Racing car
single (monoposto) car designed to participate in car racing, including to establish the speed records (record-racing and ultra-speed cars ≈ "cars").
Foreign firms began to build G. A. After 1900. Classification and technical requirements By g. We are regulated by the rules of the International Sports Code adopted in 1962, and applications to it developed by the sports committee of the International Automobile Federation (FIA).
On the operating volume of the engine (L) and its own mass (kg) G. A. They are divided into groups ≈ racing formulas: 1 (up to 3 l, at least 500 kg), 2 (up to 1.6 liters, not less than 450 kg), 3 (up to 1 l, not less than 400 kg). Formula 4 is used (motorcycle engine up to 250 cm3), officially not approved FIA. Record. but. With gas turbine engines are highlighted in a separate class. The best engines G. A. Formulas 1 have a liter power up to 110 kW / l (150 hp / l) at 12000 rpm and compression ratio 11≈12 and a 4-valve scheme that ensures the engine speed at best filling cylinders. On all g. Formulas 1 and 2 apply devices of direct fuel intake. As a rule, G. A. have multi-stage (five-speed) transmissions. The clutch is usually two-way. Disc brakes, ventilated; The width of the rims of wheels and tires is greater than the usual passenger cars (more than 400 mm). In the USSR produced G. A. Formulas 4 Tallinn Automobile Repair Plant, Sports Cars ZIL-112C, record-racing "Kharkov-7" and gas turbine cars "Pioneer".
The most famous for the construction of G. A. Foreign firms "Lotus" (United Kingdom), "Porsche" (Germany), Ford, Ial. Farrari plant, etc.
The absolute world speed record on land set on October 23, 1970 Gabelich (USA) on the Blue Flame rocket car ≈1014, 294 km / h. The absolute world record speed on the car belongs to R. Summers (USA) ≈ 658.5 km / h (1965).
Lit.: Beckman V.V., Racing cars, 2 ed., L., 1967.
V. I. Martyuk.
Wikipedia
Racing car
Racing car - Cars, designed and built specifically for automotive competitions - both for mass racing, and to establish speed records. Unlike serial high sports cars, racing have the most lightweight body, in which there are no important control and safety sites. These cars are usually not allowed on public roads.
Racing cars, unlike conventional serial cars, are not created for the transport of passengers, but for competitions, to clarify technical capabilities Car and driving.
Participation in racing requires high speed and aerodynamic characteristics from such cars. Racing cars have greater engine power, low weight, respectively, they can quickly accelerate and reach high speeds, and also steadily passing the devices.
Racing cars are manufactured as sports units of large highway concerns (such as AMG at the Daimler-Benz concern) and small private companies created to build a single model. As a rule, such companies design only the body of the car and some of its nodes, and the most important and complex part of the engine is the engine - they supply large automotive firms.
As soon as the production of cars has become mass, the question arose about whose car is better. To find out it was possible only in one way - to arrange races. Very soon the founders abandoned use in speed competitions ordinary cars And began to create special single racing cars for this.
Pioneers racing can now be seen only in the museum, in wealthy collectors, and in the photo. Racing machines became more and more racing machines, their speed gained increased, and interest in them increased. Today, automobile competitions in speed are one of the most legendary sports on the whole globe.
Racing cars - the most high-speed cars created by new technologies. By the way, these innovations are then applied in the production of ordinary "iron horses". Weight racing machines Must be small, shape - streamlined. Therefore, the housing of these cars is made from ultra-light raw materials used in space technologies. Aerodynamic forms allow you to minimize the resistance of air masses and develop the highest possible speeds.
Most of the brands of racing machines like Ferrari (Italy), "Ford" (Italy), Porsche (Germany), Lotus (UK) and others are known.
Competitions are different, and the cars are divided into four leading types: for high-speed comments on short direct tracks - dragsters, sports type, serial and open wheels.
