"Electromobile version 1.0" - a baseline machine, which can be done for six months in the garage actually any sleeves man who can repair a car and possessing initial knowledge in electrical engineering. The purpose of this article, of course, does not give the reader a clear instruction on application, but to give, as today it is fashionable to say, the "road map" understanding that the electric car is easy! He told the "Wheel" about this one of the most authoritative Russian electric vehicles, Igor Korkhov, the administrator of the largest thematic forum Electrotransport.ru, successfully built the completed structures of its own electric vehicles, and at the moment the Lada Ellada is at the modernized LADA ELLADA.
Body
What is the electric vehicle electromotive, which is easy to build on the Garage "Stapel"? Body from a donor machine with steering, suspension, transmission and brakes, electric motor direct currentaggregated with a regular manual gearbox, battery pack with a controller, a accelerator pedal, from which the controller receives a signal and a number of auxiliary nodes, which can not even be entered into the design, and later - after the first trial departures, which are looking forward to the soul of the garage engineer ...
As a body donor, as a rule, take a front-wheel drive car in order not to lose the friction energy in the Kardan and hypoid gear crosses rear bridge. They try to find a typewriter easier, ideally up to 600-700 kilograms, although it does not always succeed - most cars are excessively heavy in terms of the construction of an electric vehicle. At one time, the Tavria is very popular among garage electromotivers - the body is easy and excellent "Robust" - on roven road You could literally push my finger! But the Tavria is almost all, alas, they already rotted ... Popular Golf-second-second generation, Daihatsu Mira and the like small cars. "Robust" is trying to increase due to special tires - the so-called "green": narrow and allowing pressure of 2.7 and more atmospheres to eliminate losses for rubber deformation.
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Engine
I saw on a car with a removed engine to a primary shaft, a manual gearbox was connected to a powerful screwdriver, displayed in the interior of its switching button and was actually obtained in half an hour electric vehicle! Yes, curious, yes, riding no faster than five kilometers per hour, but, in essence, it is not bad demonstrating the simplicity and performance of the design "Option 1.0"! All this, of course, from the region "Mechanics is joking", but the principle is generally preserved.Igor Korhov.
The most common engines for home-level homemade were and still traction motors DS-3.6 from Bulgarian fork warehouse electric loaders like "Balkankar EB-687" type. These are engines sequential excitationSupported by a constant current with a voltage of 80 volts, with a capacity of 3.6 kilowatta. It looks like a motor as a cylindrical barrel, weighs 66 kilograms. This is far from the best motor in terms of weight and efficiency of the motor, but it is easily accessible and popular at the beginner designers of electric vehicles. You can get such a "engine" in the measure of your luck - someone will fall out for thanks, someone will find for 5-10 thousand rubles. In principle, this cost is justified - the motor is not high-speed, but has a magnificent torque, pulls on any slide even in the third gear, is easy to install, unpretentious.
Transmission
In "Option 1.0" you will not meet motor-wheels and other progressive electromotive "nanotechnology". It is done as simpler, and the easiest way to combat the electric motor with the transmissary transmission already existing on the donor car - a manual gearbox with the main transmission and differential, through the front drive shoes with hubs and front wheels. - Actually, a basket and a clutch disc, its drive (hydraulic or cable), and the left pedal itself is removed - this is overweight, and they are no longer needed. - Says Igor Yuryevich, - we will switch the speeds, however, we will still be - but rarely and without separation of the shafts of the motor and gearbox - just a bondage of the handle of the box. Turns on the necessary transmission Without clutch, it is completely calm both before the start of the movement, and on the go: Throw gas, we bring the knob of the checkpoint, the synchronizers are triggered - and go further.
We use the third gear for riding in the city, the fourth - on the country track, the second - on Buaerakov. The first is never used in general, the moment on the wheels is that they simply scrolls with a slight touch of the accelerator!
To install an electric motor under the hood, you need two main "handmade" - Details: a transition plate and a transition sleeve, with which the electric motor is connected to the "native" manual transmission of the car. The stove connects the electric motor and the checkpoint, and the sleeve is the shaft of the motor and the primary shaft of the checkpoint.
The stove is easily made with their own hands from thick-walled steel or aluminum - enough presence of plumbing skills of medium level, grinder and drill.
Battery
Battery for electrotic - only lithium-iron-phosphate, no other options! About starter lead batteriesI seek attractive to start, "on try", forget immediately and forever - they are categorically unsuitable, just money for the wind. Several chargers - and batteries will go to color reception! Traction lead batteries also do not live for a long time, because with their weight, the capacity will always be insufficient, and this means an excessive consumed current consumed per battery. During such currents, traction lead is not held. So exclusively "Lifers", although it is not suiced.
