Car chassis sometimes two types: chassisCombined with a bearing body, or frame design. In the first case, all the nodes and aggregates are attached directly to the machine housing. The second option is when the chassis, the engine and transmission are mounted on the frame, and the body "puts on" from above. And in that, and another option has its advantages, the corpus version is more technological from the point of view of the conveyor assembly. The sparse frame requires preparatory work before installation, but during operation its design is more reliable.
Rama or monocook - what is better?
The frame is used in the production of cars, the operation of which involves elevated loads and non-stop working cycle. These are trucks, buses, military jeeps, elongated limousines and Cadillaci. Categories of cars experiencing high dynamic loads are also framework SUVs, the list of which is given below. Body carrying the type "Monocokes" is used in all other cases.
What is the framework of?
The design of the all-metal frame as the basis for the attachment of individual units is quite complicated. This is a combination of solid and wrought-iron profiles, transverse and longitudinal. Their relationship is calculated in advance, and the result is a solid construction that can withstand significant loads. When assembling, all the advantages of the frame go to the car. And the best example of using a reliable profiled design is framework SUVs. The list of reversal of such machines includes high strength characteristics, wear resistance, passive safety with small accidents.
Popularity and application
The framework structures were distributed in the United States during the period of automotive boom of the 60s. Manufacturers sought to create new models by changing the body exterior, without touching the chassis of the machine. Frame just gave this opportunity. Dozens of models gathered on the same chassis. Then the use of Body-On-Frame also entered, meaning the one hundred percent unification of the chassis of passenger cars. The only condition when connecting a new body with a platform was a complete coincidence of the mounting holes in the frame and the case, but these technological norms were easily respected.
Currently, frame structures are used in the production of passenger cars rarely and only if necessary, for considerations of strength. Variants with the bearing body are much easier by weight, technological in assembly and have more attractive parameters passive security In the sense that when a clash, a frameless body is folded as a harmonica and extinguishes the inertia of the strike. And the frame can cause more tangible damage due to its rigidity. Therefore, when constructing, all possible situations were calculated.
Review of SUVs produced today
Currently, almost all leading firms of world automotors produce SUVs on a frame chassis. However, they should not be confused with crossovers, machines of the same off-road class, but not having a frame. All crossovers are collected using the carrier body.
The first number of world ranking in its class is the American all-terrain vehicle "Hammer". The powerful machine, assembled on the frame chassis, was intended for the US Army, but for various reasons for delivery to military units stopped, and the SUV can now be found on the roads of both the United States and Europe, in private use.
Along with Hummer in America, the framework of the frame SUV "Cadillac Escalid" is popular. This is also a decent representative in its class.
The off-road model "Akura" is also a dream of many motorists. In Europe, the SUVs "Mercedes" and "Audi" are competing among themselves, "Volkswagen" breathe in the head of the head. From leading models, Romanian "Aro" and Korean "Rockst" is not lagging behind.
All frame offs-roads, a list of which can be continued, very expensive, but the true lovers of extreme routes are not high cost, and all-wheel drive giants are well bought. Developed network of service centers provides maintenance Vessels.
American off-road model Cadillac Escalade
In 1999, he held a debut of a full-sized off-road model "Cadillac Escalade". The car was designed on the basis of Chevrolet Tahoe. Much attention was paid to the corporate exterior of the car: wheels for five spokes, light skin in the interior, finishing with valuable trees.
The machine is equipped with a 5.7 liter engine, with a capacity of 255 hp, with a V-shaped arrangement of eight cylinders. Transmission is a four-stage automatic. Car dimensions are impressive: length - 5110 mm, height - 1890 and width - 1960 mm. Weight - 2545 kilograms.
Cadillac Escalade's European SUV complete set includes a HVAC climate system, seat ventilation, ten airbags all over the perimeter of the cabin, full electric car, satellite TV for passengers. For an additional fee, a computer module with unlimited Internet is installed.
SUV ACURA SLX.
Luxury car class "Lux" in off-road version was represented by Honda in 1996. The car was organically fit into a popular jeep category. In addition, Acura SLX was distinguished by "combat" characteristics in full set. And all this was combined with the highest level of comfort in the cabin. Heated leather armchairs, a folding roof, impeccable electric car and servo drives everywhere.
Power plant "Akura" is a power engine with a capacity of 215 hp volume of 3.5 liters. Transmission is automatic, four-speed. IN standard complete set It includes such a set of options and accessories that the manufacturer has nothing more to add.
Frame SUV AUDI Q7
German all-terrain vehicle looks like luxury car representative class. At the same time, signs of sportiness are traced in the exterior. This impression is enhanced as soon as the car takes off. The irrepressible giant runs takes the split of a second.
