By purchasing lubricants,
pay attention to the stated specifications and
container tolerances.
Example
SAE 5W-20
ACEA A5 / B5
API SN / SM, SL / CF, CF-2
ILSAC GF-5 / C-3
GM-LL-A-025 / GM-LL-B-025
VW 502.00 / 505.00, MB 229.31
BMW Longlife-04
Viscosity classification bySAE
SAE- American Society of Automotive Engineers, which assigns oils a viscosity grade according to the scale developed by it. The most common multi-grade dual-index oils such as SAE0 W-30, 0 W-40, 5 W-30, 5 W-40 other. The smaller the value to the left with the abbreviation W , the higher the oil flow property at low temperatures. The larger the value to the right without abbreviation W, the higher the viscosity of the oil at high temperatures. An oil change is made taking into account not only its type specified by the vehicle manufacturer, but also the ambient temperature, conditions of its use and other factors. For example: 5 W-30 (engine oil), 85W-90 (transmission oil).
ViscositySAEand temperature environment required at the time of starting the engine
Engine oil Transmission oil 
When choosing the degree of viscosity of engine oil, you should be guided by the manufacturer's recommendations specific engine... These recommendations are based on the design features of the engine - the degree of load on the oil, the hydrodynamic resistance of the oil system, the performance of the oil pump, the maximum oil temperatures in different zones of the engine depending on the ambient temperature, the engine is equipped with a catalytic filter of exhaust particulate matter. diesel engines(CDPF)
Purpose and quality
Oil quality is a complex of properties that is necessary for the oil to perform as intended. Some properties, such as viscosity, are basic for all oils, regardless of their purpose, while others are necessary only under certain conditions of use and in each case are characterized by separate quality indicators.
To facilitate the selection of oil of the required quality for a specific engine type and operating conditions, classification systems have been created. In each system, engine oils are divided into ranks and categories based on quality level and purpose. These ranks and categories were created at the initiative of international organizations of oil refining companies and car manufacturers, taking into account design features different types engines and their operating conditions. Purpose and quality levels are the basis of the range of oils. Due to differences in designs and operating conditions, there are currently several classification systems for engine oils at the same time - API/ ILSAC , JASO, ACEAand GOST (for the CIS countries).
The US Defense Department and the largest car manufacturers put forward additional requirements for the quality of engine oils. Thus, along with generally accepted classification systems, there are also requirements (specifications) of car manufacturers.
Classification systemAPI
API- The American Petroleum Institute, which assigns quality classes to oils according to the tests carried out by them. The quality class is indicated on the label with two letters for gasoline engines ( SM, SN), letters and numbers for diesel engines ( CI-4 Plus, CJ-4 ). The higher the alphabetical order of the second letter in the designation, the higher the oil grade. Besides, API assigns to oils with viscosity 0 W-30, 5 W-30, 5 W-20 energy saving index, for example ILSACCF-5.
●
APIS
consists of the quality categories of motor oils for gasoline engines, in chronological order. For each new generation, an additional letter is assigned alphabetically : APISA,
APISB,
APISC,
APISD,
APISE,
APISF,
APISG,
APISH,
APISJ, APISM
and APISN.
Categories API
SA
,
API
SB,
APISC,
APISD,
APISE,
APISF,
APISG, APISJ
today they are recognized as invalid, as obsolete, but in some countries oils of these categories are still produced, category APISH is "conditionally effective" and can only be used as an additional, for example APICG-4/
SH;
| API STANDARD FOR ENGINE OIL FOR PETROL ENGINES | ||
| CATEGORY | STATUS | DESCRIPTION |
| SN | EXISTING | Introduced October 2010 for 2011 and older vehicles. Engine oil in this category provides better protection against high temperature piston deposits, reduced low temperature deposits (gums) and enhanced seal compatibility. The API SN Resource Conserving category combines API SN performance with improved fuel efficiency, protection of turbocharger parts, emission control compatibility, and additional engine protection with ethanol fuels up to E85. Thus, this category can be equated to ILSAC GF-5. |
| SM | EXISTING | For cars manufactured in 2010 and older. |
| SL | EXISTING | For cars made in 2004 and older. |
| SJ | EXISTING | For cars manufactured in 2001 and older. |
| SH | DEPRECATED | |
| SG | DEPRECATED | |
| SF | DEPRECATED | |
| SE | DEPRECATED | ATTENTION! Should not be used in gasoline engines cars manufactured after 1979. |
| SD | DEPRECATED | ATTENTION! Should not be used in gasoline engines of vehicles manufactured after 1971. Use in more modern engines can worsen performance characteristics or breakdowns. |
| SC | DEPRECATED | ATTENTION! Should not be used in gasoline engines of vehicles manufactured after 1967. Use in more modern engines may result in performance degradation or breakdown. |
| SB | DEPRECATED | ATTENTION! Should not be used in gasoline engines of vehicles manufactured after 1951. Use in more modern engines may result in performance degradation or breakdown. |
| SA | DEPRECATED | ATTENTION! Does not contain additives. Should not be used in gasoline engines of vehicles built after 1930. Use in more modern engines may result in performance degradation or breakdown. |
●
APIWITH
consists of the categories of quality and purpose of oils for diesel engines, going in chronological order. For each new generation, an additional letter is assigned alphabetically : APICA,
APICB,
APICC,
APICD,
APICE,
APISF,
APICF-2,
APICF-4,
APICG-4,
APICI-4
and APICJ-4.
