Home Food How the Lexus RX400H hybrid power plant works. Hybrid Engine - This saving and double thrust car with a hybrid engine

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How the Lexus RX400H hybrid power plant works. Hybrid Engine - This saving and double thrust car with a hybrid engine

More and more, lately, a person thinks about ecology. The autoinadudium becomes not exception. Each year enhanced environmental standards, and vehicle engines are upgraded and improved. The hybrid engine is one of the solutions to improve the ecology of the car.

What is a hybrid engine

What is a hybrid engine and its device? The word "hybrid" is translated from Latin as "Mix". In fact, this is a mix of a classic version of the power unit and an electric motor. So, the drive of leading wheels is carried out by rotation using conventional Engine internal combustion or electric motor.

Each of the power units acts in motion a specific function. So, when the vehicle stands in urban traffic jams, the movement is carried out with the help of an electric motor, and a gasoline joined on the track power point.

Pluses of "Hybrid"

Perhaps the biggest advantage in the use of a hybrid power unit is its economy. As a rule, such a motor consumes 25-30% less fuel, from standard gasoline engines.

The second positive point is a high environmental norm. Since fuel consumption decreases, then there is less emissions of exhaust exhaust gases.

The third plus is that the batteries for the electric motor are charged from the gasoline engine and if they are sitting, you can always switch to gasoline. This can also be attributed the same specifications. According to the power characteristics of "hybrid", it is not inferior to the usual motor.

The best "hybrid" engine feels in the urban cycle of use, where there are frequent stops. In such a case, the electric motor itself works. In many countries, the city police are driving in "hybrid" cars.

Cons of the use of "Hybrid"

The first minus, which is worth noting, is expensive repair of hybrid motors. Manufacturers of "Hybrid" explain this by the fact that the power unit is constructively difficult, which is in service and in restoration.

The batteries of the hybrid engine are sufficiently sensitive to differentials and a decrease in temperature, which is due to the fall below -15 degrees Celsius, they quickly discharge, and the operation is carried out mainly on gasoline.

High cost of itself vehicle with a hybrid motor. Not every car enthusiast is able to afford a car that costs $ 20,000. Despite this, a number of countries have introduced preferential taxes on customs clearance, registration and use of hybrid engines to stimulate buyers to buy car data. On the territory of the CIS countries, this has not yet been done.

Modern indicators

Toyota leads by the number of hybrids and actively produces these cars since 1997, and in modifications as ordinary cars Series Prius, LEXUS RX400H series crossovers and luxury cars - Lexus LS 600H.

According to the results of 2006, only the Prius model was sold throughout the world. The Toyota HSD hybrid drive technology licensed Ford (Escape Hybrid), Nissan (Altima Hybrid).

Mass production of hybrid cars is constrained by a shortage of nickel-metal hydride batteries.

In 2006, 90410 hybrid cars were sold in Japan, which is 47.6% more than in 2005.

In 2007, sales of hybrid cars in the United States rose by 38% compared with 2006. Hybrid cars in the United States occupy 2.15% of the new market passenger cars. In total, in 2007, about 350,000 hybrid cars were sold in the United States (excluding sales of GM corporation).

From 1999 to the end of 2007, 1,002,000 hybrid cars were sold to the United States.

Output

As the modern trend shows, more and more motorists begins to prefer hybrid power units. They are more economical, silent and eco-friendly. The disadvantage of use is expensive repair, and the sensitivity of the batteries to the temperature difference.

The hybrid car (HYBRID) is a transport that is not equipped with an uncomfortable internal combustion engine, and a so-called hybrid power unit. The main difference of hybrid cars is that the vehicles of this type are driven by using several energy sources: thermal and electrical. In other words, a hybrid car has several types of engines on board, which drive the car.

As for the very concept of a hybrid engine, this term is mistakenly understood as a special power plant. In fact, under the "hybrid" should be understood by several engines of different typeswhich are combined into a comprehensive unified system for the transformation of various sources of energy to useful work. In modern automotive, the hybrids are equipped with two types of power units: the electric motor works in a pair with an internal combustion engine.

