Copying foreign cars began with the very first Soviet cars produced under Ford license. Over time, the copying occurred most often without the permission of Western auto plants. The USSR Research Automobile Institute purchased the capitalist oppressors of the labor nation at once several advanced models "to explore" and after a few years from the conveyors a Soviet analogue was found. True often by that time the prototype was already outdated and was shot from production, and a Soviet copy was produced by a single decade.
GAZ A.
The first mass passenger car of the USSR was borrowed from the American car industry. Gas A is a licensed copy of the American Ford-a. The USSR bought equipment and documents for production in 1929 from the American firm, and in two years, the release of Ford-A was discontinued. Aven a year later, in 1932, the first gas-a cars were released.
Despite the fact that the first cars of the plant were manufactured according to the drawings of the American firm Ford, they had already differed several differences from American prototypes. After 1936 in Moscow and Leningrad, the exploitation of obsolete gas was prohibited. The small car owners were prescribed to hand over Gas-A state and with a surcharge to acquire a new GAZ-M1.
Leningrad-1.
The Soviet experimental passenger car was an almost accurate copy of the BuICK-32-90 car, which in American standards belonged to the highest medium class.
Plant "Red Putlivovets", previously issued Fordson tractor, released 6 copies of L1 in 1933. A significant part of the car could not reach Moscow without serious breakdowns. As a result, "Red Putilovets" was reoriented to the release of tractors and tanks, and the refinement of L1 was transferred to the Moscow ZIS.
Since Biuik's body has no longer matched the middle of the thirties, they designed it in the ZIS. The American body studio Budd Company based on Soviet sketches designed elegant and externally modern for those years body. It cost a state half a million dollars and took 16 months.
GAZ-M-1
GAZ-M1, in turn, was designed according to the samples of Ford Model B (Model 40A) of 1934, the documentation for which gas was transferred to the American side under the terms of the contract.
During the adaptation of the model to the domestic operating conditions, the car was largely redesigned by Soviet specialists. EMCA in separate positions surpassed the later products of Ford.
Kim-10
The first Soviet serial small car, which, when developing, was taken by the British Ford Prefect.
In the USA made stamps and developed body drawings in the models of the Soviet designer artist. In 1940, the plant began producing this model. Kim-10 was to become the first truly "popular" Soviet car, however, the Great Patriotic War was prevented by the implementation of the ambitious plan of the country's leadership to ensure majority of citizens, the Great Patriotic War was prevented.
ZIS-110.
The design of the body of the first Soviet post-war passenger car of the representative class almost completely imitated the American "PakcCeard" of the senior series of pre-war issuing. Up to the trifles of the ZIS-110, it was similar to Packard 180 with the Body of Touring Sedan the last pre-war model of 1942.
An independent Soviet development, specially betrayed the appearance of the American Pakcarland in accordance with the taste preferences of the country's top management and, mainly, personally, Stalin.
It is unlikely that an American firm liked such creative development of her ideas in the design of the Soviet car, but no complaints from her part in those years did not follow, especially since the production of large "paccards" after the war was not resumed.
Moskvich 400.
Soviet small cauldrais was a complete analogue opel car Kadett K38, released in 1937-1940 in Germany at the German branch of Opel of the American concern General Motors, recreated after the war on the basis of surviving copies, documentation and accessories.
A part of the equipment for the release of the car was exported from the Opel plant in Rüsselheim (who was in the American occupation zone) and mounted in the USSR. A significant part of the lost documentation and the equipment for production was recreated again, and the work was carried out in Germany for the order of the Soviet military administration by the forces of mixed labor collectives, consisting of submitted Soviet and civilian German specialists who worked in the design bureaus created after the war.
Subsequent three generations of "Muscovites" will be lagging to repeat the products of Opel.
GAZ-M-12
The six-seven-seater passenger car of a large class with a hexo-long-base sedan body was developed based on Buick Super. Serially produced at the Gorky Automobile Plant (Molotov Plant) from 1950 to 1959 (some modifications - to 1960.)
The plant strongly recommended Completely copying the "BYUK" of the sample of 1948, but engineers based on the proposed model designed a car, which is maximized on already mastered aggregates and technology. The winter was not a copy of a particular foreign car in any way in terms of design, nor, in particular, in the technical aspect - in the last designers of the plant even managed to "say a new word" in the global highway industry. In October 1950, the first industrial batch of GAZ-M-12 was collected.
GAZ-21 "Volga"
The passenger car of the middle class was technically created by domestic engineers and designers "from scratch", but externally copied mainly American models of the early 1950s. During the development, foreign cars were studied: Ford Mainline, Chevrolet 210, Plymouth Savoy, Standard Vanguard and Opel Kapitdn.
GAZ-21 serially produced at Gorkovsky automotive factory From 1956 to 1970. The factory code index - initially gas-M-21, later (since 1965) - GAZ-21.
By the time of the start of mass production by world standards, the "Volga" design has already become at least ordinary, and on the background of serial foreign cars of those years have not yet been highlighted. Already by 1960, Volga was a car with hopelessly outdated design.
Moskvich-402.
The look of a small class car repeated model Opel Olympia Rekord is the Opel Kadett K38 successor. Participation of specialists from gas, where the development of "Volga" GAZ-21 was completely influenced by the design of the car. Moskvich took over many elements of his design from her.
The mass production of "Moskvich-402" was cooler in May 1958.
GAZ-13 "Gull"
Representative car of a large class, created under the explicit influence of the latest models of the American company Packard, which in those years have just studied in us (Packard Caribbean convertible and Packard Patrician sedan, both 1956 model year).
"Chaika" was created with an explicit orientation on the trends of the American style, like all the products of the gas of those years, but was not a one hundred percent "stylistic copy" or the modernization of Packcard. The car was produced by a small series at the Gorky Automobile Plant C 1959 to 1981. In total, 3,189 cars of this model were made.
"Seagulls" were used as a personal transport of the highest nomenclature (mainly ministers, the first secretaries of the Commands), which was issued as an integral part of the "package" of privileges.
And sedans, and the "Chaika" convertible were used on parades, were served in the meetings of foreign leaders, prominent figures and heroes, were used as accompaniment machines. Also, "Seagulls" came to the "Intourist", where, in turn, they could be ordered to be ordered to use as wedding limousines.
ZIL-111
Copying American design at different Soviet factories led to the fact that the appearance of the ZIL-111 car was created according to the same samples as the "seagull". As a result, in the country at the same time, externally similar cars were made. ZIL-111 is often accepted for a more common "seagull".
The car's passenger car stylistically represented a compilation of various elements of the American cars of the middle and the highest class of the first half of the 1950s - preferably reminded Cadillac, Packard and Buick. The basis of the external design of ZIL-111, as well as "Seagulls", lay design models of the American company Packard 1955-56. But compared with Packard models, Zil was more in all the dimensions, looked much stricter and "square", with the hidden lines, had a more complex and detailed decor.
From 1959 to 1967, only 112 copies of this car were collected.
ZAZ-965
The main prototype of the micro is Fiat 600.
The car was designed by MZS ("Moskvich") together with the automotive institute by us. The first samples received the designation "Moskvich-444", and have already differ significantly from the Italian prototype. Later, the designation was changed to "Moskvich-560". Meanwhile, the conveyor of the MSM itself was completely loaded by that time, and the reserves for the development in the production of microloes at the plant did not exist. Therefore, for the release of the car, it was decided to reconstruct the "Communar" plant in the city of Zaporizhia (Ussr), which was previously engaged in the production of combines and other agricultural machinery
ZAZ-966.
The passenger car of a particularly small class demonstrates the considerable similarity of the design with the German small polyagge NSU PRINZ IV (Germany, 1961).
GAZ-24 "Volga"
The passenger car of the middle class became the hybrid of the North American Ford Falcon and Plymouth Valiant.
Serially was produced at the Gorky Automobile Plant from 1969 to 1992. The appearance and design of the car were standard enough for this direction, specifications were also approximately an average level. Most "Volga" was not intended for sale in personal use and operated in taxi and other state organizations.
VAZ-2101.
VAZ-2101 "Zhiguli" - a rear-wheel drive car with a body of a sedan type is an analogue of the Fiat 124 model, which received the title "Car of the Year" in 1967.
Under the agreement of the Soviet external and Fiat, the Italians created the Italians a Volzhsky Automotive Plant in Tolyatti with a full production cycle. The concern was the technological equipment of the plant, training of specialists.
VAZ-2101 was subjected to serious changes. In total, over 800 changes were made in the Fiat 124 design, after which it received the name Fiat 124R. The "Russification" FIAT 124 was extremely useful for the FIAT itself, which has accumulated unique information about the reliability of its machines in extreme operating conditions.
VAZ-2103
Rear-wheel drive car with sedan type body. It was developed in conjunction with the Italian Fiat firm based on Fiat 124 and Fiat 125 models.
Later, on the basis of the VAZ-2103, "Project 21031" was developed later renamed VAZ-2106.
VAZ-2105
The VAZ-2105 model was developed by a serious modernization of previously produced models within the framework of the "second" generation of rear-wheel drive cars VAZ as a replacement of VAZ-2101. The design of the design was taken by the Fiat 128 Berlina model.
In the screensaver of the 15 series of 17 seasons of the series Simpsons, in which the Simpsons play real actors in real scenery, Homer rides home to Lada Nova (the export name "tops").
Moskvich-2141.
Moskvichu-412 replacement was designed only in the 1980s, and it was already a completely different car, - Moskvich-2141, front-wheel drive hatchback, created on the basis of the body of the French "SIM card" and already outdated by the engine of the uzam. Export name - Aleko, from the car plant of the Leninsky Komsomol.
As the best example to accelerate the design of a new car, Manavtoprom has seen a recently appeared Franco-American model Simca 1308 manufactured by the European branch of Chrysler Corporation. Designers ordered to copy the car up to the "iron". " However, in the process of developing the body "Moskvich" was designed again, as a result of which the car's exterior was significantly different from the French sample and, albeit with some stretch, but corresponded to the level of the mid-eighties.
Is there something closer and native to every resident of our country than legendary Soviet cars? Many of us perfectly remember how these models cut on the roads of major cities and villages. In this article we collected 27 most significant cars from the USSR of all time.
GAZ-A.
