What should be the viscosity of the oil for normal work motor? What to choose the viscosity of the oil
What is the viscosity of the oil to choose for engines with big mileage
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Car enthusiasts are very often faced with the problem of selection of lubricant for engines with big mileage. Most often, the vehicle owners cannot figure out what viscosity oil is used for a power unit.
This is due to the fact that the parameters and characteristics of certain models of the engines differ in each other. So when choosing lubrication special attention It should be paid to tolerances and regulations from the manufacturer of the vehicle.
For example, on the car Volkswagen Bora manufacturer recommends using 5W40 viscosity oil. If the owner of the TC will fill in the engine system with a lubricant with an index 10W40 or 15W40, then problems associated with pumping fluid in the oil pump will arise.
This is especially true when severe frosts are observed. If you pour 0W20, the motor will start working for wear, since the oil will have a large fluidity and as a result of the warming of the motor will not be able to ensure proper protection of metal parts and mechanisms.
Big mile engine
As a rule, when the car crosses the line of 200 thousand km of mileage, experts recommend using semi-synthetic in return for synthetics. First of all, it is associated with the loss of operational characteristics of the engine. Therefore, to know, oil with what viscosity is to use, it is necessary to consider the engine's technical condition.
Increasing the mileage of the DVS involves certain changes and requirements for viscosity lubricant indicators. Experienced mechanics recommend pouring oil into the engine with a large index for optimal yield and lubrication of worn out parts. The earlier the car owner will replace the composition on analogue with appropriate viscosity characteristics, the greater the likelihood of storing the functional state of the FEA.
It should also be noted that in worn engines it is not recommended to pour too fluid oils with a large viscosity index, such as 20W50, 10W50. Due to the liquid state, the formed micropoline will be regularly drained from the surface of the driving mechanisms, which can lead to wear and overheating of parts.
Therefore, to select the most optimal viscosity of the oil as for the winter, so the summer period, it is necessary to stay at 5W40, 10W40. In severe frosts, you can use 0W20, and then perform a smooth transition to 5W30.
According to the opinion of auto mechanics and vehicles, it is necessary to use:
- All-season 5W40, if the engine mileage is more than 100 thousand km. In the summer, 10W30 is recommended for the motor;
- All-season 5W50, if the mileage of the engine is more than 250 thousand km. For winter - 5w40 or 10w
But taking into account these recommendations, we note the fact that the power unit may lose the functionality and be in a worn condition for achieving 50 thousand km. Therefore, such indicators should be considered only in the presence of normal engine performance.
Motor liquid pumping
Pumping oil is the possibility of its unobstructed passage through the oil system of the engine. Washing is responsible for the cold launch of the engine. It is from these two parameters that the choice of viscous parameters of lubricant depends.
For example, a machine with an index 5w has a minimal pumping at T -35 ° C. The oil turning temperature is -30 ° C. That is, with the indicator, the engine can be launched in the cold.
Consequently, 5W motor lubrication can be used in moderate climatic zones with a smooth transition to the northern regions, where the temperature indicators in winter Do not exceed -35 ° C.
| SAE viscosity classes | Low-temperature viscosity | High temperature viscosity | |||
| Pumping | Turning | At 100 ° C / mm² / s | Minimum at 150 ° C | ||
| Maximum at temperatures, MPa | Mining | Maximum | |||
| 0w. | 60000 MPa -40 ° C | 6200 MPa -35 ° C | 3.8 | - | - |
| 5w. | 60000 MPa -35 ° C | 6600 MPa -30 ° C | 3.8 | - | - |
| 10w. | 60000 MPa -30 ° C | 7000 MPa -25 ° C | 4.1 | - | - |
| 15w. | 60000 MPa -25 ° C | 7000 MPa -20 ° C | 5.6 | - | - |
| 20w. | 60000 MPa -20 ° C | 9500 MPa -15 ° C | 5.6 | - | - |
| 25w | 60000 MPa -15 ° C | 13000 MPa -10 ° C | 9.3 | - | - |
| 20 | - | - | 5.6 | 9,3 | 2,6 |
| 30 | - | - | 9.3 | 12,5 | 2,9 |
| 40 | - | - | 12.5 | 16,3 | 3,7 |
| 50 | - | - | 16.3 | 21,9 | 3,7 |
| 60 | - | - | 21.9 | 26,1 | 3,7 |
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what are the numbers, viscosity viscosity table, kinematic viscosity
The choice of engine oil is a serious task for every car enthusiast. And the main parameter for which the selection should be carried out is the viscosity of the oil. Viscosity characterizes the degree of degree motor fluid And its ability to maintain its properties at temperature differences.
Let's try to figure out which units should be measured by viscosity, what functions it performs and why it plays a huge role in the work of the entire motor system.
What is oil used for?
Engine work internal combustion implies the continuous interaction of its structural elements. Imagine for a second that the motor works "on dry". What happens to him? First, the friction force will increase the temperature inside the device. Secondly, the deformation and wear of the parts will occur. And finally, all this will lead to a complete stop of the DVS and the impossibility of its further use. Properly selected engine oil performs the following functions:
- protects the motor from overheating
- prevents rapid worn mechanisms,
- prevents the formation of corrosion
- removes the naar, soot and fuel combustion products beyond the motor system,
- promotes an increase in the resource of the power unit.
Thus, the normal functioning of the engine department without lubricating fluid is impossible.
Important! Pump in motor vehicle Only the oil is needed, the viscosity of which meets the requirements of automakers. In this case, the efficiency will be maximal, and the wear of the work units is minimal. Trust the opinions of sellers of consultants, friends and specialists of car services if they diverge with the instructions for the car, not worth it. After all, only the manufacturer can know for sure than to refill the motor.
Oil viscosity index
The concept of viscosity of the oil implies the ability of fluid to the tightness. It is determined using the viscosity index. The viscosity index is the value indicating the degree of tightness of the oil fluid during temperature changes. Lubricants having a high degree of viscosity possess the following properties:
- when the engine is cold started, the protective film has a strong fluidity, which provides a quick and uniform distribution of lubrication throughout the working surface;
- engine heating causes an increase in film viscosity. This property allows the protective film on the surfaces of moving parts.
Those. The oils with a high value of the viscosity index are easily adapted to temperature overload, while the low engine oil viscosity index indicates smaller abilities. Such substances have a more liquid state and form a thin protective film on the details. Under conditions of negative temperatures, the engine fluid with a low index will make it difficult to start the power unit, and with high-temperature modes it will not be able to prevent greater force of friction.
The calculation of the viscosity index is carried out according to GOST 25371-82. You can calculate it using online Internet services.
Kinematic and dynamic viscosity
The degree of drigue material is determined by two indicators - kinematic and dynamic viscosities.
Motor oil
The kinematic viscosity of the oil is an indicator that reflects its fluidity at normal (+40 degrees Celsius) and high (+100 degrees Celsius) temperatures. The measurement technique of this value is based on the use of capillary viscometer. Using the device, the time required for the expiration of the oil fluid to the specified temperatures is measured. Measured kinematic viscosity in mm2 / s.
The dynamic viscosity of the oil is also calculated by the experimental way. It shows the power of the oil fluid resistance arising during the movement of two layers of oil removed from each other at a distance of 1 centimeter and moving at a speed of 1 cm / s. Units of measurement of this value - Pascal-seconds.
The determination of the viscosity of the oil should be held in different temperature conditions, because The liquid is not stable and changes its properties at low and high temperatures.
Viscosity Table motor oils The temperature is presented below.
Decoding Motor Oil Designation
As noted earlier, the viscosity is the main parameter of the protective fluid, which characterizes its ability to ensure the performance of the car in various climatic conditions.
According to the international SAE classification system, motor lubricants can be three types: winter, summer and all-season.
The oil intended for winter use is marked with a digit and letter W, for example, 5W, 10W, 15W. The first marking symbol indicates the range of negative operating temperatures. The letter W is from the English word "Winter" - Winter - informs the buyer about the possibility of using lubricant in harsh low-temperature conditions. It has a greater fluidity than the summer analog, in order to provide easy launch at low temperatures. Liquid film instantly envelops cold elements and makes them easier to scroll.
The limit of negative temperatures in which the oil retains the performance is as follows: for 0W - (-40) degrees Celsius, for 5W - (-35) degrees, for 10w - (-25) degrees, for 15W - (-35) degrees.
Summer liquid has a high viscosity, allowing the film stronger to "hold" on the working elements. In conditions of too high temperatures, such an oil is evenly spreading along the work surface of the parts and protects them from strong wear. Designated such oil figures, for example, 20.30.40, etc. This figure characterizes a high-temperature limit in which the liquid retains its properties.
Important! What do the numbers mean? The numbers of the summer parameter in no case mean the maximum temperature at which the car is possible. They are conditional, and the relationship does not have a degree.
Oil with viscosity 30 is functioning normally at temperatures ambient Up to +30 degrees Celsius, 40 - up to +45 degrees, 50 - up to +50 degrees.
Recognize universal oil simply: its marking includes two digits and the letter W between them, for example, 5W30. Its use implies any climatic conditions, whether it is a harsh winter or a hot summer. In both cases, the oil will adapt to changes and maintain the performance of the entire propulsion system.