Categories APICA,
APICB,
APICC,
APICD
today they are recognized as invalid, as obsolete, but in some countries oils of these categories are still produced; 
| API STANDARD FOR DIESEL ENGINE OIL | ||
| CATEGORY | STATUS | DESCRIPTION |
| CJ-4 | EXISTING | For high-speed four-stroke diesel engines from 2010 model year meeting the requirements of toxicity standards exhaust gases for road vehicles and Tier 4 for off-road vehicles, as well as for previously produced diesel engines. Oils of this category are designed for use in engines designed to use diesel fuel with a sulfur content of up to 500 ppm (0.05% by weight). However, using fuels with a sulfur content greater than 15 ppm (0.0015% w / w) may reduce the life of the exhaust aftertreatment system and shorten the oil change interval. CJ-4 oils are particularly effective in maintaining the durability of the emission control system of diesel engines that use particulate filters and other advanced aftertreatment systems. Provides optimum protection against catalyst fouling, particulate filter plugging, engine wear, piston deposits, particulate and oxidative thickening, shear and foaming viscosity loss, and low and high temperature stability. API CJ-4 oil exceeds the performance properties of API CI-4 oils (including CI-4 PLUS), CI-4, CH-4, CG-4 and CF-4, and can serve as a full-fledged replacement for them. When using CJ-4 oil in combination with fuels with a sulfur content greater than 15 ppm, check with the engine manufacturer for oil change intervals. |
| CI-4 | EXISTING | Introduced in 2002. For high-speed four-stroke engines meeting the 2002 exhaust emission standards. CI-4 is designed to maintain the durability of engines with an exhaust gas recirculation (EGR) system and is intended for use with diesel fuels with a sulfur content of less than 0.5% by weight. Can be used in place of CD, CE, CF-4, CG-4 and CH-4 oils. Due to their performance properties, some CI-4 oils can qualify for the CI-4 PLUS category. |
| CH-4 | EXISTING | Introduced in 1998. For high-speed four-stroke engines meeting 1998 emission standards. Oil of category CH-4 is intended for use with diesel fuel in which the sulfur content does not exceed 0.5% by weight. Can be used in place of CD, CE, CF-4 and CG-4 oils. |
| CG-4 | DEPRECATED | Introduced in 1995. For highly loaded, high-speed four-stroke engines operating on fuels with a sulfur content not exceeding 0.5% by weight. CG-4 is required for engines that meet the 1994 exhaust emission standards. Can be used in place of CD, CE and CF-4 oils. |
| CF-4 | DEPRECATED | Introduced in 1990. For high-speed, naturally aspirated and supercharged four-stroke engines. Can be used in place of CD and CE oils. |
| CF-2 | DEPRECATED | Introduced in 1994. For heavily loaded two-stroke engines... Can be used in place of CD-II oils. |
| CF | DEPRECATED | Introduced in 1994. For diesel engines with two-chamber combustion chambers (indirect injection) and others installed on off-road equipment, including engines that run on fuels with a sulfur content of more than 0.5% by mass. Can be used in place of CD oils. |
| CE | DEPRECATED | Introduced in 1985. For high-speed, naturally aspirated and supercharged four-stroke engines. Can be used instead of CC and CD. |
| CD-II | DEPRECATED | Introduced in 1985. For two-stroke engines. |
| CD | DEPRECATED | Introduced in 1955. For some naturally aspirated and supercharged engines. |
| CC | DEPRECATED | ATTENTION! Should not be used in diesel engines manufactured after 1990. |
| CB | DEPRECATED | ATTENTION! Should not be used in diesel engines manufactured after 1961. |
| CA | DEPRECATED | ATTENTION! Should not be used in diesel engines manufactured after 1959. |
● APIEWITH (ILSAC) - energy saving oils (Resource Conserving). New row high quality oils, consisting of low-viscosity, low-flowing oils that reduce fuel consumption in gasoline engine tests.
A decrease in oil viscosity can provide fuel savings in a warm engine of 0.6-5.5% (with a decrease in high-temperature viscosity), and in a cold one - 1.0-6.5% (with a decrease in low-temperature viscosity). With the optimal combination of engine and gear oil, fuel savings of 2.7-10.9% can be achieved. Newest Categories API certified oils, in case of compliance with ILSAC requirements, are designated with the API Certification Mark, the so-called Starburst mark. This mark can only be assigned to energy-saving, highly volatile oils of the highest quality level, with viscosity SAE 0W - .., 5W- .. and 10W -... 
The system of requirements for oils of the ILSAC GF series is part of API Quality Assurance Systems American Oils(EOLCS). ILSAC Class GF-3, fuel economy tested, meets API Class SM classification; ILSAC class GF-4 conforms to API class SM classification. For example: API SN Pass Fuel Economy Test = ILSAC GF-5.
| ILSAC STANDARD FOR PASSENGER CAR ENGINE OIL | ||
| EDITION | STATUS | DESCRIPTION |
| GF-5 | OPERATING | Introduced October 2010 for 2011 and older vehicles. GF-5 engine oil provides better protection against high temperature deposits on engine pistons and turbocharger parts, reduced low temperature deposits (gums), reduced fuel consumption, improved compatibility with the emission control system, enhanced compatibility with sealing parts, as well as additional engine protection when using fuels containing ethanol up to E85. |
| GF-4 | DEPRECATED | Valid until September 30, 2011. Use GF-5 oil instead of GF-4. |
| GF-3 | DEPRECATED | Use GF-5 oil instead of GF-3. |
| GF-2 | DEPRECATED | Use GF-5 oil instead of GF-2. |
| GF-1 | DEPRECATED | Use GF-5 oil instead of GF-1. |
Universal oils for gasoline and diesel engines are indicated by two symbols of the respective categories: the first is the main one, and the second indicates the possibility of using this oil for other types of engines. For example: API CG-4 / SH oil optimized for use in diesel engines, but it can also be used in gasoline engines for which an oil of API SH category or lower is prescribed (SG, SF, SE, etc.).
Attention: each of the subsequent quality standards surpasses the previous one, therefore the newest quality standards surpass all the previous ones. For example, SN oils can be used in place of all classes for gasoline engines.
SignsAPI
Oils that meet the requirements of the current quality categories and have passed official API-SAE tests have a graphic round sign (donut mark) on their labels - "API Service Symbol", which indicates the SAE viscosity grade, quality category and API assignments and possible energy savings.
ACEA - European Association Car Manufacturers. If these letters are present on the label, then the oil is suitable for use in engines of European cars. Classes ACEA also divided into diesel and gasoline.
AUTOMAKER APPROVALS - some car companies such as Porshe, Mercedes- Benz, Bmw, VW, Ford, impose additional requirements on oils for engine protection, fuel saving, extended service life, etc. You can find information about the required approval and the required intervals between oil changes in your car's service book.
API classification - for gasoline engines, diesel engines, transmission oils and two-stroke engines.
The API engine oil classification system has been developing since 1969 as a result of the joint work of API, ASTM and SAE. A new qualitative step in the development of the quality and classification of engine oils was made in 1983-1992, when, under the leadership of API, the Engine Oil Licensing and Certification System (EOLCS) (Engine Oil Licensing and Certification System, API Publication No 1509) was created and developed. All licensed oils are listed on the EOLCS, which is published on the Internet.
According to the API system (ASTM D 4485, SAE J183 APR96), three operational categories (three rows) of the purpose and quality of engine oils are established:
S (Service)- consists of the quality categories of motor oils for gasoline engines, in chronological order. For each new generation of oil, an additional letter is assigned alphabetically:
API SA, SB, SC, SD, SE, SF, SG, SH, SJ, SL, SM, SN
(category SI - deliberately omitted from API, to avoid confusion with the International System of Measure, the name SK was planned for the project of category PS-06, but one of the suppliers of motor oils in Korea uses the abbreviation "SK" as part of its corporate name. To avoid possible confusion, the letter "K" has been replaced by the next "L").
C (Commercial)- consists of the categories of quality and purpose of oils for diesel engines, in chronological order. For each new generation, an additional letter is assigned alphabetically:
API CA, CB, CC, CD, CE, CF, CF-2, CF-4, CG-4, CH-4, CI-4, CJ-4.