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The main advantages and disadvantages of hybrid cars

One of the first developments was a scheme in which each of the power plants is activated under certain conditions. If the machine is idle or moves at low speed, then the wheels turn the electric motor. To speed up and further maintain speed connects gas engine. The subsequent development of technology led to the fact that there are several options for the implementation of the interaction of the usual engine and an electric motor. Such interaction can be:

consistent;
parallel;
sequentially parallel;

Sequential interaction

The sequential scheme resembles electric vehicles, as the movement of the vehicle is implemented through the operation of the electric motor. The internal engine is connected to the generator in such a design, the power generator comes to the electric motor itself, and the battery is parallel in parallel. On one charge lithium-ion battery With an enlarged capacity, often you can go about 50 km. Ways, after which the engine is activated, which extends the specified segment to 10 times (about 500 km.)

Parallel interaction

Hybrids with parallel interaction of installations involve the possibility of as a separate the work of the DVS and electric motor and simultaneous operation. This design is implemented by combining with a special coupling of an electric unit, an internal combustion engine and transmission. Similar hybrid type cars receive a low-power electric motor, which not only drives the car, but also gives power when overclocking. Often, such an electric motor is a starter and car generator, constructively occupying an intermediate position between the internal engine and the checkpoint.

Sequential-parallel interaction

In this design, the internal combustion engine and the electromotor are connected by the planetary gearbox. A feature of this implementation scheme is that each power plant can be used and disconnected by giving a minimum or maximum power on the wheels. Moreover, the specified power is given separately or at the same time. In the device of such a scheme there is a generator that feeds the hybrid electric motor.

The leader in the hybrid car market today is Toyota Corporation, which uses serial-parallel implementation called Hybrid Synergy Drive.

Electric engine, DVS and generator are combined into general System By means of a planetary gearbox. Internal combustion engine gives a minimum of power on "Nizakh" (atkinson cycle), allowing you to save fuel. The hybrid car with such an interaction scheme involves:

Economical mode of movement only on an electrician with a disconnected internal combustion, during which the electric motor is powered by a battery.
Maintaining a given speed by distributing the power of the internal combustion engine to the wheels and the generator, from which parallel to the working electric motor is powered. Accumulator is also carried out.
Intensive acceleration mode and serious loads, when the engine and the electric motor work in parallel. In this mode electrical engine It feeds on the battery, without power take-off at the generator.

Operation of hybrids: destroy myths

Hybrid cars are a novelty that is not fully improved and has many flaws. This is a myth, since the Toyota brand is engaged in full serial production hybrid models for almost 20 years.
In hybrids, batteries are discharged, which leads to problems. This is true, but only partially. At the initial stages of technology development, such cases met, but today the high-precision electronics does not allow a deep discharge of the battery.
Hybrid cars are more often broken, they are expensive and difficult to repair. This is a myth, as hybrid cars are no less reliable in operation compared to conventional diesel and gasoline DVS. Most hundred comprehensively serve hybrids on a par with ordinary cars. Moreover, the PPC in hybrids eliminates the presence of frictional, which makes such a transmission simple and reliable, which you can not say about different types Automatic transmission As for the engine, the motor on hybrids works more often on low revs, does not go on peak loads. If you also consider the atkinson cycle, then the engine motor on the hybrid is much more than an ordinary motor.
The internal combustion engine of the hybrid has a smaller power, such cars lose in dynamics relatively with analogs. Yes, the power of DVS on hybrids is smaller, but by adding an electric motor, the total power of the settings significantly exceeds the power of conventional analogues with one gasoline engine.
The flow of the hybrid car in practice is not very different from ordinary cars. This is partly true, since the hybrid car flow rate directly depends on the ride modes. To achieve maximum efficiency, it is necessary to change the driving style for a slow, calm and smooth, avoiding accelerations, active throttling, etc. In other words, strong pressing on the gas pedal will give the command to the management system to be able to start the engine.

The idea of \u200b\u200bfuel economy in hybrid cars is that when a charged battery, it is possible to move as long as possible on the electric shock at speeds of up to 60 km / h. Which often grabs in a dense urban stream. It is also necessary to add that the system takes into account a large number of factors: the outer temperature, the degree of heating in DVS and, battery charge, movement under the slope or slide, etc. In different conditions, the hybrid can use internal combustion engine, and can only move on electrical energy.