Audi Q7 was conceived as the largest European SUV. The length of the car is more than that of Hammer H2, and is 5086 mm, height - 1737 and width - 1983 mm. Swifting, accented body contours contrasting with a flat form of windows, are all signs of a sports nature of the machine.
SUV on the frame chassis "ARO 244"
The Romanian company ARO, a manufacturer of light trucks and all-wheel drive SUVs, mainly produces cars for the domestic market.
The ARO 244 framework SUV model was launched into mass production in 1966 and became a pilot modification for the entire 24th series. The car was produced in two versions: two-door (short base) and a five-door (full base). The car did not differ in a powerful bulk engine and looked, rather, like a regular car with a frame laying of the chassis and engine. Motor ARO 244 volume of 2495 cubic meters. / Cm developed power 83 hp, which was enough to achieve a maximum speed of 120 km / h.
Frame SUV "Asia Rockst" debuted in 1989. Power installation on medium power machine, 86 hp With a volume of 1.8 liters. But the car had a very interesting appearance. Rocksta reminded the legendary American "Willis" of the Second World War. The same unique radiator grille, headlights, front wings. The car seemed from the picture reflecting the event at the front.
In 1994, Rocksta passed a deep restyling, which changed its exterior and inner space. The front of the car began to resemble the "Mitsubishi Pajero" of the first release. New design I went to taste to consumers, and "Asia Rocksta" went into the series. At the same time, the previous version also continued to be issued. But in 1998, the frame SUV was removed from production, he replaced him new model Retona.
Frame SUVsThe list of which is given within the framework of this article far from completely, use moderate, but stable demand. Their production is developing, new models appear.
Powerful and comfortable frame offs-roads, the list of which we will imagine today, have long moved in the ratings from the category of "Working Horses for Countryside" in "Cars for middle class". This means that with the power of the tractor, capable of climbing the mountain range, the SUV acquired all the amenities that the luxury class machines earlier were equipped: a leather interior, an armchair with electrical control and heating, a powerful computer, controlling the electronics, which is enough for the average passenger liner.
The basis of our rating is the opinions of Russian and foreign buyers about SUVs with reduction transmission and a complete drive that satisfy the three main indicators: specifications, comfort and price.
Frame SUVs with lower transmission, lock and full drive: Top-10
First, we must clarify that almost all of the cars presented can be called "combined" with respect to the transmission design: they have a lower transmission, blocking differential and switch to "full drive" mode. This allows with the same efficiency to operate an SUV at rough terrain and run through the streets of settlements in the "City Cycle".
The list of the best framework SUVs got 10 of the most popular models of 2018-2019, selected according to statistics of total sales in the world. There are very prestigious names here, and modest (according to our understanding), but they are united by universal recognition:
| 1 | Honda Pilot. |
| 2 | Kia Mohave. |
| 3 | Toyota Land. Cruiser Prado. |
| 4 | Mitsubishi Pajero. |
| 5 | Jeep Grand Cherokee. |
| 6 | Audi Q7. |
| 7 | Nissan Patrol |
| 8 | Hyundai IX55 |
| 9 | Volkswagen Touareg. |
| 10 | Lexus GX. |
Honda Pilot.
The crown "The Best Frame SUV" received a representative of the Japanese Concern "Honda Pilot", produced in the second generation after the update in 2011 (Class K2, front-wheel drive and all-wheel drive modification).
- engine - V6 3500 (cm3), gasoline;
- max. Power - 349 hp, torque - 347 N-M;
- transmission - automatic transmission, GRADE Logic system (engine optimization for road conditions). VSM system: managing the separation operation of cylinders with an increase in power. Lowering;
- consumption per 100 km - 11.1 (monolvodny), 11.7 liters (all-wheel drive version);
- differential lock, torque distribution system over axes;
- road clearance - up to 200 mm, reversal radius - 5.5 m;
- 18 – inch discs for luxury configuration;
- All-metal body using superproof steels (lightweight);
- price range (in rubles) from 1.79 to 2.4 million.
Kia Mohave.
Korean frame SUV "Kia Mojave" was created for extreme conditions and the most comfortable "survival". In some countries, the car is sold under a different name - Kia Borrego.
- engines: V6, 3 l, CRDI series, diesel; 3.8 l, LAMBDA series, petrol;
- max. Power: 250 hp (Diz.), 275 (benz.);
- consumption per 100 km (medium) - 10.2 (diesel), 9.7-10 liters (gasoline);
- anti-lock system (ABS), brake force distribution (EBD). Stabilization and movement stability systems (TCS, ESC);
- 17, 18 - inch wheels;
- price range (in rubles) from 1.85 to 2.1 million (basic equipment).