Gas-A, made under the Ford license, became the first Soviet car with local modifications that were determined on the basis of operation original cars Ford A in the harsh Russian conditions. The first cars were collected at the Nizhny Novgorod Auto Plant in August 1932, and serial production began on December of the same year. Only 1936, 41917 cars were released.
Despite the absolute unpretentiousness to the quality of fuel, maintainability in any conditions and the relative cheapness, gas - and had a rather sluggish 40-strong engine, an unreliable suspension on transverse springs, which quickly failed, as well as a weak robbery, because of what the body The car quickly came into disrepair.
Based on gas-A, a sedan with a closed four-door body - GAZ-6 and a specialized taxi - GAZ-3 were produced. In addition, the modification of GAZ-4 was manufactured with a cargo-passenger body of a pickup, gas A-Aero with an aerodynamic body and gas-a-limousine.
GAZ-M1.
This model in 1935 came to replace the first mass passenger car of the USSR - gas. The basis of GAZ-M1, by analogy with GAZ-A, was taken by the Ford A - Ford 40 successor (Model V8 40-730) with the change of chassis for the harsh real conditions of Russia. Abbreviation "M-1" deciphered as "Molotovets-first" in honor of the chairman of the USSR government - V. Molotov, and KB A.A. was engaged in design and finishing Lipgarta. In total, 1942 62,888 copies of this model were manufactured.
The main innovation in the design "M-1" was the all-metal body created by the advanced technology of the Ford body branch. As a power unit, an upgraded Ford A engine was used, but produced on the original Soviet snap. In addition, the design was changed, as a result of which M-1 looked more modernly even compared to his overseas prototype.
On the basis of "M-1" were manufactured: option "Taxi", GAZ-415 - Pickup by 500 kg, GAZ-11-73 - a modernized sedan with a 6-cylinder engine GAZ-11, GAZ-61-73 - the first in the world Sedan 4x4, BA-20 is a light armored car and another 14-15 small modifications.
Gas-12 winters
Soviet cars for the most part were not intended for private ownership. They were mainly created for numerous party workers of high rank and managers of state-owned enterprises. For them, at the end of the 40s on Gaza created gas-12 winters - a long-beaded six-grade major sedan of the representative class.
It was released from 1949 to 1960 and a total of 21527 units of all modifications were released. The main feature of the car's design is the boring body. There was only a removable submother. New car It had a very high (up to 50%) degree of unification with the already manufactured by the plant by other models.
Equipped with the winters not very powerful 3.5-liter engine GAZ-11 with a capacity of 90 hp The gearbox with a submissive lever for the first time in Soviet practice received synchronizers and was put in addition to winter even on Victory. Based on winter (GAZ-12), Taxi - GAZ-12A, sanitary option - GAZ-12B, GAZ-12 Phaeton and even w / d Dresin. Cars winters were supplied for exports both to the countries of the socialist, and in Finland and Sweden. There were also racing versions that were called "Dzerzhinets" and "Avangard".
GAZ-13 "Seagull"
Another representative limousine from the Gorky Automobile Plant. In total, 3179 units were collected on Gaza from 1959 to 1981. In 1958, "Seika" presented in New York and Brussels. GAZ-13 design reminded Packard 1955.
"Chaika" was a revolutionary car unlike winter: the engine V8 195 hp was installed here with an automatic transmission with a push-button control, an amplifier of the steering wheel and brakes was installed, as well as etherpel windows. This car in the USSR could not buy, it could only be deserved.
Based on the "Seagulls", the following modifications were manufactured: GAZ-13A - for the USSR Ministry of Defense with a partition between passengers and a driver, GAZ-13B - with the Body "Phaeton", GAZ-13C - a sanitary option, several copies of "CHEKS" for filming , Parade Phaetons. Subsequently, several cars were converted into railway drowsins.
GAZ-M20 "Victory"
A truly legendary passenger Soviet car, who has deserved love and respect not only in the USSR, but also in many countries of the world. Its licensed was released in Poland ("Warsaw"), in North Korea and even in China. Since 1946 to 1958, 24,1497 cars were released (excluding foreign output).
It was one of the first in the world of serial passenger cars with a carrier body of a completely pontoon type. The appearance of the "victory" in the form of a streamlined drop-shaped body with a flat sidewall without protruding wings originally created the factory designer designer Valentin Brodsky. Cars of the first and second episodes had a characteristic three-storey grille of the radiator, which was called "Martos".
The first series has been manufactured from 1946 to 1948. The second series, the release of which continued from 1948 to 1955, received new box Gear from winter with a lever on the steering wheel, as well as an updated 4-cylinder engine with a capacity of 50 hp (from 1955 g - 52 hp).
The third series - M-20V (1955 - 1958) had another radiator lattice, a new design of the front bridge beam, a modernized carburetor, a new air filter, New steering wheel and devices of another color.
Of the main modernization of the serial version allocated:
- GAZ M-20B "Victory" in the body "Phaeton" - with rigid safety arcs and open top, which produced 14222 copies.
- Gas M-72 - All-wheel drive option on the GAZ-69 chassis with an additional enhanced body, increased ground clearance, mud shields on the rear wheel arches and tires 6.50-16 with the tread "Christmas tree". For the first time for Soviet cars, the windshield washer operated here, acting from the pedal. Massed was 4677 pieces M-72.
GAZ-21 "Volga"
It was one of the most beautiful and desired Soviet cars of the middle class, which was produced at the Gorky Auto Plant from 1956 to 1970. A total of 639,478 copies in three series and a few dozen different modifications were produced. In the design "Volga", the influence of the "aerostyle" of American cars such as Ford, Chevrolet, Plymouth, Kaiser was clearly guessed. But all the mechanical part of GAZ-21 was the original Soviet development.
After the manufacture and tests of the four prototypes in 1956, the release of the first GAZ-21 series with the characteristic "star" on the radiator grille began. The "first series" was equipped with an upgraded engine from "Victory", and since 1957, the modern UMZ-21A superpowered engine. Total cars of the first series were produced 30 thousand pieces.
The "second series" began to be issued from 1959 to 1962. She had changed front wings, a radiator lattice of the type "shark mouth" appeared, the new instrument panel, windshield washers, as well as a new wiring with a "minus" on the mass. In total, more than 140 thousand copies were made.
In 1962, a "soft modernization" of the car, which was touched in most part only appearance. The third series has a new radiator grille "whale" with 37 vertical elements, new bumpers and decorative parts, a new decoration of the cabin from more durable materials. Engine power raised to 75 hp P, and the body began to be painted more resistant synthetic enamel. In total cars of the Third Series, about 470 thousand copies were released.
From the numerous modifications of Volga, we will note GAZ-22 with a cargo-passenger body of type "Universal" on the basis of the car "Third Series". The wagon was also produced in the form of a "ambulance" GAZ-22B.
GAZ-24 "Volga"
The successor "Volga" GAZ-21 was one of their most notable Soviet cars in the history of the domestic auto industry - GAZ-24 Volga. It was serially from 1967 to 1985 and was released in an amount of 1,481,561 pieces of all modifications. GAZ-24 possessed a new more modern body of a smaller height, which increased stability and handling, wider salon, increased area of \u200b\u200bglazing and improved visibility.
The "first series" GAZ-24 (1967-1977) had bumpers without fangs, long molding under the grill of the radiator, he had no fog, and the overall parking lights were located on chrome ventilating linings rear rates. Chrome-plated caps had red mugs in the center, and mudguards - branded "deer".
The "second series" was smooth upgrades in the period 1972-78. "Flys" appeared on the bumpers, fog lightschanged rear lights With built-in catathots, "Zhigulevsky" halogen headlamps appeared, turn signs on the front wings, in the cabin - imitation under the tree on the panel and steering wheel, a more modern receiver, an armrest in the back of the rear seat.
In the mid-80s, a deep modernization of the model was carried out and GAZ-24-10 appeared ("Third Series"). This model disappeared the windows, the door handles were recessed, a new plastic black radiator grille appeared, the inscription "Volga" disappeared from the front wings. The car was put on radial wide low-profile tires 205/70 R14 instead of the previous 185-diagonal. In the cabin: new seats, handbrake on the floor, rear window electrobhery. And most importantly, under the hood, the improved engine ZMZ-4022.10 with a capacity of 100 hp
The model range also included GAZ-24-02 with a cargo-passenger body "Universal". This car had a seven-seater transformable salon. On the basis of this model, the Sanitary version of the Volga gas-24-03 and a taxi version was manufactured.
GAZ-67.
The most legendary and fighting of all Soviet military all-wheel drive cars of GAZ-67 managed to actively brake from 1943, both as a commander and intelligence car and in the form of an artillery tractor. Until the end of World War II, about 8,000 GAZ-67 units were issued.
We experienced a military SUV, oddly a car in the USSR: it passed 2,200 km with a 76-mm CIS-3 gun weighing 1850 kg, of which 930 km on parcels and 550 km along the elastic cobblestone.
For reliability and better passability, GAZ-67 was 755 mm shortened a wheelbase compared to GAZ-61. The same qualities were subordinated to the modernization of the suspension and the chassis of the car. In addition, GAZ-67 was put on the tires with the type "Dissected Christmas Tree" type of 6.50-16. Electrical equipment was used from GAZ-M1 and gas-mm.
The body for rapid evacuation was quieter on 4 people, plus two more could sit on the sides on the shelves of the rear wings. Here were boxes for weapons, ammunition and radio. As power plant Used the upgraded engine GAZ-64-6004.
GAZ-69.
The famous Soviet car of increased passability, which for his tough suspension got a nickname "Kozlik". For the period from 1952 to 1972, more than 600 thousand cars were produced. In addition, GAZ-69 was exported to 56 countries in different climatic versions. The release was first started at the Gorky Auto Plant, and in 1956 the production was transferred to Ulyanovsky Auto Plant.
The car had two basic modifications: GAZ-69 with 2-door 8th local body and commander GAZ-69A with a 4-door trifle body. In order to increase the unification and maintainability, the engine with a gearbox, a steering mechanism, shock absorbers, brakes, optics and a battery for this car were taken from serial Soviet cars and trucks.
Moskvich-400 / -401
This Soviet Saltra has been available to many USSR citizens with average sufficiency and often became the first car in the family. It was from her that the mobility of Soviet people began.
The first serial "Muscovites-400" came out from the MSM plant in December 1947. The car had interesting and innovative solutions such as carrying the body, aluminum pistons of the engine, hydraulic brakes and an independent suspension dubonne. And at the same time, the car did not have a rotation pointers, and the wiper had a mechanical drive from the engine camshaft.
