By virtue of understandable reasons, the Industry of Nazi Germany is associated exclusively with military equipment. But in fact, in the third Reich produced rather interesting civil cars.
The thirties of the twentieth century are not the easiest period in the history of Germany. The country just began to come to herself from the Great Depression, which directly affected the lives of citizens.
It is not surprising that the Nazis who captured power in the country actively played on these sentiments. The automotive industry is not an exception. This is one of those areas in which the rulers of the Third Reich tried to show the superiority of their ideology over others, and clearly demonstrate how new power can make people life better with the help of cars.
Today we will tell about what cars were popular in Germany of that period, and you still learn what car traded a fictional Soviet intelligence officer Otto von Stirlitz. Just in case, we will mention: we will in every way condemn the Nazi ideology, and in no case are in no way trying this publication to defend the activities of the Third Reich. The results of the Second World War and the Nuremberg process are not subject to revision! We only give curious examples of the technique of the period, and we consider these cars exclusively from a historical point of view.
Mercedes-Benz 770
Mercedes-Benz 770
With the phrase "Cars of the Third Reich" in the head, many immediately arise a fairly stable image - Adolf Hitler rides on the car. We must admit, nothing surprising in such associations - Nazi propaganda actively showed the Fuhrera in his films and television journals. Most often in them, the leader of the Nazis drove to Mercedes-Benz 770K with numbers "1A 148 461".
At the time of appearance in 1930, Mercedes-Benz TYP 770, also known as Großer Mercedes ("Greater Mercedes") was really the biggest and expensive car German brand. Under the hood of this car was located 7.6-liter engine, which developed 150 hp In the usual version and 200 hp - on the version with the supervision. Transmission - 4-speed mechanics. Of course, in the decoration of the "Big Mercedes" salon, only the best materials were used, including leather and wood. And another 770 had a convertible version.
In general, Mercedes-Benz TYP 770 was a difficult car, and, given the initial price of 29,500 Reichsmarock, could not allow him. But the car very much loved the elite, and not only Nazi. For example, on such a car, Reich Spronsident Paul von Hindenburg, Japanese Hirokhito Emperor, Pope Pima Xi Xi and Pee XII. Well, in 1931 the list replenished and Adolf Hitler. Moreover, the Führer preferred exactly the open version of the car.
Maybach SW38.
In the same way as today, MAYBACH cars occupied a prominent position in Nazi Germany, and were among the most prestigious. True, then Maybach was not a division of Mercedes-Benz, but a separate company - Maybach-Motorenbau (this is what two letters "M" on the emblem of the brand are explained). But by the 30s, Maybach already had a real history and glory of the pioneer over the shoulders, because it was Wilhelm Maibach once helped Gottlibu Daimler in creating a first car in the world.
In general, there is nothing surprising in the fact that the SW car, who received a nickname "Little Maybach" turned out to be the most massive breeding car brand. The first version - Maybach SW35 - which appeared in 1935, was equipped with a 3.5-liter motor capacity of 140 hp But only 50 pieces were built such cars.
Many more attention deserves Maybach SW38, equipped with a 3.8-liter 140-power engine and a 4-speed transmission, which was produced from 1936 to 1939. The body of this car was created in the studio of Hermann Veneer. Moreover, in different years, several versions were released: there was a four-door convertible, and a two-door car with an open top, and a special roadster. It is not surprising that in the summer of 2016, one of these cars went to the auction of Sotheby "S for $ 1,072,500.
By the way, in 1939 Maybach released new modification Car family SW - 42. It was already a sedan with a fundamentally different body and an engine with a volume of 4.2 liters, the capacity of which due to the features of the then technological set remained the same - 140 hp. True, to gain the mass distribution and the popularity of this model prevented the same obvious reason - the war.
Volkswagen Käfer.
Volkswagen Käfer.
If the party bonsides of the Third Reich went to "Mercedes" and "Maybahha", then simple burghers had to get a car easier. These Nazis wanted to demonstrate the growth of the well-being of citizens. That is why Ferdinand Porsche on the order of Hitler engaged in the development of a truly "folk car". Actually, the name volkswagen brands This is exactly what is translated.
The result of the works became Käfer, or in translation - "Beetle". For the first time, a new model was shown in the spring of 1939 at the exhibition in Berlin, although then "Beetle" was not yet "Volkswagen", but was produced under the KDF-Wagen brand. The car of the back-engine construction was equipped with a 25-strong engine with air cooled And it was extremely easy to maintain and production. Of course, the audience was very much and very favorable to such a car.
Volkswagen Käfer.
True, a interesting nuance was connected with the purchase of Volkswagen Käfer. Although the nominal price of the car was 990 Reichsmarocks, it was impossible to buy a car for cash. Instead, it was necessary to acquire a special "cumulative book" and special stamps inclusing every week. Any missed payment meant the loss of all invested funds. Nevertheless, the Germans still stretched for "folk car",
True, in 1939, more than 330,000 people still remained without the desired "beetle." The reason is the factory where Käfer was produced, was already fully translated into military rails. Only in the 60s, the leadership Volkswagen went to meet deceived depositors and offered them a discount on new cars. Well, and the "Beetle" himself safely survived this period, and with various changes, it was produced as much as 2003. True, the last copy of this model was not made in native Germany, but in Mexico.