By the way, the climatic range of universal oil is simply determined. For example, for 5W30, it vary from minus 35 to +30 degrees Celsius.
All-season oils are convenient to use, so on the shelves of auto shops they are more often than summer and winter options.
In order to have a more complete picture of what the viscosity of the engine oil is appropriate in your region, the table below shows the operating temperature range for each type of lubricating fluid.
Averaged oil performance ranges
The classification of viscosity engine oil also affects the API standard. Depending on the type of engine, the designation API begins with the letter S or C. S implies gasoline engines, C - diesel. The second letter of classification indicates the quality class of engine oil. And the further this letter is from the beginning of the alphabet, the better the quality of the protective fluid.
For gasoline motor systems, the following designations are existed:
- SC is a better release until 1964
- SD is a better release from 1964 to 1968.
- SE-anime from 1969 to 1972.
- SF - release from 1973 to 1988.
- SG is a better release from 1989 to 1994.
- Sh is a better release from 1995 to 1996.
- SJ is a better release from 1997 to 2000.
- SL-exhaust from 2001 to 2003
- SM-exit after 2004
- SN -Avto equipped modern system Neutralization of exhaust gases.
For diesel:
- CB is a better release until 1961
- CC-year release 1983
- CD-year release 1990
- CE-a better released 1990, ( turbocked motor).
- CF is a year of release of 1990, (turbocharged motor).
- CG-4 is a year of release of 1994, (turbocharged motor).
- CH-4-one is released 1998
- CI-4 - modern cars (turbocharged motor).
- CI-4 Plus is significantly higher class.
That one engine is good, then another threatens with repair
Motor oil
Many car owners are confident that there are more viscous oils to choose, because they are the key to the durable engine. This is a serious misconception. Yes, specialists pour under the hoods of racing oils oil with a great degree of tightness to achieve maximum resource Power unit. But ordinary passenger cars are equipped with another system, which simply chooses when the protective film is excessive thickness.
About what viscosity of the oil is permissible to use in the engine of a machine or another, described in any manual.
After all, before the launch of mass sales of models, automakers conducted a large number of tests, given the possible ride and operation modes technical means In various climatic conditions. Thanks to the analysis of the behavior of the motor and its ability to support stable work In certain conditions, engineers set the permissible parameters of the engine lubrication. The deviation from them can provoke a reduction in the power of the motor system, its overheating, an increase in fuel consumption and much more. 
Engine engine oil
Why is the class of viscosity so important in the work of the mechanisms? Imagine a motor from the inside for a minute: there is a gap between the cylinders and the piston, the value of which should allow the possible expansion of parts from high-temperature drops. But for the maximum efficiency, this gap must have a minimum value, preventing the exhaust gas in the motor system formed during the combustion of the fuel mixture. In order for the piston body not heated from contact with cylinders, and is used motor grease.
The level of viscosity of the oil should ensure the efficiency of each element of the motor system. Manufacturers of power units should achieve the optimal ratio of the minimum gap between the driving parts and the oil captivity, preventing premature wear of the elements and increasing the operating resource of the engine. Agree to trust official representatives automotive brand Sostly, knowing what way these knowledge was obtained than to believe the "experienced" motorists, relying on intuition.
What happens at the time of engine start?
If your "iron friend" stood all night in the cold, then the fastener of the viscosity of the viscosity of the oil filled into it will be several times higher than the calculated operating value. Accordingly, the thickness of the protective film will exceed the gaps between the elements. At the time of starting a cold motor, its power drops and an increase in temperature inside it. Thus, the heating of the motor arises.
Important! During the warming, it is impossible to give him an increased load. Too thick lubricant makes it difficult to move the movement of the main mechanisms and will reduce the life of the car.
Motor oil viscosity at operating temperatures
After the engine warms out, the cooling system is activated. One engine operation cycle as follows:
- Pressure on the gas pedal increases the rotation of the motor and increases the load on it, as a result of which the friction force of parts increases (because too binding fluid has not yet had time to get into intermittent gaps),
- oil temperature rises,
- the degree of its viscosity decreases (increases fluidity),
- the thickness of the oil layer decreases (seeps into the interdudal clearances),
- friction force decreases
- the temperature of the oil film is reduced (partially using the cooling system).
According to such a principle, any motor system works.
The dependence of the viscosity of the oil from the operating temperature is obvious. Just as it is obvious that the high level of motor protection should not decline during the entire period of operation. The slightest deviation from the norm can lead to the disappearance of the motor film, which in turn will negatively affect the "defenseless" detail.
Each internal combustion engine, although it has a similar design, but has a unique set of consumer properties: power, efficiency, environmental friendliness and torque value. These differences are explained by the difference between motor gaps and operating temperatures.
In order to make the most accurately choose the oil for the vehicle, international classifications of motor fluids have been developed.
The classification provided for by the SAE standard informs car owners about the averaged range of operating temperatures. Clear ideas about the possibility of using lubricant fluid in certain cars give aPI classification, ACEA, etc.
Consequences of fill with high viscosity oil
There are cases when car owners do not know how to determine the required viscosity of the engine oil for its car, and pour something that sellers advise. What happens if the crash is higher than the required?
If the oil with an overpriced drill is "splashing" in a good warm engine, then there is no danger (with normal revolutions). In this case, the temperature inside the unit will simply increase, which will lead to a decrease in the viscosity of the lubricant. Those. The situation will come to normal. But! The regular repetition of this scheme will noticeably reduce the motor test.
If the "give gas" sharply, causing an increase in revolutions, the degree of viscosity of the fluid will not correspond to the temperature. This will lead to exceeding the maximum allowable temperature in the engine compartment. Overheating will increase the friction force and reduced wear resistance of parts. By the way, the oil itself will also lose its properties for a rather short period of time.
The fact that the viscosity of the oil did not come up with the vehicle, instantly know you can not.
The first "symptoms" will appear only after 100-150 thousand km of run. And the main indicator will be the increase in the gaps between the details. However, it is definitely to associate an overwhelmed viscosity and a rapid decline in the resource of the motor will not be able to even experienced specialists. For this reason, official auto repair shops often neglect the requirements of manufacturers of vehicles. In addition, it is profitable for them to repair the power units of cars, which have already ended the warranty service. That is why the choice of the degree of viscosity of the oil is a complex task for each motorist.
Too low viscosity: is it dangerous?
Motor oil
To destroy gasoline and diesel engines can be low degree of viscosity. This fact is explained by the fact that at elevated operating temperatures and loads on the engine, the flowing film turnover increases, as a result of which it simply "exposes" the items simply "exposes". Result: improving friction force, increase in consumption of fuel, deformation of the mechanisms. The long exploitation of the car with a flooded low-bodied liquid is impossible - it is embarrassed almost immediately.
Some modern models of motors involve the use of so-called "energy-saving" oils having a reduced viscosity. But you can use them only if there are special automakers tolerances: ACEA A1, B1 and ACEA A5, B5.
Stabilizers of oil lungs
Due to constant temperature overloads, engine oil gradually begins to lose initial viscosity. And special stabilizers can restore it. It is permissible to use them in the engines of any type whose wear has achieved a medium or high level.
Stabilizers allow:
Stabilizers
- increase the viscosity of the protective film,
- reduce the amount of nagar and deposits on the motor cylinders,
- reduce the emission of harmful substances into the atmosphere,
- restore the protective oil layer
- reach "silent" in the engine,
- prevent oxidation processes inside the motor housing.
The use of stabilizers allows not only to increase the period between "oil" replacements, but also restore the lost useful properties of the protective layer.
Varieties of special lubricants used in production
The lubricant of the spindle machine is possessed by low grade properties. The use of such protection is rationally on motors having a weak load and working at high speeds. Most often, such a lubricant is used in textile production.
Turbine grease. Its main feature is to protect all working mechanisms from oxidation and premature wear. The optimal viscosity of turbine oil allows it to be used in turbocharging drives, gas, steam and hydraulic turbines.
NMGZ or all-season hydraulic thickened oil. Such a liquid is ideal for technology used in the areas of Siberia, the Far North and the Far East. This oil is intended for internal combustion engines equipped with hydraulic drives. The Navy is not divided into summer and winter oils, because its use implies only low-temperature climate.
Mul-visual components containing a mineral base are as raw materials for hydraulic oil. In order for the oil to achieve the desired consistency, special additives add to it.
The viscosity of the hydraulic oil is presented in the table below.
Oilraite is another lubricant used for conservation and processing mechanisms. It has a waterproof graphite basis and retains its properties in the temperature range from minus 20 degrees Celsius to plus 70 degrees Celsius.
conclusions
An unambiguous answer to the question: "What is the most good viscosity?" No and can not be. The thing is that the desired degree of drig for each mechanism - whether it is a weaving machine or a racing car - its own, and it is impossible to determine its "NAMA". The required parameters of lubricating fluids are calculated by the manufacturers by the experimental way, so when choosing a fluid for its vehicle, first of all guide the developer instructions.
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Motor oil viscosity - value, classes, decoding
The viscosity of the engine oil is the main characteristic of which you choose lubricant liquid. It can be kinematic, dynamic, conditional and specific. However, it is most often used to choose to choose a kinematic and dynamic viscosity. Their valid indicators clearly indicates the manufacturer of the car engine (often allowed two or three values). Proper selection Viscosity provides normal operation of the engine with minimal mechanical losses, reliable protection of parts, normal fuel consumption. In order to pick up optimal lubricant, It is necessary to carefully understand the viscosity of the engine oil.