At one time through Lead, many were held - and I, among other things. Now such mistakes can repeat any meaning. Starter batteries have begun to die after a couple of months, barely managed to be soldered for half a half, until the container has lost. Then one time used hermetic batteries from the supply of telecommunication systems (sources of uninterrupted nutrition of cellular tips) - grabbed for the season, the internal resistance began to grow ... Therefore, as soon as the laid-free lithium-farrum appeared, everyone moved to it. The best specific energy density, the ability to give and take large currents, durability, frost resistance. But prices are still high, and the battery is the most expensive electromotive knot - it is necessary to take into account the homemade trainer ...Igor Korhov.
Simplified calculation of the parameters and the cost of the battery looks like this: Suppose that we need to gain a 100-volt battery - quite a lot of motors are calculated on such a voltage. The voltage of one "Lifer bank" is 3.3 volts: it means that we need to connect the sequentially 30 cans. But the second important parameter Batteries - Capacity. Since "banks" are the same, the capacity of one \u003d the capacity of the entire battery. The "bank" of good quality costs about $ 1.5 per 1 amp-hour, and the 30-axis initial level battery will provide the machine weighing up to a ton of 25-30 kilometers of the stroke.
We consider:
30 ampere hours x $ 1,5 \u003d $ 45 per jar $ 45 x 30 cans \u003d $ 1350 $ for the entire battery
In general, the battery is incompatible, and this is only a container suitable for the first experiments - in a good way, it needs to be increased at least twice ...
Electromotory batteries are most often charged with semi-models made on the basis of cheap chosen power supplies, saturated backup batteries on cellular base stations - there they work together with 48 volt lead batteries. These blocks need two pieces - they are connected in series, internal adjustment allows you to raise the voltage of each up to 64 volts and charge the batteries for most common electromotors used by EV self-delicacies.
By the way, a regular 12-volt battery, as a rule, remains in its place - it is convenient to feed from it different regular consumers - beep, wipers, windows, music, "music", light, etc. later, as one of the first Upgrades, it can be replaced with a DC / DC watt converter on three hundred making 12 volts out of 100.
Other nodes
In fact, in addition to the motor, transmission and batteries, there are still a number of nodes in the simplest electric car - both necessary and installed at will. It is categorically necessary, of course, the engine control controller. In the simplest version, it can be made independently on relatively inexpensive and widespread parts, and the gas pedal sensor will serve as a rotation angle sensor. throttle valve from injection vase. You can buy a controller from domestic homemade workers, write out the factory from China or to order with eBay a bashing brand unit from Curtis - a module at $ 250-300.
Additional nodes that are not mandatory for trial (and even at all!) Trips - quite a few. For example, a stove from which a liquid radiator is thrown out and an electric TEN is installed instead. Or let's say vacuum pump For brake amplifier. Since the engine internal combustion There is no on the machine, the vacuum intake manifold disappears, which is necessary for the operation of the vacuum brake amplifier. Therefore, many homemade workers put electrical auxiliary pumps of the VUT, borrowed from VOLVO XC90 machines, Ford Kuga. etc.
However, it all depends on the project - on a light electric car even the brake upgrade make not everything, since the role of the Vacuumnik is partly performing a recuperative engine braking, and a lot of cars from the factory did not have a vacuum amplifier in principle, quite well braking. Without it, for example, not only the most discerning VAZ-"Kopeyk", but also Tavria, Oka in some years and so on.
Prices and money
The donor machine, the electric motor, the controller - all this is flexibly varied and here you can "draw" in the measure of tricks and desires. You can buy a car-donor thousand for 100-150 in a decent condition by the body, you can thousands of 50 - but with the need for tin, welding, paint ... You can buy an electric motor from the elderly Bulgarian loader, and you can use a used or new American motor designed specifically For electric vehicles. You can purchase an industrial control controller for the control of the engine, and can be soldered and yourself, if there are skills. The same applies to the rest, except the battery. It will not be possible to do anything to "hide": the prices for new lithium-farrum cans everywhere are approximately the same, the question in the container. A good 80-100 volt battery for approximately a hundred kilometers runs will cost today's money at 4-5 thousand dollars. You can, of course, start with a bad battery with a prospect of building (after all, even a short first trip inspires and gives an understanding that it works not in vain!), But it is necessary to understand that a small container should be increased as soon as possible, since its disadvantage leads to an increase in the return current From each individual bank, up to dangerous shock values \u200b\u200bthat shortening their lives ... While you will be tightened with the purchase of the second half, the first will die ...