The most popular racing machines with open wheels of the class "Formula 1", as well as the "Grand Prix". Designed by samples approximate to the established international automotive federation, the formula-1 class machine weighing about 600 kg based on the chassis "Monocokes" and autonomous suspension. A place for a rider is located in the center where it must be in the lying position. Immediately behind it is a 4- or 6-cylinder engine with a capacity of up to 1200 horse powercapable of developing speed up to 360 kilometers per hour. The struggle for the championship is challenged solely on the highway tracks. While larger and heavy racing championship class racing cars compete on the oval form tracks with a length of 1.6 kilometers. Their limit speed can reach 368 kilometers per hour.
American models of the Sprint class weighing about 730 kg with serial engine From "Chevrolet" in 550 are most dangerous for racing due to the hard and high planting, but the competition is the most entertaining. Competitions pass on asphalt or garne tracks with a length of up to 1.6 kilometers.
Racing miniatures with 4-cylinder engines are similar to miniature Sprint class machines. Three-hard racing even less.
Serial machines, unlike class "Formula 1", are consumer cars modified to participate in races, which are also popular and held in many countries of the world. Such a converted "Iron horse" class "Grand Neshenal" in the National Race Association serial cars Today is the best.
And what prefer you?
Since its appearance, car races began to collect hordes of fans around the world. Those who were not limited to contemplation and became a professional car drivers, not so much - for the listing enough of a thin school notebook with a dozen sheets. They completely quenched their thirst for high speeds and strong overloads in competitions, while the rest remained only to lick. But among them and enthusiasts, ready to spend part of the time, money and strength to create their own quick car. Thus, California Salt Lakes served as a polygon for high speed lovers, without a small hundred years ago. As we told in the article, by the middle of the last century, this phenomenon became so mass that it was in size to compare with professional motor racing. Flight of fantasy When building cars, it was often not limited to even common sense, but today we will tell about the other side of this tuning - copies of racing cars or replicas.
Why do you need it?
The reasons for the appearance of the replica racing cars are several. The main one is the desire to touch the motor racing and keep it for yourself the most important part of it - a car. For example, the ball and the form of players who played their triumphal match are valuable among football fans, in hockey such attributes are sticks and helmets. But if there are serious battles on the auction for the equipment, it is almost impossible to buy a real car. In any case, for sane money. But the creation of a copy of such a car is perhaps even in its own garage.
Prepare such machines also to participate in exposures and shooting. In this case, the budgets sometimes allow to use and genuine copies, but difficulties with their search pushing customers to make copies. Finally, such a type of tuning occurs less frequently, thanks to which the replicas attract much attention than their counterparts in the "ordinary" tuning.
Who copied?
Of course, it is not about recreating the Formula class challenges or sports prodotypes, since they don't have almost nothing in common with serial models. Consequently, the manufacture of such a replica will require many times large budgets and labor costs.
The mainstream of this tuning is the "body" classes of ring and rally disciplines - WRC, WTCC and them like, as well as "charged" versions and limited series of popular models. The most banal example - to make the BMW 520i look and go like M5, and Subaru WRX. We change to the manner of the rally bar of Petter Solberg. If you are a compaction fan by 9,000 rpm, and your Honda Civic. Lained red icons, you probably want to turn it into Type R. As in any style of tuning, clear regulations are missing here, however, we will consider only those typical examples when the final project resembles its prototype entirely, and not separate elements.
Where are there?
The final appearance of I. specifications Replica primarily depend on the goals that are put in front of them. If the project is prepared by visiting exhibitions, there is no need to intervene in technical aspects, while maintaining the main units in the native specification with the appropriate change in appearance and interior. The urban operation of the "artificial race" will require the preservation of the functionality of the salon and the presence of the elements of comfort. In this case, the technique is being finalized in accordance with the wishes and budgets of the owner. Finally, the replica can "dangle" on the tracks, not yielding to the original barges, attacking the apex and sweeping into the air on the crest of the springboards. But the preparation of such a car affects almost every element, with a loan to the regulation of sports discipline, to participate in which it is preparing. Below we will consider the main techniques used in creating such machines.