Another "folk car", which appeared in the third Reich was Opel Kadett. This car was built on the basis of another opel models "Olympia, and since 1937 produced at the plant in Rüsselsheim.
I must say that Opel Kadett turned out to be a very progressive car for his time. First, the model inherited from the "Olympia" design with all-metal carrier body. Secondly, the car was distinguished by a very advanced design. What are the headlights integrated into the wings alone! Finally, thirdly, and on the equipment of Opel Kadett gave odds to many competitors. For example, they were installed here hydraulic brakes For all four wheels, and in the cabin attended, for example, the sensor of the fuel residue and oil pressure.
The Opel Kadett movement was driven by a 1.1 liter four-cylinder engine capacity of 23 hp. Although this is a bit, due to its small mass of 750 kg, the car could accelerate to 90 km / h, which was considered a very good indicator. And also Opel Kadett cost 2100 Reichsmarocks - let it be more expensive to "beetle", but the car could immediately buy.
However, our Opel Kadett readers will be interesting for another reason. The fact is that this model has become the basis for the future soviet car "Moskvich-400". And there is no secret in this. The fact is that on reparations the Soviet side received technical documentation and equipment of the Opel plant in Brandenburg. And although the original Opel Kadett was produced elsewhere - at the plant in Rüsselsham, the Soviet factory of small cars due to the help of German designers actually recreated the model and gave her the name "Moskvich-400". By the way, they say that the choice in favor of Opel Kadett was also not accidental - supposedly this model liked Joseph Stalin.
Mercedes-Benz G4
Mercedes-Benz G4
If you have a six-star Mercedes-Benz G 63 AMG 6x6 SUV, then you will probably like his distant relative - Mercedes-Benz G4. This car was originally created in the third Reich for the needs of the army. The car was initially brought in a five-liter eight-cylinder engine with a capacity of 100 hp. And had a complex system of full drive.
Military car did not like. But in the Reichskancelary, they were delighted, and since 1938 began to use it for trips to the occupied territories, first of all - in Czechoslovakia and Austria. To mERCEDES-BENZ The G4 has already equipped with another V8 engine - a 5.2-liter 115-strong unit. And over the next two years, it was replaced by a 5,4-liter "eight" with a capacity of 110 hp
In general, from the "SUV" Mercedes-Benz G4 quite quickly turned almost into the parade limousine. In addition, this model was one of the models on which Adolf Hitler traveled personally. And one car Führer presented to Generalissimus Spain Francisco Franco. True, the G4 circulation was rather small: only 57 cars were released for all the production time. Of these, only three cars survived to this day. One of them, the car belonging to Franco, is now kept in the car collection of the Spanish royal family. Another car on which Hitler took a parade in an annexed sundan region is stored in the Museum of Technology in Sinsheim. Finally, the third car is in American Hollywood, where it was repeatedly used when shooting films.
What about BMW? Did the Bavarians not produced cars during the Nazi dictatorship? Released. True, it is impossible to forget that, first, BMW became a car company only in 1929, and before that it was engaged in the production of aircraft engines and motorcycles. Secondly, to call completely "Bavarian" cars BMW of that time will not be quite true. The fact is that in 1929 bMW year Acquired a plant in Eisenach, which is located in another part of Germany - Thuringia.
But BMW managed to quickly establish a car release there, and by the mid-30s, Mark pleased buyers quite interesting machines. Such as, for example, the BMW 326 is a four-door model, produced in the body of a sedan and a convertible. The car was equipped with a two-liter six-cylinder motor with a capacity of about 50 hp, combined with a four-stage transmission. Maximum speed - 115 km / h, which at the time was considered a very good indicator.
BMW 326 turned out to be a fairly successful model. From 1936 to 1941, 15,936 cars were produced, despite the fairly high price. For example, for a convertible, which was considered small, asked 6,650 Reichsmarocks. It is not surprising that in 1940 in BMW planned to replace the 326th new modelbuilt by the same scheme - BMW 332. However, the second world War He left these plans only three pre-seventive prototypes.
AUTO-UNION-RENNWAGEN
AUTO-UNION-RENNWAGEN
It may seem that in the Third Reich there were exclusively cars for the tops of the NSDAP, cheap cars For simple people, well, and military equipment. In fact, it is not so. Were in Nazi Germany and racing cars. First of all, this is AUTO-UNION-RENNWAGEN.