EC (Energy Conserving)- energy saving oils - new row high-quality oils, consisting of low-viscosity oils that reduce fuel consumption according to the results of tests on gasoline engines.
Engine oils with low viscosity at both low and high temperatures can be certified as API EC "Energy Conserving" Oil.
Universal oils for gasoline and diesel engines are indicated by two symbols of the respective categories: the first symbol is the main one, and the second indicates the possibility of using this oil for a different type of engine. For example, API CG-4 / SH is an oil optimized for use in diesel engines, but it can also be used in gasoline engines for which an API SH or lower oil is prescribed (SG, SF, SE, etc.).
API - for gasoline engines
| SN | Introduced on October 1, 2010. Designed for oils used in the most modern gasoline engines for passenger and sports cars and small vans. Oils of this category have improved antioxidant and detergent properties, provide high protection against wear and corrosion. Enhanced high temperature properties for operation in turbocharged engines. They can be used where the use of oils of categories SM and SL is recommended. Some oils in this category may meet the ILSAC GF-5 specification and qualify as energy efficient |
| SM | For 2010 and earlier engines. In addition to the SL category, improved antioxidant and antiwear properties. Oils of this category are distinguished by the preservation of low-temperature properties even after long periods of operation. Some of these oils may also meet the ILSAC GF-4 specification and / or be Energy Conserving |
| SL | For 2004 or earlier engines. They are characterized by stable energy-saving properties, reduced volatility, and extended drain intervals. API planned to develop the PS-06 project as the next API SK category, but one of the motor oil suppliers in Korea uses the abbreviation "SK" as part of its corporate name. To avoid possible confusion, the letter "K" is omitted for the next category "S" |
| SJ | For 2001 or earlier engines. Oils for gasoline engines that meet the high requirements in terms of oil consumption in the engine, energy efficiency (fuel economy) and ability to withstand heat without forming deposits. Can be used in cases where oils of SH level and earlier are recommended |
| SH | For engines up to 1996 or earlier. According to the requirements, it corresponds to the ILSAC GF-1 category, but without mandatory energy saving. Oils of this category are intended for gasoline engines of 1996 and older models. During the certification for energy saving, depending on the degree of fuel economy, the categories API SH / EC and API SH / ECII were assigned |
API - for diesel engines
| CJ-4 | Introduced in 2006. For high-speed four-stroke engines designed to meet 2007 highway emission standards. CJ-4 oils allow the use of fuels with a sulfur content up to 500 ppm (0.05% by weight). CJ-4 oils are recommended for engines equipped with diesel particulate filters and other exhaust gas treatment systems. Oils with the CJ-4 specification exceed the performance properties of CI-4, CH-4, CG-4, CF-4 and can be used in engines for which oils of these classes are recommended |
| CI-4 | Introduced in 2002. For high-speed 4-stroke engines designed in accordance with the 2002 exhaust emission standard. For engines with exhaust gas recirculation (EGR). For use with fuels with< 0.5% серы. Обеспечивают оптимальную защиту от высокотемпературных отложений в цилиндро-piston group and low-temperature deposits in the crankcase, has high anticorrosive properties. Replaces CD, CE, CF-4, CG-4, and GH-4 |
| CH-4 | Category introduced December 1, 1998. Oils of this category are intended for high-speed, four-stroke engines meeting the requirements of the stringent 1998 standards for exhaust gas toxicity. They meet the highest requirements of not only American but also European diesel engine manufacturers. Specially formulated for use in engines using fuels with a sulfur content of up to 0.5% by weight. Unlike the API CG-4 category, diesel fuel with a sulfur content of more than 0.5% is allowed, which is an important advantage in countries where high-sulfur fuels are common (South America, Asia, Africa). The oils meet the increased requirements to reduce valve wear and reduce sludge formation. Replaces API CD, API CE, API CF-4 and API CG-4 oils |
API - for two-stroke engines
API - for transmission oils
| GL-1 | Mineral oils without additives or with antioxidant and antifoam additives without EP components for use, inter alia, in gearboxes with manual control with low specific pressures and sliding speeds. Spur, worm and spiral bevel gears operating at low speeds and loads |
| GL-2 | Worm gears operating in GL-1 conditions at low speeds and loads, but with higher requirements for antifriction properties May contain an antifriction component |
| GL-3 | High-grade gear oils with MIL-L-2105 performance level. These oils are preferably used in stepped boxes gears and steering mechanisms, in final drives and hypoid gears with low displacement in cars and trackless vehicles for the transport of goods, passengers and for non-transport operations. Spiral bevel gears operating in moderately harsh conditions. Conventional spiral bevel gear transmissions operating in moderately severe speed and load conditions. Better antiwear properties than GL-2 |
| GL-4 | High-grade gear oils with MIL-L-2105 performance level. These oils are preferably used in stepped gearboxes and steering gears, in final drives and low displacement hypoid gears in automobiles and roadless vehicles for the transport of goods and passengers and for non-transport operations. Hypoid gears operating at high speeds at low torques and low speeds at high torques. Highly effective EP additives are a must |
| GL-5 | Oils for hypoid gears with MIL-L-2105 C / D performance level. These oils are preferably used in hypoid bevel gears and circular bevel gears for final drives in automobiles and cardan drives motorcycle and motorcycle gearboxes. Especially for hypoid gears with high axle misalignment. For the most severe operating conditions with shock and alternating loads. Hypoid gears operating at high speeds at low torques and shock loads on the gear teeth. Must have a large amount of sulfur-phosphorus EP additive |
| GL-6 | Hypoid gears with increased displacement for high speeds, high torques and shock loads. More EP additives than GL-5 oils |
| MT-1 | Oils for highly loaded units. Designed for unsynchronized mechanical boxes transmissions of powerful commercial vehicles(tractors and buses). Equivalent to API GL-5 oils, but with increased thermal stability |
| PG-2 | Oils for transmission of drive axles of powerful commercial vehicles (tractors and buses) and mobile equipment. Equivalent to API GL-5 oils, but with improved thermal stability and improved elastomer compatibility |
Probably, any car enthusiast will agree that the guarantee of durable and trouble-free operation of the engine is the use of high-quality engine oils, the characteristics of which would correspond to the maximum extent to the parameters set by the manufacturer. Considering the fact that automotive oils operate in a wide range of temperatures and at high pressures, and are also exposed to aggressive environments, very serious requirements are imposed on them. In order to streamline oils and facilitate their selection for a particular type of engine, a number of international standards have been developed. Currently, the world's leading manufacturers use the following generally recognized motor oil classification:
- SAE - Society of Automotive Engineers;
- API - American Petroleum Institute;
- ACEA - Association of European Car Manufacturers.