Technical Side Question
As we said above, the "technical" is completely dictated by the scope of the car. In the case of rally and ring cars, everything solves the class regulation, allowing quite definite changes not only for the engine and transmission, but also of all other nodes - from brake shoes and tires to the thickness of stabilizers transverse stability. You cannot go about the complete coincidence with the prototype here, as the technical requirements change annually. One thing is invariably: the car is also focused on the minimum time of the predetermined distance at maximum pilot safety. For this reason, in all such machines installed, and under the hood "on duty" the system of automatic fire extinguishing.
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From here it follows that the city or exhibition replica may even faster and more powerful - there is no restrictions! But even "vegetable" copies with full external accordance with the original must have "adults" brakes adjusted to the desired clearance with suspension and sports tires. Otherwise, the substitution can be found, even without raising the hood.
Outside
Unlike, the concept of which requires full preservation of standard appearance, the changed exterior is a mandatory attribute of any racing replica. Depending on which car and with what accuracy you need to copy, differs and the volume of changes. The simplest scheme is when the "Race" is different only by a pair of elements: for example, air intakes and spoilers. In this case, it can be limited to changes in existing external parts without resorting to their replacement.
Another thing is when the body expansion is required. So, for the transformation of the BMW E30 Coupe to the version of M3 EVO, it is required to block the entire back of the body, replace almost all the elements in front and install the hubs with a five-born fastening of the wheels in return "four per hundred". Fortunately, some companies have already established the release of the corresponding fiberglass details, thanks to which the tuners are delivered from the search for rare lots and save considerable amounts.
Even more difficult, if we are talking about the construction of a replica racing car. After all, on many of them, the hollows are carried out by the central nut, the glass is replaced with light polycarbonate without the possibility of lowering, and copies of some parts make it difficult. Thus, the exterior, being a "cover" of a replica, often is the most difficult stage of construction.
Until recently, electric vehicles were perceived, first of all, as city cars, which are convenient and cheap, can only be reached from home to work and back. But automakers gradually expand these horizons. And has already appeared quite a large number electric and hybrid sports carsand then racing cars. Pro ten best Of these, it will be discussed in this review.
Toyota TS040 Hybrid Race Car - hybrid racing car from Toyota
The most recent example of a racing car with electric engine introduced the other day japanese company Toyota. Toyota TS040 Hybrid Race Car was created specifically to participate in the 2014 Fia World Endurance Championship series races, the purpose of which is no longer a sports principle "faster, higher, stronger", but the development of modern energy-saving technologies.
Hybrid toyota car TS040 Hybrid Race Car was created based on the Toyota TS040 racing auto, which will compete in the races of 24 hours Le Mana. Fuel Engine The volume of 3.7 liters, as well as an electric motor will give a hybrid with a total power of 989 horsepower.
Nissan Zeod RC - electric vehicle to participate in 24 hours le mana
And if Toyota has released two separate TS040 cars for different competitions, allowing 24 hours a car with a motor internal combustion, Nissan has already created even a hybrid for endurance year ago, but an electric vehicle is Nissan Zeod RC. It is expected that he will leave for the track already in 2014.
Nissan is one of the world "locomotives" on the electric vehicle market. She created a unique charge technology 80 batteries in just 30 minutes. And it is to popularize their developments that it plans to set Nissan Zeod RC on the races of 24 hours Le Mana. Of course, it does not have to count on victory. But even the finish of the electric car in endurance competitions will become a huge marketing breakthrough.
Monster Sport E-Runner - Racing Sprinter from Mitsubishi
It turns out that, within the framework of the Pikes Peak car racing in Colorado, there are already separate races among electric cars for several years. But if earlier they took part in them, mainly serial machines with an electric motor, the last two years, Mitsubishi is specifically for these competitions creates special models of electric vehicles. And in 2013, the Monster Sport E-Runner from this manufacturer won the Monster Sport E-Runner.