In 1954, an improved modification of Moskvich-401 was published, which had a forced engine with a capacity of 26 hp against 23 hp At the "400th" models, synchronizers on 3 and 4 transmissions, lever PPC on the steering column, a new steering wheel. From 1949 to 1954, Moskvich-400-420A was produced - 4-door cabriotan with open top, but having non-removable sidewalls and door frames with glasses.
Moskvich-402 / -407
The first Soviet passenger car of the period of "thaw", which completely created Soviet engineers. The production of this model began in 1956. In just two years, 87,658 copies were released.
Compared to the predecessor "Moskvich-402" had a more modern exterior and more perfect in the structure of the body. The car received a separate trunk with outdoor access, bent windshield and rear windows, a high level of interior decoration, an independent cordless front suspension with double transverse levers and 12-volt electrical equipment, as well as many other innovations. Published by the engine M-407, which worked together with the mechanical 3- and 4-speed gearbox.
The first modification of the car occurred in 1958. Modified car was called "Moskvich-407" and an improved engine with a capacity of 45 hp A semi-million car MZZ, which came out from the conveyor in December 1960, became Moskvich-407. For several years in a row, half of all "Muscovites-407" went on export, incl. To France, Belgium, Scandinavia, Finland, England and other countries.
In 1962, the transitional model "Moskvich-403" was published, which had another submool frame and the motor compartment configuration. This model also used new aggregates that were developed for the new "Moskvich-408".
On the basis of the "407th" model, the Moskvich-410 (410H) "sedan (410H)" was released and all-wheel drive universal "Moskvich-411". These Soviet high-pass vehicles were oriented for the needs of rural residents. The tires of increased dimension 6.4-15 inches were installed on the vehicles with a "gear" pattern of the tread, and the road clearance increased to 220 mm.
Moskvich-412.
This is perhaps one of the most famous Soviet passenger rear-wheel drive cars, which became famous for its outstanding sports achievements in many international competitions. The car was produced from 1967 to 1977 at the MMS / AZLK plant and from 1967 to 1998 on Izhevsk Automobile Plant.
"412th" came to the change of "Moskvichu-408", but was actually a modification with more powerful engine. In the first years, he was very actively shipped to export. In 1969, modernization was performed, as a result of which the passive safety of the body was strengthened, installed seat belts, soft elements of the cabin, 2-contour brake system and fangs on the bumpers. The new car was denoted by Moskvich-412IE.
The characteristic element of Moskvich-412 became the square headlights of the production of the GDR, which were also set on German Wartburg 353. Based on the base model, the Moskvich-427 wagon and the Moskvich-434 van were created.
AZLK-2141
"Moskvich" AZLK-2141 - Soviet and Russian passenger front-wheel drive car with the body "Hatchback", produced from 1986 to 1998 at AZLK. In total, 716,831 instance of this model were released.
AZLK-2141 has a layout with a longitudinal arrangement of the power unit Uzam-331.10 and the VAZ-216-70, which worked in a pair with a 5-speed gearbox of the original design with primary and secondary shafts located at one height. As a result, it was possible to reduce the overall height of the power unit and lower the hood line. Along with the basic 1.5 and 1.6-liter engines used VAZ engines and bonds of 1.7 and 1.8 liters.
The car constructively and externally looked a real breakthrough compared to previous models: 5-speed gearbox, fourteenty-wing wheels, a relatively large wheelbase, wide body type "hatchback", MacPherson front suspension and a dependent rear with a stabilizer and a Panar stabilizer, rush steering and integrated "volumetric" plastic bumpers. The body itself was estimated quite a decent aerodynamic coefficient Cx \u003d 0.35.
In 1997, the modernization of Moskvich-2141-02 "Svyatogor" appeared with a more powerful Renault 2.0 L engine and an updated appearance. Also in 1997, a small-sector M-2141R5 "Yuri Dolgoruky" appeared with an elongated 200 mm elongated body Hatchback And similarly extended sedan Moskvich-2142R5 "Prince Vladimir".
ZIS-110.
This impressive car from the USSR was a real large and solid seven-month limousine with a length of as much as 6 meters and weighing 2.5 tons. All his exterior resembled the Limousines of the American company Packard.
ZIS-110 was equipped with a row eight-cylinder motor of 6 liters and with a capacity of 140 liters. with. working in a pair with a 3-speed manual transmission. The limousine was primarily intended for the Higher Party Guide of the USSR and the famous cultural and science workers. Its production has lasted from 1945 to 1961 on the automobile plant. Stalin. Total released 2089 cars of all modifications.
The car was technically equipped with a fully: unusual for Soviet vehicles switching lever 3-speed gearbox on the steering column, hydraulic valve pushers and hypoid main transmission, which provided the ZIS-110 high level of acoustic comfort; Independent pivot pendant front wheels on double transverse levers; Luxurious cabin equipment, which included electro-hydraulic windows, high-end radio, heating and ventilation system.
Main modifications: ZIS-110A - ambulance car; ZIS-110B - Phaeton with a folding male roof; ZIS-110P - all-wheel drive car; ZIS-115 - armored version.
ZAZ-965A "Zaporozhets"
ZAZ-965A "Zaporozhets" was a real Soviet "folk car", produced at the "Communard" factory in Zaporizhia from 1962 to 1969. A total of 322,166 such cars were released.
It was equipped with an inclined air cooling engine MEMZ-966 with a capacity of 27 hp and 887 cubic meters. In 1965, at the expense of a new carburetor, the capacity was increased to 30 hp. The car was exported to European countries through the Belgian exporter Jalta, and in Finland cars were under the brand name Yalta.
When designing, the Italian Fiat 600 was taken as a basis due to its successful and progressive for mass production of the body design. Unlike Fiat 600 ZAZ-965A, there was a three-disconnecting body of type "Double-door sedan" with a clearly dedicated volume of the engine compartment's trunk in the form of a "hump" and a large rear glass, unified with the frontal.
The suspension was on double longitudinal levers with two transverse tocions as elastic elements. A car relied on the road using 13-inch wheels with a high profile, which provided acceptable permeability. We also produced modifications for the disabled and the mail van to collect letters with the right steering.
ZAZ-966 "Zaporozhets"
The successor ZAZ-965A became the model with an index 966, which was produced from 1966 to 1972. ZAZ-966 had an independent front suspension of a parallelogram type, with a guide device in the form of dual longitudinal levers and two transverse-plate-lamellar torsions as the main elastic element. Also, the "966th" received a new more advanced rear independent suspension.
Since 1967, an updated 1597 cc with significantly better traction characteristics and an increased resource was applied in the car. Body from the back had the characteristic "ears" airlows for cooling the engine compartment. For this element ZAZ-966 nicknamed "eared".
The gearbox with a fully synchronized number of front turns was successful and reliable, which allowed her to work with more powerful engines. Not very successful elements of the design were semi-axes with rather "gentle" rubber anthers of internal hinges.
ZAZ-968 "Zaporozhets"
"968-Aya" model was a further development and modernization of ZAZ-966, it appeared in 1971 and was produced until 1994. Also was the legendary Soviet car I small class.
From the predecessor ZAZ-968, initially differed only by other reversing lamps. Only in 1973, an upgraded model ZAZ-968A appeared, which had already narrow molding, instead of a raised radiator grille, new seats, 2-contour brake systems, a new instrument panel and an ignition lock with an anti-theft device.
ZAZ-968M "Zaporozhets"
In 1979, another modernization appeared - ZAZ-968M, which possessed rectangular rear lanterns instead of a round, new convex front panel with the middle black stripe and the inscription "968m", as well as rectangular turn signs. In addition, a 50-strong MEMZ-968BE engine was installed on this modification along with the basic.
Constructively changed the engine cooling system, where the air began to act through the stamped grid in the hood lid: "ears" were replaced with small "gills", where the right grille was used for air intake, and left for release.
VAZ-2101.
It was one of the most massive and favorite Soviet passenger cars of small class produced on the Volga Auto Plant. It can be called a real "folk car" of the Soviet era.
VAZ 2101 was the "primary" classical family of VAZ cars, which was produced until 2012. The production of model 2101 has lasted from 1970 to 1988 and in 18 years, 4.85 million VAZ-2101 pieces of all modifications were released.
Italian Fiat 124 was chosen as a prototype for the VAZ-2101, but in the Soviet car there were rear brakes on the drums for driving on bad roads, the front suspension was replaced and completely replaced with a more modern rear suspension, the cardan transmission is modified, strongly grip and the design of synchronizers in the checkpoint is modified. Modifications were made in terms of comfort and safety. A total of more than 800 changes were made.
The basic model was equipped with a 1.2-liter 62-power engine. The car was also also called "Zhiguli", "a single" and "penny". The main modifications of the model "2101" can be called: VAZ 21011 "Zhiguli -1300" - equipped with a more powerful engine of 1.3 l 69 hp with some modifications of the design of the body and the cabin; VAZ 2102 - Universal, is a licensed version of Fiat 124 Familiare with numerous changes and modifications. In total, 666,989 copies of such universal were released. The VAZ-2102 had pendant springs and shock absorbers, which made it possible to maintain a load capacity of 250 kg with two passengers. There was also a version of the electric vehicle VAZ-2102E / 2801 "Electro", released in the amount of only 47 pcs.
VAZ-2105
This is the further development of VAZ-ox models of "Classics". VAZ-2105 is the longest produced by the Soviet car from the Zhiguli family - 31 years from 1979 to 2010. It was also one of the cheapest cars in the Russian market.
VAZ-2105 compared to "2101" possessed more angular shapes of the body, replaced by chrome details on matte black plastic or made of painted metal. Here for the first time, the engine timing belt was used instead of a chain, first combined with overall and fog lights, turn signals, stop signals and reverse lights. In addition, windows were removed on the side glasses, but it was added by blowing the side glasses and heating the rear window.
A total of 2,091,000 VAZ-2105 copies were released. In the basic configuration, an engine was used 1.29 l with a capacity of 63.6 hp. With a 4-speed gearbox. But there were modifications with a 5-speed gearbox and more powerful engines: 1.45 L - 71.4 hp, 1.57 l - 80 and 82 hp For the power structures even installed rotary-piston engine Wankel VAZ-4132 - 1.3 l, 140 hp The export of VAZ-2105 was shipped under the name Lada Riva.