Toyota Land Cruiser Prado
Japanese frame jeep "Toyota Land Cruiser. Prado "is firmly held in the top ten most popular all-wheel drive SUVs.
- engines: V4, 3 l, diesel; V6, 2700 and 4 L (top version), gasoline. Indicators for the "exhaust" were brought to the most ecological stage "Euro 5";
- max. Power: 190 hp (Diz.), 163 and 282 (benz.);
- transmission: Diesel - 6-speed automatic transmission; gasoline - 5-speed automatic transmission;
- consumption per 100 km (medium) - 12.5 (diesel), 12.3 and 15 liters (gasoline);
- the Multi Terrain SELECT system (control of the engine operation modes is designed for 5 ways: gravel and stones, dirt and gravel, loose soil, sand and icing road);
- anti-lock system (ABS), braking control when descending from the mountain. Currency stabilization system;
- protection of "blind zones" and warning about obstacles at the "rear course", camcorder with a circular review;
- 17, 18 - inch discs;
- price range (in rubles) from 1.7 to 2.95 million (top pack).
Mitsubishi Pajero.
Mitsubishi Concern does not cease to improve its most popular all-wheel drive frame SUV - Mitsubishi Pajero. In 2018-2019, the sale of the sale of the IV generation was the sale of sales.
- engines: V6, 3 l, diesel; 3 and 3.8 l, gasoline;
- max. Power: 200 hp (Diz.), 178 and 250 (benz.);
- transmission: Diesel - 5-speed automatic transmission; Gasoline - 5-speed automatic transmission and for configuration "Invite Mt" from a motor. 3.0 - 5-speed MCPP;
- consumption per 100 km (medium) - 10-12 (diesel), 11-12 and 13-15 liters (gasoline);
- the proprietary transmission Advanced SuperSelect 4WD (SS4-II) operates in 4 modes: four-wheel drive (4WD Super SELECT); full drive with reduced transmission (4LLC); 2N (only involved rear wheels) or 4n (all wheels are included with the transmission of different torque per each); 4HLC (four-wheel drive with differential lock);
- 17, 18 - inch discs;
- high clearance - 235 mm;
- price range (in rubles) from 1.6 to 2.5 million (top pack).
Jeep Grand Cherokee.
The American framework SUV "Grand Cherokee" is offered in 4 modifications, each of which is equipped with its own engine model. Engines only gasoline.
- complete set "Sport": Engine Tigershark Multi Air II, V4 (2400 cm3), 184 hp, 7.5 l / 100 km. Front actuator 4x2. Security system: 10 pillows. Cruise control (adaptive). 17-inch discs. Multimedia audio and video system, touchscreen display. Central Electric Castle, hand brake (electr.);
- "Latitude": Engine Pentastar V6 (3200 cm3), 271 hp, 9 l / 100 km. Two modifications: front-wheel drive 4x2 and full. Aluminum alloy wheels 17 inches. Heated seats, steering and engine in basic configuration;
- "Limited": the engine Pentastar V6 (3200 cm3), but the car acts as a limited series. Climate control into two zones. Chairs B. leather CzechsHeated, with electric drive and memory for 4 and 8 positions. Modifications: front-wheel drive 4x2, four-wheel drive;
- "Trailhawk": Engine V6 (3200 cm3), four-wheel drive with multifunction transmission Active Drive Lock (Blocking Rear Diff-La, Select Terrain Mode Selector). Box - "Automatic" ZF, 9 stupas. The machine is designed for the hardest locality and is;
- prices for each modification in the base assembly comes with an interval of 1.5-1.8 thousand $: from 23 to $ 27.5 thousand from the manufacturer.
Audi Q7.
The category "The Best Frame SUV with a full-wheel drive" was replenished with a premium representative. This is a all-wheel drive SUV with a distribution of traction in the axes of 40:60 (more effort is on the rear axle).
- start kit: Engine V6, 3 l, gasoline, box - "Automatic", 8 steps. ABS, ESP systems, assistants for descending from the mountain and start moving on the rise, parking sensors. The salon is equipped with climate control systems, heated seats, powerful audio installation. Optics - bi-xenon;
- diesel engines: V6, 3 L (245 hp), V8 4.2 L (340 hp), V12, 6 L (500 hp). Diesel on 3000 is equipped with an "automatic" of 8 steps, and the last two models - boxes - "automata" 6 tbsp.;
- diesel modifications are equipped with the same systems as the gasoline "fellow". But besides, for an additional charge, you can purchase adaptive cruise control, the tracking system for blind zones, "smart optics";
- the price range is very wide: from 2,800,000 to 6,500,000 rubles.
Nissan Patrol
Traditionally, enjoys the success of the "best friend of hunters and fishermen" - Nissan Patrol. But the renewed body looks simply luxuriously, and the all-wheel drive frame SUV will make the honor to any resident of the elite suburbs.