At the end of 1932, Ferdinand Porsche began working on a racing car, the main feature of which was the placement of the engine behind the driver before rear axis. The car has developed under the order of the AUTO Union AG concern to participate in the Grand Prix. The car called TYP A was equipped with a 4,4-liter sixteen-cylinder engine, developed 295 hp And 530 N m. The result was not forced to wait: Already in 1934, the Hans Racer stacked on this car three world records, disintegrating on the Berlin Rouss Afus to 265 km / h.
AUTO UNION TYP C V16 STREAMLINER
By the way, TYP A was far from the only racing carreleased Auto Union AG. For the "type A", the TYP B, TYP C, TYP C / D and TYP D, and TYP D, followed. And, for example, TYP C, equipped with a six-liter 520-strong motor, was generally a unique car. It is on him that Rider Berndu Rosemaire in 1937 managed to accelerate to 400 km / h on a regular road and establish several world speed records.
In general, AUTO-UNION-RENNWAGEN clearly demonstrates that the time and means have been given to automotive sports in the Third Reich. For example, AUTO Union and Mercedes-Benz received for two 500,000 Reichsmaps on the development of motor racing. But, despite the records and achieve these machines in peacetime, the Second World War and, especially the opening of the Eastern Front, actually destroyed the development of motor racing in the third Reich.
Horch 830.
Question on snowpad: what car did the Soviet intelligence officer of Stirlitz rode? If you see the movie "Seventeen Moments of Spring", then in the frames you can see Mercedes-Benz TYP 230 (W153). But it is on the screen. And in the original book Y. Semenov, you can read "Stirlitz opened the gate, got behind the wheel and turned on the ignition. The reinforced motor of his" chorch "cut smoothly and powerfully."
True, what kind of model the HORCH model is, the author does not specify. It is possible that this is a story about the Horch 830 - a rear-wheel drive car, first presented on an auto-leading in Berlin in 1933. Initially, this car was offered with a three-liter 70-strong engine, but after the premiere of the Horch 830 appeared an upgraded version with a 3.25-liter engine of the same power. Subsequently, this engine gave way to 3.5-liter, which in different versions gave out 75 and 82 hp. And the most powerful versions Steel Horch 830 BL and HORCH 930 V, presented in 1938. These cars equipped with a 3.8-liter 92-strong engine.
However, regardless of the engine, the Horch 830 was a prestigious car, which could not afford not all. The price is about 10 150 Reichsmarocks, almost twice as expensive than Mercedes-Benz TYP 230. And although from 1933 to 1940, 11,625 HORCH 830 was released at the plant in Zwikkau, only representatives of the highest elite could buy it. It was impossible to submit to Shadertenfürera SS on such a car - they would immediately be interested in the relevant authorities. So, as they say, Stirlitz has never been so close to failure.
Thus, by the time of entry into the second world war, Nazi Germany had a fairly developed automotive industry. It is not known how her fate would have formed if there were no idea about racial superiority, the desire to start a war for the "living space" and "finally solved the Jewish question", covering the minds of the country's leaders. However, this is the topic for a completely different article.
You can relate differently to the perfection and quality of the cars with which our country joined the war. But at least one achievement of the Soviet automotive industry of pre-restraint is not subject to any doubt: In the 1930s, in the Soviet Union, it was possible to establish a truly massive issue of vehicles, equally suitable for use in both the army and "citizen". Gas and ZIS by 1941 provided the Red Army of the rolling stock of all the most sought-after types and classes: starting with the commander GAZ-61 on the basis of the famous "EMCI" and ending with a three-axis ZIS-6 with a lifting capacity of 4 tons capable of towing any field The tools of that time and serve the chassis for a variety of weapons systems, including the famous Katyusha. Joke: In 1932, the Soviet auto industry produced 23.7 thousand, and in 1940 - already 135.9 thousand trucks, that is, five with even once more! True, with transportation of goods from 5 tons and above, there were already problems: in the Yaroslavl heavy trucks released relatively few. Nevertheless, for most tasks solved, our army was provided by cars.
BMW 325 sample 1938: four-wheel drive, fully independent suspension, controlled wheels of both axes
What was this technique? In the overwhelming majority, domestic serial trucks of those years, regardless of the type, class and destination, received a simple, and therefore simple in production and maintainable in field conditions running part With continuous bridges and spring suspension. The cabin is wooden, without a hint of any comfort and aerodynamics, the engine is gasoline, as a rule, working at its capacity. Four-wheel drive - only on prototypes, the use of independent suspension on the mass technology was not even considered. Of course, work was carried out over more complex and interesting samples from a technical point of view. Recall at least an experienced four-core Yag-12 or a small series of GAZ-60 and ZIS-42, characterized by phenomenal patency, primarily in deep snow. You can even remember the new generation of Soviet trucks, even the new generation of Soviet trucks: In Gorky, it was a sympathy 2-tonner of GAZ-11-51, in Moscow - a 3.5-tonary SIS-15 average room, and in Yaroslavl - heavier Yag-7 With a loading capacity of 5 tons. True, the latter never received the corresponding engine class - force aggregate Always represented for the national car industry problem: so it was then, so remains for this.