So favorably build an electric car? Even an experienced homemade trainer and actually the garage EV building guru, Igor Korkhov believes that in the first place there is still a hobby, and you can only "deceive the system", it will be possible to border self-deception ... The fact is that the final result cannot be assessed Purely at the cost of a kilometer traveled, how many it seems - you have to take into account both comfort and functionality, and the safety of the car, and just a feeling of what you own. Here, let's say, the new gasoline Lada Grant - it costs from 360 thousand rubles, which approximately equals $ 5,500. The most budget electric vehicle on the basis of any VW Golf early generations will cost the same on the components - plus the time-listed on thematic forums, and invested their own work. As a result, on one cup of the scales - albeit a domestic, but smelling a novelty and trouble-free car under warranty, and on the other - elderly and externally dodged "Electrosopal" in the stage of endless finish, without the possibility of refueling fuel on the way, at first (and even then Forever) without air conditioning, brake amplifier and the like.
Well, or, let's say, the next plank - Hyundai Solaris.. It costs from 600,000 rubles, which is about $ 9,200. The same amount will have to spend if you build an electric vehicle on the basis of a more or less fresh bodies of a foreign car that looks good outside and has a not killed salon, buying a good American electric motor, a reliable corporate controller Curtis and typing a capacious battery. However, at the exit - in general, almost the same as in the first case ... Solyaris in the trumps maximum speed and dynamics, the ability to replenish the fuel reserve everywhere, and not only in the personal garage, where there is a socket, all the advantages of the new and reliable car With a lot of functional amenities, warranty, etc. Self-comfort, albeit more decent inside and outside, remains a homemade - the machine with significant restrictions on the range of run and the possibility of refueling, the eternal designer, the simulator for hands and mind ...
conclusions
From the point of view of the application of the hands and mind for a person who loving cars and technology, the construction of an electric machine is definitely justified! The hobby is, of course, costly, but everything is known in comparison - moreover, in comparison, not with oligarchic extremes like collecting the testicles of Faberge, but with completely common and massive technical applied hobbies. Say, fishing amateur medium inflatable boat with suspension engine famous brand ADAC forces at ten will fall out at least two-thirds of the simplest electric vehicle ...
A good quadcopter with the camera is not less. Against this background, the construction of the electric car does not stand out at all - the normal one is funny ...
No smaller attractiveness of the building of the electric vehicle "Version 1.0" is that the result is achievable for many, and not just for the elect - do not need to be an "80-level engineer" to combine the electric motor with the checkpoint, pave the power and control wiring and place in the trunk Battery. In the simplest version of the design, yes with numerous advice of responsive electromotive community on the Internet, the work will be pleasant and almost certainly successful.
However, until the effective batteries have fallen in price and inexpensive sets of traction engines and controllers did not spread, as it happened with whales for electric bikes, the electric car of the garage construction in relation to the cost of operation is unlikely to be a serious competitor to the budget gasoline car and especially - gasified cars ... in case of aspiration To save money in the installation of propane gas equipment - it is easier and more profitable ...
Photos kindly provided the American home owl of Bruce, carefully documented all stages of the construction at home at home, based on pickup-hatchback SUZUKI MIGHTY BOY 1985.
Are interested in the theme of the electric vehicle?
Cars familiar to us working on gasoline are gradually moving into the background. This is caused by the fact that electric cars are gaining increasing popularity in society. Indeed, machines operating from electricity are easier to make, use and manage them. In addition, the car of this type does not pollute the atmosphere of fuel combustion products, and therefore protects the environment. Given all the advantages of the electric vehicle, the problem of its independent production becomes relevant.
Make an electric vehicle - means creating a wonderful replacement of a gasoline machine . Via modern technologies It is very easy to solve the problem of fuel costs. After all, once putting a round sum of money on the elements of your electric vehicle, in the future save significantly more on the fuel.
Today, many car giants produce electric vehicles or hybrid machines. But their cost is not available for wide masses, so the creation of a car operating on an electric engine is the ideal way out for everyone to buy it.
How to make an electric car? Where to begin?
So, you firmly decided to create a car with electric engine do it yourself? Then it is necessary to acquire some components of the future mechanism. Firstly, car. A certain model that serves as the base of the future electric vehicle. That is, the creation of a machine running on electricity, with their own hands - re-equipment, and not making from scratch.
Secondly, Electrical engine. Natural is that an electric vehicle cannot exist without a heart.
Thirdly, batteries of their charging and housing. Electric vehicle must be used. With this task, it will cope with the ease of batteries.
Fourth, voltage control and synchronizers. Your invention can only function on the electrical current of a certain voltage. His permanent drops can lead to short circuit and completely increasing the electric vehicle.
Fifth, Electro gas. Since the car and its work are built according to a different principle, a special pedal needs, which will move your final invention.
It will be advisable to consider each component of the future electric vehicle.
Model cars
The base of your future car can be almost any car. For this, small cars are best suited, because one of the characteristics of the electric car is ease. This property directly affect the size and material of the base car.
It is best for the role of the foundation for creating an electric vehicle, our VAZ, Zaporozhets, Oka and Slavuta, as well as foreign FIAT 126 and small ages, released until 2000.