VAZ-2106.
This is a Soviet-Russian passenger car produced by a VAZ from 1976 to 2006. Total on different plants During this time, 4.3 million pieces of this model were released, which makes VAZ-2106 by one of the most massive domestic cars in history.
The exterior of "2106" was designed using black plastics at the time with a changed front facing, the back of the trunk, the bumper, wheel caps, side signs of turns, ventilation grids and even the factory sign. In the basic configuration, an engine 2103 was used, the working volume of which was increased to 1.57 liters, the torque and power increased by 12% - to 78 hp.
"Six" has become a three-millionth car released by a vase. VAZ-2106 For a long time remained the most prestigious model in the Line of the "Zhiguli", having an assessment of a car of increased comfort and reliability.
VAZ-1111 "Oka"
This Soviet and Russian micro-car was produced on a vase, KAMAZ and CEAZ from 1987 to 2008 and during this period about 700 thousand copies were issued. The main examples that the Soviet designers were based in the development of "Oka", became Japanese Kay-Kara, such as Daihatsu Cuore (L55), Subaru 700 and Honda Today.
Engine for VAZ-1111 with a capacity of 29.7 hp Created on the basis of the VAZ-2108 motor, taking the average two cylinders with moving synchronously pistons. Such an engine was called "half the eighth" unofficially, and on the official documentation he was assigned the number "1111". The body of the type "3-door sedan" was self-supporting with the mud flaps of the front wings of a box cross section as the power elements.
From the VAZ-2108, a cooling system was taken. In the system, an original carburetor was applied. Front suspension - MacPherson type with transverse stability stabilizer. Rear suspension - transverse flexible beam. The car was put on small 12-inch wheels with a fastening on three nuts. More than a third of parts are borrowed with VAZ-2101, VAZ-2103, VAZ-2108, VAZ-2121.
After the cessation in 1995, the production of "Oka" on a vase, due to its unprofitability, the production was transferred to Serpukhov, where the Seaz-1111 began to produce at the SeaZ-1111 plant, and in the Naberezhnye Chelny on the "ZMA", where KAMAZ-1111 was created. You already installed more powerful 0.75-liter 33-strong VAZ-11113 engine - half of the 1.5-liter VAZ-21083 engine.
The production on KAMAZ was discontinued in 2006 after the purchase of an enterprise by Severstal-Auto, and at Seaha in 2007, the release of "Oka" with the domestic engine was stopped and completely converted to the use of a Chinese 3-cylinder 1-liter unit with a capacity of 53 liters. With .. an attempt was also made by the production of pickups and vans of the Sea-11116-50 family. But in 2008, the production was stopped at Seauze due to its unprofitability.
UAZ-452.
The legendary Soviet cargo-massage all-wheel drive car produced at the Ulyanovsk Automobile Plant from 1965 and to the present. For his external cubic view with rounded edges of the UAZ-452, the nickname "Buanka" was popular, and in the cargo side version - "Golovastik".
UAZ-452 In addition to the base "van" has a large number of different modifications, the mains of which are UAZ-452A - a sanitary car that is able to get on the road to the most distant places; UAZ-452B - nine minibus; UAZ-452D - truck with a double cabin and wooden body.
In 1985, the UAZ-452 and its modifications received new indexes. So the all-wheel drive minibus began to be designated - UAZ-2206, and a sanitary car - UAZ-3962. At the base of the UAZ-452 also created a special armored car for the transport of values.
UAZ-469.
The car of increased pavement UAZ-469 became the successor to the legendary predecessor of GAZ-69. He was released at the Ulyanovsk Automobile Plant for more than 30 years from 1972 to 2003. From 1985 after modernization, the car began to be produced under the UAZ-3151 index.
As follows, the UAZ-469 designers should be a reliable, durable and all-round utilitarian car on the tested units of domestic "Gas" cars. UAZ-469 had a 5-seater body with removable tarp riding and side glazing, as well as the rear-fifth door leaned for loading of cargo. The body was mounted on a rigid and durable spar frame.
Road clearance reached 300 mm at the versions with "military" bridges and 220 mm in civil "UAZ". The disabled hubs were mounted on the front bridge, which made it possible to turn off the front axle and reduce fuel consumption when driving around the highway. Later began to apply fast-switching or self-locking coupling. Since 1983, the engine of the UMW-414 model of 77 hp was installed on the machine with a capacity of 77 hp.
Upgraded in 1985 Version of the UAZ-3151 had an additionally: hydraulic clutch shutdown drive, new lighting devices, windshield washer, leading high reliability bridges, two-circuit brake system, UFM-417 engine with high power up to 80 hp. and a number of other changes.
The main modifications of UAZ-469 include: UAZ-469B - civil version with clearance of 220 mm; UAZ-469 bg- medical option; UAZ-469Ap - Patrol Militian version with a rigid roof. The UAZ-469 in 2010 established a world record for the capacity of a passenger car - thentree of 32 people with a total weighing of 1900 kg.
IL-2715
IZH-2715 (or as it was called - "heel") Soviet and Russian cargo-passenger car serially produced from 1972 to 2001 in Izhevsk Automobile Plant. Cars of this model for almost 30 years 2,317,493 copies were released.
The truck was created on the basis of Muscovite-412 with a double cabin and a cargo van or a passenger compartment. IL-2715 in the USSR was the only light delivering car for the supply of small trading organizations. Its carrying capacity was 450-500 kg. And because of the frequent use in the carriage of confectionery IZH-2715, they also called "Pupbug" and "Pirozhkovoz".
The main modifications of IL-2715 include: basic with a all-metal van, IL-27151 in the body of a pickup picap with a folding back board and an IL-27156 -Chust freight-passenger version for short-term passenger transportation. The car has shipped to export to Latin America countries (for example, to Panama), as well as in Finland called "Elite Pickup".
As a power unit for IL-2715, a standard Uzam-412E engine was installed with a capacity of 75 hp. and deformed - 68 hp In an option for gasoline A-76.
LUAZ-969 "Volyn"
LUAZ-969 "Volyn" was a small Soviet-Ukrainian car of heightened passability, produced at the Automobile Plant in Lutsk from 1966 to 2002. "969th" was the first "SUV" that could be purchased into personal use, because It was specially designed for the needs of the villagers.
The car had a very functional uncomplicated design and the most minimal comfort. It was equipped with two types of MEMZ-969 engines, 890 cm³, with a capacity of 30 hp. and MEMZ-969A, with a capacity of 1197 cm³, with a capacity of 40 hp Initial serial instances of LUAZ-969 were only an option, but with a power take-off shaft to drive mounted or trailed equipment. All-wheel drive option "Loise" began to be produced from 1971.
The body body has been seized with a spar-type integrated frame. The interior on the layout is even visually strongly shifted forward to ensure constant loading of the front axle in order to ensure the best traction clutch with the soil. In all-wheel drive modification, rotation is transmitted from the power take-off shaft from the gearbox on the gearbox rear bridge With the help of a non-hinge of a thin shaft. The inter-axis differential in the design was absent. Suspension - torsion on longitudinal levers. Drum brakes without amplifier.
The main modifications include: LUAZ-969A with a more powerful 40-power engine and LUAZ-969M with a new form and trim, as well as an updated aggregate part.
RAF-2203 "Latvia"
The Soviet minibus manufactured at the Riga Auto Plant "RAF" from 1976 to 1997. He successfully replaced his predecessor RAF-977. RAF-2203 became the most massive and almost the only model of the minibus in the USSR. It was produced by 18 thousand copies per year with a common end result in 274,000 vehicles of all modifications.
The minibus according to the original design of the designers was to be completely unified with aggregates of existing Soviet cars. The main elements are taken from the "Volga" GAZ-24, wheel caps from GAZ-21, dashboard from GAZ-24, chrome plated mirrors and rear lights from the car "Moskvich-412".
The engine from the "Volga" gas-24 was installed as a power unit, which was located in the cabin between the front seats. Front suspension independent, spring, on transverse levers. Hydraulic shock absorbers, telescopic, with enhanced springs. Rear suspension dependent, on semi-elliptic longitudinal springs. The salon was divided into two compartments: for the driver and front passenger, sitting on the hoods of the anterior stake and the passenger interior of 10 places with a passage to the rear row of the seats.
The main modifications of RAF-2203 include: RAF-2203 Basic passenger minibus for 10 seats, emergency medical assistance car - RAF-22031 with several subsequent modernization, route taxi - RAF-22032 with a Dentified ZMZ-2401 engine, as well as specialized traffic minibuses RAF -22033 And Firefighter boat cars RAF-22034. In total, more than 90 different modifications were issued on the basis of RAF-2203.
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In the continuation of the post about the first Russian cars, today we will tell about the vehicles of the pre-war period.
Prombrograph from 24/45 1923
Made from the russia-ballet components preserved in the filients. Number of places - 6; The engine is the four-stroke, carburetor, the number of cylinders - 4, the working volume is 4501 cm3, the compression ratio is 4, the capacity is 45 liters. from. / 33 kW at 1800 rpm; Number of gears - 4; Main transfer - conical gears; tire size - 880 120 mm; Length - 5040 mm; width - 1650 mm; Height - 1980 mm; base - 3200 mm; Pitch - 1365 mm; Mass in the currency - 1850 kg; The highest speed is 75 km / h. Circulation - 10 pcs.
AMO-F15Sh.
A car on the chassis of the AMO F15 truck. Number of places - 6; The four-stroke engine, carburetor, the number of cylinders - 4, work volume - 4396 cm3, power - 35 liters. from. at 1400 rpm; Number of gears - 4; Main transfer - conical gears; Length - 4550 mm; width - 1760 mm; Height - 2250 mm; base - 3070 mm; Pitch - 1400 mm; Mass in the curb - about 2100 kg; The highest speed is 42 km / h.
We are-1 1927
The first Soviet car most auto studies traditionally consider AMO F-15 truck, produced in the future ZIS, and then Zille from 1924 to 1931. Other researchers of automotive parts are considered the first Soviet car "Prombrone". This car has been manufactured for some time at the factory of the same name at the then still near Moscow films on the equipment for the production of Russo-Balt, exported in 1915 from theft Riga. However, AMO F-15 truck was a copy of the Italian prototype, and the passenger representative "Prombrone" was developed before the revolution. Therefore, to call them purely Soviet cars is not entirely correct. In this regard, only one sample of automotive vehicles may apply for the title of the first purely Soviet car. This is a car - 1, created in 1927 by the designer by Konstantin Andreevich Sharapov.