Easy SUV GAZ-64 - the brightest, but, unfortunately, a rare example of rapid development and no less rapid introduction into a series of domestic vehicles
Yes, the new generation of Soviet vehicles did not have time to put on the conveyor before the beginning of the Great Patriotic War. But the old one completely answered the conditions of the coming battles.
Launched in the series in 1934, the three-year ZIS-5 was simple in production and unpretentious in operation. In the conditions of war it played a decisive role
First, by 1941, the production of trucks became not simply serial - mass, the supply of components is debugged, the design of the machines - worked, and most of the components and aggregates as part of at least one plant models are interchangeable.
The three-axle ZIS-6 served in a small amount of three-axis, and the carriers "Katyush"
Secondly, this is also an important fact that for some reason never emphasized attention: domestic materials and components were used for the rarest exception in the production of Soviet vehicles. That is, neither the rupture of relations, nor even the war with any of the other countries actually did not threaten to affect the rhythm of the work of the National Auto industry.
Well, a lack of those types of cars that the Soviet industry failed to start issuing to the beginning of the war, successfully filled the supply of allies. According to the famous lease, there are dozens of cars, but three of them played the most important role: "Willis", "Dodge" (the one that three quarters) and "studebeckker".
Indirect confirmation of the role of these cars: Only among them among the foreign cars of the military poray, we have always been taken to write in Russian transcription.
It must be said that the conceptually Soviet and American automotive industry at the time were in many ways similar. Americans, nothing that was invented by the conveyor, also preferred massability to the detriment of specialization, were also supporters of maximum unification, including even products of different firms, and also preferred practicality to technical research. True, in the latter case - not to the detriment of comfort. Of course, there were American auto industry and serious differences from ours. If in the Soviet Union to develop, and even more so, to introduce a new node or unit, the same engine, a gearbox, a cabin, yes that there is a passing bridge, it was an extremely difficult task, the solution of which little was very stretched in time, but also often accompanied by tension The efforts of the entire industry, then the Americans have solved the same task much easier: Hey, guys, in two weeks it is necessary to make a project, after four - an experienced sample, in two months - to introduce a new node on serial products. And it turned out! We cannot say that we did not have breakthroughs: to take, say, GAZ-64/67, developed and developed in production in the shortest possible time. But for Americans, such a job was not at all considered something outstanding and represented by the well-established, one can say a routine process that allows the shortest time Create, testing and putting on the conveyor in essence any vehicles, which was required by Uncle Sam for the fighting. Perhaps the Americans were the only ones in the Anti-Hitler coalition, who was able to quickly develop, quickly introduce into production and then stamped with dozens and hundreds of thousands of cars, advanced in design, with high characteristics, but simply, unpretentious, perfectly suitable for use on all fronts .
Two-tont gas-aaa: In the second half of the 1930s, the permeability and carrying capacity of domestic trucks tried to increase the transition to the wheel formula 6x4
And what is our main opponent, Nazi Germany? It is clear that her engineering school was not worse, and maybe better than anywhere else. And the road from the experienced to the industrial design of Germans, like Americans, has occupied relatively little time. Confirmation of this is the pre-warning re-equipment of the Wehrmacht to the newest vehicle. And what level! Perhaps, at that time, a fully independent lever-spring suspension was not used anywhere, all-wheel drive multi-axis transmission, controlled wheels of both axes, diesel engines, as well as a variety of wheeled and semi-simensional schemes. But as far as these innovations made the car perfectly, they complicated so complicated and expressed both their production and subsequent repairs. And most importantly, the vehicle fleet turned out to be granted, simply speaking, diverse, which extremely hampered the operation, maintenance and restoration of motor vehicles in a combat atmosphere. As a result, the release of most specialized army machines The Germans turned in 1943-1944.
"Studebeckker", which actually not used in the American Armed Forces, in our army, to the completion of the war became the main heavy truck. Including the chassis for famous reactive mortars
Thus, despite the fact that in the Soviet Union at the time of the beginning of the Great Patriotic War in the series, the 1930s generation machines were still staying, which technical Plan We gave way to more new and advanced in the design of the analogues of the world's leading powers, in the conditions of the fight is not for life, but for death it turned out not so much of their weak, how much is the strong side.
In anticipation of the 71st anniversary of the dayVictory in the Great Patriotic Wari would like to tell about cars, in many ways, thanks to which the victory in the Second World War was obsessed in Ohin.
Interesting fact. D. about the war, in the late 1930s, in the SovietFROM oyuz in a huge amountproduced a sm military equipment.It was much larger than in any other countries . By the beginning of the war inUSSR numbered about 273 thousand military vehicles, and with the beginning of the war it was addedyet 160 thousand civilian cars and equipment for agricultural purposes. To the great regret, in the first days of the wars are tens of thousands of cars are lost.
Basic heroes Victory cars.
