The methods offered in the article methods of diagnostics of the hydraulic system are quite detailed and clearly describe the procedures for the search, definition and troubleshooting in the excavator hydraulic system and can serve as a practical manual for enterprises operating techniques with hydraulics.
Maintenance of machine hydraulic systems should be carried out by highly qualified specialists using high-precision diagnostic devices that output problems on the computer. The latter should specify malfunctional troubleshooting methods. This approach is becoming more and more use.
However, even if there is no literate specialist nearby, and only simple measurement devices are available from the diagnostic tools, it is possible to determine the causes of the hydraulic system defective and quickly, using the logical method of their finding. At the same time, it is necessary to understand the basic principles of hydraulics and know the basis of the work and the device of each element of the hydraulic line.
How to stop the excavator?
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If the malfunction has led to the loss of the functions of the machine, or (and) negatively affects its safety, or damages environment (for example, a cliff of high pressure sleeves), then the car should stop immediately.
To ensure safety when stopping the machine, it is necessary to carry out the following activities:
- omit all the suspended working bodies of the machine or fix them with a mechanical manner;
- discard pressure throughout the hydraulic system;
- discharge all hydroaccumulators;
- remove pressure from pressure converters;
- turn off the electrical control system;
- disable electrical power.
It should be noted that the working fluids used in hydraulic drives are lowered compared to gas and with a decrease in pressure expand slightly. However, in those places of the hydraulic system where compressed gas can be (due to insufficient deaeration or with a connected hydroaccumulator), the pressure should be reduced very carefully.
How to approach the diagnosis of the hydraulic system?
The hydraulic system malfunctions can be divided into two types:
- faults that do not affect (unconditionally, up to a certain time) on the operation of the machine - a functional problem in the hydraulic system (for example, an increase in leakage, temperature, etc.);
- faults affecting the functioning of the machine - a functional problem in the machine (for example, a decrease in performance).
Search different species Faults are performed according to different algorithms.
There may be cases where the same malfunction (for example, the pump) can lead to a functional problem and in the machine (reducing performance), and in the hydraulic system (increasing noise).
Experience has shown that troubleshooting is preferable to start with basic problems and work test procedures, considering such signs as an increase in temperature, noise, leakage, etc., as "guiding threads". In this case, common sense is crucial, since certain symptoms can directly indicate a problem area. The jet of oil flowing from under the seal of the hydraulic cylinder indicates where the problem area is located.
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However, some symptoms are not so obvious. If a thread leakage takes place in any node when moving from high pressure to low, then there is local heat selection, which is not always possible to immediately detect.
Whatever you start searching, you need to get an answer to certain questions before you begin to act. If there is a message about any problem, then it is necessary to collect as many actual information as possible. Perhaps this problem has already occurred and fixed in operational documents. In this case, you can save a lot of time. It should be checked if there were no maintenance or configuration in the system shortly before the fault. It is necessary to determine the exact nature of the malfunction: it appeared suddenly or developed gradually, for a long time, it affects what parts of the machine.
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How to determine the simplest malfunctions of the hydraulic system?
You can define malfunctions in two ways:
- with the help of senses;
- using instruments and tools.
The simplest malfunctions of the hydraulic system can be determined using the sense organs - seeing, feeling, having heard, and very quickly. In practice, many problems are solved in this way, without the use of any tools.
| Heat working fluid to the temperature of more than 60 ° C | On pipelines | - Low level working fluid in the tank Filters are clogged - Skorno Sapun |
| Heating pump | On the housing of the pump and adjacent nodes | - Low feed and, as a result, insufficient operational speed |
| Heating of hydraulic cylinders and hydromotors | On the housing of the hydraulic cylinder, hydromotor and the pipelines adjacent to them at a distance of 10-20 cm | - Faulty hydraulic cylinder (seal wear, piston damage) - Faulty hydraulic engine (wear of pistons and distributor, failure of bearings) |
| Heating hydraulic distributors | On the housing of the hydraulic distributor and adjacent pipelines of the discharge of the working fluid | - Faulty hydraulic distributor (shovers wear, valve faults) |
If, with the help of the senses, it was not possible to identify a malfunction, then it is necessary to use instruments: pressure gauges, flow meters, etc.