Pikes Peak is international auto racing, the essence of which is the most fast rise to the mountain Payx peak on the road 20 kilometers long with 156 turns and a drop of 1439 meters high. The rust of the passage of the track is 8 minutes 13 seconds. The Monster Sport E-Runner electric car in 2013 coped with the task in 9 minutes to 46 seconds, taking in the overall race racing 5th place.
Nuna 7 - Solar Recordsman
And in Australia, a few years in a row pass races among a special type of electric vehicles - machines operating on energy from solar panels installed on them. Fortunately, weather conditions allow you to organize such competitions. And in 2013, the race for 3071 kilometers between the cities of Darwin and Adelaide won the crew by the NUNA 7 car, spending 33 hours for 3 minutes.
Solar electric car NUNA 7 is designed specifically for World Solar Challenge team of students from Delft Technical University in the Netherlands. The weight of this car is 190 kilograms, and the maximum speed is 100 kilometers per hour.
Lola B12 / 69 EV - the world's first racing electric car
And the first modern electric car created specifically for serious, not special car racing, became. It was released in 2012 to participate in the endurance competition 24 hours Le Man in 2013. The engine capacity of 850 horsepower allows this electric car accelerated to a speed of 329 kilometers per hour.
However, in the 2013 races in Le Manne, the electric car Lola B12 / 69 EV could not participate - his debut was postponed at these competitions for 2014. But the car has proven perfectly on a variety of other racing races. And the Drasyon Racing team is planned to become one of the participants of the Formula E - new FIA project starting in September 2014.
Sports electric cars
In order not to limit our review among racing electric vehicles, which can be seen only on tracks, we decided to tell also about the somewhat most remarkable modern electric sports cars - serial cars that are already driving through the streets of cities.INIZIO EVS - the world's first serial electric sports car
For a long time, electric sports cars presented on car dealers of different manufacturers have remained concepts released in one or more copies. The world's first serial sports electric car became in 2011.
The cost of this car amounted to from 139 to 249 thousand US dollars, depending on the model. Its maximum speed is 273 kilometers per hour, overclocking time from zero to hundreds - 3.4 seconds, and the stroke reserve on one charge of batteries is 402 km.
The fact is that the doors in this electric car are not opening off, like the overwhelming majority of machines, and up, that for several decades has been a sign of expensive, status cars. From other characteristics Tesla Model X can boast the ability to accelerate up to a speed of 100 kilometers per hour in 4.4 seconds, a stroke reserve of 440 kilometers and a fairly moderate price from 50 to 90 thousand dollars, depending on the model.
Mercedes-Benz SLS AMG - Electric Sportor from Mercedes-Benz
I did not miss the opportunity to enter the electric sports car market and the cargogen Mercedes-Benz. In 2013, the Germans launched a new variation of the supercar Mercedes-Benz SLS AMG equipped with an electric motor.
Maximum speed Mercedes-Benz SLS AMG sports vehicle is 250 kilometers per hour, the same distance machine can drive on one full battery charge. Cost this car Starts from 544 thousand US dollars.
Audi E-Tron - Sport Car of the Future from Audi
In 2014, Audi fans expect to start selling one of the most ambiguous modern cars From this manufacturer. We are talking about an electric sports car Audi E-Tron.
Audi E-Tron is based on gasoline Audi R8, gas engine which was replaced by four electric. They allow the car to accelerate from 0 to 100 kilometers per hour in 4.8 seconds. The maximum speed of the car reaches 250 km / h, but the manufacturer at the hardware level limited this indicator of 200 to the fans to drive not so quickly discharged the batteries of their sports car. The cost of AUDI E-TRON begins from 200 thousand dollars.
Porsche 918 - The world's most expensive hybrid sports car
The most expensive serial sports car with an electric motor is a hybrid car Porsche 918, which appeared on sale in 2013 limited parties in 918 cars.