1. Freight car GAZ-AA "P oulutork a "l jegen FROM ovetsky FROM oyuz.
This type of technology was famous for universal appointment. On the it was even located Jet Systems of Language Fire "Katyusha". Xea for the first time such a system was set on a four-tone truck with a wheel formula 6x4 ZIS-6.
Little-known fact. The race about the serial production of Katyusha in the USSR was made approximately 12 hours before the beginning of the Great Patriotic War (June 21, 1941).
For the first time, the gas-aa car was released in 1932 on the conveyor of the GAZ factory, which was in Nizhny Novgorod. Truck had a motor that developed power in 42 horsepower. In the future, this type of engine was upgraded and had already 50 l / s. He was also equipped with 4 step box Transmissions. There was a frame of a dream, and the suspension had a spring type. The cargo of the car was 1.5 tons, about Tsyud and the nickname "half-timer" went. It is worth noting that thanks to the frame, quite simple and good design, the car was operated with a large overload of up to 3 tons. The maximum speed of the truck reached 70 kilometers per hour, and due to the small degree of compression, refueling gas-aa could be low-quality gasoline. IN hopeless positions The car was filled with kerosene or alcohol. In maintenance, the car was unpretentious, with the repair they coped "on the spot." In wartime on "n oleutor", in order to save, installed one headlight and one wiper. Powder brakes were absent. The abin was made of plywood. Knis and doors are made of tarpaulin. And the hatch was a big deficit, so the car was started using a manual starter. The overall circulation of "n oleutorok", including pre-war production, exceeded a million copies.
2. ZIS-5 -to ultiest cargo car. Nickname "Zakhar Ivanovich"or "Three Tonka".
In its reliability, this truck was not equal.And the vomotobil was equipped with motor with a capacity of 73 horsepower.M Aksimaln Speed \u200b\u200bwas 60 km / h. ZIS-5 and mel a flexible frame that helped the car to pass irregularities very gently.TO ole formula 4x2. Manufactured carimmediately at several enterprises: "Ulzis" and "Uralzis",z Avodom "and Meni Stalin" under license American companyOtokar. Before the burden was a truck "Autocar 5 ES". The car was seriously modernized, which was conducted by the collective of engineers of the ZIS enterprise.P together with the available parts, a more modern car was constructed,and the most important truck has become simpler and maintainable.
3. GAZ-64, GAZ-67. Nickname "Ivan Willis" -in single jeep.
The SUV was launched into production in record time. On February 3, 1941, a task was received from the Soviet government to produce a lung, inexpensive and unpretentious in the maintenance of an SUV. Two months later, or rather 51 days, the car was ready for production. N and 60 days went serial release. Urgency was due to an alarming environment.
GAZ-64 received a reliable and unpretentious motor from the half-one, but it turned out to be unsuitable for riding in the ground roads because of a rather narrow gauge.
Urgently, the GAZ plant manufactures the upgraded version of GAZ-67. D Anna model was nicknamed in the army as "Ivan Willis", "Kozlol", "Blok-Warrior". He mainly served in the army as a headquarters of a commander, an intelligence car and high-speed arthagach. The car turned out to truly with off-road qualities.With ease overcome deep ruts, couldb. eziting problems to go to the roadside through the cuvettes with steep walls.GAZ-67. Developed the maximum speed of up to 90 kilometers per hourp ride off road, to insane at that time, 25 kilometers per hour. During the Second World Warin Ohina, she showed himself from a good side. The SUV was unpretentious to fuel and lubricants. Le. gKO, quickly and just repairedUnlike his American brother "Willisa".
Summing up, I want to say that technological solutions that were used in cars participating in the Second World War in Ohin, gave a significant impetus to the Soviet car industry.
During the war and after her, Soviet us were actively worked. Here studied a trophy and lendelization technique, the tests of foreign cars were examined. Soviet engineers were able to familiarize themselves with solutions and technologies almost from around the world.
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Knowing not very bad what the front and military operation is, Hitler understood perfectly well that without proper provision of advanced parts, a large-scale military operation was not held. Therefore, a considerable role in the build-up of military power in Germany was given to army machines.
Source: wikimedia.org.
Actually, for hostilities in Europe was quite good ordinary carsBut the plans of the Fuhrer were much larger. For their implementation, they needed all-wheel drive machines that could cope with the Russian off-road and the sands of Africa.
In the middle of the thirties, the first program of the Motorization of the Army Parts of the Wehrmacht was adopted. German automotive industry has begun to develop trucks increased passibility Three sizes: light (loss of 1.5 tons), medium (with a payload of 3 tons) and heavy (for transportation of 5-10 tons of cargo).
Daimler-Benz, Bussing and Magirus were engaged in the development and production of army trucks. In addition, in the techman it was stipulated that all cars both externally and in the structural plan should also be similar and have interchangeable main units.
Source: wikimedia.org.
Moreover, automobile Plants Germany received an application for the production of special army cars for command and intelligence. They were released eight plants: BMW, Daimler-Benz, Ford, Hanomag, Horch, Opel, Stoewer and Wanderer. At the same time, the chassis for these machines were unified, but the manufacturers made mostly the manufacturers.