Motor Oil Viscosity Classification
Viscosity (another name - internal friction) in accordance with the official definition is the property of fluid bodies to resist the movement of one part of them relative to the other. At the same time, work is performed, which is dissipated in the form of heat into the environment.
Viscosity - the value is non-permanent, and it changes depending on the temperature of the oil available in its composition of impurities, the resource value (motor run on this amount). However, this characteristic determines the position of the lubricating fluid at a certain point in time. And when choosing one or another lubricating fluid for the engine, it is necessary to be guided by two key concepts - dynamic and kinetic viscosity. They are also called low-temperature and high-temperature viscosity, respectively.
Historically, it has so much that motorists around the world determine the viscosity of the so-called SAE J300 standard. SAE is an abbreviation for the name of the organization of the automotive engineers community, which is engaged in the standardization and unification of various systems and concepts used in the automotive industry. And the standard J300 characterizes the dynamic and kinematic components of viscosity.
In accordance with this standard, there are 17 classes of oils, 8 of them winter and 9 year old. Most of the oils used in the CIS countries have xxw-yy designation. Where XX is the designation of dynamic (low-temperature) viscosity, and yy is an indicator of kinematic (high-temperature) viscosity. Letter W means the English word Winter - Winter. Currently, most oils are all-season, which is reflected in such a designation. The eight winter is 0W, 2.5W, 5W, 7.5W, 10W, 15W, 20W, 25W, nine Summer - 2, 5, 7,10, 20, 30, 40, 50, 60).
In accordance with the SAE J300 standard, engine oil must comply with the following requirements:
- Pouring. This is especially true for the operation of low temperatures engine. The pump must freeze oil on the system without any problems, and the channels are not clogged with thickened lubricating fluid.
- Work at high temperatures. There is an inverse situation when the lubricating fluid should not evaporate, refine, and reliably protect the walls of parts by forming a reliable protective oil film on them.
- Engine protection from wear and overheating. This applies to work in all temperature ranges. Oil must provide protection against engine overheating and mechanical wear of parts surfaces during the entire operational period.
- Removing fuel combustion products from the cylinder block.
- Ensuring minimal friction force between individual pairs in the engine.
- Sealing gaps between the details of the cylinder-piston group.
- The heat dissipation from the driving surfaces of the engine parts.
On the listed properties of motor oil dynamic and kinematic viscosity affect each in its own way.
Dynamic viscosity
In accordance with the official definition, the dynamic viscosity (it is absolute) characterizes the power of the resistance of the oily liquid, which occurs during the movement of two layers of oil, removed to a distance of one centimeter, and moving at a speed of 1 cm / s. The unit of its measurement is PA C (MPa C). Has the designation B. english abbreviation CCS. Testing of individual samples is performed on special equipment - viscometer.
In accordance with the SAE J300 standard, the dynamic viscosity of all-season (and winter) engine oils is determined by this (essentially, the temperature of the rotationality):
- 0W - used at temperatures to -35 ° C;
- 5w - used at temperatures up to -30 ° C;
- 10w - used at temperatures to -25 ° C;
- 15w - used at temperatures up to -20 ° C;
- 20w - Used at temperatures up -15 ° C.
It is also worth distinguishing the temperature of the frozen and the temperature of the pumpability. In the designation of viscosity it is precisely about pumping, that is, condition. When oil can freely spread through the oil system in permissible temperature framework. And the temperature of its complete pouring is usually a few degrees below (by 5 ... 10 degrees).
As you can see, for most regions Russian Federation Oils with a value of 10w and above cannot be recommended for use as all-season. This is directly reflected in the tolerances of various automakers for machines implemented on russian market. Optimal for CIS countries will be oils with low-temperature characteristic 0W or 5W.
Kinematic viscosity
Another name is high-temperature, it is much more interesting to deal with it. Here, unfortunately, there is no such clear binding as the dynamic, and the values \u200b\u200bare of another character. In fact, this value shows the time for which a certain amount of fluid is poured through a hole of a certain diameter. A high-temperature viscosity in mm² / s is measured (another alternative unit of measurement of Sortistox - CST, there is the following dependence - 1 Ust \u003d 1 mm² / c \u003d 0.000001 m² / c).
The most popular high-temperature viscosity coefficients according to SAE - 20, 30, 40, 50 and 60 (Lower values \u200b\u200blisted above are rarely used, for example, they can be found in some Japanese cars used in the domestic market of this country). If you say in a nutshell, then the smaller this coefficient, the amount of oil, and vice versa, the higher it is thick. Laboratory tests are carried out at three temperatures - + 40 ° C, + 100 ° C and + 150 ° C. The device with which the experiments are carried out - rotary viscometer.
Three these temperatures are not chosen by chance. They allow you to see the dynamics of viscosity change under different conditions - normal (+ 40 ° C and + 100 ° C) and critical (+ 150 ° C). Tests are carried out at other temperatures (and according to their results, the corresponding graphs are built), but these temperature values \u200b\u200bare taken for the main points.
And dynamic and kinematic viscosity is directly dependent on the density. The relationship between them is as follows: Dynamic viscosity is a product of kinematic viscosity on oil density at a temperature of +150 degrees Celsius. This fully complies with the laws of thermodynamics, because it is known that with increasing temperature, the density of the substance decreases. And this means that with constant dynamic viscosity, the kinematic will decrease (as its low coefficients) will decrease. Conversely, with a decrease in temperature, kinematic coefficients increase.
Before switching to the description of the correspondences of the described coefficients, we will focus on such a thing as High Temperature / High Shear Viscosity (abbreviated - HT / HS). This is the ratio of the temperature of the engine to high temperature viscosity. It characterizes oil fluidity at a temperature test, equal to + 150 ° C. This value was introduced by the API organization in the late 1980s for best characteristic produced oils.
Table of high temperature viscosity
Please note that in the new versions of the J300 standard, the SAE 20 viscosity oil has a lower boundary equal to 6.9 CST. The same lubricating fluids that have a value below (SAE 8, 12, 16) are highlighted in a separate group called energy-saving oils. According to the classification of the ACE standard, they have the designation A1 / B1 (outdated after 2016) and A5 / B5.
Viscosity index
There is another interesting indicator - the viscosity index. It characterizes a decrease in kinematic viscosity with an increase in oil operating temperature. This is a relative value in which it is possible to conditionally judge the suitability of the lubricating fluid to operate at different temperatures. It is calculated empirically, comparing properties at different temperature modes. In good oil, this index must be high, because then it performance features Little dependent on external factors. Conversely, if the viscosity index of a certain oil is small, then this composition is very dependent on temperature and other operating conditions.
In other words, we can say that with a low coefficient, the oil is quickly diluted. And because of this, the thickness of the protective film becomes very small, which leads to significant wear of the surfaces of the engine parts. But the oil with a high index can work in a wide temperature range and fully cope with their tasks.
The viscosity index directly depends on the chemical composition of the oil. In particular, on the amount of hydrocarbons and the ease of the used fractions in it. Accordingly, the mineral compositions will have the worst viscosity index, usually it is in the range of 120 ... 140, in semi-synthetic lubricants, the same value will be 130 ... 150, and the "synthetics" boasts the best indicators - 140 ... 170 (sometimes even up to 180).
High viscosity index synthetic oils (Unlike the mineral at their identical viscosity according to SAE) allows you to use such compounds in a wide temperature range.
Is it possible to mix different viscosity oils
The situation is quite common when the car owner for any reason should be addicted to the engine of the engine with a different oil than that that is already there, especially, if they have different viscosity. Is it possible to do that? Reply immediately - yes, it is possible, however with certain reservations.
The main thing is worth saying at once - all modern engine oils can be mixed with each other ( of different viscosity, synthetics, semi-synthetic and mineral water). It will not cause any negative chemical reactions In the engine crankcase, it will not lead to the formation of sediment, foaming or other negative consequences.
Drop density and viscosity while increasing temperature
Prove it is very easy. As you know, all oils have a specific standardization by API (American Standard) and ACEA ( european standard). In some other documents, security requirements are clearly spelled out, according to which any mixing of oils is allowed so that it does not cause any devastating consequences for the engine engine. And since the lubricating fluids correspond to these standards (in this case, it does not matter exactly the class), then the requirement is observed.
Another question is whether to mix oils, all the more different viscosity? It is allowed to make such a procedure only as a last resort, for example, if at the moment (in the garage or on the track) you do not have a suitable (identical to what is currently in the crankcase) oil. In this emergency, you can add lubricating fluid to the desired level. However, further operation depends on the difference of old and new oils.
So, if viscosities are very close, for example, 5W-30 and 5W-40 (and even moreover, the manufacturer and their class are the same), then with such a mixture you can easily ride and then before the next change of oil for the regulation. Similarly, it is allowed to mix and adjacent dynamic viscosity (for example, 5W-40 and 10W-40. As a result, you will get a certain meaning that depends on the proportions of the other composition (in the latter case, a certain composition with a conditional dynamic viscosity of 7.5W -40, subject to mixing their identical volumes).