- engine - VK56VD, V8 (5600cm3), 405 hp, 11.4 (outside) up to 20 l / 100 km (urban cycle);
- box - 7 - a stepped "automatic", downward transmission, distribution over the axes 50:50;
- systems of stabilization of movement and control of brakes (anti-slip) ABS, EBD, TCS, BA. HDC (control over the congress from the mountain);
- speed adjustment amplifier;
- 4 motion modes in different types of base: dirt, sand, asphalt, snow.
- blocking rear dief la;
- starting price from 3,900,000 rubles.
Hyundai IX55
Korean frame sUV HYUNDAI IX55 "IRBIS" received universal recognition for the best "price-quality" ratio. All-wheel drive all-terrain vehicle is produced in two modifications: with gasoline and diesel engines.
- engines: gasoline V6 DOHC (3.8 L), 264 hp, 9-12 l / 100 km; Diesel CRDI (3000 cm3), 239 hp, 7.6-9.4 l / 100 km;
- the box is a 6-speed "automatic", four-wheel drive, lowering the transmission with differential lock;
- aBS, EBD, TCS systems (anti-slip, braking control);
- 17-inch alloy wheels;
- prices begin from 1.86 million rubles.
Volkswagen Touareg.
The German framework SUV "Volkswagen Touareg" entered the salons of Volkswagen dealers after restyling and immediately conquered the love of European lovers of nature and comfort.
- engines: gasoline - V6 DOHC (3600 cm3), 249 hp, 11 l. and V8 (4200 cm3), 360 hp, 13 l.; diesel - V6 (3000 cm3), 204 hp, 6.6 l and V8 (3400 cm3), 340 hp, 9.1 l;
- box - 8-stupas. AISIN automaton with manual switching, lowering;
- the steering wheel is equipped with a SERVOTRONIC hydraulic switch (with an effort variable);
- 4motion full drive system, self-locking DIF-L TORSEN;
- brake control systems (ABS, EBD, ESP, ASR, EDS);
- starting price - from 2.5 million rubles.
Lexus GX.
The ranking of frame SUVs completes the result of Japanese-American cooperation - all-wheel drive "Lexus GX". A representative of the premium class with improved characteristics and design demonstrates in the photo, as the same organically looks next to luxury villas and on the background of mountainous areas.
- engine: V8 (4600 cm3), gasoline, 298 hp, 13 l.;
- 6-speed automatic transmission, four-wheel drive with inter-axis diff-scrap Torsen, changing around the circumstances of the mid-scene force in proportions 30:70, 40:60 and 50:50;
- leather interior, adjustment and heated steering and chairs, powerful multimedia system;
- kDSS, ABS, EBD, BAS, AVS stabilization systems, etc.;
- price range: from 2.9 to 3.6 million rubles.
As Napoleon, Napoleon once remarked once, there are no roads in Russia - there are only directions. This formula is valid and understood, 200 years after the French invasion. If you used to drive everywhere on a luxury horse, now often single way Getting from the point "A" to the point "B" is a frame SUV. What it is, we will understand in order.
What does the frame car mean?
Some cars have a carrier frame, to which all other components are attached, like the human skeleton. The frame is designed to withstand not only the mechanical elements of the machine, but also fight with static and dynamic loads, preventing unnecessary deflection or deformation.
- Weight of passengers and cargo;
- Twisting force transmitted when driving on uneven surfaces;
- Transverse lateral forces caused by road conditions, lateral wind pressure and effects when turning;
- Torque from the engine and transmission;
- Longitudinal stretching when starting from place and acceleration, as well as braking compression;
- Sharp blows from collisions.
Practically proved that the best with the tasks is coped carbon steel frames. In rare cases, structures are performed from aluminum, in order to radically reduce the carrier mass of the car.
Until the 1930s, the frame was in service with almost any iron horse. But gradually more and more manufacturers began to be inclined in favor of a frameless design, in which the chassis and body are integrated into each other.
Benefits of frame design
This technological solution has the following strengths:
- Relative constructive simplicity from the engineering point of view;
- Improving the level of comfort and ergonomics for passengers and driver. The frame allows to significantly improve the noise and vibration insulation. In her absence, it will be much more complicated to achieve a similar effect;
- This is the only one true way Make a vehicle resistant for serious physical overloads. That's why trucks, buses, pickups and most SUVs still have a frame structure ;
- For the manufacturer, this means the relative reduction in the technology of production of new models. An extended frame, for example, a passenger car can give rise to limousine;
- Simplifying the conveyor assembly, due to which it is possible to slightly reduce the cost of production costs;
- The strong side is also durability, especially if we are talking about the models of past years, when there was no effective chemicals to combat rust;
- Sufficient maintainability due to the same simplicity of the design. In particularly launched cases, the frame may be replaced at all.