How to approach the search for more complex malfunctions of the hydraulic system?
Before starting troubleshooting, you need to clearly know which parameters of the hydraulic system must be measured to obtain information about the location of the fault, and with what special tools, devices and equipment do it.
Measured parameters
For the normal functioning of the machine to its working body, a certain force must be transferred (torque) at a certain speed and in a specific direction. The correspondence of these parameters is predetermined and should provide a hydraulic device that converts the hydraulic energy of the fluid flow into the mechanical energy of the output link. The correct work of the working body depends on the flow parameters - consumption, pressure and directions.
Consequently, to check the operation of the hydraulic system, you must check one or more of these parameters. To make a decision on which parameters it is necessary to check, you must obtain complete malfunctional information.
Often a malfunction message in the machine consists of rather inaccurate information, for example: "insufficient power". Power depends on both effort on the output link and from its speed, i.e. from two parameters. In this case, to make a decision on which parameter must be verified, more targeted questions should be set: the drive works too slowly or does it not develop the required effort or torque?
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After determining the essence of the fault (insufficient speed or force, the incorrect direction of movement of the working body) can be defined, the deviation of which flow parameter (consumption, pressure, directions) from the desired value led to this fault.
Although the procedure for finding a fault is based on controlling flow, pressure and flow direction, there are other system parameters that can be measured both in order to localize the faulty node and for definition of the causes of its malfunction:
- pressure at the entrance to the pump (Vacuummetric) - to determine the faults in suction lines;
- temperature - usually a higher temperature of one of the nodes of the system (compared to the temperature of the rest) is a faithful sign that the leak occurs;
- noise - with systematic and routine checks, noise is a good indicator of the state of the pump;
- pollution level - with a repeated appearance of the hydraulic system failures, it is necessary to check the contamination of the working fluid to determine the causes of the fault.
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Special devices, tools and equipment for the diagnosis of hydraulic systems
In the hydraulic system, the pressure is usually measured by a pressure gauge or a vacuum, and flow meter consumption. In addition, others may be useful for a diagnostic specialist devices and tools:
- pressure converter and checker - if the accuracy of pressure measurement should be higher than the accuracy that the pressure gauge provides, and also if it is necessary to measure the pressure during the transition process or under the action of reactive perturbations from the external load side (the pressure converter issues an alternating voltage depending on the applied pressure);
- a graded vessel and stopwatch - when measuring very low costs, such as leaks, with their help, it is possible to obtain greater accuracy than when measuring the flow meter;
- temperature sensor or thermometer - To measure the temperature in the hydraulic tank, you can set the temperature sensor (often combined with the operating fluid level indicator), and it is recommended to use the sensor outstanding alarm signal as soon as the temperature of the working fluid becomes too low or too high;
- thermocouple - to measure local temperature in the system;
- noise meter - Increased noise is also a clear sign of a system malfunction, especially for the pump. With the help of the noise meter, you can always compare the noise level of the "suspected" pump with the noise level of the new pump;
- particle counter - allows with a high degree of reliability to determine the level of pollution of the working fluid.
Diagnostics of the hydraulic system with a functional problem in the excavator
Step 1. Incorrect drive operation may have the following reasons.:
- speed executive mechanism does not match the specified;
- the supply of the working fluid of the actuator does not correspond to the specified;
- lack of movement of the actuator;
- movement in the wrong direction or uncontrolled traffic of the actuator;
- incorrect sequence of including actuators;
- "Creeping" mode, very slow work of the actuator.
Step 2. The hydraulic scheme is determined by the brand of each component of the system and its function
Step 3. Conscribe lists of nodes that may be the cause of the operation of the machine. For example, the insufficient velocity of the actuator actuator may be a consequence of an insufficient fluid consumption entering the hydraulic cylinder, or its pressure. Therefore, it is necessary to make a list of all nodes that affect these parameters.
Step 4. Based on a specific diagnostic experience, the priority procedure for checking nodes is determined.
Step 5. Each node contained in the list is pre-verified in accordance with the sequence. Verification is carried out according to such parameters as the correct installation, setting, signal perception, etc., in order to identify abnormal signs (as, for example, elevated temperature, noise, vibration, etc.)