You can create a specific body with your own hands, but consider that this is a time-consuming and expensive undertaking.
Heart of electric car
The electric motor must be purchased taking into account the dimensions of the machine and the way it is connected to the car.
If such an engine is connected to the gearbox, even the motor with a small power will come true. 5-7 Kilowatt is enough to move the car from the scene. If the connection of the electric motor is carried out through the main bridge, then you need a motor powerful. There is a pattern: the engine power directly depends on the dimensions and weight of the machine. The intimid electric motor on a small machine will provide the speed of movement not more than 75-80 km / h, when connected to the gearbox.
It is worth noting that electricity costs are independent of the power of the motor and the distance traveled. Dependence is only from the speed of the ride. The faster the car drives, the faster the battery is discharged. So feel free to choose a motor power.
Battery
When creating a new generation car with your own hands, stop your choice on the lithium battery. It is this kind of power supply that can function without recharging at a speed of 80 km / h for 5 hours. Such batteries are quite alive - on average, 5 years can work. But, the energy of lithium filler is not cheap.
A more economical option is lead batteries. They will serve less than two years, and function during the intensive movement of only about an hour.
To extend the battery life, you need to select them in the right volume. Small power supplies die before, due to severe wear, as quickly and completely discharged when the car moves. Therefore, it is more profitable to buy a large energy carrier with an extensive resource.
Heating
If, creating an electric vehicle with your own hands, you plan to use it in the cold seasons, it is worth thinking about the heating system.
Great electricity machine - expensive pleasure. In such conditions, the charged battery is not enough even for the implementation of one trip. Based on this, it is worth installing a heater running on gasoline or seats heating system. For electrical engineering it is better to buy a separate battery.
Power regulator
Power regulator is one of the main components of the electric vehicle that adjusts the engine thrust. The most reliable devices from American manufacturers. You can get a cheaper analogue from China.
The controller needs to be selected taking into account the power of the current. For daily travel, you can purchase a standard, 150 volt device.
In addition, in an electric vehicle, created by your own hands, you need to connect the converter with identical functions instead of the generator.
How to make an electric vehicle: instruction
- Get out of the car gasoline engine and everything that is not a place in a car running from electricity;
To productively and quickly work, attract others to your vest. The help of acquaintances and friends will never hurt, and if they also have useful knowledge and skills, the result will exceed all the expectations! If you yourself have enough knowledge in the field of engineering, mechanics and can cope with everything, the process will go much faster with friends;
Make an algorithm and work plan, which should be accurately followed. And also create drawings and schemes of the future electric vehicle and prepare the necessary materials and tools;
Install the electric motor and connect the gearbox to it. Prepare a space for batteries, set power supplies in the back of the car and connect them. Create wiring and plug in instruments and a voltmeter;
Connect the emergency brakes, vacuum pump, converter, control, etc. Power cables should be paved under the bottom of the car, so you will pre-make a few brackets;
Create a platform for power sources in front of the machine. Install the batteries, fill the oil into the transmission.
Check out the devices: 12 volts when igniting, vacuum pump, converter at 96 volt nutrition. Check the engine operation at a voltage of 12 volts. If everything works - the car succeed!
Children's electric vehicles
You can create your own electromashin for your own child, but is it necessary? Today there are many children's cars running from the battery. They are beautiful, bright, comfortable and practical in use.
Deciding, of course, you. But to buy a children's electric car is much more profitable than to make it.
Cost
Picture independent manufacture The electric vehicle will be incomplete without describing the cost of its production. If we take into account the cost of all components of the future electromashint, then it turns out 5000-8000 dollars. But all this amount pays off during the operation of the electric vehicle for 2 years.
Therefore, if you have appropriate skills, opportunities and desire, you can try to make electric vehicles with your own hands. After all, this is the future of all vehicles.
conclusions
If you are tired of unstable prices for fuel and expensive maintenance of the car, you can create electric vehicles with your own hands.
Electric vehicle - a machine operating from an electric motor that functions from batteries, in contrast to common gasoline cars. Movement machine is based on electricity. The essential advantage of such a car is that it can be charged from standard voltage using a normal outlet. Thus, you can save, since electrical energy today is much cheaper than fuel. It is easy to maintain an electric vehicle, as it is not necessary to monitor the level of oil and antifreeze and periodically replace them.
On such a car, it is very convenient to move around the city. The constant shift of the relief increases the fuel consumption, and the discontinuous movement does not affect the electric car.
The electric car gradually begins movement and sinks due to a small number of elements that move. Such a car does not pollute the atmosphere of fuel combustion products. This is the transport of the future!
Electric car for child made with her own hands: photo and description of homemade.
Clevero Anton from Vladivostok made his own hands an electric vehicle for a small daughter, we bring to your attention to see detailed photo Report on the construction of a homemade children's electric vehicle.