- ILSAC - International Committee for Standardization and Approbation of Motor Oils.
Domestic oils are also certified according to GOST.
SAE classification of engine oils
One of the main properties of motor oils is viscosity, which changes with temperature. The SAE classification classifies all oils according to their viscosity-temperature properties into the following classes:
- Winter - 0W, 5W, 10W, 15W, 20W, 25W;
- Summer - 20, 30, 40, 50, 60;
- Multigrade oils are designated with a double number, for example, 0W-30, 5W-40.
|
SAE class |
Low temperature viscosity |
High temperature viscosity |
|||
|
Cranking |
Pumpability |
Viscosity, mm 2 / s, at 100 ° С |
Minimum viscosity, mPa * s, at 150 ° C and shear rate 10 6 s -1 |
||
|
Maximum viscosity, mPa * s |
|||||
|
6200 at -35 ° C |
60,000 at -40 ° C |
||||
|
6600 at -30 ° C |
60,000 at -35 ° C |
||||
|
7000 at -25 ° С |
60,000 at -30 ° C |
||||
|
7000 at -20 ° С |
60,000 at -25 ° C |
||||
|
9500 at -15 ° C |
60,000 at -20 ° C |
||||
|
13000 at -10 ° С |
60,000 at -15 ° C |
||||
|
3.5 (0W-40; 5W-40; 10W-40) |
|||||
|
3.7 (15W-40; 20W-40; 25W-40) |
|||||
The main characteristic winter oils is an low temperature viscosity, which is determined by the indicators of cranking and pumpability. Maximum low temperature viscosity cranking measured according to the ASTM D5293 method on a CСS viscometer. This indicator corresponds to the values at which the speed required to start the engine is provided. crankshaft... Viscosity pumpability determined by ASTM D4684 on an MRV viscometer. The pumping temperature limit determines the minimum temperature at which the pump is able to supply oil to the engine parts without allowing dry friction between them. Viscosity providing normal work lubrication systems, does not exceed 60,000 mPa * s.
For summer oils set minimum and maximum values kinematic viscosity at 100 ° C, as well as indicators of the minimum dynamic viscosity at a temperature of 150 ° C and a shear rate of 10 6 s -1.
Multigrade oils must meet the requirements defined for the respective classes of winter and summer oils included in the designation.
API classification of engine oils
The main indicators of oils in accordance with the API classification are: engine type and mode of operation, performance properties and conditions of use, year of manufacture. The standard provides for the separation of oils into two categories:
- Category "S" (Service) - oils intended for 4-stroke gasoline engines;
- Category "C" (Commercial) - oils for diesel engines of vehicles, road construction equipment and agricultural machinery.
The oil class designation includes two letters: the first is the category (S or C), the second is the level of performance properties.
The numbers in the designations (eg CF-4, CF-2) give an indication of the applicability of oils in 2 or 4-stroke engines.
If the engine oil can be used in both gasoline and diesel engines, then the designation consists of two parts. The first one indicates the type of engine for which the oil has been optimized, the second one - another allowed engine type. An example of designation is API SI-4 / SL.
|
Operating conditions |
|
| Category S | |
| Oils for gasoline engines passenger cars, vans and light trucks. The SH class provides an improvement in the performance of the SG class, which it replaced. | |
| Complies with SH requirements and also introduces additional requirements for oil consumption, energy saving properties and resistance to heat build-up. | |
| Provides for the improvement of antioxidant, energy-saving and detergent properties of oils. | |
| Establishes even more stringent requirements for engine oils. | |
| The standard applies additional requirements to ensure energy efficiency and wear resistance, and also implies a reduction in wear of rubber-technical engine products. API SN oils can be used in biofuel engines. | |
| Category C | |
| Suitable for oils used in high speed diesel engines. | |
| Suitable for oils used in high speed diesel engines. Provides for the use of oils when contained in diesel fuel sulfur up to 0.5%. Provides extended service life for exhaust gas recirculation (EGR) engines. Additional requirements are imposed on antioxidant properties, wear resistance, deposit formation, foaming, degradation of sealing materials, shear viscosity loss. | |
| Suitable for oils used in high speed diesel engines. Provides for the possibility of use with a sulfur content in diesel fuel up to 0.05% by weight. CJ-4 oils are particularly effective in engines with diesel particulate filters (DPF) and other exhaust gas aftertreatment systems. They also have improved antioxidant properties, stability over a wide temperature range, and resistance to deposits. | |
ACEA engine oil classification
The ACEA classification was developed by the Association of European Automobile Manufacturers in 1995. The latest edition of the standard provides for the division of oils into three categories and 12 classes:
- A / B - gasoline and diesel engines of cars, vans, minibuses (A1 / B1-12, A3 / B3-12, A3 / B4-12, A5 / B5-12);
- C - gasoline and diesel engines with an exhaust gas catalyst (C1-12, C2-12, C3-12, C4-12);
- E - heavy duty diesel engines (E4-12, E6-12, E7-12, E9-12).
In addition to the engine oil class, the ACEA designation indicates the year of its introduction into force, as well as the edition number (in case the technical requirements have been updated).
Classification of engine oils according to GOST
According to GOST 17479.1-85, motor oils are divided into:
- kinematic viscosity classes;
- performance groups.
By kinematic viscosity GOST 17479.1-85 divides oils into the following classes:
- summer - 6, 8, 10, 12, 14, 16, 20, 24;
- winter - 3, 4, 5, 6;
- all-season - 3 D / 8, 4 D / 6, 4 D / 8, 4 D / 10, 5 D / 10, 5 D / 12, 5 D / 14, 6 D / 10, 6 D / 14, 6 D / 16 (the first number indicates winter class, the second indicates summer).
Viscosity classes of engine oils according to GOST 17479.1-85:
|
Viscosity grade |
Kinematic viscosity at a temperature of 100 ° C |
Kinematic viscosity at a temperature of -18 ° C, mm 2 / s, no more |
|
By Areas of use all motor oils are divided into six groups - A, B, C, D, D, E.
Groups of motor oils in terms of performance in accordance with GOST 17479.1-85:
|
Group of oils by performance properties |
||
| Non-powered gasoline engines and diesels | ||
| Low power gasoline engines operating in conditions prone to high temperature deposits and bearing corrosion | ||
| Low-powered diesel engines | ||
| Medium-powered gasoline engines operating in conditions prone to oil oxidation and formation of all types of deposits | ||
| Medium-powered diesel engines with increased requirements for anti-corrosion, anti-wear properties of oils and a tendency to form high-temperature deposits | ||
| High performance gasoline engines operating under severe operating conditions that tend to oxidize oil, form all types of deposits, corrode and rust | ||
| High performance, naturally aspirated or moderately aspirated diesels operating under operating conditions conducive to high temperature deposits | ||
| Highly accelerated gasoline engines operating in operating conditions heavier than for oils of group G 1 | ||
| High-performance supercharged diesel engines operating in difficult operating conditions or when the fuel used requires the use of oils with high neutralizing ability, anti-corrosion and anti-wear properties, low tendency to form all types of deposits | ||
| High-performance gasoline and diesel engines operating under operating conditions heavier than for oils of groups D 1 and D 2. They are distinguished by increased dispersing ability and better antiwear properties. | ||
Index 1 indicates that the oil is intended for gasoline engines, index 2 - for diesel engines. Universal oils do not have an index in the designation.