Step 6. If, as a result of the preliminary check, the node that has a malfunction is not found, then a more intensive check of each node using additional tools is carried out without removing the node from the machine.
Step 7. Checking using additional devices should help find a faulty node, after which you can decide whether to repair it or replace it.
Step 8. Before re-starting the machine, it is necessary to analyze the causes and consequences of a malfunction.. If the problem is caused by contamination or an increase in the temperature of the hydraulic fluid, then it can be repeated. Accordingly, it is necessary to carry out further malfunctional measures. If the pump broke, then his wreckage could enter the system. Before connecting a new pump, the hydraulic system should be thoroughly rinsed.
* Think about what could damage, as well as the further consequences of this damage.
Excavators are designed to work with frozen or not soils, as well as with pre-crushed rock rocks. Temperature range of machinery - -40 ... + 40 ° C. The excavator device includes several nodes that ensure the operation of the machine.
As aggregates are classified
Excavators equipped with a working body with one bucket are divided into categories:
- On functional purpose. There are machines intended for construction work, special and career. The latter are equipped with a reinforced bucket designed to work with scaling rocks.
- According to the design of the chassis - wheeled on a special chassis, wheeled on a car chassis tracked. The latter can be equipped with tracked ribbons with an enlarged width.
- By the type of working body drive - hydraulic, electrical, combined.
How the excavator is arranged
The overall device of the excavator includes:
- running part;
- engine;
- hydraulic system;
- transmission;
- cabin with controls;
- platform with a rotary device;
- worker.
Engine mounted on the rotary platform internal combustion With ignition from compression. Motor has a liquid cooling system. Cooling fan drive automatic, but there is a forced switching key. To increase the power and reduce fuel consumption, the installation of turbocharger is applied. The engine drives the operating mechanisms of the excavator by means of a hydraulic or electrical transmission. Mechanical transmissions Apply on obsolete technique.
The swivel part is mounted on the chassis through a chassis, providing a 360 ° rotation. On the platform placed the operator cabin, hydraulic and electrical system, Arrow with drive and control mechanisms. Excavator boom can be equipped with buckets of various designs or grooves, which reduces the time required to create trenches. It is possible to install hydraulic hammers or other equipment necessary when conducting earthmoving work.
On mechanical drive excavators, winches are used, which directly control the movement of the arrows. The machines meet winches with 1 or 2 shafts. The 1st is considered a node that has a lifting and traction drums installed on a single shaft. If the drums of the winches are separated by shaft, then it is called a 2-wedal \u200b\u200bone. Such mechanisms are installed at large excavators.
The drive of the winches is performed by shafts through a gearbox or chain, carried out from the main shaft of the transmission. For inclusion, multi-disc friction clutches are used, for stopping - tape brakes. The cable is laid on the drum into one or more layers depending on the length.
The design of the mini-excavator does not differ from the principles laid out in full-size techniques. The difference is to simplify the structure of hydraulics and the use of small-sized diesel engine. Workplace The operator is located in a closed cabin equipped with ventilation and heating systems.
The device of the loader excavator differs from the above-described mechanism. The working bucket is located on the hinge arrows in the front of the standard wheel tractor. Loading equipment has a hydraulic drive, which is controlled from the operator's cab.