Materials used:
- Electromotor from Toyota janitors.
- The stars are made of pulleys from 3SFE pump and Crankshaft 5AFE pulley.
- Belt OT. Subaru Forester., (It had to shorten it and glue-sewing).
- Battery from motorcycle - 12V 9AH 45A.
- Wheels from the trolley (diameter 210 mm).
- Profile pipe.
- Textolite.
- Fastening elements.
The seat is made as follows. From the cardboard gathered a pattern. I bought a jar of resin 800 grams 650 rubles and two packs of fiberglass 150rub * 2pcs, and snapped on the temporary and attached pattern, the template took about a week. Next, Sashapakleval, speckled, tagged and covered in the leather seminer, of course, laying a 10 mm foam rubber.
The steering wheel is made of plywood.
Passed the electric motor, set the stars and the belt.
Steering. The cardanor optimally approached the Toyota Probox NCP50, and the stabilizer links performing the role of the steering rods with the tips were made of Toyota Voxy AZR60 nodes.
The pedal from the car cut and welded a rotary nut to it, which performs the role of the bearing, and the stroke limiter. Ramated spring welded to the frame. Under the pedal installed the current micro power switch to the electric motor.
Installed a toggle switch to the polarity of the current so that the car can move back and forward depending on the selected transmission.
Nowadays on the roads are increasingly appearing electric species transport. Many large manufacturers with world name have already established the production of serial electrocars, and in the cities there are actively developing electrical stations. But, as practice shows, an electric vehicle is not the cheapest and affordable pleasure, so many enthusiasts and lovers create something with their own hands think about how to make electric vehicles with their own hands.
What is electric vehicle
This whole set can be selected independently from individual components. But it is important to understand that when buying a finished set, the manufacturer offers an optimized kit with a connection scheme, which eliminates from a variety of calculations and possible problems.
It will also be necessary to remake the car body itself so that instead of an internal combustion engine, install an electrical power plant that has other sizes and fastening methods.
Choose body
When choosing a body for alteration in an electric car, two important parameters should be taken into account:
- weight - the less weight, the better;
- dimensions - In this matter, it is important to place a battery that will feed the electric drive. The battery must have a rather large capacity and power, which means that the battery will have serious dimensions and weight.
Also do not forget about the aerodynamic characteristics. The better the aerodynamics of the car, the smaller the resistance to the wind, and therefore less car Will spend power when driving.
This, in turn, affects the stroke. As a rule, in homemade battery electric vehicles are placed in the trunk, as it is the most optimal optionthat does not require interlock alteration. But in this case, the center of gravity is changing, and due to the large weight of the battery, it will have to increase the rigidity of the suspension springs.
The rest will suit almost any body, which will have to modify a little. And it will depend on what exactly the drive you choose exactly how it will be located and so on. After all, it is different variants, right up to leave the engine in its place, and the electric drive to install on rear wheels. We will return to this issue a little lower.
Another important factor is to choose a machine with front-wheel drive as a "donor" in order not to lose part of the power on rubbing items in the crossed of the cardan shaft.
Ideally, the weight of the Donor should be within 600-700 kg. But this option is quite difficult to find. And even if the car for alteration will be heavier, it is worth paying attention to the models with good rolling.
Probably the most important question - which electric motor for the electric vehicle to choose. And there is a lot of options:
- direct electric drive;
- drive through the gearbox;
- motor-wheel - the engine are the wheels themselves.
There are also many options for power, from the easiest and weak to highly powerful, which are superior to the power of the engine. And if you have knowledge in this area, you will quite be able to make a self-made electric motor.
But independently create quite powerful and at the same time the compact engine is quite difficult, and this requires the presence of appropriate components and knowledge in electrical engineering.
If we are talking about a mini-electric car, a children's electrocare or an electrical trolley, then a motor from home appliances can be suitable, for example, from a washing machine.
A small and lightweight mini electric car will be completely able to move and with the engine from washing machine. Of course, it is important to understand that you will not make a full-fledged car with such a drive, but for a children's toy or for a cart for the carriage of goods will be quite enough.
Another pretty good options is the motor-wheel. In this case, the car will be subject to minimal alterations. Moreover, you can even leave the internal combustion engine, collecting a real hybrid. Moreover, two options are possible:
- leave the engine to move the car with a discharged battery;
- instead of the engine, the electric generator will install, which will feed the electric drive and charge the battery.
In any case, whatever the layout you choose, the optimal engine power should be calculated. For this calculation there is a rather complicated formula that takes into account:
- coefficient of aerodynamic resistance;
- cross-sectional area;
- car mass;
- the force of friction asphalt;
- maximum speed;
- the angle of the roadbed and much more.