Causes of reducing popularity
In modern conditions, this type of design is occurring less and less. The refusal to frame technology is due to its significant disadvantages:
- The high mass of the car, which negatively affects the speed of movement and fuel consumption;
- Small interior volume. Power elements (beams) passing directly under the body floor are large enough - so much that it can create problems for passengers with high growth;
- In the event of a collision, there is a nonzero risk of bias offset and frame to each other. Inevitable consequence of such a hypothetical outcome will be human sacrifices;
- Stability of passenger cars during the deformation effect of forces in the transverse plane is quite low. Volumetric structures make it possible to avoid this shortage, but the use of them in models of mass production is impossible.
That is why cars with such a frame are less and more common on our roads.
What does the frame SUV mean?
If on passenger cars The frame now is almost never found, then it is still installed on the machines of high passability.
Car thereby gets a lot additional features :
- Elevice. A car enthusiast can change ground clearance at its discretion by installing more radius wheels;
- Stable design allows you to use your iron horse as a tug. In advertising prospects, usually "jeep" leads a yacht (which becomes quite possible if there is a frame);
- Riding on Ughabam It becomes slightly less painful. Carbon steel frame, located under the floor, eats all irregularities.
Such a tank feels equally well on the city highway, and in a distant outback. But the power of negative moments (we considered them in the previous section) such that even the legendary brands of SUVs go in a frameless body.
Best Class Representatives: List
We list top car with frame-bridge constructionwho are still on the market:
- « Gelendwagen." Favorite Machine Mafia, especially in cinema. Motor power reaches half-one horse power. Ascetic chopped design passed through decades and is considered a messenger reference to a real SUV;
- « Mitsubishi Pajero" Another long-lived on the conveyor, this time from the country of the rising sun;
- « Toyota Land Cruiser" Due to the combination of comfort and high off-road qualities, he enjoys well-deserved love among representatives of the regional elite. Unlike the previous sample of the Japanese car industry, Toyota offers a much higher quality assembly;
- « Nissan Patrol." Direct competitor "Land Cruise". Also available in short-passage;
- « UAZ Patriot" A more realistic option for the wallet of the middle Russian. The latter model pleased the fans of the brand of improved handling and large volume of the cabin. But, like all the works of Russian automotive industry, this car He suffers from extremely low quality assembly.
The body planted on the high-raised rigid metal frame - this is what the frame SUV is in the first approximation. What it is, young drivers can not know. This is an extinct class of cars, which will disappear as well as dinosaurs.
Video: The principle of constructions of modern frames off-road
In this video, the car enthusiast Gregory Igor will tell how frames are arranged by frame off-roads, what are their advantages before carcass cars:
Perennial studies have shown that during the movement of the car on the body, unmanaged forces are affected, proportional to the mass of the car at the moment and its speed, which act in three directions - vertical, horizontal and frontal - and causes such types of deformation of the body elements as flexion, compression, Twisting. Task repair work It is the restoration of the projected endurance of the components of the body according to the manufacturer installations. The technology of repair work should be such that the endurance of the repaired parts correspond to the unrestregnated parts of the car.
In vehicles with a carrier body, the functions of the frame either perform the body itself, or the frame (or replacement of its subframes) is constructively combined with the body and cannot be separated from it without disrupting structural integrity. Usually the body is attached to the frame using brackets on bolts with thick rubber gaskets, serving to reduce the level of vibrations.
All aggregates are attached to the car frame: engine, transmission, bridges, suspension. Together they form a chassis. The frame chassis is a complete design that can exist and move apart from the body.
Currently, frame chassis is used mainly on tractors and trucks, but in the past many cars also had a frame chassis. The "hard" SUVs often have a separate frame.
The following types of frames are distinguished: spar, peripheral, ridge, William-ridge, carrying base, lattice (they are also tubular).
Spar frame with X-shaped cross
The sparse frames consist of two longitudinal spars and several crossbars called "traverses", as well as fasteners and brackets for installing body and units.
The shape and design of the spars and the crossbar may be different; Distinguish tubular, K-shaped and X-shaped crossbars. The spars, as a rule, are a channel in cross section, and the length of the section is usually changing: in the most loaded areas, the height of the section is often enlarged. They can be placed in parallel, and at some angle relative to each other.
Peripheral Rama
Sometimes considered as a kind of spar. At such a frame, the distance between the spars in the central part was enlarged so much that when installing the body, they turn out to be directly behind the door thresholds. Since in the places of transition from the usual distance between the spars to the increased frame weakened, special box-increments added in such places, in English-speaking countries called the thermal Torque Box.