Chapter 1. Analysis existing system The general condition of the question 11 of the dynamics of the working fluid
1.1. The role and place of diagnosis in the system of technical 11 maintenance of hydraulic drives SDM
1.2. The overall state of the hydrodynamics of hydraulic sdm
1.3. Research Research on Hydraulus Dynamics
1.3.1. Theoretical studies
1.3.2. Experimental studies
1.4. The use of electro-hydraulic analogies at 48 studies of wave processes in the RS in hydraulic systems
1.5. Overview of the methods of diagnosing hydraulic sdm
1.6. Conclusions on the chapter. Purpose and objectives
Chapter 2. Theoretical studies of hydrodynamic processes in relation to hydraulic systems SDM 2.1. Investigation of the distribution of the main harmonic of the SDM hydraulic system
2.1.1. Modeling the main harmonic passing through 69 obstacles
2.1.2. Definition B. general Transfer function 71 of a two-way bilateral hydraulic cylinder
2.1.3. Determination of pressure in hydrolynium with an oscillating excitation by solving a telegraph equation
2.1.4. Modeling the propagation of waves in hydrolynium on 80-based method of electrohydraulic analogies 2.2. Evaluation of the magnitude of the shock pressure in the hydraulic systems of construction machines on the example of the DZ bulldozer
2.3. Dynamics of the interaction of the pulsating stream of the RJ and 89 walls of the pipeline
2.4. The relationship of the oscillations of the walls of hydrolynes and the inner 93 pressure of the working fluid
2.5. Conclusions on chapter
Chapter 3. Experimental studies of hydrodynamic processes in SDM hydraulic systems
3.1. Justification of the methods of experimental research and 105 selection of variable parameters
3.1.1. General provisions. Objective and objectives of experimental 105 studies
3 l.2. Methods of processing experimental data and estimation of measurement errors
3.1.3. Determination of the form of the regression equation
3.1 A. Methods and procedure for conducting experimental 107 studies
3.2. Description of equipment and measuring instruments
3.2.1. Stand for the study of wave processes in 106 hydraulic systems
3.2.2. Vibration analyzer SD-12M
3.2.3. AR vibration sensor
3.2.4. Digital tachometer / stroboscope "Aktakak" ATT
3.2.5. Hydraulic Press
3.3. Study of static deformation of high 113 pressure sleeves under load
3.3.1. Research of radial deformation of the RVD
3.3.2. Study of the axial deformation of the RVD with one 117 free end
3.3.3. Determination of the form of the regression equation p \u003d y (AD)
3.4. To the question of the characteristics of Vibrations of the SDM in various fields of the spectrum
3.5. Investigation of the wave propagation rate and decrement 130 of the attenuation of a single impulse in MG-15 liquid
3.6. Investigation of the nature of pressure pulsations in the hydraulic system 136 of the EO-5126 excavator in vibrations of the hydrolynes walls
3.7. Hydrodynamics of the working fluid in the hydraulic system of the bulldozer
DZ-171 when racing dump
3.8. Research the dependence of the amplitude of the main harmonic from 151 distances to the throttle slot
4.1. Selecting a diagnostic parameter
4.3. Criterion for precepting
4.4. Characteristics of the analogues of the proposed method
4.5. Advantages and disadvantages of the proposed method
4.6. Examples of concrete application
4.7. Some technical aspects of the proposed method of diagnosis
4.8. Calculation of the economic effect from the implementation of the proposed 175 express method
4.9. Evaluation of the effectiveness of the implementation of the method of express-177 diagnostics
4.11. Conclusions on chapter 182 Conclusions for work 183 Conclusion 184 literature
Recommended list of dissertations specialty "Road, Construction and Lifting and Transport Machines", 05.05.04 CIFRA WAK
Increasing the operational reliability of hydraulic machines based on operational management of their maintenance processes 2005, Doctor of Technical Sciences Bulakina, Elena Nikolaevna
Improving the operational properties of hydraulic systems of machine-tractor units 2002, Candidate of Technical Sciences Fomenko, Nikolay Alexandrovich
Improving the methods of protecting the hydraulic and tracked machines from emergency emissions of the working fluid 2014, Candidate of Technical Sciences Ushakov, Nikolay Alexandrovich
Development of technical means of preventing emergency situations in hydraulic systems of compressor seals 2000, Candidate of Technical Sciences Nazik Ellomir Yusif
Non-stationary modes of hydraulic drive 2001, Candidate of Technical Sciences Moroz, Andrey Anatolyevich
The dissertation (part of the author's abstract) on the topic "Improving methods for diagnosing hydraulic drivers of construction and road vehicles based on studies of hydrodynamic processes in hydraulic systems"
The efficiency of maintenance of construction and road machines (SDM) largely depends on the qualitative implementation technical diagnostics Machines and its hydraulic drive, which is an integral part of most SDM. In recent years, in most industries of the national economy, there is a transition to maintenance of construction and road techniques on the actual technical condition, which makes it possible to exclude unnecessary repair operations. Such a transition requires the development and implementation of new methods for diagnosing hydraulic drives SDM.