Also allowed K. long operation The mixture of the viscosity of the viscosity of the oils, which, however relate to neighboring classes. In particular, it is allowed to mix semi-synthetic and synthetics, or mineral water and semi-synthetic. On such compositions you can drive for a long time (albeit undesirable). But mix mineral oil and synthetic, although it is possible, but it is better to take it to it only to the nearest car service, and there is already a complete replacement of oil.
As for manufacturers, there is a similar situation. When you have different viscosity oils, but from one manufacturer - mix boldly. If you are good and proven oil (in which you are confident that this is not a fake) from the well-known global manufacturer (for example, such as Shell or Mobil) add similar both by viscosity and in quality (including aPI standards and ACEA), then in this case, by car, you can also ride a long time.
Also pay attention to automakers tolerances. For some machine models, their manufacturer directly indicates that the oil used must necessarily comply with the tolerance. In the event that the lubricating fluid added does not have such a tolerance, it is impossible to ride for a long time on such a mixture. You need to replace as quickly as possible, and pour lubrication with the necessary tolerance.
Sometimes there are situations when the lubricating fluid needs to be pouring on the road, and you drive up to the nearest auto shop. But in its assortment there is no such lubricating fluid, as in the car carter. What to do in this case? The answer is simple - pour similar or better. For example, you use semi-synthetic 5W-40. In this case, it is desirable to pick up 5W-30. However, it is necessary to be guided by the same considerations that were given above. That is, oils should not be very different from each other according to the characteristics. Otherwise, the resulting mixture should be replaced as quickly as possible to a new grease suitable for this engine.
Viscosity and base oil
Many motorists are interested in the question of which viscosity has synthetic, semi-synthetic and completely mineral oil. It occurs because there is a common misconception that the synthetic means is supposedly viscosity better and that is why the "synthetic" is better suited for the engine of the car. And on the contrary, supposedly mineral oils have a bad viscosity.
In fact this is not true. The fact is that usually mineral oil itself is much thicker, so there is often such a lubricating liquid on store shelves with viscosity testimony by such as 10W-40, 15W-40 and so on. That is, low-viscous mineral oils practically does not happen. Another thing is synthetic and semi-synthetic. The use of modern chemical additives in their compositions allows to reduce viscosity, which is why oils, for example, with a popular viscosity of 5W-30 can be both synthetic and semi-synthetic. Accordingly, when choosing an oil, you need to pay attention not only to the value of viscosity, but also on the type of oil.
Basic oil
The quality of the final product largely depends on the base. Motor oils are no exception. In the manufacture of oils for the engine of the car use 5 groups of base oils. Each of them is characterized by a method of producing, quality and characteristics. More
W. different manufacturers In the assortment you can find a variety of lubricating fluids related to different classes, but having the same viscosity. Therefore, when buying a lubricating fluid, the choice of its type is a separate question that needs to be considered, based on the engine, brand and class of the machine, the cost of the oil directly and so on. As for the above values \u200b\u200bof dynamic and kinematic viscosity, they have the same designation according to the SAE standard. But here the stability and durability of the protective film in different types of oils will be different.
Select Oil
Selection of lubricating fluid for concrete Engine Machines - the process is quite laborious because it is necessary to analyze a lot of information to make the right decision. In particular, besides directly viscosity, it is advisable to ask the physical characteristics of the engine oil, its classes according to API and ACEA standards, type (synthetics, semi-synthetic, mineral water), engine design and much more.
Which oil is better to pour into the engine
The choice of engine oil Dol is based on viscosity, the specifications of the API, ACEA, tolerances and those important parameterswhich you never pay attention to. You need to select 4 main parameters. More
As for the first step - the choice of viscosity of the new engine oil, it is worth noting that it is initially necessary to proceed from the requirements of the engine manufacturer. Not oil, but engine! As a rule, in the manual (technical documentation) there is a specific information about the lubricating fluids of which viscosity is allowed to be used in the power unit. Often it is allowed to use two or three viscosity values \u200b\u200b(for example, 5W-30 and 5W-40).
Please note that the thickness of the formed protective oil film does not depend on its strength. Thus, the mineral film is withstanding the load of about 900 kg per square centimeter, and the same film formed by modern synthetic oils based on the estrices can already withstand the load of 2200 kg per square centimeter. And this is with the same viscosity of oils.
What will happen if the viscosity is incorrect
In continuation of the previous topic, we list the possible troubles that may occur if the oil is selected in unsuitable for this viscosity. So, if it is too thick:
- The operating temperature of the engine will increase, as thermal energy will be discharged worse. However, when driving on low revolutions and / or in cold weather, it can be not considered a critical phenomenon.
- When driving on high speed and / or at high load on the engine, the temperature can significantly increase due to which there is a significant wear of both individual parts and the engine as a whole.
- The high temperature of the engine leads to accelerated oxidation of oil, which is why it is faster and loses its operational properties.
However, if you pour into the engine very liquid oil, There may also be problems. Among them:
- Oil protective film on the surface of the parts will be very thin. This means that the details do not receive proper protection against mechanical wear and exposure to high temperatures. Because of this, the details are faster.
- A large amount of lubricating fluid usually goes into a volunteer. That is, will take place big flow Oil.
- There is a risk of the so-called wedge of the engine, that is, his way out is in order. And this is very dangerous because it threatens complex and expensive repairs.
Therefore, to avoid such trouble, try to pick up the oil of that viscosity that the machine manufacturer allows the machine engine. By this, you will not only extend the life of its operation, but also provide the normal mode of its work in different modes.
Conclusion
Always follow the recommendations of the automaker and pour lubricating fluid with those values \u200b\u200bof dynamic and kinematic viscosity, which is directly indicated. Minor deviations are allowed only in rare and / or emergency cases. Well, the choice of one or another oil should be carried out in several parameters, and not only by viscosity.
Ask in the comments. Reply be sure!
etlib.ru.
What is the viscosity of the oil to choose? - Forsazh
What is the viscosity of the oil to choose?
This is the second article on the viscosity of the oil (below - reference to the first part). The fact is that motorists asked many questions and on the site forum and through the mail. And most of these questions are the result of the fact that automakers often admit several viscosity options, and the judgments of the sellers of oils and even respected auto mechanics often go into incisions with the recommendations of automakers.
Given all this - I decided to write another article about viscosity, I hope clarity in this matter will be a little more.
5W-50 or 0W-30?
It seems like the viscosity of automotive oils, everyone has already been treated, but it can be seen at all. Questions that are often set on the site forum are prompted to write more on the topic of oil viscosity. So, what is it better to choose, greater or less viscosity of motor oil? And how to be if the warranty service fills the automotive oil with an unintended viscosity instruction? I will immediately say again: the viscosity of the car must comply with the requirements of the automaker, regardless of age, run, driving style, budget and "authoritative" service of servicemen, even If this is the official service. This article is written for doubting those who are just wondering why so. If you are from that - read on, if not, read the instruction manual (or the service book), and require that the engine oil is solely provided by engine oil designers (in all parameters, including viscosity). And deepen the viscosity of the motor Oil. The most understandable majority of car trap in the engine in the engine is the "cylinder piston", so we take it for clarity this is exactly this friction in your small logical examination.
For a start, rhetorical question: piston diameter (assembled with rings), and the inner diameter of the cylinder is the same? Of course not! In order for the piston to make it hundreds of times in a minute to make progressive movements in the cylinder, its diameter is simply obliged to be slightly smaller, otherwise the friction instantly heat both participants in our trendy friction pair to temperatures under which they are destroyed. So, the difference in diameters (clearance) is, the question is as follows - how big is this gap, how is it filled and what does it affect? Based on the principle of operation of the internal combustion engine (internal combustion engine), it is this clearance and determines as a result of the motor efficiency (efficiency of the efficiency), because it is through this gap "leakage" of the pushing force of the fuel mixture in the cylinder. Thus, it turns out that the smaller the gap - the more power? On the other hand, as already mentioned, the gap (let the minimum) are still necessary, in addition, as any other pair of friction, our pair also needs constant lubricant. Therefore, the main task of designers make this clearance exactly corresponding to the oil film that the engine oil creates with such a property as viscosity. In this case, the engine power will be the maximum possible (other things being equal) for its design.
What is happening in the engine when it is cold and the viscosity of the oil at times exceeds the calculated work? We remember the school course of physics and conclude: if the oil film is thicker than the gap, the friction force increases, which leads to a drop in power and temperature increase. It is in this that the "secret" of the Motor Builders is the "Secret": they count the gaps precisely under the operating temperatures of the engine (which is considered to be the range of 100-150 ° C for most motors), consciously forcing the engine to work under increased loads when warming up. It is the overestimated viscosity of cold oil that helps the engine to warm up faster. And that is why automakers are categorically not recommended to load the engine to full warm-up. Well, it is precisely for this reason that the specialists claim that one (each) of the engine heating into severe frosts takes about 300-500 kilometers from the total engine of the new engine (not to be confused with the resource of the engine oil - it does not affect the service interval.