It is quite difficult, and not all the indicators can be found. After all, we will not be able to calculate the strength of the resistance of aerodynamics, for example, soviet car VAZ 2107.
Therefore, to simplify the calculations, you need to know that there will be 7.5 kW for each ton weight of the car. Such power will allow driving at a speed of 60 km / h.
Of course, it is better to make an electric car with a power reserve, so full weight Auto (taking into account battery, electric power plant And so on) in one ton, it is worth using an electric drive at a minimum of 10 kW. And this is subject to the connection of the electric motor to the CPP of the car through the appropriate adapter (we will look at this question more details below).
If you calculate the power of the electromotor by parameter horse power, 0.75 kW is equal to 1 liter. from. This means that for obtaining, for example, 100 liters. from. You will need an electric motor for 75 kW.
It is important to know that the electric drive has a higher torque, so such power is not required. It is also worth considering that electric motors are different types:
- synchronous;
- asynchronous.
The first option is running from DC and has quite high power. But such drives are installed through the CAT, as they have limitations on the number of revolutions per minute.
Asynchronous drives operate from AC, and their rotational speed is significantly higher. Therefore, such drives can be used without a gearbox, by means of a direct drive.
In the first case (synchronous motor) must have an output shaft with slots for attaching to the checkpoint. In addition, any electric drive must have ribs for cooling, since at high loads they are heated.
Transmission
As mentioned above, the electric drive can be connected to the existing gearbox of the transmission of the car "donor". In this case, the drive must have a shaft with slots. But even with this condition, the corresponding adapter will be required by which the electric motor will be connected to the checkpoint.
This is one of the most simple and efficient options, as it takes a minimum alteration. BUT reverse The gearbox itself will include, the control of which remains unchanged (gear lever in the cabin).
As a rule, when using a set for removing a car into an electric car adapter for connecting the electric motor to the gearbox is included in the set
If you use a direct drive (without gearbox), you will have to provide a reverse button, when you click on which the engine will spin in reverse sideThereby providing reverse.
Salon
The interior is absolutely not important for the alteration of the machine into an electric vehicle. The only thing that will be necessary to redo is the place to display information about the state of the battery (voltage, container, and so on).
Cut informative screens as in dashboardand separately anywhere on the torpedo. Also, if you plan to locate the battery in the cabin, you will need a suitable place for this.
Search and purchase essential spare parts
As mentioned above, you can purchase a ready-made set for alteration. It is quite simple to find: on the Internet there are enough shops offering similar goods.
If you decide to assemble the necessary details yourself, you will need to find the optimal kit that consists of:
- electric Motor:
- control unit.
- control levers (accelerometer pedal and so on).
You will also need an adapter to connect the motor to the gearbox, battery and charge / discharge controller. It is quite difficult to choose all this on its own, as components must be optimized.
It is much easier, faster and often cheaper to buy a ready-made set, in which the manufacturer has already picked up suitable components. Prices for such kits can vary greatly and depend on the manufacturer, as well as from maximum power. For example, the Solectria AC42 Motor kit with the Solectria UMOC 440 controller with a maximum power of 80 kW will cost approximately 360,000 rubles.
Relatively recently, a Kit-kit for an electric vehicle from Tesla Motors appeared on sale. The cost of such a set should be specified by the seller.
There are less expensive alternatives, for example, Chinese. They will cost much cheaper. But in quality, as well as in power, they are worse.
Battery selection and charging
The battery for homemade electric vehicle is one of the most important components. After all, it is precisely from the battery that the stroke is depends, as well as partially the drive power. First of all, the battery must correspond to two parameters:
- the voltage must comply with the requirements of the electric motor;
- The battery must produce a large current strength, about 400 amps.
These requirements are required for the system to work at all. But the reserve of the stroke depends on the battery capacity, which is measured in kW / h. The greater kW / h (more capacity), the greater the reserve of the stroke we will get. But it is important to understand that an increase in capacity entails an increase in the mass of the battery. Therefore, it is important to observe the optimal balance.
In addition, there are different types Akb:
- Lead-alkaline - those batteries that are used in ordinary machines. They are able to issue a large current strength, but at the same time rather quickly spend their charge and have a large mass. Therefore, this is not the most the best choice For the electric car.
- Li-ion is the most common batteries that are used in almost all areas - from flashlights to electric vehicles. Such batteries are used in TESLA cars. These are usually small elements (standard 18650), which are combined into groups, creating large batteries with the desired container and voltage.
- Helium - relatively new battery type. They are also suitable for electric vehicles in their technical characteristicsBut there are somewhat more expensive than lithium-ion. Therefore, it is used in this area less often, and, as a rule, only in children's electrocars or in warehouse techniquewhere the mileage is not so important.
Nowadays, Li-Ion batteries are predominantly used in electric vehicles. Due to the small size of the elements, it is possible to collect batteries with any voltage and capacity.