This solution allows to significantly lower the floor of the body, placing it completely between spars, and therefore - reduce the overall height of the car. Therefore, the peripheral frames were widely used on American passenger cars since the sixties. In addition, the location of the spars directly behind the body thresholds is very helping to increase the safety of the car during lateral impact.
Range Rama.
The main constructive element of such a frame is the central transmission tube, rigidly combining engine crankcases and force transmission knots - clutch, gearbox, transfer box, main transmission (or main gears - on multi-axis cars), inside which is a thin shaft, replacing the cardan in this design . An independent suspension of all wheels is necessary.
The advantage of such a scheme is high twist rigidity; In addition, it makes it easy to create vehicle modifications with a variety of leading bridges. However, the repair of prisoners in the frame of the aggregates is extremely difficult. Therefore, this type of frame is used very rarely, and on passenger cars absolved absolutely.
Wilchato-Range frames
A variety of a ridge frame, which has anterior, sometimes the rear parts are forks formed by two spars and employees for fastening the engine and aggregates.
Unlike the ridge frame, the crankcases of the force transmission nodes as a rule (but not always) are performed separately, if necessary, an ordinary drive shaft is used in it. This frame was among the other representatives of the Tatra from T77 to T613.
The same type also includes X-shaped frames that are considered by some sources as a type of spar. They have spars in the central part very closely close to each other and form a closed tubular profile. Such a frame was used on soviet cars "Seagull" GAZ-13 and GAZ-14 of the highest class.
Carrying ground
This frame is combined with a body floor to increase rigidity.
This design was among the other Volkswagen Beetle and the LAZ-695 bus. Currently, this scheme is considered quite promising due to the possibility of building the most promising. different carsas on the platform.
Grident
Also called Tubular Frame or SpaceFrame.
The lattice frames have the form of a spatial farm with a very high ratio of the twist rigidity to the mass (that is, they are easy and very durable torsion).
Such frames apply either on sports and racing carsFor which a small mass of high strength is important or on buses, for the angular bodies of which it is very convenient and technologically in production.
When it comes to the repair technology, it is often a question of how to repair or change an element, which is by its constructive peculiarities of carriers. For example, consider the front at an angle deformation of the front of the car, at which the front panel, the hood, wing, mudguard and the spar are deformed. Of these, in this node, two removable elements can be distinguished - the wing and hood - and three or more welds - the frame of the radiator, the mudguard, the spar. During the repair work of the deformed elements, it is necessary to provide functions laid by the manufacturer (symmetry of the structure, the symmetry of the body shape and its elements, the safety of passengers while driving and so on).
Therefore, if we accept the repair of the mudguard and wing, then the hood, the frame of the radiator and the spar must be replaced. When the hood is replaced, there is the possibility of control over the repaired surface of the wing in the place of adjustment to the hood, controlling the location of the radiator frame when it is replaced and the adjoining of the repaired mudguard. When replacing the radiator frame, there is the possibility of controlling the geometry of the hood opening, the correctness of the mudguard adjoining to the top.
When replacing the spar, it is necessary to ensure the strength of this node, weakened by the repair of the mudguard and wing. In this case, it is necessary to take into account that conditionally to the wing and mudguard will be repaired without heating and welding. If one of the repaired elements is heated for metal shrinkage or welding or technological cut, then another element must be replaced by a new one. IN this case Most suitable from an economic point of view to replace the wing. If the decision is made to repair the spar assembly, that is, the spiner of the P-shaped form with a minor heating itself, then the amplifier should be replaced, whether it is a separate amplifier that is an amplifier of the mudguard or a different element.
It must also be remembered that although the manufacturer's factory structural endurance of body elements is designed to the safety factor N \u003d 1.3-1.5, and for the edges of the case, which can be aggregate by the turbulent formed by the gearbox and wheels during the movement, security coefficient Even 1.5-2.0, not having proper equipment, technological maps and load distribution charts during accidents, we cannot determine how the repair factor will affect the safety of passengers during deformation in the future.
Given that the technology of repair work should cause the endurance of the repaired parts of the car in accordance with the informed, the ideal version of the repair of this node will be replaced by all elements that cannot be corrected without the use of heating or welding technological cuts.
Example of repairing a spar on a frame car
The right side member under the floor of the passenger seat is amazed through corrosion to such an extent that arm brackets front Bridge Not only are not able to perform their functions, but also come off.
For repair, b / y was purchased with a mudguard from which the necessary parts were cut.
In order to reliably put the backup under the threshold, it had to be replaced, and also partially replace the floor.
After that, the front axle levers are removed, the damaged part of the spar is cut and replaced. The work is not easy, because cutouts for the load distribution are made complex, sometimes access to them is difficult for welding, and the seams are needed on both sides.