What happens when the engine, and, accordingly, engine oil, warmed up to the operating temperature? And at that moment the engine cooling system starts to work. Everything happens on this scheme (very simplified): with an increased load or turnover, the friction coefficient increases \u003d\u003e the oil temperature increases \u003d\u003e oil viscosity drops \u003d\u003e The thickness of the oil film decreases \u003d\u003e The friction coefficient decreases \u003d\u003e oil temperature drops (not without system cooling), or in any case, its growth slows down. The circle closed, the motor works. But the viscosity and temperature of the engine oil do not stand still - they are dynamically changed in certain, strictly calculated by the manufacturer of the motor bands. In fact, in fact, the efficiency of the engine does not depend on the absolute value of viscosity at a certain temperature, but from the dynamics of its change When operating in a specific range of operating temperatures and compliance of this dynamics of the design of a particular motor. It should not be forgotten that any engine, especially modern - a very accurate mechanism, and from this very accuracy, all the parameters for which we usually, we estimate the consumer attractiveness of the engine: power, torque, fuel efficiency.
And here it is just gaining a special value: is there a difference in the gaps and operating temperatures of engines of different types, volumes and producers? There is, and this difference is very significant, especially if we are talking about the latest models of engines. That is why there are different tolerances of automakers for motor oils, as well as various quality classifications for the temperature and viscous requirements of some international classifications (the most vivid example is the ACEA classification). Specify, it's not only about oils with a different viscosity index by SAE! The high-temperature viscosity index on SAE is assigned based on the absolute viscosity values \u200b\u200bat temperatures of 100 and 150 ° C (more details, see the oil viscosity table - there are all ranges). But before, between, and after the specified intermediate values, the curve of changes in the viscosity of different oils with a temperature change can be quite different. Already not to mention that even in the specified control points of temperature, the requirements of SAE are assumed not to accurate viscosity values, but their rather wide range. Thus, even two different oils, on the labels of which it is written, say, 5W-40, may well have a different absolute viscosity at a temperature of 90, 120, or 145 ° C. And it is this dynamics that, among other parameters, is encrypted in those of the most mysterious letters and numbers of tolerances of automakers and classifications of the quality of motor oils. Moreover, it should be emphasized again: the dynamics of the viscosity of the oil cannot be good or bad - it must be suitable, i.e. The corresponding design of a particular engine!
So, the engine warmed up to operating temperatures, but the viscosity of the oil did not fall to the desired (designed designed value, what will happen? On normal revolutions and loads, in principle, nothing terrible - the engine temperature will somewhat increase and the viscosity will fall to the required norm, which will already be compensated by the cooling system. In this case, the engine operating temperature will be higher than the norm for these revolutions and load, but it will most likely be laid in the permissible range. Another question is that the engine will work most of the time at a higher temperature, which unequivocally does not contribute to an increase in its motor expanding. There is another thing if you, for example, dramatically increase the motor turnover (emergency overclocking when overtaking on a protracted lift, for example) . The shear rate increases sharply, and the viscosity does not match the current temperature (again we are talking about the calculations of the engine designer), so the engine at that moment will have to warm up somewhat larger (up to higher temperatures) to reduce the level of viscosity of the oil to the allowed value. And at this point, the oil and engine temperature may well go to the maximum allowable safe standard. The result of this is only about such (if you translate to clear car enthusiast language): If the viscosity of the oil is above the norm provided by the manufacturer, the engine is constantly operating in high temperatures, from which faster His details wear out. In addition, operating temperatures still directly affect the resource of the engine oil itself: the higher the temperature, the sooner the oil is oxidized and becomes unusable. So such an oil is needed much more often. In any case, all the negative effects of overstating the viscosity of the oil you can not, without complex measurements and opening of the engine, notice or feel in a relatively short period of time, it will take out no 10 yl 20 thousand km rather, after 100-150 thousand. And to prove that the reason for the increased wear of the engine is practically impossible in the unsuitable automotive oil - therefore many servicemen, and even official hundred often do not particularly bother themselves as a matter of matching the viscosity of the oil, which they pour, the requirements of the automaker for this particular motor. Remember - it is beneficial for them if, after the end of the warranty period, your motor will come into disrepair, even if you do not have to be repaired!
A completely reverse situation occurs when the viscosity of the oil is below the norm. Now almost all manufacturers of automotive oils make so-called energy-saving oils, with a reduced high-temperature viscosity. Moreover, we are talking about viscosity at high temperatures and HTTS shift speeds (more than 100 ° C), so the viscosity index for SAE has the same way as the usual. These oils differ from the usual quality classes and automaker tolerances. In particular, low-grade oils correspond to the quality classes ACEA A1 / B1 and ACEA A5 / B5. The problem is that for such oils make special motors! And in the usual engine, which is not designed for such a low viscosity, it is simply dangerous to be used. It is that at high temperatures and on high speeds, the film created on the friction pairs becomes too thin, as a result of which the lubrication efficiency is reduced and the oil consumption in the avgar is significantly increasing. With a certain coincidence, the motor can even jar. Thus, underestimate the viscosity of the oil compared to the requirements of the automaker is much more dangerous than to overestimate. Therefore, in no case should the ACEA A1 / B1 and ACEA ACEA A5 / B5 classes should be applied, as well as the special, on which only one tolerance (approval) of the automaker is written if these quality classes or tolerances do not mean in your service book or instructions for operation.
kanash21.ru.
Which viscosity of the oil to choose for winter ~ sis26.ru
What viscosity of the oil to choose for winter
Following these advice you and your car will be insured against troubles with a launch in winter time and from negative consequences for the motor (such as oversized wear and "jamming" during and occasion after starting when the engine operates in the oil "starvation" mode), which usually occur when the oils are applied by an inappropriate viscosity class. It is necessary to keep in your head that every time the engine is launched (not necessarily on a strong frost, and even at the plus temperatures) requires some time for the oil pump by pumping oil on the lubrication system and it entered all the rubbing parts. At this time, the engine will just work in the mode of the so-called oil "starvation", which we have already mentioned above. It is clear that with all this sharpness increases friction and wear. Such a macar, the greater the oil is able to maintain fluidity at low temperatures, the stronger it will be pumped over the lubrication system and ensures the protection of the motor. The best here are the Motor oils of the class "0W". As for the choice of the so-called "summer" class, it is necessary to emphasize that most of the manufacturers of cars advise the implementation of the 40-class oils on SAE. This is due to the highest thermal tension of modern internal combustion engines and the presence of large temperatures, specific pressure and shift rates in different zones of the motor (piston rings, camshaftBearings crankshaft etc.). In these hard criteria, the oil must maintain viscosity sufficient to form an oil film and friction pairs of friction. This task becomes especially burning to prevent oversized wear, scaling and "jamming" in the case of overheating of the motor due to the probable defects in the cooling system.
What is the difference between mineral and synthetic oils?
The difference consists in the main in the molecular structure of the base (base) of oil. In the process of producing synthetic oils, "built" (synthesized) molecules with data, good operational qualities. Synthetic oils in contrast to mineral have the highest chemical and thermal stability. Chem stability means that when using synthetic oils in the engine with them, some chemical reincarnations (oxidation, paraffinization, etc.) are worsering its operational properties. Thermal stability means to maintain the rational value of the viscosity of the oil in a wide range of temperatures, which means light and non-hazardous launch of the motor in the cold and immediately the highest protection of the motor in its highest temperature zones when working at high speeds and loads. Due to the peculiarities of their own molecular structure, synthetic oils own more than the highest (by comparison with mineral) fluidity and penetrating ability.
Can problems arise when switching from mineral water to "synthetics"?
Difficulties associated with the transition to "synthetics" usually occur in cases where previously used bad oilsThe recommended substitution intervals were disturbed or there was an ingress of third-party oil, such as, for example, coolant, special additives in the oil, and the like. With all this, significant deposits may appear in the engine. Usually there is a partial or complete loss of elasticity (straight to cracking) of sealing parts (ralks, oil dialing caps, etc.). In contrast to mineral oils, which "wash" deposits in the engine are uniformly, layer behind a layer, synthetic oils (thanks to the surface of the highest yield and penetrating possibilities) cause penetration of deposits from the inner surfaces of the motor, which can lead to closure of the oil grid, oil channels, Operation in oil starvation and, as a result, failure of the motor. Similarly, in the zone of salon seals (including from microcracks, if any), all sediments will be removed and, in the case of loss of the elasticity of the oil, synthetic oil, clearing for the "road" for itself, will flow out of the motor. Such a macar, the use of synthetic oils is not recommended in subsequent cases:
in the presence of significant deposits on the inner surfaces of the motor, if the sealing elements (glazes, oil dialing caps, etc.) have lost elasticity and (either) have microcracks (they need to change the glands) - the leakage is likely;
during running time for engines requiring running, i.e. "The desired wear", with the aim of the injury of friction pairs. The same applies to the engines after half-to-repair. In these cases, the run-in need to produce on high quality mineral oil, after that you can go to the "synthetics";
in rotary-piston engines.
How to choose the viscosity of motor oil?
Kutsa video, giving a complete awareness of the viscosity of engine oil. With what a negative temperature.
B - viscosity of oils. Briefly about the main thing.
Briefly on the viscosity of automotive oils. What is significant signatures of SAE 0W, 5W, 10W, 15W, 20W and 20, 30, 40, 50, 60. Table.
In all other cases, the use of synthetic oils will not only hurt even the "old" and a worn out engine, but on the contrary, guarantees its protection and ensures the maximum possible service life.