Sharapov Konstantin Andreevichovich Konstantin Andreevich, 1899, Russian, native of Moscow. He graduated from the Lomonosov Institute for Autodel. Candidate of Technical Sciences, Chief Engineer Mati USSR, Head of the Department. The creator of the first Soviet small car cars us-1 with an air cooling engine and Nami-2.
Chief Designer of the Bureau of Light Car Nati. two children. 04/23/1939 Arrested in Moscow. The NKVD of the USSR was convicted at 8 years old. The guives did not recognize. Sitted on Kolyma. Nach Cast iron forging workshop in Kutaisi. 01/19/1949 arrested. 03/09/1949 OSO MGB of the USSR, Protocol No. 15, sentenced to Settlement in Turukhansk, where arrived 06/26/1949. Movement 10/11/1949 in the Yenisei district of KK. In February 1952, in the link in Yeniseisk. 12/02/1953 released from the reference, went to Moscow. 11/04/1953 Rehabilitated. Personal affairs number 5944, arch. № Р-7872 in IC ATC CC. He died in 1979.
The history of this car is: in 1926, a student Kostya Sharapov began writing a graduation project. However, he could not choose his theme. In the end, he stopped on a project of a superdishevy car intended for operation in the Soviet outback. The diploma project did not like the scientific leaders that Sharapova was accepted outside of all competitions by the leading engineer in us, and thesis project It was decided to embody in the metal. With the help of engineers, by us Lipgarta and Charnko, the diploma project was reworked in relation to the requirements of production, and in 1927 the Moscow Plant "Spartak", which still stands on the Pimenovskaya (now - Krasnoproletarian) Street in the Novoslobodskaya metro station, the first sample was made The car, named by the name of the institute by us. Assuming that the Institute will continue to implement all new cars into production, the sample soon renamed them to NIMI-1.
Technically car is not just extremely simple. It would be even not easy to call it, but simplified. A typical tube with a diameter of 235 mm was used as a ridge frame. An independent rear suspension was fastened to her, and a two-cylinder air-cooled engine was suspended in front and the V-shaped cylinder arrangement. The work volume of this engine was 1160 cu. See that it did it at the time of the supermalitrium - the then smallness of Ford T or Roussely Balt to 12/20 had two times larger working volume. This engine was a truncated variant of the five-cylinder star-shaped aircraft engine "Zirrus". Such an engine was used at AIR-1 Avietka, which appeared in 1927. Therefore, the V-shadun one for both pistons was dressed on one single crankshaft neck. The diameter of each of the cylinders was 84 millimeters, and the piston move is 105 mm. At 2800 revolutions per minute, the engine issued a power in 22 hp. The compression ratio was extremely small and accounted for 4.5 units.
This allowed to use the lowest grade gasoline, which at all could evaporate in the carburetor. The gas station in the car was absent, and the fuel came from the tank. There was not only the electric starter, but even the battery - the engine was successfully launched a crown handle. The dashboard in the car was not. The speed was measured on the eye, and the driver speed driver determined by ear, the good of the loud hissing sound of the motor, it fully allowed. By the way, it is for this awesome sound a car and called "Primus". What is a preims now, probably, many of you are pretty weak. Therefore, for those of our readers, who could not find the funny NEP times, it should be explained that primus is an infidel heating device operating on gasoline, kerosene or gas, acting on the principle of burning vapor fuel in a mixture with air.
On its device, he resembles a soldering lamp, but, unlike the latter, the flame of his burner is directed up. Over its burner itself is a ring-shaped wirestover, which can be put, a kettle, a saucepan, or a frying pan. In addition, the premus in those days even heated the premises, since the central heating was not yet, and the Cubic Arshin firewood was more expensive than the gasoline bucket. Now his device will seem primitive, but it is the cheaper primus that the more perfect samovar outstretched himself out of everybody, in which, by the way, it was cooked then not only tea, but also borsch.
Let's go back, however, to us-1. The trunk in the car was absent, and the spare wheel was attached directly to the back of the rear seat. And the instrumental box was installed on the footboard. Since the car was intended for operation in the USSR, the drawer was completed with a massive hanging castle. The doors were only two: the front on the left, the back on the right. With the right position of the steering wheel, the driver in order to come out to drive from the front passenger seat. Soon made a couple more copies. These prototypes safely made mileage from Moscow to Sevastopol and back.
The absence of differential, independent rear wheel suspension and a large road clearance, equal to 265 mm, provided by us - 1 fine passability on the roads, and a limited number of parts and the absence of complex technical devices They contributed to the fact that the car almost never broke - it was almost nothing to break in it. After successfully completing the mileage, the Spartak plant from January 1928 began to serial production of these machines, which last three years. In just three years, 412 cars were manufactured. In the grindiness of Moscow streets, often did not have solid coverage, Nami-1 easily overthrew the vague American cars with large engines. He delivered a passenger faster and light cargo at any end of the city, with less difficulty overcoming road congestion. By the way, the problem of Moscow traffic jams arose not in the XXI century.
It began to appear by the mid-30s. It was then that NEPMANs, rejected by accumulated during the years of military communism, laid down demand, began to write a wide variety of cars from abroad through an extension unit. Soon the streets of Moscow and Petrograd were filled with Rolls Royces, Mercedes, Spanish-Suizes and less thoroughbred foreign accidents. Among all this car diversity, passenger and leathematics reclosers were again. At the same time, the drivers of the mares did not recognize any rules of traffic.
In response to the riveting sound signals, they gracefully watered the chauffeur with an exquisite multi-storey mat. Nimi-1, in contrast to all of these Rolls Roisov, Mercedes, and Spanish-blue, was considered the car did not bourgeois, but proletarian. The cabrs took it for his own, and, having heard the hiss of the "Primus", politely awaited and inferior the road. In 1930, when the construction of the future gas was already accounted for and the conversion of ZIS, 160 copies released for the year were considered insufficient. However, the expansion of production prevented the constancy of the territory located within the Big City feature.
Then the plant engineers offered to convey the assembly of cars to a specialized enterprise, which would have received the chassis with Spartak, and the body from another plant. This project promised to bring the production of cars to 4.5 thousand per year and reduce their cost. However, the approach was a licensed Ford, called GAZ - A, and the government considered further production by us-1 inappropriate. To date, two whole cars are preserved - 1 and two chassis without bodies. One copy and one chassis are presented in the exposition of the Polytechnic Museum, the other car-1 is kept in the Museum of the Nizhny Novgorod plant "Hydromash", and the second chassis is in the technical center of the Moscow newspaper "Autores".
NATO-2 1932
Number of places - 4; The engine is four-stroke, carburetor, air cooling. The number of cylinders - 4, working volume - 1211 cm3, compression ratio - 4.5, power - 22 liters. from. at 2800 rpm; number of gears - 3; Main transfer - conical gears; Length - 3700 mm; width - 1490 mm; Height - 1590 mm; base - 2730 mm; Pitch - 1200 mm; Mass in the curb - 750 kg; Speed \u200b\u200b- 75 km / h Circulation - 5 pcs.
Gas-A 1932
December 17, 1932, in eleven months after the start of the Gorky Automobile Plant, the first passenger cars of Gas-a were reached from his conveyor. These, very simple and unpretentious cars, quickly won the hearts of drivers.
The history of this car began in the Zaokan Detroit when Henry Ford finally realized that his Ford T is hopelessly outdated. Recently, Ford believed that it would take it on the conveyor at least one hundred years, until humanity invenues batteries, more capacious. than benzobac his car. Then, about 2008, according to Ford's forecasts, humanity should have moved to electric vehicles. However, the reality forced Ford to remove the model t from the conveyor and replace its model A.
Turning to the model A, Ford decided, first of all, replaced the engine - 23 horsepower forces of the last Ford T was clearly not enough. However, the new engine was a slightly enlarged motor of the former model. The diameter of the cylinder was wrecked from 92.5 to 98.43 mm - it was not allowed to clean the intercentrons of a very rationally designed engine model T. I had to increase the stroke of the piston - from 101.6 mm to 107.95 mm, which resulted in creating a new crankshaft and New rods. As a result, the working volume of Doros is up to 200.7 cubic inches (in metric measures - 3285 cubic meters). The power was 40 horsepower. The design also applied many progressive solutions. For example, instead of wooden spokes in wheels began to install metal, and instead of oil clutch - dry one-piece. The latter eliminated the cases of the car to the driver.
The fact is that Ford Ta car had one dangerous character trait - sometimes due to the continuity of the oil, the clutch included in itself and the driver, starting the car with a crown handle, was crushed by his own car. Therefore, the instructions for Ford T indicated: "Before starting a car, turn on the rear transmission." True, since 1920, electric starters began to install on Ford T, the instruction was needed, but moving to the model A, Ford decided to leave the starter and the battery to leave only as an option to put in the specified 385 dollars.
Following the same production and marketing scheme as with a model T, Ford made from the Ford-as a lunaries and a low-tonnage truck Ford-AA - just as once made from Ford T Ford TT. Even a three-axis model Ford AAA, who inherited Ford Ttt appeared. It was this universal and well-unified series by the Soviet leadership, and it was this car that is quite simple, reliable and technological was decided to make the main soviet carcass. The then Soviet Union, of course, more versed trucks. Therefore, by releasing the first batch of Naz, and to the opening of the plant, the following prepared only by December 6, when Nizhny Novgorod became bitter, and Naz became already gas.
Let's start, as always, from the appearance. Gas-A looked like a typical car of the turn of the 20s - 30s of the twentieth century. The bumper of the car was made of two elastic steel strips. The nickel radiator was decorated with the first emblem of the Gorky plant - black oval with letters "Gas". Wheels with wire knitting needles without threaded nipples to adjust the tension - construction has such strength and reliability.
A slightly yellowish color of windshield says that it is a triplex - two layers of glass with a paved third - elastic film, once transparent, but from the time of yellowed. When hit, the triplex was covered with a thick layer of cracks, but did not crumble on separate crystals as modern car rates. Before windshield sticks out a gas tank tube. It is located on the back wall of the engine compartment: fuel came to the carburetor signed. Thus, there was a need for a fuel pump, in those years a very imperfect device. Gaszobak on gas-and almost hung over the drivers and passenger's knees. In the lower part of the tank was a crane that the driver, leaving, was blocked.
