook tea-coffee and warm up in the microwave sandwiches.
The seats in the cabin are set with a "four-star" step at 83 cm. It is quite spacious, only two 15-inch monitors on a 12-meter salon are probably not enough.
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