What needs to be done to move from mineral water to "synthetics"?
1. First estimate the condition of the engine, i.e. Check for deposits and defective gland seals. If the engine is already available in the engine, the transition to "synthetics" is impossible until eliminating the reasons for their causing
2. If the engine has significant deposits - "rinse" engine oil system
3. If there is reason to believe that the gland seals lost elasticity (as, for example, they say traces of lines in places of landing), then the transition to "synthetics" is better to postpone the engine repair and replace the glands. If the traces of the leakage is not observed, then for reliability, you can recommend first to go to the use of semi-synthetic oil and drive a full interval before replacement. If, after that, items in places of planting the glands did not appear, then you can proceed to the use of synthetic products.
sis26.ru.
What should be the viscosity of the oil for normal operation of the motor?
The viscosity of the oil (fluidity) is a parameter affecting the ability of the engine mixture to maintain the specified properties at different temperature mode. For the operation of the motor, this indicator plays a very important role, the lubrication of the drive parts depends on it, protection of it from wear.
A bit of theory
Choosing automotive oil, consider that fluids are characterized by two parameters:
1. Kinematic viscosity, denotes the fluidity of the mixture under the action of gravity, indicates how easy the fluid will flow in various nodes of the engine and the lubricant system, is measured in mm2 / s.
2. Dynamic viscosity is a parameter showing changes in the strength of the oil film under load: with an increase in the speed of movement of the lubricated elements relative to each other, the viscosity decreases, is measured in PA * C.
Engineers have developed a classification of SAE motor mixtures. According to the specified system, all cars are divided into three classes depending on the viscosity index (changes in oil properties at different temperatures). Characteristics SAE SAE Watch Table 1.
Table 1. SAE Specification. What does the viscosity of the oils, you can find out, reviewing the video:
Oils for different seasons
First class - Winter fluids, their marking consists of a digit and the letter W, standing near her, for example, 5W, 20W. The figure indicates an indicator of the minus temperature at which the fluid is not crystallized, performs its functions, the letter W, which means winter (from the English.winter).
These cars are characterized by a kinematic viscosity index at a temperature of 100 0s and two low-temperature dynamic viscosity values:
- turning, means the temperature at which the fluid does not thicken, will ensure the drive launch without warming up;
- pumping is an index pointing to the temperature regime at which the mixture will flow normally on the lubricant system and ensures the formation of a protective film on the elements of the power unit.
Second class - summer mixtures. Their marking consists of an SAE abbreviation and the numbers near it, for example, SAE 20, 40, 50. The figure in the marking means the indicator of the positive temperature at which the mixture will have sufficient density to form a film on the motor elements to protect it from wear. The greater the figure in the designation, the larger viscosity index is oil. Visually, the difference in this parameter is shown in Figure 1, it depicts flasks with different cars used in summer and balls with the same weight, simultaneously abandoned in the flasks. From the picture it is clear that the thick liquid, the slower the ball will be at the bottom of the container.
Figure 1. Oils with different fluidity. Third class - all-season mixtures. Their marking consists of the designation of the previous two classes, for example, 10W - 30. 10W means a negative temperature indicator at which the mixture will provide a starting unit without warming up and pumping fluid on the lubricant system. The figure 30 means the advantage temperature indicator at which the car will be sufficiently dense enough to protect the motor from overheating. It is possible to determine the maximum minus temperature, if you take the number 35 from the figure in the marking, for example for 10W - 30, this mathematical action will look like: 35-10 \u003d 20 (it means 20 is a negative temperature of equal to -20 0С).
The temperature range in which the mixtures will not lose protective and anti-wear properties, shown in Table 2.
Table 2. References operating temperatures for motor fluids. All-season fluids are distinguished by a large temperature range than winter or summer classes. This difference is explained by the base of automotive oil, the liquid with the synthetic basis has the same molecule in its structure, so when exposed to temperature, their viscosity is practically not changed. Mineral mixtures have no homogeneity in the structure of molecules, at high temperatures, they are faster than diluted. To choose suitable liquid Many factors must be taken into account.
Selection of cars
Select the machine mixture is necessary, taking into account its structure. If you choose the oil too viscous, it will not be able to form a protective film on the drive elements, will not fill the gaps in the friction nodes. Plus, a very dense fluid will create an additional load on the motor - this will reduce its resource. Too liquid mixture will not fill the gaps in the friction nodes properly, and the protective film formed by it when the load is broken.
Determine the desired viscosity of the automotive oil for your car, it is possible based on the recommendations of the car dealer (this parameter is specified in the car's service book). If the motor passed half of its resource, it is recommended to pour a more thick mixture, this is explained by increasing the gaps in the motor friction nodes. It is also necessary to pay attention to the temperature overboard the car than it is higher, the clever oil needs. The dependence of the turnover of the engine fluid from the temperature is shown in Table 2 and is depicted in Figure 2.
Figure 2. Range of operating temperatures for motor mixtures. It is possible to determine the most suitable oil with regard to the car run, technical characteristics Motor, operating temperature range, manufacturer's manufacturer recommendations.
If you pick up a machine for a modern motor, consider the option of energy-saving fluids. They have a very low viscosity, reduce fuel consumption, but they can not pour them into all types of engines.
Choose the optimal viscosity parameter at which the mixture will withstand the load in extreme conditions of the motor operation, protects the power unit from overheating and is not crystallized at minus temperatures overboard the machine in your region.
pro-zamenu.ru.
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Automotive oil - an indispensable assistant of any motorist. It provides lubrication of driving mechanisms, smoothing the surfaces, as well as the removal of excessive garbage, which occurs when the parts intertensions are with each other.
Much depends on the right choice of lubricants. First, the quality of the selected oils in the future determines the wear resistance of the automotive parts. In addition, the characteristics of the acquired oil determine the ability to function in conditions of various temperature modes. Thirdly, the use of weak-quality products entails an increase in the gaps between the intertering mechanisms, which are accompanied by an increase in fuel consumption, wear out of expensive parts and mechanisms and a number of other serious problems.
Viscosity as one of the key parameters of engine oil
The choice of engine oils will be determined by various parameters. But for many buyers, the key parameter is the viscosity of lubricant material. Due to this parameter, the automotive oil is longer delayed on the surface of the engine, it is properly distributed between driving items.
Basic viscosity parameters
Analyzing the information that manufacturers declare on product labels, each buyer should be distinguished by such concepts as viscosity kinematic and dynamic. They differ in density, units and measurement methods and are used for indicators. different classes Lubricants.
Kinematic viscosity indicates such an oil property as its turnover. It is determined at normal and maximum operating temperatures. Usually, such modes as forty and one hundred degrees Celsius are chosen for testing. This value is measured in centistoxes.
In terms of kinematic viscosity, the engine oil viscosity index is calculated. If you want to choose a really best lubricant, the index must be more than 200, it usually has all-season oils.
Dynamic viscosity characterizes the power of resistance when moving fluids relative to each other, regardless of density. Unit of measurement - Sortipuaise.
International Standard, which regulates the viscosity of oils
To date, the most popular classification of lubricants is SAE. This specification is recognized as the only international standard, on the basis of which the viscosity of the oil is calculated on the basis of the temperature mode of the medium.
Society of Automotive Engineers - Abbreviation, which belongs to the Company of Automotive Engineers of the United States of America.
The viscosity of motor oil in SAE must be responsible to such conditions:
- pumpability - due to this property in conditions of minimum temperatures, it provides quick oil access to the oil worker;
- protiability - contributes to increasing the starting properties, provides the necessary resistance and achieving start-up turns in the frost;
- the most effective viscosity in hot conditions;
- kinematic viscosity - determines the class of viscosity of motor oils.
The SAE specification is used when determining the level of viscosity of lubricant material, the requirements for oils are taken into account when issuing new products, as well as for research and detailed study of old and new compositions.
Types of oils depending on the temperature regime
The viscosity of lubricants may vary under different conditions. It is directly dependent on the ambient temperature, from the speed of warming the mechanisms, engine operation mode. At low temperatures, viscosity to ensure the launch of the car in cold weather should not be too high. In high temperatures, on the contrary, the lubricating material helps to ensure proper pressure and creates a protective layer between the surfaces that come into contact.
In terms of viscosity, lubricants are divided into winter, summer and all-season. All-season products are more convenient. It is more energy-saving, as well as such oils can not be changed as often as materials for a certain season.
Ranges of operating temperatures for different oils by SAE
The table clearly demonstrates, in what temperatures can be used different types of lubricants.
The viscosity table of motor oils for temperature is presented below.
Motor oil viscosity table has digital and digital designations due to which the seasonality of oil and the ambient temperature determine.
Winter oils
As an example, the viscosity of the 5W30 engine oil can be considered. Decryption of motor oil viscosity for winter oils Next.
For winter oils, an international designation of the letter "W" was created. When calculating the number before it, it is necessary to take 40, as a result, we obtain the temperature mode at which the lubricant can be used. To find out the engine turnover temperature, it is necessary to take 35.
The above is the viscosity table of engine oils by temperature. Winter oils are in its top.