Example of engine oil designation:
M - 4 З / 8 - В 2 Г 1
M - engine oil, 4 Z / 8 - viscosity class, V 2 G 1 - can be used in medium-powered diesel engines (V 2) and high-powered gasoline engines (G 1).
ILSAC classification of engine oils
The International Engine Oils Standardization and Approval Committee (ILSAC) has issued five engine oil standards: ILSAC GF-1, ILSAC GF-2, ILSAC GF-3, ILSAC GF-4, and ILSAC GF-5.
|
Year of introduction |
Description |
|
|
Deprecated |
Meets the quality requirements of the API SH classification; viscosity grades SAE 0W-XX, SAE 5W-XX, SAE 10W-XX; where XX - 30, 40, 50, 60 | |
| Meets the quality requirements according to API SJ classification, additionally SAE 0W-20, 5W-20 are added to the GF-1 classes | ||
| Complies with API SL classification. It differs from GF-2 and API SJ in significantly better antioxidant and antiwear properties, as well as improved evaporation rates. ILSAC CF-3 and API SL classes are similar in many ways, but GF-3 oils are necessarily energy efficient. | ||
| Complies with API SM classification with mandatory energy saving properties. SAE viscosity grades 0W-20, 5W-20, 0W-30, 5W-30 and 10W-30. Differs from category GF-3 in higher oxidation resistance, improved detergency and less tendency to form deposits. In addition, the oils must be compatible with the exhaust gas catalysts. | ||
| Meets API SM classification with more stringent requirements for fuel economy, catalyst compatibility, volatility, detergency, and deposit resistance. New requirements are introduced to protect turbo systems from deposit formation and compatibility with elastomers. |
The API Engine Service Classification System (API Engine Service Classification System) has evolved since 1969 as a result of collaboration API, ASTM and SAE... The system is fully described in ASTM D 4485 standards "Standard Specification for the Quality of Performance of Motor Oils"(Standard Performance Specification for Performance of Engine Oils) and SAE J183 APR96 "Engine Oil Performance and Engine Service Classifications (Other than" Energy Conserving "). a step in the development of the quality and classification of motor oils was made in 1983-1992, when, under the leadership of API and the participation of representatives of car manufacturers ( AAMA), engines ( EMA) and technical unions ( ASTM and SAE) was created and developed "Licensing and certification system of motor oils EOLCS"(Engine Oil Licensing and Certification System, API Publication No. 1509). This system is constantly being improved. Currently, the certification of engine oils is carried out in accordance with the requirements of the EOLCS and "Code of rules of the SMA"(CMA Code of Practice).
According to the API system (ASTM D 4485, SAE J183 APR96), three operational categories (three rows) of the purpose and quality of engine oils are established:
S (Service)- consists of the quality categories of motor oils for gasoline engines, in chronological order. For each new generation, an additional letter is assigned alphabetically:
API SA, API SB, API SC, API SD, API SE, API SF, API SG, API SH and API SJ (category SI - the API is deliberately omitted to avoid confusion with the International System of Measures).
Categories API SA, API SB, API SC, API SD, API SE, API SF, API SG are currently invalidated as obsolete, but in some countries oils of these categories are still produced, the API SH category is "conditionally valid" and may be used only as an option, for example API CG-4 / SH.
Class SL was introduced in 2001 and differs from SJ in significantly better antioxidant, antiwear, antifoam properties, as well as less volatility;
C (Commercial)- consists of the categories of quality and purpose of oils for diesel engines, in chronological order. For each new generation, an additional letter is assigned alphabetically:
API СA, API СB, API СC, API СD, API СD-II, API CE, API CF, API CF-2, API CF-4, API CG-4 and API CH-4.
Categories API СA, API СB, API СC, API СD, API СD-II are currently invalidated as obsolete, but in some countries oils of these categories are still produced;
EC (Energy Conserving)- energy-saving oils - a new range of high-quality oils, consisting of low-viscosity, light-flowing oils that reduce fuel consumption according to the results of tests on gasoline engines.
Engine oils with low viscosity at both low and high temperatures can be certified as API EC "Energy Conserving" Oil. Previously, energy savings were determined using the Sequence VI methodology (ASTM RR D02 1204). This method was used to certify API SH oils for energy saving levels (degrees): API SH / EC - 1.5% fuel economy and API SH / ECII - 2.7% fuel economy, compared to the reference SAE oil 20w-30. The Roman numerals after the letters EU indicate the level of fuel economy achieved (EU II - 2.5%).
Impact of emission control systems
Universal oils for gasoline and diesel engines are indicated by two symbols of the respective categories: the first symbol is the main one, and the second indicates the possibility of using this oil for a different type of engine. For example, API CG-4 / SH is an oil optimized for use in diesel engines, but it can also be used in gasoline engines for which an API SH or lower oil is prescribed (SG, SF, SE, etc.).