The battery for the hybrid is difficult to find in a free sale, as well as the battery takes a lot of space in the car trunk. This is a myth, since hybrids accumulators are always available to order in auto stores, as well as a wide choice on various Internet resources. As for free space, the battery practically does not occupy a useful space in the luggage compartment.
It is impossible to put gas on the hybrid car. This is a myth, since global manufacturers produce equipment compatible with a hybrid car.

Hybrid cars - what is it?

The principle of vehicle built on a hybrid scheme is very simple. It is based on the principle of an ordinary benzogenerator, when the power unit of the vehicle rotates the generator and charging the traction battery.

Video - How the hybrid car is arranged:

In turn, the energy of the battery allows the car for a while to move exclusively on electric traction with a "zero" amount of toxic emissions. After the energy in the batteries runs out, it turns on to work again petrol motorwhich allows you to continue the movement and at the same time fills the charge in batteries.

It must be said that, along with this scheme, there is another, wearing the name plug-in hybrid. In it, the battery is charged not only from the motor, but also from the usual household power supply, and its capacity is enough for trips to small distances (as a rule, about 30-40 kilometers). In fact, it means that you can get to work and back, without using a gasoline engine (and, accordingly, not spending fuel).

Advantages of machines with a hybrid engine

Surely, many will see the question, but why are the "burning garden" with batteries, electric motors, batteries and an internal combustion engine? What gives a hybrid diagram of the power plant?

Before answering this question, it is worth remembering when the "traditional" car consumes the greatest amount of fuel. It is known that the maximum consumption (and, accordingly, the toxicity of emissions) falls on the step of overclocking to cruising speed, as well as in the city mode of movement at frequent overclocking braking.

Video - How can I improve the hybrid car:

Thus, the electric drive in machines with a hybrid power plant comes into effect in these modes. With a fully charged battery, the "hybrid" begins to move on the electrical machine, and when a certain high-speed threshold is reached (depending on the model, it ranges from 20 to 40 kilometers per hour) an internal combustion engine comes into operation.

At the same time, the most wide range of "hybrids" from Toyota is represented directly in Japan and the United States. On the invention of the car market sold under the Toyota brand, and in America, the most popular Lexus (in Russia, I must say, the largest part of hybrid cars is also sold under this brand).

The most saturated from the point of view of the number of hybrid cars from Toyota is rightfully worth considering the Japan market. On him the company displays everything newest modelswhich "runs" technologies that should go into a series on "global" models.

Overwhelming majority modern cars An internal combustion engine is used as a power unit. Against the background of gradual exhaustion of oil reserves, as well as increasing environmental requirements, auto-engineers develop new technologies to abandon the use of hydrocarbons as a fuel or, at a minimum, reduce consumption.

You can solve this problem in two ways: install an electric motor or a hybrid engine instead of the engine. Many automotive brands are resorted to the latter.

As can be seen from the name, such a power unit is a classic internal combustion engine and at the same time an electric motor combined into one. For many reasons, such a solution is preferable to electrical traction alone.

To date, the electric car has serious cons. The most significant of them is the absence of a developed network of electrostum, as well as the lack of a trip without recovery ( different models Electric vehicles it ranges from 80 to 160 km).

In addition, it will be necessary to fully charge the batteries for several hours, which means that the mobility of such a car is limited to travel from home to work and back.

Nevertheless, it is impossible to forget about the pluses of the electric motor, among whom a higher efficiency (in the engine Maximum efficiency is achieved only on certain revolutions), the absence of any emissions, a large torque.

Electric engine, unlike working on petroleum products, does not need constant fuel supply. It can be in the off state how much as long as the voltage is not sent to it. When powering electricity, it almost instantly transmits the wheels maximum thrust.

The hybrid engine combined the advantages of both engines, thanks to which efficiency, environmental friendliness and good dynamic characteristics are achieved.

Principle of operation of hybrid engines

The hybrid engine is arranged in such a way that both engines work, relatively speaking, each other. The internal combustion engine twists the generator and supplies the electromotor energy, and it allows the "partner" to operate in optimal mode without sharp oscillations and loads. In addition, hybrids are usually equipped with a KERS kinetic energy recovery system (similar to that applied on Formula 1 cars).

This system allows you to charge rechargeable batteries during braking and when moving the machine roll. The principle of its operation is that when the wheel is braking, the electric motor is activated, which in this case itself plays the role of the generator and charges the batteries. Especially useful to KERS when driving around the city in the "Touched-stopped" mode.