Source: wikimedia.org.
German engineers created excellent machines, combining four-wheel drive with independent suspension on screw springs. Equipped with blocking inter-axis and inter-wheeled differentials, as well as special "weak" tires, these SUVs were able to overcome very serious off-road, were hardy and reliable.
So far, military actions were conducted in Europe and Africa, these cars fully satisfied the command of the ground forces. But when the troops of the Wehrmacht entered Eastern Europe, the disgusting road conditions became gradually, but methodically destroying the high-tech design of German cars
The "Achilles fifth" of these machines was the high technical complexity of structures. Complex nodes required daily maintenance. And the biggest disadvantage was the low loading capacity of army trucks.
Whatever it was, but the fierce resistance of the Soviet troops near Moscow and the very cold winter finally "finished" almost the entire fleet of the vermochet of army cars.
Complex, expensive and energy-proof in the production of trucks were good during a practically bloodless European campaign, and in the conditions of the present confrontation of Germany, it was necessary to return to the production of simple and unpretentious civil models.
Source: wikimedia.org.
Now "half-timer" began to do: Opel, Phanomen, Stayr. Three shoes were made on: Opel, Ford, Borgward, Mercedes, Magirus, Man. Cars with a lifting capacity of 4.5 tons - Mercedes, Man, Bussing-Nag. Shexatones - Mercedes, Man, Krupp, Vomag.
In addition, the Wehrmacht operated a large number of cars of the occupied countries.
The most interesting german cars Times of the Second World War:
"Chorch-901 Type 40" - Multipurpose option, the basic middle commander machine, along with Horch 108 and Stoewer, which has become the main transport of the Wehrmacht. Completed gasoline engine V8 (3.5 liters, 80 hp), different 4-speed gearboxes, independent suspension on double transverse levers and springs, blocked by differentials, hydraulic drive of all wheel brakes and 18-inch tires. Full weight of 3.3-3.7 tons, payload 320-980 kg, developed a speed of 90-95 km / h.
Source: wikimedia.org.
Stoewer R200. - Produced by Stoewer, BMW and Hanomag under the control of Stoewer from 1938 to 1943. Stoewer became the founder of a whole family of lightweight standardized staff and intelligence cars with wheel formula 4x4.
Main technical features These machines were permanent drive On all wheels with lockable inter-axis and inter-track differentials and independent suspension of all leading and controlled wheels on double transverse levers and springs.
Source: wikimedia.org.
They had a wheelbase of 2400 mm, ground clearance 235 mm, total weight of 2.2 tons, developed the maximum speed of 75-80 km / h. Cars equipped with a 5-speed gearbox, mechanical brake drive and 18-inch wheels.
One of the most original and interesting machines Germany became a multi-purpose half-sized tractor NSU NK-101 Kleines Kettenkraftradultral-light class. It was a kind of motorcycle hybrid and an artillery tractor.
A 1,5-liter engine with a capacity of 36 hp was placed in the center of the spar from Opel Olympia, transmitting a torque through a 3-speed box on the front sprockets of the propulsion with 4 disk support rollers and automatic system Soldering one of the tracks.
Source: wikimedia.org.
Single front 19-inch wheel on a parallelogram suspension, driver saddle and motorcycle type control were borrowed from motorcycles. NSU tractors were widely used in all vermachlet divisions, had a payload of 325 kg, weighed 1280 kg and developed a speed of 70 km / h.
It is impossible to go around the easy pile car produced on the "folk car" platform - Kubelwagen TYP 82.
Thought of military use new car Appeared from Ferdinand Porsche back in 1934, and already on February 1, 1938, the Department of Arms Affairs of the Ground Forces issued an order to build a prototype of a light army car.
Experimental Kubelwagen tests have shown that it significantly exceeds all other vending cars, despite the lack of drive on the front wheels. In addition, Kubelwagen was easy to maintain and operate.
On VW Kubelwagen TYP 82 four-cylinder opposite was installed carburetor Engine air cooling whose small power (first 23.5 hp, then 25 hp) quite enough to move the car full mass 1175 kg at a speed of 80 km / h. Fuel consumption was 9 liters per 100 km when driving along the highway.
Source: wikimedia.org.
The merits of the car were appreciated and opponents of the Germans - the trophy "Kübelvagen" were used by the troops of the allies, and the Red Army. Especially loved by the Americans. Their officers were updated from the French and British Kubelwagen on the speculative course. For one trophy Kubelwagen offered three Willys MB.
On the rear-wheel drive chassis type "82" in 1943-45. We also produced a VW TYP 82E worker and a car for the SS TYP 92SS troops with a closed body from the pre-war KDF-38. In addition, the All-wheel drive car vehicle VW TYP 87 was produced with a transmission from the mass army amphibian VW TYP 166 (Schwimmwagen).