The crane often flowed that from the point of view of fire safety was a serious threat. On the black ebonite steering wheel next to the signal button there are two lever. One serves to manually control the ignition protrusion (today the ATU performs the work machine), and the other is the installation of the permanent supply of gas. The speedometer does not have a familiar arrow - in the device's window, the numbers are moved to the drum indicating the speed. The numbers on the gasoline index are applied on the scale connected directly to the float in the gas tank.
Just below the tiny round pedal of the accelerator had a support for the heel of the right leg - the oblong pedal appeared on cars much later.
If we managed to disassemble the whole car until the last boot, we would see the rolling bearing (in a modern car about two hundred), of which are seven roller, and the rollers are scouts from the thick steel strip. But the crankshaft bearings were bearings of sliding, and not as now, with thin-walled quick-name bimetallic liners, which are serving * in 100 thousand km. The material for them was the alloy called Babbit, who flooded the "bed" of the bearing right in the cylinder block or in the connecting rod. To fit the surface of such a bearing to the crankshaft crankshafts, a layer of Babbit Shabral. But even the most thorough fit did not save that after 30-40 thousand km, the mileage had to again pour bearings.
GAZ-3 - the first domestic serial passenger car with a closed bungalum in the design of Gas-A appears to be amazing in our days: tape hand brake The rear wheels, the lack of a device for adjusting the valves (if necessary, the valve rod slightly spilivis), very small (4.2) the degree of compression, due to which in hot weather, when the conditions for evaporation of the liquid are favorable, the engine could even work on kerosene.
Two transverse springs served for the wheel suspension, and the back had an unusual form of a strongly stretched "written" letter L. Gaz-A was produced mainly with an open five-seater four-door body of the Faeton type. In the case of bad weather, you could raise a tarpaulin awning and fasten over the door to tarpaulin sidewalls with celluloid closures. In 1934, an experimental batch of machines equipped with closed bodies of the type "Sedan" was raised. The assembly on the conveyor of such bodies, in which a mutual fit of many complex in shape was required, and most importantly, easily deforming parts, was very slow, and they refused. But the demand for closed passenger cars existed to satisfy it, the Moscow Arsmkusement plant began to mount on the chassis of Gas-A closed four-door body for Moscow taxis.
From 1934 to 1937, the Gorky Automobile Plant produced Pickups GAZ-4 (shown in the photo on the left). They used a double cabin from gas-aa truckwhich was located metal body for 0.5 tons of cargo. In the posterior body of the body (for loading mail, products, small parties of industrial goods) the door was made. Therefore, the spare wheel moved into the pocket of the front left wing. By the way, the postal "Pickups" of GAZ-4 met on the streets of Moscow, even at the end of the forties. We should say that the gas chassis was used not only for "pickups" or a taxi. The body of Armored Army, D-8, was mounted on it, which went to armared the parts of the Red Army. The car gas-A was produced from 1932 to 1936 at the Gorky Automobile Plant, and from 1933 to 1935, in addition, and at the Kim factory Textiles, where after the war on trophy equipment will produce the 400th Moskvich. In total, 41,917 cars were released, but already in 1934 on the gas conveyor, they began to replace GAZ-M1 with the famous Emch.
L-1 1933
Number of places - 7. Length - 5.3 m. Engine 8-cylinder, working volume 5750 cm3, Power - 105 hp at 2900 rpm. Speed \u200b\u200b115 km / h. Circulation - 6 pcs.
GAZ-M1 1936
This car was the most massive Soviet car of the mid-twentieth century. 62888 Molotov's 6288 copies were filtered in the 30s-40s all over the country, and made this car with one of the characters of the winning socialism, because it was with the announcement that socialism in the USSR was built, coincided in the country of this car. You probably understood that we are talking about a gas M1 car that is nimbled in the people of Emka.
Despite the fact that this car was built in the country of victorious socialism, his roots were the most bourgeois. Most auto studies and the absolute majority of autoshurgicalists are believed that the prototype of this car was American Ford B modification F40.
Indeed, in accordance with the agreement currently, the American side passed the technical documentation for the F40 car, equipped with a 3285 cubic vehicle V-shaped eight-cylinder engine. See (200.7 cubic inches), but we were allegedly unable to master the production of "eights" and put a forced motor from its predecessor gas to EMC. However, if you dig up a plotting of dealer, then a small nuance will seek out, questioning the official and generally accepted version. It turns out that by obtaining the technical documentation of the F40 model, Gorky designers did not even think of mastering it in production. From the very beginning, the car was admitted unsuitable for our roads, and its development required a thorough processing of technical documentation - one translation from an inch in the metric would occupy at least a year.
However, Andrei Alexandrovich Lipgart was just appointed by the chief designer of Gaza, Lipgart was a supporter of the fastest implementation into the production of a new passenger model. He drew attention to the fact that the European Branch of Ford in Germany produces the European version of Ford B. This car was called Ford Rhineland (Ford Rheinland) and was already fully adapted by German designers for European conditions. In particular, German Motorist Designers instead of putting expensive and voracious "eight", improved the old Ford engine from the Ford A. model. They changed the phases of the gas distribution, raised the degree of compression of the working mixture to 4.6 units (Ford-and this parameter was 4.2), increased by 0.8 mm lifting valves, expanded the passage cross sections of the channels in the carburetor, and also upgraded the lubricant and cooling systems, as a result of which the engine began to issue instead of 40 hp. 50 horsepower. The suspension was also enhanced and the rigidity of the body was increased. Therefore, Lipgart and proposed to contact the Germans and to buy technical documentation from them.
However, there were political obstacles to such a decision - since 1933, Hitler was in power in Germany, and all the trading relations between the USSR and Germany were almost completely completely cooled. Nevertheless, the proposal of Lipgart was enrolled in a very favorable moment - our Soviet Torgpred was sent to Germany in Sweden David Vladimirovich Kandelaki. On May 5, 1935, he met with Goering and he secretly decided to sell something from the Soviet Union for which we were ready to drop off a very decent rollback.
All this was sold allegedly in Sweden and then allegedly re-exported by the Swedes in the Soviet Union. The technical documentation for the Ford Rhineland car was among all this. Work on the development of the model began immediately, and already on March 17, 1936, the first two pre-seventive samples of GAZ-M1 were sent to the Kremlin. There they were examined by Stalin, Molotov, Voroshilov and Ordzhonikidze after which they gave good production.
True, the drugs of the heavy industry Grigory Konstantinovich Ordzhonikidze, a better known under the pseudonym Sergo, on July 8, 1936 instructed NATO to conduct official tests of the three serial gas-M-1: two cars had to go to the 30,000-kilometer fleet on off-road and sluggishness, and more One fell to the object of thorough research and structural improvements made by detecting defects during the mileage of the first two machines. At the same time, changes in their design were introduced directly during mass production. EMCI could be considered finally brought only by the end of 1937.
According to modern standards, GAZ-M1 would be considered a car of the middle class. The length of EMKI at a 2845 mm wheelbase was 4665 millimeters. The width was equal to 177 centimeters. So this car would most likely deliver today to the segment of D. The car body had a frame structure. The frame consisted of two side meters of the box, connected by two X-shaped crossbars in the middle and in the middle and two crossings behind the car, an inline four-cylinder novel smelter carburetor engine was installed. Its working volume at a 98.43-millimeter cylinder diameter and a 107.95-millimeter piston progress was 3286 cubic meters. see torque passed on rear wheel With a three-step gearbox, equipped with a lung switching coupling. For 24 seconds, the car accelerated to 80-kilometer speeds. The maximum speed was 105 km / h.
There are several modifications of EMCI on the automobile plant. After the limousine, a pick-up truck called gas M-415 was the most popular. Its front part, including the facing of the radiator, the plumage and hood (Emka had two - left and right), remained unchanged. However, the rear part was reinforced - it was a cargo platform with low folding sides, at which either 400 kg of cargo could be transported or six passengers.
The bulk of these pickups came to the Red Army and only after significant wear were transferred to the national economy. There was a purely combat version of EMKI - BA-20 BA-20 armored car - light machine-gun armored car. It was used by the Red Army in the battles on the Khalhin-goal and the Soviet-Finnish war, as well as at the initial stage of the Great Patriotic War. In 1937, GAZ-M-1 was exhibited at the World Industrial Exhibition in Paris, but did not receive any awards there. Much more attention was awarded there mockups of the station of the Moscow Metro and the sculptural group of the Mukhina "Worker and Kolkhoznitsa". In the late 1930s, it was decided to upgrade the car. First of all, it was necessary to replace the rapidly obsolete engine. The six-cylinder Dodge D5 engine was recognized as the most suitable for production and operation in the USSR.
The preparation of the GAZ-11 engine to serial production was completed mainly in March 1940. Since that time, the release of modernized EMCI GAZ-11-73 began with a new engine with a capacity of 76 or 85 hp. and a 3,485 liter working volume. I note that the first power value had a motor with cast-iron pistons, and the second with aluminum. Machine GAZ-11-73 differed somewhat from the predecessor - she had more modern cladding of the radiator, other blinds on the hoods, updated dashboard, semi-centrifugal clutch mechanism and improved shock absorbers. The suspension was equipped with a transverse stability stabilizer. In this version, EMCA was produced until June 1943, when the Bitter bombing, which destroyed the body workshop, forced to stop its production. However, from the remaining details in 1945-48, it was possible to collect another 233 car, after which the release of EMCI was terminated completely.
ZIS-101 1937
This car was created as Stalin's car, but Stalin this car did not remember. However, for the party and economic asset, this car was quite by the way. The fact is that in the summer of 1937, the head of the NKVD of Elysov banned the operation of foreign cars in Moscow and Leningrad. He explained it to this struggle with traffic police - with traffic jams, Moscow met about the times of NEP, and even the expansion of the street of Gorky and the elimination of gardens in the garden ring, did not save the capital from this attack.