Winter lubricants are suitable for use at such temperature modes:
- 0W - Recommended for use in frosts to -35-30 o C;
- 5w - Recommended for use in frosts up to -30-25 o C;
- 10w - recommended for use in frosts up to -25-20 o C;
- 15w - oil recommended for use in frosts up to -20-15 o C;
- 20w - oil recommended for use in frosts up to -15-10 o C.
As already mentioned, the viscosity of winter oils should also meet the requirements of rotation, pumpability (should not be higher than sixty thousand centipoises) and have the necessary kinetic viscosity.
The viscosity table of motor oils for cold conditions is presented below.
Summer types of lubricants
Summer products are indicated, according to the standard, only with numbers (for example, SAE 30) and means the averaged parameter indicating the viscosity of the material in conditions of operation at elevated temperatures.
The viscosity table of motor oils for the summer season has the following form.
All-season oils
All-season lubricants are applicable for various thermal modes. Depending on the season, the viscosity is capable of changing and ensure proper lubrication of the mechanisms of the car. Thus, oils for all seasons correspond to the criteria of the highest viscosity of turning during cold, and the smallest - with heat.
They are presented in the lower part of the viscosity table and consist of a combination of summer and winter oils.
The decoding is as follows: let's say, the viscosity of the 5W-30 engine oil: the viscosity class "5W" allows the use of oil in the cold season, shows how easily the motor is started under conditions of low temperatures; "30" - denotes summer classWith this indicator, it is possible to calculate the possibility of working capacity at high temperatures.
Choosing engine oil by its viscosity
How to determine the viscosity of motor oil? This can suggest the manufacturer's recommendations. The features of the engine structure, its load on lubricants, the resistance level, the degree of wear of the oil pump, the degree of possible oil heating at different modes of operation in all places of the engine are taken into account.
When choosing a viscosity of the material for winter season It is necessary to take into account the average temperatures of the region of accommodation. Right choice Oil helps to cope with a cold start car, in which additional friction and wear of parts occur. Motor oil viscosity table will help navigate in a large selection. Manufacturers recommend among winter oils to use SAE 0W.
When choosing summer oil, it is necessary to take into account the fact that the details in the hot season of year can especially overheat, blowing may be insufficient, so the oil should be viscous.
Conclusion
Manufacturers offer enough big choice Lubricants. The main characteristic of which is their viscosity. And she, in turn, directly depends on the temperature regime.
Even in very temperate climatic conditions, the difference in temperatures between the engine and its parts can reach two hundred degrees. The international standard SAE offers oil for different seasons. Universal oil - all-season. But as the experience of motorists shows, with too much difference in temperature modes, large frosts and too hot summer all-season lubricants - far from the best.
Choosing the viscosity class of lubricant for a personal car, it is necessary to be guided by such criteria:
- features of the building of the car and motor;
- the degree of corrosion of parts, the level of engine worniness;
- main modes of motor operation;
- temperature in various seasons in the region.
Thanks to this parameter, as viscosity, car oil can stay longer on the surface of the engine, properly distributed between rubbing parts, not allowing dryness.
Let's start with the Azov. Any liquid in this case, the oil used in complex mechanisms has its viscosity. Let us leave at the time of the chemistry, although it certainly makes lubricant that product for which we pay money.
Consider one of the most important physical properties - the viscosity of the oil. Despite the fact that the parameter directly depends on the chemical composition, it is pure physics. Viscosity directly depends on the temperature of the oil and pressure.
Demonstate oil fluidity on viscosity comparator
Both of these factors are governed by engine systems:
- cooling;
- carter ventilation.
Absolute value - dynamic viscosity. A more flexible value (depends on several factors) - kinematic. According to the traditional SSS system (centimeter-gram-second), the viscosity in Pouases (dynamics) and Stokes (kinematics) is measured. There are other units of measurement.
What is the viscosity of the oil?
This is a rather complicated concept. From the theoretical point of view is the resistance to the flow of fluid (antipode of fluidity). From the point of view of practical physics - the resistance is formed by the force of friction between the particles, of which the oil consists.
Demonstration of the dependence of the viscosity of the oil from temperature
First of all, the lubricating properties of engine oil depend on viscosity. Thanks to the correct balance, the lubricant is uniformly distributed and is held on the surface of the details. The friction is reduced, the mechanisms are less wearing, less energy is spent on their movement. Side effect - fuel economy.
Since the viscosity of the oil depends on temperature and pressure, it is necessary to give the chemical composition such characteristics that allow motor oil to save the parameters under any operating conditions.
It is impossible to allow within the engine operating temperature, the properties of technical fluids changed. To clarify this parameter, next to the numerical viscosity value, one way or another, a condition is indicated in which the measurement is performed. This is information for laboratory technicians. And not buyers lubricant.
Automakers exhibit completely specific requirements for manufacturers of lubricants, especially in terms of viscosity. Therefore, when selecting engine oil, you should pay attention to this parameter.
When using motor oil with violations of factory recommendations, viscosity or will not correspond to the temperature conditions, or its value will unpredictably change.
This can lead to the following troubles:
- Lubrication thickens and makes it difficult to move through oil canals;
- The thickness of the working film will not comply with the requirements of motorist manufacturers;
- The oil will not hold in the working area, the metal will remain "naked".
As a result, oil starvation arises, and the effect of dry friction. Details will overheat and accelerately wear out, which will inevitably lead to engine breakdown.
Consequences of oil starvation
Kinematic, dynamic and relative viscosity of motor oil
The basic (absolute) parameter is the dynamic viscosity of the oil. If we apply to the surface with a tarized smoothness, an oil stain with an area of \u200b\u200b1 cm², then for moving it at a speed of 1 cm / s, a certain force is required. In relation to this force to the Plaza of the Poth, a dynamic viscosity is determined. This value is usually calculated under various temperature values. It is measured in millipascals, divided during time in seconds: MPa / s.
The kinematic viscosity of the oil is associated with its density, and directly depends on the temperature of the mechanism in which the lubricant is applied. Since certification measurements are made in the engine operating temperature range (from + 40 ° C to + 100 ° C), this is the main operational indicator Motor oil. Maximum permissible temperature value: + 150 ° C.
The parameter is directly related to the value of dynamic viscosity, and is its ratio to the density of the liquid. Of course, the measurement is carried out at identical temperature conditions for absolute viscosity and density. Unit of measurement - square meter per second: m² / s.
The relative viscosity of the engine oil is a number determining the difference of exceeding the viscosity of distilled water. Both measurements are also produced at the same temperature: + 20 ° C. The unit of measurement of the viscosity of the oil is degree of Englera (E °). This method of measuring auxiliary, on its basis is not determined by the marking of engine oil. But without this procedure (the results are necessarily reflected in the protocols) it is impossible to obtain the factory tolerance for concrete brand cars.
International standard of viscosity oils and types of lubricants
Of course, marking on tanks with lubricant materials does not imply the presence of formulas and units of measurement from the textbook of physics. The designation is simplified and formalized.
The typical values \u200b\u200bof SAE viscosity degrees are made long ago, an agreement has been reached between all manufacturers of lubricants and automotive concerns. The standard acts on all continents, it can be found on the packaging of any brand.
Method for determining the viscosity of petroleum products - video
The method of determining viscosity is constantly being improved. Today, the Edition of SAE J300 is applied, according to which all lubricants (for motors) are divided into 11 groups (classes). At the same time, previous editions have backward compatibility with new ones.
Classification of season seasons:
- For winter operation, the labeling of the definition of low-temperature viscosity w is applied: (SAE 0W, 5W, 10W, 15W, 20W, 25W).
- Summer engine oils are indicated as follows: (SAE 20, 30, 40, 50, 60).
Since the finding of cars under certain conditions does not often occur, mainly so-called all-season engine oils are used (may be mineral, synthetic, or semi-synthetic). Depending on the operating conditions, a combined marking is applied: SAE 0W-30, SAE 15W-40, SAE 20W-50, etc.
The approximate list of the dependence of the classification of temperature is shown in the table: 
For normal engine operation, the kinematic viscosity of the engine oil is determined by two values. The first digit means belonging to the conditions of winter operation of the engine.
Properly selected lubrication should provide a cold start of the engine at a given temperature. That is, the most indicators of the flow rate of oil, which are determined in laboratories at different temperatures, are applied in practice. If you pour the liquid with the wrong SAE value, the crankshaft may simply not be checked at quite normal temperature -25 ° C.
If the viscosity rate for the summer operation (second digit) will not correspond to the ambient temperature, the oil stain will not hold back in the contact zone of moving parts, and we get the effect of "dry friction".
And at the critical case - the lubricant can reach the boiling point. Then the characteristics are rapidly degraded, and instead of technological technical fluid The crankcase will be a mixture of individual fractions. Here and before overhaul near.
Methods for measuring kinetic viscosity oil
- Low-temperature viscosity is the ability to pump through the oil pipeline after starting the engine. It is determined by universal (for all SAE classification participants) ASTM D 4684 and ASTM D 5293 technique. In the bench conditions, the cold start of the motor and the technical fluid run on tarred tubes are migrated. You can use a rotary viscometer, but it does not take into account the forces of the surface tension. This determines the minimum possible temperature at which the stated viscosity indicators are preserved. In addition, the ability of the fluid to confidently pass through the oil filter is checked. Pressure force pump is quite enough to break the membrane thickened oil. The verification method is adopted by the GM 9099 P. standard
- High temperature viscosity is estimated on samples from the same party. Kinematic characteristics are checked using a capillary viscometer with a typical temperature of the heated engine: 100 ° C. The technique has the name ASTM D 445. Then the liquid is heated to a temperature of 150 ° C. These are peak values \u200b\u200bwhen the oil is touched by the flipped side of the piston. In this range, the rate of shift (one of the indicators of kinematic viscosity) should not exceed the established standard. The upper limit is estimated according to the ASTM D 4683 or ASTM D 4741 technique.