Diagnosis of hydraulic drive often requires assembly and disassembly, which is associated with considerable time. Reducing the time for diagnostics is one of the important tasks of maintenance of SDM. The solution of this task is possible by various ways, one of which is the use of methods of unemployed diagnostics. At the same time, one of the sources of vibrations of the machines are hydrodynamic processes in hydraulic systems, and according to the parameters of vibrations, one can judge the nature of the hydrodynamic processes and on the state of the hydraulic line and its individual elements.
By the beginning of the XXI century, the possibility of vibration diagnostics of rotating equipment increased so much that it was based on the operation of the transition to the maintenance and repair of many types of equipment, such as ventilation, according to actual state. At the same time, for the hydraulic drives of the SDM, the nomenclature of defects detectable on vibration and the accuracy of their identification are still insufficient to take such responsible decisions. In particular, among the diagnostic parameters of the hydraulic system as a whole, measured in the license plate for the maintenance of construction machines, in the "Recommendations for the organization of maintenance and repair of construction machines" MDS 12-8.2000 Vibration parameters do not mean.
In this regard, one of the most promising methods for diagnosing hydraulic drives of SDM are unbeatable vibration methods based on the analysis of the parameters of hydrodynamic processes.
Thus, the improvement of the methods for the diagnosis of hydraulic means of construction and road machines based on studies of hydrodynamic processes in hydraulic systems is a relevant scientific and technical problem.
The goal of the dissertation work is to develop methods for the diagnosis of SDM hydraulic drivers based on the analysis of the parameters of hydrodynamic processes in hydraulic systems.
To achieve the goal, it is necessary to solve the following tasks:
Explore modern condition Question of hydrodynamics of hydraulic sdm and find out the feasibility of taking into account hydrodynamic processes to develop new methods for diagnosing hydraulic drives SDM;
Construct and explore mathematical models of hydrodynamic processes occurring in hydraulic systems (HS) SDM;
Experimentally investigate the hydrodynamic processes flowing into hydraulic systems SDM;
Based on the results of the studies, develop recommendations for improving the diagnostics methods of SDM hydraulic systems;
Object of research - hydrodynamic processes in hydraulic system SDM systems.
The subject of studies is patterns that establish links between the parameters of hydrodynamic processes and methods for diagnosing hydraulic drives of the SDM.
Research methods - analysis and synthesis of existing experience, methods of mathematical statistics, applied statistics, mathematical analysis, method of electro-hydraulic analogies, methods of the theory of equations of mathematical physics, experimental studies on a specially created stand and on real cars.
Scientific novelty of dissertation results:
A mathematical model of the passage of the first harmonic of pressure pulsations created by the volume pump (main harmonics) was compiled, and general solutions were obtained by a system of differential equations describing the distribution of the main harmonic of hydrolynas;
Analytical dependences were obtained to determine the internal pressure of the fluid in the RVD on the deformation of its multi-cellular elastic shell;
The dependences of the deformation of the RVD from the internal pressure are obtained;
Experimentally obtained and studied spectra of vibrations of hydraulic equipment in the GS of EO-5126 excavator, DZ-171 bulldozers, KATO-1200S self-propelled boom crane under operating conditions;
A method of vibration drugs of SDM hydraulic systems was proposed, based on the analysis of the parameters of the main harmonic of pressure pulsations generated by the volume pump;
The criterion for the presence of pins in the SDM hydraulic system when using a new method of imbalanced technical diagnostics;
The possibility of using the parameters of hydraulic shocks that occur as a result of delaying safety valves for the diagnosis of SDM.
The practical importance of the results obtained:
A new method of vibrodiagnostation is proposed for localization of malfunctions in the elements of the hydroplaring of the SDM;
A laboratory stand has been created to study hydrodynamic processes in hydraulic systems;
The results of the work are used in the educational process in the lecture course, during courses and thesis design, and the created laboratory settings are used when conducting laboratory work.
Personal contribution of the applicant. The main results were obtained by the author personally, in particular, all analytical dependencies and methodical development experimental studies. When creating laboratory stands, the author suggested a common layout, the main parameters are calculated and the characteristics of their main nodes and aggregates are justified. In the development of a method of vibrationality, the author owns the idea of \u200b\u200bchoosing the main diagnostic sign and the method of its practical implementation under operating conditions. The author personally developed programs and methods of experimental studies, studies were conducted, and their results were processed, and their results were developed, recommendations were developed for the design of the GS OGP, taking into account the wave processes.