The creation of the ZIS 101 was preceded by the development of a seven-bed representative limousine Leningrad-1 (more often called L-1) by the plant "Red Putilovets". The prototype was taken by American BYUK-97 Models of 1932. It was very perfect, but rather complicated in the manufacture of a car. The drawings were commissioned to make the Lengiprovato Institute, which was part of the All-Union Auto Tractor Association. According to these drawings, Putilovtsy made six copies, which were extended before the Tribunes at the May Day demonstration of 1933. However, along the way from Leningrad to Moscow, all six collected specimens broke out, after which the Council decided that the Putilov plant should produce mainly military products, and production was transferred to limousine to ZIS. Works on his development was led by Evgeny Ivanovich Vienhazhsky. He retained the overall construction, but refused to be difficult in the adjustment of the nodes: remote control Shock absorbers and from an automatic transmission existing on Bycheik. While it was mastered by the chassis, the car body is morally outdated and looked clear anachronism. Therefore, the body decided to create anew.
To work on his body was attracted by the young airliner Rostkov - an extraordinary self-taught artist who was fond of marine landscapes
In the process, it turned out that the all-metal body, the design of which was focused during the development, pays much more problems, which was first assumed, and the group of Soviet designers send to the American Badd Body-Building Firm, where they are in their sketches and create a working model, stamping Equipment and other necessary technological equipment. It is quite natural that the body style turned out to be purely American, in the spirit of the new-fashioned direction "Stream Line". The silhouette, details and fragments of the surface did the "101th" similar immediately into several popular at the time of American cars, but despite this, the car looked peculiarly, which in a large extent contributed to the heavy and somewhat rude nature of the model plastics.
ZIS-101 in the movie "Podkin"
The length of the car with such a body was 5647 mm, width - 1892. For comparison, L-1 with the same width had only 5.3 meters long. The wheelbase has a length of 3605 mm, the front wheels are 1500 mm, and the rotation radius reached 7.7 meters. On the CIS-101 cars, a row eight-cylinder top-flaped engine was installed. The diameter of its cylinder was 85 mm, and the piston move - 127. The working volume, thus, was 5766 cubic centimeters.
L-1 plant "Red Putilovets"
The engine was distinguished by features such as supporting the necessary temperature in the cooling system The thermostat, the crankshaft with counterweights, the spinner of the crankshaft oscillations, a two-chamber heated carburetor with heated gases. The transmission included two-way clutch and a 3-speed gearbox. The second and third transmission were synchronizers. When using aluminum pistons, he developed 110 hp. With 3200 revolutions per minute. With the cast-iron pistons, its power fell to 90 hp. at 2800 rpm. Maximum speed The car at such a power was 115 km / h, fuel consumption per 100 km of way - 26.5 liters. At power, the 110- engine allowed to accelerate up to 125 km / h. Experienced samples demonstrated to Stalin in the spring of 1936, and the serial release began in November. They produced them for 4-5 pieces per day, and from November 3, 1936 to July 7, 1941 8752 cars were produced.
Despite the fact that Zisov had enough not to all party Soviet and economic workers, and many had to go on simple "Emki", 55 cars were transferred to the 13th Moscow Tax aircraft. Unlike government, they had an unconventional coloring - blue, burgundy blue and yellow. Such a taxi and other cities were operated. For example, in 1939 in Minsk there were three taxi ZIS-101. Taxi limousines had their special parking lots in the center - near the hotel "Moscow", in front of the large theater, at the metro station "Sverdlov Square". The passage of ZIS was worth 1 ruble 40 kopecks per kilometer, while on taxi-Emch only ruble. In addition, ZIS-101 became the first minibus: the first of them was beaten along the garden ring. The fare in 1940 was 3 p. 50 kopecks, while the bus ticket then cost Ruble, Tramway - 50 kopecks, and there was no ticket to the metro (there were no tournistries, and the tickets were bought at the checkout and showed the controller) - 30 kopecks. The average salary was 339 rubles that year
Opened and long-distance route Moscow-Noginsk. However, taxi-phaetons with open bodies were particularly popular. Sheshchekes did not exist then - they appeared only in 1948 on the "victories", and a taxi from party-house-based cars was distinguished only by the sign that they were painted not in the black party-house color, but were blue, blue and yellow. True, this yellow was so pale yellow that he would now be called Beige. By the beginning of the war in Moscow there were 3,500 taxiotors, of which about five hundred were zisami.
At the first copy of the ZIS-101 from left to right: Secretary of the Central Committee of the CPSU (b) Andrei Andreevich Andreev (often confused with the Zisa Director Ivan Likhachev), the drugs of the heavy industry in Kiev Ordzhonikidze, I.V. Stalin, V.M. Molotov, A. I. Mikoyan.
In June 1940, the Government Commission was worked at ZIS, which was headed by Academician E.A. Crank. She, in particular, noted that the ZIS-101 is 600-700 kg harder than foreign analogues. The existed modernization led to the creation of the ZIS-101A. The facing of the radiator changed, it became more powerful engine, the design of the synchronizer in the gearbox was simplified and the ososophy gears of the first transmission and reverse movement were applied, a single-circuit was developed.
The engine capacity increased due to the transition to the new MKZ-L2 carburetor (type "Stromberg"), where the mixture came to the cylinders not ascending, and the incident flow, due to which their filling and power improved. The changed design of the intake manifold and the revised phases of the gas distribution: ZIS-101A, produced only with aluminum pistons, developed the capacity of 116 hp Experienced samples of the ZIS-101b with a stepped trunk and a number of improvements in the chassis, as well as the ZIS-103 with an independent suspension front wheels were built. However, these ideas did not succeed because of the war. By this moment the plant managed to make about 600 WIS-101A cars.
Zisa were freely sold and the population. They cost 40 thousand rubles, or, respectively, 118 medium wages. Nevertheless, scientists, writers and artists gladly bought it. Among buyers were the love of Orlov, Alexey Tolstoy, Alexey Stakhanov and the Father of the Future of the Department of Soviet Union Ilya Vesper.
During the war, the parks closed one after another. The tenth park on Red Presnya was destroyed by direct bombs. By the spring of 1942, only the third park in the county alley remained. Then closed it. Taxi was first transferred to the bus park in Druzhignikovskaya Street, and in the winter of 1943 in the garage on aircraft. By the end of the war, unauthorized and continuous 36 taxiotors remained. After the war, they were all redistered into minibuses. And the new ZIS-110 began to use as taxi limousines, but this is another story.
ZIS-101A-Sport 1938
Number of places - 2; The engine is the four-stroke, carburetor, the number of cylinders - 8, the working volume is 6060 cm3, the power is 141 liters. from. at 3300 rpm; number of gears - 3; Length - 5750 mm; width - 1900 mm; height 1856 mm; Wheel base - 3570 mm; Mass in a curb - 1987 kg; The highest speed is 162.4 km / h.
GAZ-11-73 1940
Modification of gas M1 with a six-cylinder engine GAZ-11. Different from Emca Facing the Radiator Facing and Fitness on the sidewalls of the hood, bumpers with fangs (leaning on a 30 mm machine), a new instrument panel, improved brakes, piston shock absorbers double action, reinforced versators. The places - 5; Engine: Number of cylinders - 6, working volume - 3485 cm3, Power - 76 liters. from. at 3400 rpm; number of gears - 3; tire size - 7.00-16; Length - 4655 mm; Width - 1770 mm; height - 1775 mm; base - 2845 mm; Mass in the currency - 1455 kg; Speed \u200b\u200b- 110 km / h. Circulation - 1250 pcs.
GAZ-61 1941
Car for generals and marshals
On September 17, 1939, 17 days after the German attack on Poland, the troops of the Red Army invaded the limits of the collapsed Polish state, the government of which a day before it was fled from the country. Two days later, the Soviet troops approached the city of Vilnius - the future of Vilnius. In those years, this city belonged to Poland, and Kaunas was the capital of independent Lithuania. The largest part of the population of the region and the Vilen region was Belarusians. Resistance Polish troops almost did not have, and columns were hiking. Ahead, headed by the column, on Emka, was driving the head of political management of the 3rd army of the Belarusian Front Brigadd Commissioner Shulin. The road was narrow, unconfalined, and therefore it is not surprising that the Commissioner "EMCA" stuck in the middle of the road. And not only stuck, but blocked the road next for her the entire 3rd army.
As a result of this incident, it was not worked as not at 8 am, but only at 13 o'clock. Few in the Red Army knew that on that very day from the gate of the Gorky Automobile plant in the first test mileage, a fundamentally new commander-worker car was released. Outwardly, he had little difference from Emki. Only too high clearance issued all-terrain vehicles in it. The base for the new army passenger car served as a good Gorky "EMCA" GAZ-M-1, which possessed fairly reliable and durable chassis aggregates. By the beginning of 1938, the experimental samples of its next modification were built: GAZ-61-40. However, the 40-strong gas engine is the same thing that stood on Emka, and on the half-one, for such a car it turned out to be very low. Therefore, in the summer of 1939, it was decided to put the GAZ-11 engine on the car, which then had a power of 73 hp
Most of the nodes and aggregates were inherited from EMCI, more precisely, from its modification M-11-73, which had the same engine. Actually, there was actually only the front leading bridge and dispensing box. For their power communication, several modified was used cardan Val. Car ZIS-101 with hinges on needle bearings. Rear closed, double drive shaft was equipped with an intermediate hinge. Instead of a three-speed "passenger" gearbox used "truck" four-speed from GAZ-AA with an increased twice by the power range, which made it possible to do without a demultipator. This range was increased due to the fact that the distribution was two-speed. In the mechanical drive of the brakes used the equalizer. And here, on September 19, the car went to factory tests. On the highway with a full load of 500 kg, it developed a speed of 107.5 km / h, having fuel consumption 14 liters per 100 km.
Thanks to the drive to all the wheels, high engine power reserves, an enlarged gear ratio in transmission, tires with a special profile and raised by 150 mm frame, a new car overcomed on the ground such ascents that are not available to each tracked machine - up to 43 degrees. This value was limited to twisting the rear semi-axes and the beginning of overturning back, and not traction capabilities. On the sand of GAZ-61-40, it took a rise from the spot to 15 degrees, from the course - up to 30 degrees, the former with a removed belt of the fan - to 0.82 m, ditch - width to 0.85-0.9 m, the snow - depth More than 0.4 m. The car was not stuck even on blurred autumn rains of soil roads and arable land, he could tow a trailer weighing up to 700 kg, confidently turned through a log diameter of 0.37 m and even ... climbed to the boarding up 45-centimeter dance flooring of cultbase Auto plant.