| For gasoline engines - oil classes on the S scale | |||
| Oil group | Years of car production | Qualitative indicators | |
| SN | Introduced in October 2010. This is the last service category for vehicles with gasoline engines. This new North American standard replaces the previous service category SM, which was introduced in 2004. Engine oils meeting API SN can be used in engines requiring API SM and earlier S categories. API SN oils are improved over API SM in areas of oxidative stability and control of deposits and sludge. The API has also introduced a new Resource Conserving designation that can be used in conjunction with the SN API. The designation "Conserving Resources" replaces the previous designation "Conserving Energy" (Energy Conserving). While the Energy Conserving designation was focused only on fuel economy, the new Resource Conserving designation covers fuel economy, protection of the exhaust aftertreatment system and turbochargers, and compatibility with fuels containing ethanol (up to E85, i.e. with fuels containing up to 85% bioethanol). In other words, the main difference between API SN and previous API classifications is in limiting the phosphorus content for compatibility with modern systems neutralization of exhaust gases, as well as comprehensive energy saving. That is, oils classified by API SN roughly correspond to ACEA C2, C3, C4, without correction for high temperature viscosity. | since 2011 | - |
| SM | Introduced November 2004. Technology development trends are aimed at improving their environmental safety, increasing maintenance intervals while maintaining operational reliability. Naturally, this makes its own adjustments to the process of improving engines, and is reflected in the qualities of lubricants. Following these trends, in November 2004, a class for motor oils for gasoline engines, SM, appeared in the API classification, which, in comparison with SL, implies increased requirements for lubricants with respect to oxidation resistance, protection against deposits, wear, etc. Since October 2006, the category for diesel oils with the CJ-4 class has also been replenished. |
since 2004 | - |
| SL | (Acting). API planned to develop the PS-06 project as the next API SK category, but one of the motor oil suppliers in Korea uses the abbreviation "SK" as part of its corporate name. To avoid possible confusion, the letter "K" will be omitted for the next category "S". - stability of energy saving properties; - reduced volatility; - extended drain intervals. |
since 2001 | - |
| SJ | (Acting). The category was approved on 11/06/1995, licenses were issued from 10/15/1996. Automotive oils This category is intended for all currently used gasoline engines and completely replaces oils of all previously existing categories in older engine models. Maximum level of performance properties. Possibility of certification in the energy efficiency category API SJ / EC. | since 1996 | - |
| SH | (Conditionally valid). Licensed category approved in 1992. Today the category is conditionally valid and can only be certified as additional to the API C categories (for example, API AF-4 / SH). According to the requirements, it corresponds to the ILSAC GF-1 category, but without mandatory energy saving. Automotive oils of this category are intended for gasoline engines of 1996 and older models. During the certification for energy saving, depending on the degree of fuel economy, the categories API SH / EC and API SH / ECII were assigned. | since 1993 | higher for models from 1995 onwards |
| SG | Licensed category approved in 1988. The issuance of licenses was terminated at the end of 1995. Automotive oils are designed for 1993 and older engines. Fuel - unleaded gasoline with oxygenates. Meets the requirements of API CC and API CD automotive oils for diesel engines. They have higher thermal and antioxidant stability, improved antiwear properties, reduced tendency to form deposits and sludge. Automotive API oils SG replaces API SF, SE, API SF / CC and API SE / CC oils. |
1989-1993 | |
| SF | Automotive oils of this category are intended for engines of 1988 and older models. Fuel - leaded gasoline. They are more effective than the previous categories, antioxidant, antiwear, anti-corrosion properties and have a lower tendency to form high and low temperature deposits and slag. API SF automotive oils replace API SC, API SD and API SE oils in older engines. |
1981-1988 | |
| SE | High performance engines operating in tough conditions. | 1972-1980 | higher |
| SD | Medium power engines operating in severe conditions. | 1968-1971 | the average |
| SC | Engines operating with increased loads. | 1964-1967 | - |
| SB | Motors operating at moderate loads are used only at the request of the manufacturer. | - | - |
| SA | Light duty engines are used only at the request of the manufacturer. | - | - |
| For diesel engines - oil classes on the C scale | |||
| Oil group | Recommended area of application | Years of car production | Qualitative indicators |
| CJ-4 | Introduced in 2006. For high-speed four-stroke engines designed to meet 2007 highway emission standards. CJ-4 oils allow the use of fuels with a sulfur content up to 500 ppm (0.05% by weight). However, handling fuels with a sulfur content exceeding 15 ppm (0.0015% w / w) can affect the performance of the exhaust aftertreatment systems and / or oil change intervals. CJ-4 oils are recommended for engines equipped with diesel particulate filters and other exhaust gas treatment systems. Oils with the CJ-4 specification exceed the performance properties of CI-4, CI-4 Plus, CH-4, CG-4, CF-4 and can be used in engines for which oils of these classes are recommended. |
since 2006 | - |
| СI-4 | Introduced in 2002. For high-speed four-stroke engines designed to meet the 2002 exhaust emission regulations. CI-4 oils allow the use of fuels with a sulfur content of up to 0.5% by weight, and are also used in engines with an exhaust gas recirculation (EGR) system. Replaces CD, CE, CF-4, CG 4 and CH-4 oils. In 2004, an additional category API CI-4 PLUS was introduced. Requirements for soot formation, deposits, viscosity indicators, limiting the TBN value have been tightened. |
since 2002 | - |
| CH-4 | Introduced in 1998. For high-speed four-stroke engines meeting US exhaust emission requirements since 1998. CH-4 oils allow the use of fuels with a sulfur content of up to 0.5% by weight. Can be used in place of CD, CE, CF-4 and CG-4 oils. | since 1998 | - |
| CG-4 | Introduced in 1995. For engines of high-speed diesel vehicles operating on fuels with a sulfur content of less than 0.5%. CG-4 oils for engines meeting the exhaust gas emission requirements introduced in the USA since 1994. Replaces CD, CE and CF-4 oils. | from 1995 | higher for models from 1995 |
| CF-4 | Introduced in 1990. For high-speed four-stroke diesel engines with and without turbocharging. Can be used instead of CD and CE oils. | since 1990 | higher for four-stroke engines |
| CF-2 | Introduced in 1994. Improved performance, used instead of CD-II for two-stroke engines. | since 1994 | higher for two-stroke engines |
| CF | Introduced in 1994. Oils for off-road vehicles, split injection engines, including those operating on fuels with a sulfur content of 0.5% by weight and above. Replaces CD oils. | since 1994 | - |
| CE | High performance, advanced high turbocharged engines operating in severe conditions can be used in place of CC and CD oils. | from 1987 | higher |
| CD | A class of oils for high-speed diesel engines with turbocharging and high power density, operating at high speeds and at high pressures and requiring increased anti-ionic properties and prevention of carbon deposits. | from 1955 | the average |
| CC | High performance engines (including moderately supercharged) operating in difficult conditions. | since 1961 | low |
| CB | Naturally aspirated medium-boost engines operating at high loads on sour fuel. | 1949-1960 | - |
| CA | Engines running at moderate loads on low-sulfur fuels. | 1940-1950 | - |
Universal oils for gasoline engines and diesel engines, they have designations of both categories, for example, API SG / CD, API SJ / CF.
Diesel oil classes subdivided additionally for two-stroke(CD-2, CF-2) and four-stroke diesel engines (CF-4, CG-4, CH-4).
API marks
Oils that meet the requirements of the current quality categories and have passed official API - SAE tests have a graphic round sign (donut mark) on their labels - "API service symbol" ( API Service Symbol), which indicates the SAE viscosity, the quality and purpose category according to the API, and the possible degree of energy savings.
API licensed oils meeting API SN are displayed on the rear label with the API service symbol “ring”. A licensed oil also meets the Resource Conserving designation is shown on the bottom of the ring.
The newest API certified oil categories, when compliant with ILSAC requirements, are designated the "API Certification Certification Symbol" (), the so-called "Starburst" mark. This mark can only be assigned to energy-saving, low-flow oils of the highest quality level, with SAE viscosities 0W -..., 5W -... and 10W -.... The ILSAC GF Series Oil Requirements System is part of the American Oils Quality Assurance API (EOLCS) system.