There is still an assessment of stability to the shift while simultaneously exposed to temperature and mechanics. The check is performed on a special targeted nozzle, within 10 simulated working hours.
In addition, for full compliance, any automaker can offer its own test that models temperature and load situations characteristic of a particular engine.
And if the lubricant manufacturer wants an additional certificate, it is forced to undergo all the tests. It entails certain costs, but opens the way to new markets and consumers.
The most successful tests are taken into account when choosing a supplier of consumables.
Conclusion
When choosing a lubricant, it is not necessary to remember (or have at hand) all of the formula or methodology listed in the material. Enough to read on the label the factory data viscosity according to the SAE standard, and find your car in the list of tolerances. Under these combinations of characters and numbers, multi-page reports on the tests conducted are hidden.
How to choose oil focusing on its viscosity - video
The ideal option for the selection of oil is to find out which trademark is concluded by the Agreement on the supply of consumables from your automaker. In this case, you will definitely believe that the kinematic viscosity of the engine oil corresponds to your motor.
Motor oil classes
- winter "w"
- summer
- all-season
Whistling
Pummier
Kinematic viscosity
Dynamic viscosity HHS
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SPECIFICATION OF MOTOR OILS FOR SAE (by viscosity)
SAE (Society of Automotive Engineers - Society of automotive engineers). The SAE J300 specification is an international standard for the classification of motor oils.
The oil viscosity is the most important characteristic of the engine oil, which determines the ability of oil to provide stable engine operation, both in frost (cold start) and in hot weather (at maximum load).
The temperature indicators of the engine oil are based on two main values: a kinematic viscosity (ease of oil yields at a given temperature under the influence of gravity) and dynamic viscosity (shows the dependence of changes in the viscosity of the oil from the speed of moving parts relative to each other). The higher the speed, the lower the viscosity, the lower the speed, the higher the viscosity.
Motor oil classes
- winter "w" - Winter-Winter (SAE 0W, 5W, 10W, 15W, 20W, 25W). These engine oils are characterized by a low viscosity, provide a safe cold start at temperatures below zero, but do not provide enough good lubrication in the summer.
- summer (SAE 20, 30, 40, 50, 60). Oils of this class are characterized by high viscosity.
- all-season (SAE 0W-20, 0W-30, 0W-60, 5W-20, 5W-30, 5W-40, 5W-50, 5W-60, 10W-20, 10W-30, 10W-40, 10W-50, 10W-60, 15W-30, 15W-40, 15W-50, 15W-60, 20W-30, 20W-40, 20W-50, 20W-60). Combines simultaneously characteristics of summer and winter engine oil.
Viscosity properties at given low temperatures
Whistlingdetermine using a cold starter simulator (Cold Scroll from Starter) CCS (Cold Cranking Simulator). The rate of dynamic viscosity of oil and temperature in which oil has sufficient fluidity capable of ensuring a safe engine start.
Pummierdetermine, referring to the readings of the MRV mini-rotary viscometer (Mini-Rotary Viscomeer) - by 5CO below. The ability to pump oil pump in the engine over the lubrication system, eliminating the possibility of dry friction of parts.
Viscosity properties at given high temperatures
Kinematic viscosity At a temperature of 100 degrees Celsius. Shows the minimum and maximum viscosity values \u200b\u200bof the engine oil under the condition of a heated engine.
Dynamic viscosity HHS (High Temperature High Shear) at 150 degrees Celsius, and shift speed 106 C-1. Determines the properties of engine oil by energy saving. The stability indicator of viscosity characteristics at extreme temperatures.
Quite often, especially among novice car owners, the viscosity of the engine oil becomes the determining parameter when this is selected consumables. The decision is usually taken on the basis of the opinion of comrades: "I am 10W-40 (5W-40)", etc.
In fact, to correctly choose which oil to fill, it is important to know not only the necessary class of viscosity, but also the other characteristics that are not so much, but all of them are desirable to know if you decide to get it yourself.
What is the viscosity of motor oils
The main task of the engine oil is the lubrication of the conjugate parts, ensuring the maximum tightness of the engine cylinders and the removal of wear products.
Obviously, it is impossible to create a lubricant capable of maintaining the entire set set of operational properties in an indefinitely wide range of temperatures, which the engine of the car is very wide. In the frost, it will become more dense, with high temperatures, on the contrary, its fluidity increases sharply.
Do not assume that the temperature of the heated motor is stable. Temperature sensor, indications from which are derived dashboardIt displays only the temperature of the coolant, which, in fact, remains almost unchanged (about 90 degrees), thanks to the proper operation of the engine cooling system. The lubricant temperature changes significantly depending on the place, speed and intensity of circulation and can reach 140-150 degrees.
Considering this, automakers calculate the optimal characteristics of motor oils, which should ensure the maximum possible efficiency of the power unit when it is minimal wear, in normal operating conditions for this engine.
Since with a change in temperature, the viscosity changes, the Association of automotive engineers of the United States (SAE) developed and adopted by viscosity classification.
Kinematic and dynamic viscosity
It should be distinguished by such concepts as kinematic and dynamic viscosity. Kinematic characterizes the turnover of motor oil in conditions of normal and high temperatures. According to the generally accepted standard, it is measured at 40 and 100 degrees Celsius.
A kinematic viscosity is measured in centistoxes (CST or CST), or in capillary-viscose meters - in this case, kinematic viscosity reflects the time of leakage of a certain amount of oil from the vessel with a calibrated hole at the bottom (capillary viscometer) under the action of gravity. 
Depending on the density of lubricant material, the kinematic and dynamic viscosity is numerically different from each other. If we are talking about paraffin oils, the kinematic is more by 16 - 22%, and in naphthenic oils this difference is where - from 9 to 15% in favor of kinematic.
The dynamic or absolute viscosity μ is the force that acts on the unit area of \u200b\u200bthe flat surface moving at a single velocity with a relatively different flat surface located at a single distance from the first.
In contrast to kinematic, dynamic does not depend on the density of the lubricant itself. A dynamic viscosity is determined using rotary viscometers that mimic the real conditions for the operation of motor oils.
How to choose a viscosity class by SAE
SAE classification is an international standard that determines the viscosity of motor oils. We should not forget that the SAE class does not decipher the quality characteristics of the oil, this index does not indicate the possibility of its application for a specific car model.
Viscosity according to the SAE standard has a digital or digital-lettering designation, from which it is possible to determine the seasonality of the lubricant and the ambient temperature at which it can be used.
For example, the SAE 0W - 20 class says that the All-season oil:
- the letter W (from English Winter) indicates that it can be used in winter;
- 0, which goes next, indicates the minimum permissible temperature of the motor startup to -40 degrees (from the number before W you need to take 40);
- the figure 20 determines the high-temperature viscosity of the oil, it is quite difficult to translate to the language-minded to the ordinary car owner.
It can only be said that the higher the index value, the higher the viscosity of the oil at high temperatures. How these characteristics are suitable for this carcan only say the manufacturer.
Simply put, to choose the right SAE class, you need to know what values \u200b\u200bthere is an average temperature in the winter in the area where the machine is operated. If it does not fall on average below -25, then quite suitable oilhaving the SAE 10W - 40 index that is most common in stores. For the same reason, it is the most used.
For seasonal oils, the SAE classification has a shorter look:
- winter - SAE 0W, SAE 5W, etc.;
- summer is indicated simply by the two-digit number of SAE 30, SAE 40, SAE 50.
For more information about properties, the table contains below. Presented decoding the viscosity of motor oils using SAE classification. The first table contains information about the temperature ranges of oil operation, in a convenient, graphical format, and the second contains data on the numerical viscosity characteristics. 
Often, novice car owners are mistaken, going to purchase oil for the gearbox. Having come to the store, they are lost because the viscosity of the transmission oil has a completely different designation that does not have anything in common with the motor, and choosing it, it is necessary to be guided by completely different knowledge. 
Another classification of motor oils
In addition to the classification by SAE, there is a classification of motor oils in quality. These characteristics defines the API or ACEA index. The API classification index is viewed for SA, SB, SF gasoline engines (outdated classes of motor oils), and further SG, SH, SJ, SL, SM - existing classes. The index for diesel engines instead of the letter S has in its composition Literon C. At the moment, the maximum valid class is CI-4 Plus. In stores canisters with an index below SG and CF find almost impossible.
Indexes in the ACEA classification are recorded differently. Lubricants For gasoline engines are indicated by A1, A2, etc. For diesel engines - B1, B2, ... Higher indices - A5 and B5.
Deciphering the quality characteristics of oils according to the API and ACEA specifications within this article will not be brought. This topic is highlighted in detail on specialized resources on the Internet, where both comparative data and numerous tables with measurements are given.