Approbation of the results of work. The results of the work were reported on NTCs in 2004, 2005 and 2006, at the VII All-Russian Scientific and Practical Conference of Students, Graduate Students, Doctoral Students and Young Scientists "Science XXI Century" MSTU in Maikop, at the Scientific and Practical Conference "Mechanics - XXI VEKU "BRGTU in Bratsk, on the 1st" All-Russian scientific and practical conference of students, graduate students and young scientists "in Omsk (Sibadi), as well as at scientific seminars of the department" Technological machines and equipment "(TMIO) of the Norilsk industrial Institute (NII) in 2003,2004, 2005 and 2006.
The defense takes place:
Scientific substantiation of the new method of express diagnostics of SDM hydraulic systems based on the analysis of the parameters of hydrodynamic processes in the HS;
Justification of the efficiency of using the proposed method of unemployed technical diagnostics;
Justification of the possibility of using hydroward parameters to determine the technical condition of the SDM hydraulic system.
Publications. According to the results of the studies, 12 printed works were published, an application was submitted for a patent for the invention.
Communication themes of work with scientific programs, plans and themes.
The topic is developed in the framework of the initiative state budget topic "Increased reliability technological machines and equipment "in accordance with the NIR plan of the Norilsk Industrial Institute for 2004-2005, in which the author participated as a performer.
Implementation of work. Operating tests of the express method of searching for the patches; The results of the work are made to introduce into technological process At the enterprise MU "Autorashide" of Norilsk, and also used in the educational process in GOVPO Norilsk Industrial Institute.
Structure of work. The dissertation work consists of an introduction, four chapters with conclusions, conclusions, a list of used sources, including 143 names and 12 applications. The work is set out on 219 pages, including 185 of the main text pages, contains 11 tables and 52 drawing.
Conclusion of dissertation on the topic "Road, Construction and Lifting and Transport Machines", Melnikov, Roman Vyacheslavovich
Conclusions for work
1. The necessity of taking into account the parameters of hydrodynamic processes to develop new vibration methods for diagnosing hydraulic system SDM is substantiated.
2. Based on the constructed mathematical models, the equations of the proliferation of the first harmonic of pressure pulsations created by the volume pump, through hydraulic resistance for some particular cases, was found.
3. According to the results of experimental studies, the possibility of studying the hydrodynamic processes in the RS in the parameters of the vibration of the RVD walls is substantiated. It has been proven that the first harmonic of pressure pulsations created by the volume pump easily detects itself in the entire SDM hydraulic system. In the drain highway in the absence of a blows, the specified harmonic does not detect itself.
4. Based on the experimental data obtained, a new method of searching for the pins in SDM hydraulic systems, based on the analysis of the parameters of the main harmonic of pressure pulsations created by the pump was proposed. Diagnostic signs determined by the appearance of hydraulic blows in the hydraulic system of the DZ-171 bulldozer, with the appearance of which the further operation of the specified machine is unacceptable.
Conclusion
As a result of the conducted studies, a number of regularities of RVD deformation were identified when the internal pressure changes. The hypothesis of the identified patterns of deformation of the RVD is nominated. Further research in the same direction will allow for a new level of generalization of the results obtained and develop the existing theories of RVD deformation.
The study of the phenomenon of the hydroudar arising in SDM hydraulic systems can be continued on different types machines. At the same time, the following questions are important: in which SDM hydroudars lead to the greatest decrease in reliability indicators; whether the development of similarity criteria is possible to disseminate the results obtained in the study of minor power machines on the machine of the same type, but more powerful; It is likely that in further research it will be possible to propose the criteria for similarity, allowing to disseminate the results of studies of the hydraulic man in the hydraulic systems of the same type, on the hydraulic system of a different type (for example, in the hydraulic systems of the bulldozers on the excavators hydraulic systems). It is also important to the question of in the hydraulic systems of which hydropers arises most often, as well as the question of what machines shock pressure reaches the greatest values.