API - ILSAC systems are designed to meet the requirements for oils used in American and Japanese car engines. The requirements of European car manufacturers are slightly different due to the design features of European engines. Despite this, most of the motor oils entering the European market are marked with the marks of conformity to the categories API quality and, on rare occasions, even an API Service Symbol.
The American Petroleum Institute's engine oil classification system was established in 1969. Usually, API classification associated with the quality of engine oil.
The API classification divides engine oils into two types - oil for gasoline engines and oil for diesel engines. For each of these types there are quality classes that describe a set of properties and characteristics of the oil. The lack of information on the engine oil label of compliance with any of the API classes means that this oil either does not have an API certificate at all, or the quality class assigned to it is very outdated.
The first letter of the coding indicates the type of oil:
S- oil for gasoline engines
C- oil for diesel engines.
There are oils that can be used in both types of engines. This oil is assigned two classes - for diesel and for gasoline engines. On the oil label, these classes are separated by a forward slash (forward slash) - for example API approval SL / CF. In this case, the first is the class of oil that corresponds to the more preferable (according to the manufacturer of the car oil) application. That is, in the above case, the main purpose of the car oil is for gasoline engines, but at the same time the manufacturer allows its use in diesel engines.
API Classes for Gasoline Engines
API SM - class approved on November 30, 2004. Engine oils for modern gasoline (multivalve, turbocharged) engines. Compared to the SL class, engine oils that meet API SM requirements must have a higher level of protection against oxidation and premature wear of engine parts. In addition, standards have been raised regarding oil properties at low temperatures. Engine oils of this class can be certified according to the ILSAC energy efficiency class. Engine oils meeting the requirements of API SL, SM can be used in cases where the car manufacturer recommends class SJ or earlier.
API SL - motor oils for engines of cars manufactured after 2000. In accordance with the requirements of car manufacturers, motor oils of this class are used in multivalve, turbocharged engines operating on lean fuel mixtures that meet modern increased environmental requirements, as well as energy saving. Automotive oils that meet API SL requirements can be used in cases where the car manufacturer recommends the SJ class or earlier.
SJ API - engine oils for use in gasoline engines since 1996. API SJ class describes motor oils that are used in gasoline engines since 1996. Motor oils of this class are intended for use in gasoline engines of cars and sports cars, vans and light trucks that are serviced in accordance with the requirements of the car manufacturers. SJ provides the same minimum standards as SH, plus additional carbon and low temperature requirements. Engine oils meeting API SJ requirements can be used when the vehicle manufacturer recommends SH class or earlier.
API SH- motor oils for gasoline engines since 1994. The class was adopted in 1992 for engine oils recommended since 1993. This class is characterized by higher requirements compared to the class SG, and was developed as a substitute for the latter, to improve the anti-carbon, antioxidant, anti-wear properties of oils and increased protection against corrosion. Motor oils of this class are intended for use in gasoline engines. passenger cars, vans and light trucks, in accordance with the recommendations of their manufacturers. Engine oils of this class have been tested in accordance with the requirements of the Chemical Manufacturers Association (CMA). Engine oils of this class can be used when the vehicle manufacturer recommends class SG or earlier.
API SG- motor oils for gasoline engines since 1989. Designed for use in gasoline engines of passenger cars, vans and light trucks. Motor oils of this class have properties that provide improved protection against carbon deposits, oxidation of motor oil and engine wear, in comparison with previous classes, and also contain additives that protect against rust and corrosion of internal engine parts. SG engine oils meet API CC diesel engine oils and can be used where SF, SE, SF / CC, or SE / CC grades are recommended.
API SF- motor oils for gasoline engines since 1980 (obsolete class). These engine oils were used in gasoline engines from 1980-1989, subject to the recommendations and instructions of the engine manufacturer. Provide enhanced oxidation stability, improved wear protection of parts, in comparison basic characteristics motor oils SE, as well as more reliable protection against carbon deposits, rust and corrosion. Engine oils of class SF could be used as replacements for previous classes SE, SD or SC.
API SE- motor oils of gasoline engines produced since 1972 (obsolete class). These motor oils were used in gasoline engines produced in 1972-79, as well as some models in 1971. Additional protection in comparison with SC and SD motor oils and can be used as substitutes for these categories.
API SD- motor oils for use in gasoline engines since 1968 (obsolete class). Motor oils of this class were used in gasoline engines of passenger cars and some trucks produced in 1968-70, as well as some models of 1971 and later. The improved protection compared to SC engine oils was also used only when recommended by the engine manufacturer.
API SC- motor oils for gasoline engines, manufactured since 1964 (obsolete class). They were usually used in the engines of passenger cars and some trucks produced in 1964-1967. Reduces high and low temperature carbon deposits, wear and corrosion.
API SB- motor oils for low-power gasoline engines (obsolete class). Motor oils of the 30s of the 20th century, which provided fairly light protection against wear and oxidation, as well as anti-corrosion protection of bearings in motors that are operated under light load conditions. Engine oils of this class can only be used if they are specifically recommended by the engine manufacturer.
API SA- motor oils for gasoline and diesel engines. An obsolete class of oils for use in old engines operating in conditions and modes in which protection of parts with additives is not needed. Engine oils of this class can only be used if they are recommended by the engine manufacturer.
API Classes for Diesel Engines
API CI-4 (CI-4 PLUS)- a new performance class of engine oils for diesel engines. Compared to API CI-4, the requirements for the specific soot content, as well as volatility and high-temperature oxidation, are increased. When certified in this classification, the engine oil must be tested in seventeen motor tests.
API CI-4- the class was introduced in 2002. These engine oils are used in modern diesel engines with various types of injection and pressurization. Engine oil corresponding to this class must contain appropriate detergent and dispersant additives and has, in comparison with the CH-4 class, increased resistance to thermal oxidation, as well as higher dispersing properties. In addition, such motor oils provide a significant reduction in engine oil waste by reducing volatility and reducing evaporation when operating temperature up to 370 ° C, under the influence of gases. The requirements for cold pumpability have also been strengthened, the resource of clearances, tolerances and motor seals has been increased by improving the fluidity of the motor oil. The API CI-4 class was introduced in connection with the emergence of new, more stringent requirements for the ecology and toxicity of exhaust gases, which are imposed on engines manufactured from October 1, 2002.