The photo shows the floor amplifier to which the pad is welded, welded to the spar.
We weld the repair parts to the floor, we protect seams with sealant from all sides.
It is applied to all repaired places, we carry out the inner anti-corrosion treatment of the threshold and the spar and we obtain the result of the repair.
If a significant deformation has become the result of a car collision, it is necessary to remove the mechanical units - only so you can carefully correct the folds and replace parts that are not subject to repair. In addition, it will make it possible to remove residual stresses that may arise and remain after editing. When the car is moving, residual stresses can cause voltages in the mounting of shock absorbers and sleeves, and sometimes their breaks.
But in some cases, pre-straightening the body with installed mechanical aggregates can facilitate access to units to be removed, for example, to a motor aggregate for vehicles with front-wheel drive, front or rear bridge. In this case, it is necessary to take care of the replacement of fastening bolts and shock absorbers. This operation is performed on the stand.
If the blow to the front or rear semi is the deformation of the base of the body, it is also possible to straighten the body, fixing (engaging) the mechanism of stretching for mechanical units, such as, for example, wheel rims or suspension levers that have received deformation. Edit is made in the direction directly opposite to the blow. The execution of such an operation is possible only when the blow fell directly into the front or rear semi-seen, and its replacement is necessary.
It is also necessary to replace the ball supports and steering traction. Editing with the help of a jack or other hydraulic mechanism It is used to restore the shape or straightening the deformed part. However, starting to work, you should not forget that with a very sharp edge, the body parts can occur deformation of the neighboring zone. Therefore, when tension, i.e., simultaneously with the action of the jack, it is recommended to accompany the restoration of the body linearity by tapping folds. And after carrying out the drawing with the help of a jack, it is necessary to remove all internal stresses by performing (using a rattling hammer) of the entire area exposed to edit.
To be confident that later, the inverse movements of the refined bodies caused by residual stresses will not occur, the surface performance is produced through a wooden lining in the direction of impact. If at the same time the straightened body does not change its form, then the editing operation is performed correctly. Otherwise, it should be recovered again before receiving geometry within the tolerances installed by the manufacturer of the car.
If the car got a side blow, it causes the deformation of the base of the body, accompanied by a decrease in the body length from the damaged surface, which is easy to determine. When editing on the stand, the performer must take into account this circumstance. In practice, editing is carried out by stretching in two directions at the same time: lateral and longitudinal, which provides the possibility of restoring the initial geometry of the base base.
An example of the restoration of the side surface is the alignment of the middle rack, which is wrapped with a pulling chain. To protect the rack from damage and uniform distribution of the effort between the rack and the chain, a wooden bar is paved.
Longitudinal stretching performed simultaneously with the side can be produced different ways. If the deformation is concentrated in the lower part of the body, they produce direct adjustment of the base, fixing the clamps for flaking thresholds. The jack is placed between two clamps and under pressure moves them in the longitudinal direction as simultaneous lateral stretching. If the deformation is concentrated in the upper part of the body, stretching is produced in the longitudinal direction from the front and rear parts of the body.
Works on straightening and verifying new spars must be made on the exact equipment, which is available only in workshops.
In any case, the diagnosis of geometry is best done on good equipment, which will be discussed in the next room.
In the preparation of the article, materials from open sources are used in accordance with GNU Free Documentation License.
The carrier part is one of the most important components in the car's device, because it is due to her we manage to collect all the components of the car into a single whole.
A few types of carrier part are now used, each of which has found an application on certain types of cars. Initially, all cars were based on a frame carrier part. But over time, it was supplied with other types, for example, almost on all passenger cars, in which the frame is absent, and all its functions performs a reinforced body. And yet the frame carrier part continues to be used - on trucks and SUVs.
Purpose, species
The frame of the car is a beam design acting in the role of the base for fastening all components of the car - power plant, transmission nodes, chassis and other things. The body present in the design of the carrier part performs only some functions - provides space to accommodate passengers and goods, and also acts as a decorative element.
The main positive quality of the frame use is the high strength of the carrier part. It is precisely because it is used on trucks and full-fledged SUVs. But at the same time, due to the frame, the total mass of the car is increased.
Also, the frame of the car allows the maximum to unify the nodes and mechanisms between models of different classes. At one time it reached the fact that many automakers produced the car chassis with all the main parts (frame, motor, transmission, chassis) to which "stretched" different types Body.
At the same time, several types of frames were developed, each of which possesses its constructive features. All of them can be divided into:
- Spar
- Ridgey
- Spatial
Some of these species have subspecies, combined types are also used, in the design of which are composite elements different frames.
Spar and her subspecies
The spar of the car is the most common. Its construction includes two longitudinal power beams - spars stretching along the entire body and interconnected crossings.