To predict the magnitude of the pressure of pressure during hydrowards, it is important to know the dependence of the amplitude of the hydrotar from the operating time of the machine P \u003d F (T). In order to quantify the influence of the emerging hydrowards on operating performance, it is necessary to know the average developing to failures arising from this reason. To do this, it is necessary to know the law of distribution of pressure casts under GU.
In the study of shock waves arising in the working fluid in SDM hydraulic systems, it was determined that one of the reasons is the gradual clogging of the valves. With further research it would be advisable to determine the rate at which the accumulation of these sediments on the surfaces of the valves and regulating equipment occurs. According to the results of these studies, it is possible to make recommendations on the frequency of the flushing of the valves during 111 IF.
The necessary studies of the turbulence zone in the GS (the existence of which was found in the studies of machines containing the gear pump, and described in section 3.4) will require an explanation to the existence of this zone. It is possible to develop a diagnostic method based on the assessment of the amplitude of the harmonics in the turbulence zone, and allowing to determine the overall level of wear of hydraulic equipment.
The development of the method of diagnosis based on the analysis of the main harmonic (chapter 4) will allow to identify the patterns of passing the main harmonics through various types of hydraulic equipment, to determine the transfer functions for different types of hydraulic equipment and propose a methodology for the construction of such gear ratios. It is possible to create specialized devices designed specifically for the implementation of this method of diagnosis, and are cheaper than the universal Vibrationanalyzer SD-12M used in conducting research. Also in the future, it is possible to experimental determination of the parameters for which the diagnosis of the effects should be diagnosed with the proposed method. Such parameters include mathematical waiting for the amplitude of the vibratory background and the approximate value of this value.
The transition to a higher level of generalization When using the method of electro-hydraulic analogies can be made if wave propagation in hydrolynes is not based on electrical models, such as long lines, and on the basis of fundamental laws - Maxwell equations.
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Please note the scientific texts presented above are posted for familiarization and obtained by recognizing the original texts of theses (OCR). In this connection, they may contain errors associated with the imperfection of recognition algorithms. In PDF the dissertation and the author's abstracts that we deliver such errors.
Hydraulic excavators have a very wide scope of application
- In comparison with other machines, such as a bulldozer or a loader, an excavator can perform a large range of works, while at one point;
- The ability to turn to 3600 allows the excavator to work easily on a limited space;
- The high power of the dripping allows the excavator to be gently dripped, digging trenches and form the base;
- Since the work occurs almost without moving the machine - the wear of the chassis is minimal;
- Easy change of work equipment allows you to use an excavator to perform various tasks.
Using
- Moving soil
- Planning
- Loosening
- Loading
- Planning
Working equipment of the excavator Looks like a man's hand and performs a similar function
When replacing the bucket to another work equipment, you can perform another financial work, such as grabbing grapple or loafing
Classification of excavators
Today mainly used crawler excavatorssince they have a large area of \u200b\u200bsupport and high stability
Advantages of tracked excavators
- High stability
- Ability to work on soft and uneven soil
The large area of \u200b\u200bthe support provides greater stability. It makes it easy to work on soft or uneven soil
Disadvantages of tracked excavators
- Slow movement speed and mobility
- Damage to the surface of the road
Low transport speed. If the machine is equipped with steel tracks, then when driving there is damage to the surface of the road
Excavator can be divided into 3 parts: Working equipment, upper and lower parts
The base of the upper part is the frame of the rotary platform
The rotation system consists of:
- Hydromotor rotation (rotates platform)
- Rooting reducer (increases hydraulic force and reduces the rotation speed)
- Rotary circle (connects the platform with a tracked trolley)
- Central swivel link (transmits oil flow to the bottom)
The rotary circle consists of two rings, external and internal. The inner ring is firmly attached to the frame of the tracked trolley and the external ring - to the frame of the rotary platform. The swivel circle is a link that transmits the load of the turning platform with the working equipment to the running part to ensure stability.
Rotary link consists of a corps (stator) and rotor
The rotor is attached to the tracked trolley. The hull is attached to the rotary platform and turns along with it.
The oil from the control valve falls into the link housing and through the ring canals passes into the rotor channels. Going out of the channels of the rotor on hoses, the oil enters hydraulic motors.