Using hybrid engine The total capacity of 887 horsepower allows Porsche 918 to accelerate to one hundred only 2.8 seconds, and its maximum speed reaches 345 kilometers per hour without any restrictions. True, with all these impressive characteristics of a hybrid from Porsche there is a significant minus - its price begins from 845 thousand dollars.
Sports cars in the photo and in reality
Sports cars of which we see in magazines, on calendars, on the Internet are beautiful, bright and over powerful cars. Every self-respecting man since childhood wants to ever buy such a car. But over time, the majority understands that such cars are clearly not for our roads.
It is worth distinguishing sports and racing cars. The first, in contrast to the second, can ride on city roads. Racing is a car narrow specialization.
Sports cars, whose photos tickle our nerves, is the beauty, sophistication of the design, the convenience of the interior and enviable force under the hood. It is impossible to say that sports cars today are in great demand. This product has always been and will always be very specific. Not everyone can afford to acquire Hennessey Venom GTV, McLaren P1, Gta Spano, Porsche 918 Spyder Weissach or Bugatti Veyron Grand Sport. As for further maintenance - and it is not necessary to speak. This machine is not intended for the transport of goods or family travel with children. Such a car was created for those who like to risk and emphasize all possible methods Your status. Sports car - for active, bright and confident people.
Racing cars and their bright photos There is no man who would not know what "Formula 1". But the true fans of this competition also know each pilot, the characteristics of their chasters and even the names of the technicians who folded cars. Racing cars in the photo from a new race are heavy duty and supere-speed machines that are designed purely for competitions.
Racing cars in the photo and video are striking the speed of overclocking. They are able to reach a speed of 100 km / h 2 seconds. Do you want even more, 300 km / h squeeze on the track? This is possible using KTM X-BOW, Caterham 7 Superlicht R500, Radical SR3 SL. These are examples of the best cars that have shown on racing the highest results in maneuverability, speed, reliability, ease, and at the same time it is impossible to fly off the route. Racing cars are always very bright and beautiful outwardly. They differ not only by the number of horsepower under the hood, but also endurance and, of course, a market price. The most extreme racing car, which was manufactured in England, called Caparo T1. It has 575 horses under the hood, takes a hundred in 2.5 seconds, weighs 550 kg and stands for today 480 thousand dollars.
Models of racing cars who conquered formula-1
So many millions of American dollars, which alternately cut circles on the "Formula 1" tracks, you will not find more anywhere. Charges that entered the history of the competition, today even after they have come down from the highway, they have a fortune. And all because some models of racing cars turned out so successful that it is better to come up anymore. For example, the legendary McLaren M23, which is 16 times the champion on this race, "Lotus 72" - 20 wins, Ferrari 500 - 14 wins, "Williams FW11 / FW11B" - 18 victories and, of course, "Red Bull RB6 "Which in 2011 won 9 victories, in 2012 - 12, and in 2013 - 13 times took the first place. The pilots of these cars never knew what defeat or silence from the track, they confidently marched to their victory. Such models of racing cars are forever entered the story, simply because they became an example of absolutely perfect automotive industry for all times of existence not only "Formula 1", but also the car industry in principle. Today, these models of racing cars are transmitted from the auction to the auction, each time with a more loud price. Some of them were sold, as if expensive antiques, this year for the price of $ 2-2.5 million.
Racing cars - Machines not for slightly accuracy drivers
Racing cars are an absolutely unique car industry, which is forbidden to use for public purposes, in the stream of ordinary transport. Racing cars are originally designed, and then manufactured for a specific type of competition, given the features of the track and the rules of the competition.
Racing cars can not be confused with sports, because they essentially differ assembly methods. Racing cars for highway and ring races are collected using separate parts different manufacturersAnd the emphasis is put on power and maneuverability. The sports cars for the most part are made from beginning to end under one brand.
Racing cars used on "Formula 1" are called carbillars. They represent the original type of machines that engineers are assembled under a specific driver and for the upcoming route. The barges every year are a complex of the most advanced and innovative developments in the issue of automotive. Racing cars very often become examples to introduce innovations into the production of ordinary passenger cars.