From the school program of physics, we remember that sequential connection Suggested voltage, and with parallel - container. Thus, you can even assemble the battery yourself with the necessary parameters. Important: To create large batteries from elements 18650, point welding will need.
As mentioned above, there is an electric vehicle without a battery. In fact, it is a hybrid with a metering from the generator.
As for charging for the battery, regardless of which batteries you will use, charger (Memory) should also correspond to two parameters:
- voltage;
- current power.
To charge the battery, the appropriate controller is used, which controls the charge / discharge of each cell, align the indicators to the shared denominator. It is this controller that will define the parameters of the zoom and the maximum current strength.
To connect the charging to the electric motor, appropriate connectors are used, which are able to withstand high voltage and current strength.
IN homemade version You can use the same standards or use any other type of connector. The main thing is that it can withstand big currents.
Additional components
The control unit (it is the controller) in the electric car performs almost a major role. It is he who controls the operation of the electric motor, evaluates the battery capacity and the stroke, allows you to control the engine turnover and so on.
To assemble the controller with your own hands in principle, having appropriate knowledge in electronics. But even in this case, it is extremely difficult to do it. And since your security depends on the controller, it is better to purchase it already ready from the manufacturer.
The control unit must be compatible with the selected electric drive and respond to all technical specifications (and with power reserve).
Another important element - Battery charge / discharge controller. Without it, there is a high risk of overheating the battery and the exit of it. Therefore, the presence of such a controller is required.
It is called BMS - the Bank's protection fee from reloading / overlap) and costs about 300 US dollars. In this case, the cost may vary depending on technical parameters, as well as on how many cells you will use.
Asynchronous engine assembly
As mentioned above, the advantage of asynchronous engines is a high number of revolutions, thanks to which you can get rid of the checkpoint completely by making a direct drive on the wheels. In addition, such drives have the most simple design. Since they work from alternating current, they are used mainly in hybrid vehicles, where the power supply is a gasoline or diesel generator.
However, all this is accompanied by certain difficulties. Since the electric vehicle battery gives constant current, when building an electric vehicle with an asynchronous motor, you will have to additionally install an inverter that converts a constant current to variable. And this will attract additional costs.
This option will be relevant only in some cases. For example, if you want to create a machine with a hybrid power installation. Despite all the features asynchronous engineIt can also be used in a standard layout, through the checkpoint. But in any case, you will have to provide a device for converting a DC to a variable for the drive operation.
Homemade electric train
If you want to make a homemade electrical trolley for the transfer of goods, the task is greatly simplified. To do this, it is enough to weld a simple frame with a platform to which the load will be placed, to think through the fasteners of the wheels and the drive.
The powerful electric motor in this case will not be required, the engine is quite enough for 1-5 kW. Homemade electric train needs all the same components:
- electric drive;
- control unit with levers (control knobs);
- battery;
- charge / discharge controller (BMS fee).
But, unlike electric vehicle, in this case high power need not. The main thing is to come up with the location of all these elements and the output for control levers, as well as connect everything according to a specific scheme.
How to calculate the amount of money and time for assembly
Calculate how long it will be necessary for the assembly of an electric vehicle, is quite difficult, because it all depends on personal skills and knowledge. Experienced auto mechanic in the presence of required tools And parts are able to remake the car into an electric car in one week. In the garage conditions, this time increases significantly.
Calculate the amount of funds that will be required for this event is simpler: everything resumes the price of spare parts and components. Above, we already led the approximate cost of a set for re-equipment, which can cost about 360,000 rubles. If you select each component yourself, then everything will depend on the selected parts.
The biggest costs go to the battery. And here it all depends on what type of battery you have chosen. Li-ion battery can be collected approximately 1000-5000 US dollars (depending on the battery capacity). To this cost you need to add the price on the BMS fee, which will cost approximately 300 dollars.
Specify the exact sums are not possible, as in this case too many variables. It all depends on the chosen donor, components, drive power, and so on. For example, to build a mini-electric car, it will take less finance than when assembling a full-fledged car, as it takes less power of the power plant, as well as less battery capacity.
Let's summarize
Indicate exactly what will be needed to re-equip the car into an electric vehicle, and how much money it will be necessary for it is extremely difficult. But with complete confidence it can be said that it is quite real, and the final result (with the right approach) will have a smaller cost compared to the new electric car from the manufacturer.
Of course, this requires appropriate knowledge in electrical engineering, radio electronics and auto mechanic, as well as enough free time and money. Is it worth doing this, depends only on you.