Car amphibian VW-166 Schwimmwagen, Created as the further development of the successful design of KDF-38. Arms management issued Porsche Task on the development of a floating passenger car designed to replace motorcycle from a carriage who were armed with intelligence and motorcycle battalions and inspired by the conditions of the Eastern Front.
Floating a car Type 166 was in many nodes and mechanisms is unified with the KFZ 1 all-terrain vehicle and had the same layout circuit with the engine installed in the stern part of the case. To ensure buoyancy, the entire machine body of the machine was tight.
By virtue of understandable reasons, the Industry of Nazi Germany is associated exclusively with military equipment. But in fact, in the third Reich produced rather interesting civil cars.
The thirties of the twentieth century are not the easiest period in the history of Germany. The country just began to come to herself from the Great Depression, which directly affected the lives of citizens.
It is not surprising that the Nazis who captured power in the country actively played on these sentiments. The automotive industry is not an exception. This is one of those areas in which the rulers of the Third Reich tried to show the superiority of their ideology over others, and clearly demonstrate how new power can make people life better with the help of cars.
Today we will tell about what cars were popular in Germany of that period, and you still learn what car traded a fictional Soviet intelligence officer Otto von Stirlitz. Just in case, we will mention: we will in every way condemn the Nazi ideology, and in no case are in no way trying this publication to defend the activities of the Third Reich. The results of the Second World War and the Nuremberg process are not subject to revision! We only give curious examples of the technique of the period, and we consider these cars exclusively from a historical point of view.
Mercedes-Benz 770
Mercedes-Benz 770
With the phrase "Cars of the Third Reich" in the head, many immediately arise a fairly stable image - Adolf Hitler rides on the car. We must admit, nothing surprising in such associations - Nazi propaganda actively showed the Fuhrera in his films and television journals. Most often in them, the leader of the Nazis drove to Mercedes-Benz 770K with numbers "1A 148 461".
At the time of the appearance in 1930, Mercedes-Benz TYP 770, also known as Großer Mercedes ("Greater Mercedes") was really the biggest and expensive car of the German brand. Under the hood of this car was located 7.6-liter engine, which developed 150 hp In the usual version and 200 hp - on the version with the supervision. Transmission - 4-speed mechanics. Of course, in the decoration of the "Big Mercedes" salon, only the best materials were used, including leather and wood. And another 770 had a convertible version.
In general, Mercedes-Benz TYP 770 was a difficult car, and, given the initial price of 29,500 Reichsmarock, could not allow him. But the car very much loved the elite, and not only Nazi. For example, on such a car, Reich Spronsident Paul von Hindenburg, Japanese Hirokhito Emperor, Pope Pima Xi Xi and Pee XII. Well, in 1931 the list replenished and Adolf Hitler. Moreover, the Führer preferred exactly the open version of the car.
Maybach SW38.
In the same way as today, MAYBACH cars occupied a prominent position in Nazi Germany, and were among the most prestigious. True, then Maybach was not a division of Mercedes-Benz, but a separate company - Maybach-Motorenbau (this is what two letters "M" on the emblem of the brand are explained). But by the 30s, Maybach already had a real history and glory of the pioneer over the shoulders, because it was Wilhelm Maibach once helped Gottlibu Daimler in creating a first car in the world.
In general, there is nothing surprising in the fact that the SW car, who received a nickname "Little Maybach" turned out to be the most massive breeding car brand. The first version - Maybach SW35 - which appeared in 1935, was equipped with a 3.5-liter motor capacity of 140 hp But only 50 pieces were built such cars.
Many more attention deserves Maybach SW38, equipped with a 3.8-liter 140-power engine and a 4-speed transmission, which was produced from 1936 to 1939. The body of this car was created in the studio of Hermann Veneer. Moreover, in different years, several versions were released: there was a four-door convertible, and a two-door car with an open top, and a special roadster. It is not surprising that in the summer of 2016, one of these cars went to the auction of Sotheby "S for $ 1,072,500.
By the way, in 1939, Maybach issued a new modification of the car of the SW - 42 family. It was already a sedan with a fundamentally different body and a 4.2-liter engine, the power of which due to the features of the then technical outlet remained the same - 140 hp. True, to gain the mass distribution and the popularity of this model prevented the same obvious reason - the war.
Volkswagen Käfer.
Volkswagen Käfer.
If the party bonsides of the Third Reich went to "Mercedes" and "Maybahha", then simple burghers had to get a car easier. These Nazis wanted to demonstrate the growth of the well-being of citizens. That is why Ferdinand Porsche on the order of Hitler engaged in the development of a truly "folk car". Actually, the name of the Volkswagen brand is exactly what is translated.
The result of the works became Käfer, or in translation - "Beetle". For the first time, a new model was shown in the spring of 1939 at the exhibition in Berlin, although then "Beetle" was not yet "Volkswagen", but was produced under the KDF-Wagen brand. The car of the rear-engine construction was equipped with a 25-strong air-cooled engine and was extremely easy to maintain and production. Of course, the audience was very much and very favorable to such a car.