API CH-4- the class was introduced on December 1, 1998. Motor oils of this class are used in four-stroke diesel engines that operate in high-speed modes and meet the requirements of the norms and standards for exhaust gas toxicity adopted in 1998. API CH-4 motor oils meet the stringent requirements of both American and European diesel engine manufacturers. The class requirements are specially designed for use in engines running on high quality fuels with a sulfur content of up to 0.5%. At the same time, in contrast to the API CG-4 class, the resource of these engine oils is less sensitive to the use of diesel fuel with a sulfur content of more than 0.5%, which is especially important for the countries of South America, Asia, and Africa. API CH-4 engine oils meet increased requirements and must contain additives that more effectively prevent valve wear and the formation of carbon deposits on internal surfaces. They can be used as a substitute for API CD, API CE, API CF-4 and API CG-4 engine oils in accordance with the engine manufacturer's recommendations.
API CG-4- the class was presented in 1995. Motor oils of this class are recommended for four-stroke diesel engines of buses, trucks and tractors of mainline and non-mainline types, which are operated under increased loads, as well as high-speed modes. API CG-4 engine oil is suitable for engines that use high-quality fuels with a specific sulfur content of no more than 0.05%, as well as engines for which there are no special requirements for fuel quality (specific sulfur content can be up to 0.5% ). Automotive oils certified according to the API CG-4 class should more effectively prevent wear of internal engine parts, the formation of carbon deposits on internal surfaces and pistons, oxidation, foaming, the formation of soot (these properties are especially needed for modern engines. mainline buses and tractors). API CG-4 class was created in connection with the approval in the United States of new requirements and standards for the ecology and toxicity of exhaust gases (1994 revision). Motor oils of this class can be used in engines for which API CD, API CE and API CF-4 classes are recommended. The main drawback limiting the massive use of this class of motor oils, for example, in Eastern Europe and Asia, is the significant dependence of the motor oil resource on the quality of the fuel used.
API CF-2 (CF-II)- motor oils designed for use in two-stroke diesel engines that are operated in difficult conditions. The class was introduced in 1994. Motor oils of this class are usually used in two-stroke diesel engines that operate under high stress conditions. API CF-2 oils must contain additives that provide enhanced performance protection against wear on internal engine parts such as cylinders and rings. In addition, these oils should prevent the accumulation of deposits on the internal surfaces of the engine (improved cleaning function). An API CF-2 certified engine oil has improved properties and can be used in place of earlier comparable oils, subject to the manufacturer's recommendation.
API CF-4- engine oils for use in four-stroke diesel engines since 1990. Motor oils of this class can be used in four-stroke diesel engines, the operating conditions of which are associated with high-speed modes. For such conditions, the requirements for the quality of oils exceed the capabilities of the CE class, therefore CF-4 engine oils can be used instead of CE oils (subject to the appropriate recommendations of the engine manufacturer). API CF-4 motor oils must contain appropriate additives that reduce the waste of the car oil, as well as protect against carbon deposits in the piston group. The main purpose of motor oils of this class is the use in diesel engines of heavy-duty tractors and other vehicles that are used for long-distance trips on highways. In addition, these engine oils are sometimes assigned the API CF-4 / S dual grade. In this case, subject to the availability of the appropriate recommendations of the engine manufacturer, these oils can also be used in gasoline engines.
API CF (CF-2, CF-4) are engine oils for diesel engines with indirect injection. Classes were introduced from 1990 to 1994. A hyphenated number denotes a two- or four-stroke engine. Class CF describes engine oils recommended for use in diesel engines with indirect injection, as well as other types of diesel engines that run on fuels of various qualities, including those with a high sulfur content (for example, more than 0.5% of the total weight). CF engine oils contain additives to help prevent piston deposits, wear and corrosion of copper (copper) bearings, which are important for these types of engines, and can be pumped in the usual way as well as with a turbocharger or compressor. Engine oils of this class can be used where the CD quality class is recommended.
API CE- motor oils for use in diesel engines from 1983 (obsolete class). Motor oils of this class were intended for use in some heavy-duty turbocharged engines, characterized by a significantly increased working compression. The use of such oils was allowed for engines with both low and high shaft speeds. API CE engine oils have been recommended for low and high speed diesel engines manufactured since 1983 that have been operated under high load conditions. Subject to the availability of appropriate recommendations from the engine manufacturer, these oils could also be used in engines for which CD class engine oils were recommended.
API CD-II- engine oils for use in heavy-duty diesel engines with a two-stroke operating cycle (obsolete class). The class was introduced in 1985 for use in two-stroke diesel engines and is, in fact, an evolutionary development of the previous API CD class. The main purpose of the use of such motor oils was the use in heavy powerful diesel engines, which were installed mainly on agricultural machinery. Motor oils of this class meet all the working standards of the previous CD class, in addition, the requirements for highly effective engine protection against carbon deposits and wear have been significantly increased.
API CD- motor oils for diesel engines of increased power, which were used in agricultural machinery (obsolete class). The class was introduced in 1955 for normal use in some diesel engines, both naturally aspirated and turbocharged, with increased cylinder compression, where effective protection against soot and wear is essential. Motor oils of this class could be used in cases where the engine manufacturer did not put forward additional requirements for the quality of the fuel (including fuel with a high sulfur content). API CD auto oils were supposed to provide increased protection against corrosion of bearings and high-temperature carbon deposits in diesel engines, in comparison with previous classes. Engine oils in this class are often referred to as "Caterpillar Series 3" due to their compliance with the Caterpillar Tractor Company Superior Lubricants (Series 3) certification.
API CC- motor oils for diesel engines, which are operated in medium load conditions (obsolete class). The class was introduced in 1961 for use in some engines, both naturally aspirated and turbocharged, which were characterized by increased compression. Motor oils of this class are recommended for engines that have been operated under moderate and high load. In addition, subject to the availability of the engine manufacturer's recommendations, such oils could be used in some powerful gasoline engines. Compared to earlier grades, API CC engine oils were required to provide a higher level of protection against high temperature carbon deposits and bearing corrosion in diesel engines, as well as rust, corrosion and low temperature carbon deposits in gasoline engines.
API CB- motor oils for diesel engines operating with medium load (obsolete class). The class was approved in 1949 as an evolutionary development of the CA class when using fuels with a high sulfur content without special quality requirements. API CB motor oils were also intended for use in supercharged engines, which were operated in light and moderate conditions. This class was often referred to as "Appendix 1 Engine Oils", thereby emphasizing compliance with the military regulation MIL-L-2104A Appendix 1.
CA API- motor oils for lightly loaded diesel engines (obsolete class). Motor oils of this class are intended for use in diesel engines operating in light and moderate modes on high-quality diesel fuel. In accordance with the recommendations of car manufacturers, they can also be used in some gasoline engines that are operated in moderate modes. The class was widely used in the 40s and 50s of the last century and cannot be used in modern conditions, if it is not provided for by the requirements of the engine manufacturer. API CA engine oils must have properties that provide protection against carbon deposits on piston rings, as well as against corrosion of bearings in supercharged engines, for which there are no special requirements for the quality of the fuel used.