While hybrid cars are a wonder not only in our country, but also in a number of others, therefore they are trying to collect particularly gifted craftsmen. And not only… Company Poulsen Hybrid. also proposed its decision on the transformation ordinary cars In the hybrid, having achieved gasoline savings by almost 20%. Do it offered with Power Assist System - Setconsisting of two DC electric discoid engines. They need to be installed using special adapters, to rear wheels. An additional battery and two controllers are placed in the car trunk. The battery is charging from the household network socket. The company's specialists argue that small motors whose capacity is 7 hp, for 50 km can help the main gasoline engine Drive on the electr shirt, saving fuel.
Installing electromotors can be installed on most of the cars produced today with wheels from 14 inches and above. Each motor weighs no more than 17 kg. The capacity of the lithium - ion battery, which nourishes them - 4.3 kW / h. Charger 96 V / 10 A. As a result, the weight of the system with the battery will be 90 kilograms, and the power is 13.5 hp. The cost of the project is about 8,000 "green", plus six hundred and if experts will be installed (official dealer).
But, while those who want to "improve" their favorite car, a little. And a large group of specialists considers the project very doubtful. We are waiting for time.
One of the options for installing an electric motor to a regular car
The end of the nineteenth century is a period when cars with a steam and electric motor first appeared. By the way, it was an electric car for the first time managed to overcome the high-kilometer line of speed. And although so far not so much electric vehicles, it appeared hybrids, in which the electric motor and the engine are used. The essence of the hybrid is that his movement begins immediately, but even the driver does not know (if not to look at the monitor), on which motor it goes - it solves the electronics. But, it is worth it vehicle Expensive, so the Russian "craftsmen" tell how you can collect a hybrid car with your own hands. Moreover, it is not so big enough as it may seem.
Estimation for a hybrid car with your own hands:
Body (homemade, plastic, at bridges) - costs about 1000 dollars. It is important to choose its QC can be less weight - it is important.
For the cabin: two front seats of the car Porsche 924 are fit very good. Pillow rear seat You can borrow with Toyota Supra. It will take another meters of five carpet, which must "visit" the workshop on sewing covers. The cost of materials and work is approximately 400 dollars. Well, but, in principle, it all depends on the fantasy, and the materials in the country mass: wood, leather, acoustic expensive fabrics, etc.
The power unit, in our case, also used, is the engine from the writer of the Bulgarian production loader, the capacity of which is 3.6 kW, and developed turnover - 1400 rpm. The engine can be chosen and other by contacting the office that supplies new spare parts for loaders. It will cost 550 dollars approximately.
Speaking about the battery, it is necessary to recommend, not to use domestic, since the nominal capacity will be able to get a few first time, and that's it. For AKB, we need a fresh lead ore, which we do not have in the country, so for batteries use the repulsion from old batteries. The perfect option is traction batteries for loaders. But their price is the second higher than starter Italian, which will need seven pieces. Their cost in stores will be 4,000 rubles, and in the wholesale company - 2600 per piece.
Well, all that can be called "different". This includes wheels (their width should be small to minimize rolling friction), the motor control unit (again you can use the one that is used in the loaders - relay by six speeds, cost up to $ 400, or a thyristor cost tripled greater, but with smooth regulation), a flange designed to connect the transmission and the engine (for example, the PPC VAZ 2101) - $ 70, a table cheeper with a coaxiality is not worse than 0.02 mm (for connecting the gearbox and motor) so that it does not have to change the bearings (can be made independently ).
In total, everything will go to everything 3000 dollars And three hundred hours of time engineer of secondary qualifications, which to act as a welder, locksmith, electrician.
For this amount, you can become the owner of a quadruple car, the weight of which is 850 kg, and the battery has characteristics - 84Vx200 a h. Speed \u200b\u200bin a straight line machine develops to 75 km / h and up to 90 - short-term (for overtaking, for example or when you need to go under Mountain).
The number of recharging cycles is 800, the cost of charge of one 12.5 kopecks per kilometer, which is possible to compare with the VAZ 2101, the flow of 8 liters per hundred kilometers, i.e. 80 kopecks per kilometer.
Economic Justification
The number of transcharge cycles to full capacity with proper use - 800 times (in advanced Italian, for reasonable money). 800 times x 200 km \u003d 160,000 km. The cost of one charging given to 1 km of the path.
It seems that there are no questions - there is a benefit. True, there will be questions from the traffic police, but everything in the end is solved.
There are also no problems with the assembly with your own hands of a rear-wheel drive hybrid, which has an electric motor under the bottom of the machine on cardan shaft. Installed in the cabin on-board computer works in a bundle with a computer system installed in open space. Of course, do not do without an electric motor, controller, housing for batteries, batteries of wires and connectors.
Tip: Motor must be installed on an authorized service center to properly withstand the angle of inclination. It is also necessary to take care of the strict fixation on the frame of the batteries. To do this, install special guide rails under the bottom, thanks to which the electric motor and the battery are securely fixed.
Calculate this car (if the battery is 200 Ah), maybe on a mile in one mile.