Volkswagen Käfer.
True, a interesting nuance was connected with the purchase of Volkswagen Käfer. Although the nominal price of the car was 990 Reichsmarocks, it was impossible to buy a car for cash. Instead, it was necessary to acquire a special "cumulative book" and special stamps inclusing every week. Any missed payment meant the loss of all invested funds. Nevertheless, the Germans still stretched for "folk car",
True, in 1939, more than 330,000 people still remained without the desired "beetle." The reason is the factory where Käfer was produced, was already fully translated into military rails. Only in the 60s, the leadership Volkswagen went to meet deceived depositors and offered them a discount on new cars. Well, and the "Beetle" himself safely survived this period, and with various changes, it was produced as much as 2003. True, the last copy of this model was not made in native Germany, but in Mexico.
Opel Kadett.
Another "folk car", which appeared in the third Reich was Opel Kadett. This car was built on the basis of another model Opel - Olympia, and since 1937 was produced at the plant in Rüsselsheim.
I must say that Opel Kadett turned out to be a very progressive car for his time. First, the model inherited from the "Olympia" design with a all-metal bearing body. Secondly, the car was distinguished by a very advanced design. What are the headlights integrated into the wings alone! Finally, thirdly, and on the equipment of Opel Kadett gave odds to many competitors. For example, hydraulic brakes were installed here for all four wheels, and in the cabin attended, for example, the fuel residue sensor and oil pressure sensor.
The Opel Kadett movement was driven by a 1.1 liter four-cylinder engine capacity of 23 hp. Although this is a bit, due to its small mass of 750 kg, the car could accelerate to 90 km / h, which was considered a very good indicator. And also Opel Kadett cost 2100 Reichsmarocks - let it be more expensive to "beetle", but the car could immediately buy.
However, our Opel Kadett readers will be interesting for another reason. The fact is that it was this model that has become the basis for the future of the Soviet car "Moskvich-400". And there is no secret in this. The fact is that on reparations the Soviet side received technical documentation and equipment of the Opel plant in Brandenburg. And although the original Opel Kadett was produced elsewhere - at the plant in Rüsselsham, the Soviet factory of small cars due to the help of German designers actually recreated the model and gave her the name "Moskvich-400". By the way, they say that the choice in favor of Opel Kadett was also not accidental - supposedly this model liked Joseph Stalin.
Mercedes-Benz G4
Mercedes-Benz G4
If you have a six-star Mercedes-Benz G 63 AMG 6x6 SUV, then you will probably like his distant relative - Mercedes-Benz G4. This car was originally created in the third Reich for the needs of the army. The car was initially brought in a five-liter eight-cylinder engine with a capacity of 100 hp. And had a complex system of full drive.
Military car did not like. But in the Reichskancelary, they were delighted, and since 1938 began to use it for trips to the occupied territories, first of all - in Czechoslovakia and Austria. By the time the Mercedes-Benz G4 was already equipped with another V8 motor - 5.2-liter 115-strong unit. And over the next two years, it was replaced by a 5,4-liter "eight" with a capacity of 110 hp
In general, from the "SUV" Mercedes-Benz G4 quite quickly turned almost into the parade limousine. In addition, this model was one of the models on which Adolf Hitler traveled personally. And one car Führer presented to Generalissimus Spain Francisco Franco. True, the G4 circulation was rather small: only 57 cars were released for all the production time. Of these, only three cars survived to this day. One of them, the car belonging to Franco, is now kept in the car collection of the Spanish royal family. Another car on which Hitler took a parade in an annexed sundan region is stored in the Museum of Technology in Sinsheim. Finally, the third car is in American Hollywood, where it was repeatedly used when shooting films.
What about BMW? Did the Bavarians not produced cars during the Nazi dictatorship? Released. True, it is impossible to forget that, first, BMW became a car company only in 1929, and before that it was engaged in the production of aircraft engines and motorcycles. Secondly, to call completely "Bavarian" cars BMW of that time will not be quite true. The fact is that in 1929, BMW acquired the plant in Eisenach, which is located in another part of Germany - Thuringia.
But the BMW managed to quickly adjust the release of cars there, and by the mid-1930s, Mark pleased buyers with rather interesting machines. Such as, for example, the BMW 326 is a four-door model, produced in the body of a sedan and a convertible. The car was equipped with a two-liter six-cylinder motor with a capacity of about 50 hp, combined with a four-stage transmission. The maximum speed is 115 km / h, which at the time was considered a very good indicator.
BMW 326 turned out to be a fairly successful model. From 1936 to 1941, 15,936 cars were produced, despite the fairly high price. For example, for a convertible, which was considered small, asked 6,650 Reichsmarocks. It is not surprising that in 1940 in BMW planned to replace the 326th new model, built on the same scheme - BMW 332. However, the World War II left from these plans only three pre-production prototypes.