Toyota Land Cruiser Spar Rama
The spars themselves are made of steel, and various types of cross section profile are used to ensure high twisting - box, duct, channel.
And it is not necessary that they are smooth, many spars have bends both vertical and horizontal plane. For example, on some auto frame is bent in the front and rear parts (in the area of \u200b\u200bthe wheel location), which allows you to move the center of gravity down.
In addition, the spars are placed as in a strictly horizontal position relative to the floor, and may be at an angle. The second option is applied on SUVs.
Spars are connected by crossings that can be located different ways. In the so-called frame of the staircase, the crossbars are attached perpendicular to the spars (considered classical). But there are also structures in which these components are located at angles - K-shaped and X-shaped frames.
Sparium x-shaped frame
For connecting spars with crossings, welding (in SUVs), rivets (trucks) are used. In some cases, bolted compounds are used. For fastening the nodes of cars and spars, and the crossbars are equipped with brackets.
The subspecies of the spar frame is peripheral. A distinctive feature It is a long distance between the spars. After the complete assembly of the car, they are located near the body thresholds, which significantly increases the resistance to the exposure to side beats, and also allows you to lower the floor level (as far as possible).
Corvette peripheral frame
Another variety of spiner frame - X-shaped. The essence of the design of such a frame is reduced to the fact that in the front and back of the spars are divorced, and in the central - the maximum is reduced (the space between them allows you to place the transmission shafts). Externally, this type resembles the letter "X", hence the name.
Another option is the bearing base. In the design of this frame, longitudinal spars are still used, but here they are interconnected by non-cross, but the bottom. At the same time, the carrier base, even in it, includes the bottom, is not an element of the body, therefore this type of rimam belongs.
Carrying ground
Ridge Rama
The ridge type frames are less common and its, in fact, are used only on Tatra trucks. The main component of this type of carrier part is the central beam made from the pipe.
Ridge Rama
It is noteworthy that in such a frame, some nodes of the car are used as carrier elements, namely the motor, gearbox, the main transmission housings. All of them are interconnected by a central beam, the rotation between the nodes is carried out using the shafts located in the pipe.
The feature of the design of the rear leading bridges is that the transmission of rotation on the wheels is carried out by shafts with cardan joints, and not by half-axes, since the main gear housings are tightly attached to the beam. But such a device in turn makes it possible to install on all the wheels of the car.
The main advantages of this type of frame include high resistance torsion and the possibility of relatively simple creation of multi-axis chassis. For this, you just need to add the required number of main gears and combine them using the central beam.
But this frame of a widespread car did not receive due to the complexity of the service and repair of transmission nodes, since it has to disassemble almost the entire frame to disconnect the main gear crankcases and the gearbox. In addition, the body attached to the pipe is located high enough above the ground. Therefore, this type of frame is suitable only for truck use.
Spatial Rama
The spatial is a car frame, represented in the form of a frame welded from pipes. It has a small mass and high indicators for strength.
This frame forms not only compartments for placing and fixing the components of the car, and also a cabin for passengers. In addition, the framework also performs the role of the body, which in the car with such a frame is simply absent, and the decorative sheathing is fixed directly on the composite pipes.
Such a frame found the use of sports cars as well self-made models - Buggy. It is noteworthy that even on mass cars with a bearing body, which are converted to participate in competitions, are equipped with an internal tubular frame for increasing body rigidity. But in this case, the mounted frame cannot be called a full-fledged spatial frame.
Combined species
Above lists the main types of frame carriers. But, as noted, there are many variations representing combined types.
These include the Wild Frame. In this type, there are basic components of the spiner and ridge species - the central beam and spars. The design looks like this: Longitudinal spars are used in the front and back for fastening the nodes of auto, and the pipe is installed in the central part (but it is not used here to place the drive shafts). Bolk and spars are rigidly connected.
Willya Rama - symbiosis of several species, and he is not the only one. On some cars, structures consisting, for example, from components of the X-shaped frame and carrier base, or central beams and spars (as opposed to William, spars are located only in front).
But there are also options that combine different types of carrier part - frame and carrying the body. This type includes the so-called integrated frame. Its essence comes down to the fact that the elements of the frame (spar-classic or peripheral) are included in the construction of the body and is made with it at the same time (they are rigidly connected to each other). But it is worth noting that the spars are usually located only in the front and are intended for fixing the power plant.
Integrated Frame with Body
Another option of combined carrier parts is the body with a subframe. This element performs the same functions as the spars in the integrated version, but in contrast to attach to the body using bolted connections.
Finally, we note that at least the frame applies only on auto-specific classes, the elements included in the design are used quite widely and now, since they enhance the rigidity of the carrier bodies. Practically in any passenger car you can find reinforcing spars or subframes.