According to the degree of hybridization, the power units were divided by three types: "moderate", "full" and plug-in. In the "moderate", the internal combustion engine constantly works, and the electromotor is turned on only when additional power is necessary.

A car with a "complete" hybridoma is able to move on one electric shirt, not consuming fuel.

Plug-in, like a complete hybrid, can only move on electricity, but it has the ability to charge from the socket, thus combining all the advantages of an electric vehicle, and getting rid of its main disadvantage - a limited run without recharging. When the battery charge ends, Plug-in works as an ordinary hybrid.

Electric motor interaction and engine

Engineers of different companies are different about the issue of hybrid engine. Modern cars Equipped with hybrid engines built according to one of the three interaction schemes of the fuel and electrical component, which will be discussed below.

Sequential scheme

This is the easiest option. The principle of his work is as follows: torque from the engine this case It is transmitted exclusively to the generator, which produces electricity and charges batteries. The car is moving only on the electric shirt.

Also, the recovery of kinetic energy is used to charge the battery. This scheme is obliged to serial energy transformations: the energy of the fuel combustion is converted into a mechanical engine, then into electrical using the generator and again into mechanical.

The advantages of such a design are as follows:

DVS always works on unchanged turns, with maximum efficiency;
there is no need to equip the car with a powerful and voracious engine;
no clutch and gearbox need;
the car is able to move and with the engine of the internal combustion, due to the energy stored with the battery.

However, there is a sequential scheme and its minuses:

energy loss in the process of transformations;
large size, weight and high cost of batteries.

The greatest efficiency of such a schema is achieved when moving with frequent stops when KERS actively works. Therefore, she found application in urban transport. Also, hybrid engines with a serial scheme are used in career dump trucks, which are important to work a large torque and not required high speed.

Parallel scheme

The principle of operation of the "parallel" hybrid engine is completely different from the above. Cars with a hybrid engine, built along the parallel pattern, are driving using both the engine and an electric motor. The electric motor in this case should be reversible, i.e. able to work as a generator. The agreed work of both motors is achieved through computer management.

Depending on the ride mode, the control unit distributes the torque coming from both hybrid elements. The main operation is performed by the internal combustion engine, the electromotor is connected when additional power is needed (when starting, acceleration), when braking and deceleration, it works as a generator.

The advantages of this layout are that there is no need to install a large capacity battery, the energy loss is much less than in a sequential scheme, since the engine is directly related to the driving wheels, and in addition, the design itself is quite simple, and therefore cheap.

The main minuses of the scheme are less fuel efficiency compared to other options and low efficiency in urban conditions. Machines with a hybrid engine, built on a parallel diagram, are most effective when moving along the highway.

According to this scheme, Honda's hybrid cars were built. The main principle of the company's management: the scheme of the hybrid engine should be as simple as possible and cheap, and the function of the electric motor consists only in the help of the ICE, save the maximum possible amount of fuel. This brand has two hybrid models - Civic (removed from production in 2010) and Insight.

Sequential-parallel scheme

The sequential-parallel scheme is the combination of the first two. An additional generator and the power divider has been added to the parallel diagram. Thanks to this, the car when attacking and at low speeds move only on electric traction, the OBS only provides the operation of the generator (as with a sequential scheme).

At high speeds, the torque on the drive wheels is transmitted from the internal combustion engine. With elevated loads (for example, when lifting up a mountain), when the generator is unable to provide the required current, the electric motor receives additional power from the battery (parallel diagram).

Since the system has a separate generator charging the battery, the electric motor is used only for drive leading wheels and during recuperative braking. Through the planetary mechanism (it is a power divider), part of the torque from the engine is partially transmitted to the wheels and partially selected for the operation of the generator, which nourishes either an electromotor or a battery. Electronic control unit all the time adjusts the power supply from both sources.

Pluses of the serial-parallel hybrid motor of this scheme, in the maximum fuel efficiency and high ecology. Minuses of the system - the complexity of the design and high cost, since an additional generator is required, sufficiently capacious accumulator battery and complex the electronic unit Control.

A serial-parallel scheme is used on Toyota brand cars (Prius, Camry, Highlander Hybrid, Harrier Hybrid), as well as on some models of Lexus. Similar hybrid engines are equipped with cars Ford Escape. Hybrid and Nissan Altima Hybrid.