The lower part consists of a large number of different elements that are attached to the steel frame called the frame of the tracked trolley
Hydraulic Excavator Power Line
During operation, the operator can simultaneously perform several operations, such as moving the arrows, handles, bucket, turning simultaneously. At the same time, several sections of the control valve are operating at the same time.
The running part of the hydraulic excavator differs significantly from the bulldozer or loader in which the power is transmitted mechanically using a torque converter and gears
Just as the heart shakes blood, the hydraulic pump of the excavator shakes the oil for the operation of the hydraulic cylinders
For extracting handle oil must be fed to the ride cavity
For folding handles, the oil should be fed into a cordless cavity
Chief overflow valve
The main overflow valve keeps pressure not exceeding a certain value by overflow of excess oil into the tank. When the piston comes to the edge of the cylinder, then it stops. Since the oil continues to arrive, until the pressure in the system begins to increase, which will lead to the rupture of the hoses. The main overflow valve in the system warns an increase in pressure to a critical level by overflow of excess volume of oil into the tank. The main overflow valve is between the control valve and hydraulic pump.
Safety valve
The safety valve is used to reset the oil into the tank, if the pressure in the system exceeds the cretic value. If the boom falls on the arrow, and the control valve will be in a neutral position, then the pressure in the cylinder will immediately increase and lead to the rupture of the hoses. To prevent increase pressure above a certain level in the system safety valve. This valve is after the camshaft in front of the hydraulic cylinders.
Classification of hydraulic pumps
Comparison of piston and gear hydraulic pumps
Model number
PC 200 XX - 7, where
PC - product code.
200 - size code [Number, about 10 times more than operational mass (in tons), but sometimes the number of the machine, related to this model, is reflected]
XX - Additional model code [indicated by one or two letters LC: extended base]
7 - Modification [Displays the model history (numbers 4, 9 and 13 skipped)]
Classification of hydraulic excavators for the satellite
Small: less than 20 tons
Average: 20-59 tone
Heavy: 60 or more
Capacity bucket
Capacity "With Cap" \u003d Geometric Capacity + Caps
Standards of buckets
Corner of natural slope 1: 1
Angle of natural slope 1: 2
ISO: International Organization for ISO7451 and ISO7546
JIS: Japanese Industrial Standard JIS A8401-1976
PCSA: Association for Cranes and Excavator (USA) PCSA No.37-26
SAE: Association of Auto Engineers (USA) SAE J296 / J742B
CECE: European CECE SECTION Society CECE SECTION V1
Pressure on the primer
Pressure on the soil (kg / m 2) \u003d Excavator Mass / Square Surface Surface
Pressure on the middle class excavator soil not many more pressure on the soil standing person
If a person can go on the ground, the middle class excavator will be able to work there
Example of using work equipment
1. Soft soil (wide shoes)
To work on a soft, for example, a swamp ground, wide shoes are used to reduce the pressure on the ground.
2. Displaced dripping axis (Offset Boom)
If the machine does not stand in the center of the burst object due to different obstacles from the sides, the work is carried out with an excavator with a shift in handle. This method is used to dig trenches (the shifted handle does not change the direction of the digging axis, and shifts it to the side of the center of the machine)
3. Large range (super long equipment)
When using super-long working equipment allows you to carry out work in places where the machine cannot work with conventional equipment. Deepening rivers, swamps and so on. You can also layout long slopes
4. Layout layout (planning bucket)
The layout of the slopes of rivers, roads and other objects can be easily performed by a special bucket with a flat bottom.
5. Crushing (hydraulic hammer)
When using a hydraulic hammer, large fragments of the breed after the explosion can be crushed. You can also destroy concrete drows and buildings.
6. Recycling of cars (hydrogenated)
When using special hydrogenants, you can disassemble cars on the part. These nannies can capture small parts and sort parts for processing
7. Demolition of buildings (scissors and hydraulic hammer)
The machine is equipped with super long working equipment and can perform work on the demolition of buildings. When using hydronents, you can also cut the steel frame and strength elements of structures.
8. Forestry (saws and seizures)
Excavators are used in procurement work. Captures with saws can take everything will give, including fallen trees, remove branches and sawing the logs. Captures are used for loading work.
History of hydraulic excavators