In the fall, when continuous rain, the smoking three days, brought all the surrounding roads in the necross-coming condition, the GAZ-61 car went from Gorky to another trip. The dirt road, replete with cool lifts and descents, was spread ahead. Clay, mixed with sand, which was the road surface, spacked and was cut by deep ribs, filled with water. Ditches at the edges of the road represented as if peculiar traps, hitting normal car He could not independently get out. Obviously, for this reason the road was completely deserted. Suddenly ahead seemed a counter car. It was a cargo three-axis with the caterpillars rushed on the wheels, descending very carefully from the hill.
Her chauffeur was going to stop the car, as it was impossible to disperse in such a dangerous place. But suddenly he saw that the passenger car turns into a ditch and easily joining this obstacle. Expanded in the field, the car with the same maneuver came out for the middle of the road, bypassing the three-axis. The affected chauffery of the counter car got out of it and watched a long time after the car-61 passenger car, with which he first met under such circumstances. The ability of the GAZ-61 car is very significant to climb the stairs. The test of an experimental sample to overcome this type of obstacles was carried out on the Koltbase of the Gorky Automobile Plant.
GAZ-61 overcomes the water barrier
From the sandy river beach led to the corner of 30 degrees a staircase in four march. The car, as can be seen on the photo shown here, rose surprisingly calmly. The new car was supposed to be released in three versions, more fully meet the interests of the army and the national economy: with Phaeton's open body, with a closed standard body from Emki type "Sedan" and half-sized "Pickup". The first instance of Phaeton went to Marshal Voroshilov. The remaining marshals - the weekly, kulik, Tymoshenko and Shaposhnikov - got sedans. Cars and army generals - Zhukov, Meretkov and Tyulenev, as well as the commander of the Western Special Military District, the Hero of the Soviet Union, Colonel Tank Military Armor Dmitry Grigorievich Pavlov, soon also received the title of General Army.
Already after the start of the war, such a car was received by the Commander of the Far Eastern Front, General of the Army, Joseph Rodionovich Apanesenko, and on February 3, 1941, such a car received a commissar of state security 1 rank Vsevolod Nikolaevich Merkulov. In July, the former car shot by Pavlova went to the future Marshal Ivan Stepanovich Konev. On her he drove the whole war. This car, now working at Mosfilm's film studio, during the war they were punched with small fragments of both windshields. In the roof, there is also a few samples in the roof .. the car has retained its engine for No. 620, and its body for № 1418. Only piston rings, the liners were changed, the crankshaft was grinding.
By the end of the 1930s, the USSR announced that socialism was finally built. Life has become better, life has become happier. If in 1929 - a year of the beginning of collectivization and industrialization - the average salary in the USSR was 75 rubles, then in 1940 it has already accounted for 339 rubles. In addition, food prices were quite low, and the buying capacity of the ruble exceeded such a US dollar. Therefore, the remains of the previous payments were accumulated in the pockets of the population, which for months and years turned into decent amounts. Neither to carry this money in Sberkassu, nor buy additional bonds on them (in addition to voluntary-forced), there were no significant citizens, and Goslana had to pull out the needs of the motherland from their pockets from their pockets.
For this purpose, at the beginning of 1940, someone from the State University of Mr. and offered to launch a massive Soviet car into production. The idea was borrowed from the practice of German National Socialism. There, in Germany, the idea was successfully implemented to supply each family of a simple popular car, the cost of which did not exceed a thousand marks.
Those 990 brands that cost Volkswagen were then 2100 Soviet rubles, while EMCA cost nine thousand to the USSR. Therefore, it is not surprising that first in the Soviet Union wanted to simply copy a German car or acquire a license. However, the "vacuum cleaner" with the engine-in-air engineer, and besides, I didn't like the rear from behind, and then I presented two English cars. The first of them - Austin 7 - was rather cheap in production. However, his design and design were by that time already quite backward. The other is the Ford Perfect, which was produced by the British branch of the Fords corporation, was at the time the last word in the development of automotive equipment, and although he did not fit into a two-tailed price limit, the choice Stalin stopped on it. The only thing he wished to redo, so it is to supply the body, which on the prefect was two-door, doors for the rear passengers.
Kim-10 in the movie "Four Hearts"
The production was charged with the factory named after Kim, located in the then still near Moscow textiles. It was named this plant in honor of the communist international youth-youth section of the then Comintern. The plant began its activities in November 1930, starting to assembling the Ford passenger and trucks. Since 1933, on full power Gorky Automobile Plant Earned, the plant Kim becomes a branch of gas and passes to the assembly of Gas-A cars and GAZ-AA from Gorky machine collectors. It is for this plant and a choice of Mamar. Gorky designer Brodsky processed the design of the prefect, and in the US company Budd was ordered body stamps for this car.
The trial batch of 500 cars, called KIM-10-50 was released by April 25, 1941. Stamps for four-door bodies were still lagged, and cars in a two-door version participated in the Pervomaisa parade. The car at a 2385-millimeter wheelbase was 3960 millimeters; width - 1480 mm; And height -1 meter 65 centimeters. The king of the front and rear wheels was the same and was equal to 1145 millimeters. Thus, the Soviet version of the car was 16 centimeters longer than the British original, by 3.6 centimeters wider on and four centimeters above. The length of the wheelbase was more than the prototype by 185 millimeters. Up to 210 millimeters, the road clearance was increased, which was only 139.7 millimeters on the British model.
A low-flaped four-cylinder engine was installed on the car. With a 63.5-millimeter cylinder diameter and 92,456-millimeter piston, its working volume was equal to 1171 cubic centimeters. Its compression ratio in the original was 6.16: 1, and at 4000 revolutions per minute, the engine gave 32 horsepower. However, in the Soviet Union, only the Aviation gasoline B-70 was kept such a compression ratio, and the compression ratio in the motor was lowered to 5.75 units. Power immediately fell to 30 horsepower. But at that time, this was considered quite sufficient - the post-war "Moskvich" had less for eight forces. Nevertheless, the maximum speed, which at the British model of 95 kilometers per hour, fell only to 90 km / h, which was then enough - in most Soviet roads cars were then drove at 40-kilometer speed, and after a 50-kilometer machine It began to shake so that it was already impossible to steer.
In addition, the motor with a smaller degree of compression was easier to start the handle, because the capacity of the 6-volt battery was enough only to three or four engine launches. On the KIM-10 for the first time in the domestic automotive industry found the use of the hood of alligator type instead of the drills with lifting sidewalls. The bases were equipped with a clock and a mechanism regulating the installation of the front seats - both and the other was found only on top class cars. Kim-10 body had a lot of innovations. He did not have an outdoor footboard as on other passenger cars. Windshield It was not flat, but consisted of two parts located at an angle, the design, later received on post-war cars. Other new products should be called thin-walled two-layer inserts of the engine crankshaft, the centrifugal fibergiation automaton, a wiper operating under the influence of discharge in the inlet tube of the engine. There is also a modification of a car with the "phaeton" type. It was called Kim-10-51 and was released in 1941 by a small series. Her body had a mothers folding awning and sidewalls with celluloid windows. The car was intended mainly for operation in the southern regions of the country of the Soviets. However, with the beginning of the war, all released phaetons were transferred to the Red Army, and therefore not a single copy was preserved.
The history of the automotive began in 1924. Then people first saw the wonders of the domestic car industry: a dozen new trucks of the model AMO-F15 drove in Red Square, demonstrating their power and power. And he made them on the world, the world famous company ZIL. Of course, then she was almost a zero level of development, but, with the development of the USSR, the company's strength and strength.
But, after all, passenger cars became the main achievement of the Soviet Masters-Mechnikov. So, the first batch of truly domestic cars consisted of 370 copies of Nami-1. This beauty accelerates speed up to 70 km / h. An ordinary Soviet person could only dream of such a car, so they traveled representatives of power. By the way, the design and mechanics of Nami-1 fully developed specialists of the Spartak plant.
In 1929, the car was upgraded: now the model had a speedometer, a forced engine and installed the electric starter. But the prototype of the legendary Ford was released only in 1935. This car accelerates speed up to 90 km / h. Knowing people called her more "designer for adults", as the passenger car gas consisted of 5450 parts.
The same difficulty was the prototype of the American Biuika -32-90 - Leningrad-1.
And now we turn to the significant, for the automotive industry of the USSR, year 1944. It was then, a year before the end of the war, a well-known, the legendary "victory" was developed for the whole world.
Legends go that at first they wanted to call "homeland". When the documents were sent to approval, he asked: "Well, how much will we have a homeland?". After that, the car was immediately renamed. But back to the car itself. Already in 1954, more than 236 thousand copies were released. She enjoyed great popularity among the population. It was in line for the purchase of years, and those who managed to acquire it, called her gentle - swallow. It was equipped with a fairly powerful six-cylinder engine.
The rare modification is a convertible victory - now there are more than 100 thousand dollars, and are in demand from collectors.
Along the way, with the "victory", a favorite "Moskvich" appeared on the world, to whom Soviet witty people also gave the name - "Collect himself." He was constantly broken, but, at the same time, to have "Moskvich" was also prestigious, as well as "victory." It was this model that was equipped with new overseas engines. When the Iron Curtain fell, our automotive companies began to actively cooperate with foreign, which gave good results. The maximum speed of the native "Moskvich" is 105 km / h.
There are two cars that belong to, and will belong my heart is "Volga" and "Seagull". I think the same emotions in most Soviet people. Yes, of course, there are now a lot of modern cars with steep frills, tremendous speed, etc. But when you sit in a comfortable, nice eye salon "Volga" - you feel like a man. No wonder these cars went the first people of the country.
But the little "Zaporozhets" always called a smile. This Luchuck of 1963 was worth 1200 rubles. Despite his wrongness, he was just a huge queue. It was the first car that was done really for the usual people. My grandfather also had a "Zaporozhets". He called him gently donkey. Do you ask why? Because there were almost no places in the trunk, so half a thin potatoes, things in the country, suitcases, bicycles, a stack of hay, a kilogram of apples, etc. We drove on the lattice stand on the roof of the little "Zaporozhets". That's why donkey.
Of course, the Soviet auto industry has a continuation and now. The USSR engineers gave an excellent start to the future. If it were not for them, we would now have to buy cars of only foreign production, and they are unlikely to endure a trip to the country, conceiving relatives to the station, and a real, Russian, sincere wedding. And finally, a little bearded anecdote about the domestic automotive industry: "Do you know why the Zaporozhet's trunk at the front? And everything in order to do not stole the thing at such a speed! "
