Powerful and comfortable frame offs-roads, the list of which we will imagine today, have long moved in the ratings from the category of "Working Horses for Countryside" in "Cars for middle class". This means that with the power of the tractor, capable of climbing the mountain range, the SUV acquired all the amenities that the luxury class machines earlier were equipped: a leather interior, an armchair with electrical control and heating, a powerful computer, controlling the electronics, which is enough for the average passenger liner.
Our rating is based on the opinions of Russian and foreign buyers about reduced transmission SUVs and a complete drive that satisfy the three main indicators: specifications, comfort and price.
Frame SUVs with lower transmission, lock and full drive: Top-10
First, we must clarify that almost all of the cars presented can be called "combined" with respect to the transmission design: they have a lower transmission, blocking differential and switch to "full drive" mode. This allows with the same efficiency to operate an SUV at rough terrain and run through the streets of settlements in the "City Cycle".
The list of the best framework SUVs got 10 of the most popular models of 2018-2019, selected according to statistics of total sales in the world. There are very prestigious names here, and modest (according to our understanding), but they are united by universal recognition:
| 1 | Honda Pilot. |
| 2 | Kia Mohave. |
| 3 | Toyota Land Cruiser Prado |
| 4 | Mitsubishi Pajero. |
| 5 | Jeep Grand Cherokee. |
| 6 | Audi Q7. |
| 7 | Nissan Patrol |
| 8 | Hyundai IX55 |
| 9 | Volkswagen Touareg. |
| 10 | Lexus GX. |
Honda Pilot.
The crown "The Best Frame SUV" received a representative of the Japanese Concern "Honda Pilot", produced in the second generation after the update in 2011 (Class K2, front-wheel drive and all-wheel drive modification).
- engine - V6 3500 (cm3), gasoline;
- max. Power - 349 hp, torque - 347 N-M;
- transmission - automatic transmission, GRADE Logic system (engine optimization for road conditions). VSM system: managing the separation operation of cylinders with an increase in power. Lowering;
- consumption per 100 km - 11.1 (monolvodny), 11.7 liters (all-wheel drive version);
- differential lock, torque distribution system over axes;
- road clearance - up to 200 mm, reversal radius - 5.5 m;
- 18 - inch discs for the luxury configuration;
- All-metal body using superproof steels (lightweight);
- price range (in rubles) from 1.79 to 2.4 million.
Kia Mohave.
Korean frame SUV "Kia Mojave" was created for extreme conditions and the most comfortable "survival". In some countries, the car is sold under a different name - Kia Borrego.
- engines: V6, 3 l, CRDI series, diesel; 3.8 l, LAMBDA series, petrol;
- max. Power: 250 hp (Diz.), 275 (benz.);
- consumption per 100 km (medium) - 10.2 (diesel), 9.7-10 liters (gasoline);
- anti-lock system (ABS), brake force distribution (EBD). Stabilization and movement stability systems (TCS, ESC);
- 17, 18 - inch wheels;
- price range (in rubles) from 1.85 to 2.1 million (basic equipment).
Toyota Land Cruiser Prado
Japanese frame jeep "Toyota Land Cruiser Prado" is firmly held in the top ten most popular all-wheel drive SUVs.
- engines: V4, 3 l, diesel; V6, 2700 and 4 L (top version), gasoline. Indicators for the "exhaust" were brought to the most ecological stage "Euro 5";
- max. Power: 190 hp (Diz.), 163 and 282 (benz.);
- transmission: Diesel - 6-speed automatic transmission; gasoline - 5-speed automatic transmission;
- consumption per 100 km (medium) - 12.5 (diesel), 12.3 and 15 liters (gasoline);
- the Multi Terrain SELECT system (control of the engine operation modes is designed for 5 ways: gravel and stones, dirt and gravel, loose soil, sand and icing road);
- anti-lock system (ABS), braking control when descending from the mountain. Currency stabilization system;
- protection of "blind zones" and warning about obstacles at the "rear course", camcorder with a circular review;
- 17, 18 - inch discs;
- price range (in rubles) from 1.7 to 2.95 million (top pack).
Mitsubishi Pajero.
Mitsubishi Concern does not cease to improve its most popular all-wheel drive frame SUV - Mitsubishi Pajero. In 2018-2019, the sale of the sale of the IV generation was the sale of sales.
- engines: V6, 3 l, diesel; 3 and 3.8 l, gasoline;
- max. Power: 200 hp (Diz.), 178 and 250 (benz.);
- transmission: Diesel - 5-speed automatic transmission; Gasoline - 5-speed automatic transmission and for configuration "Invite Mt" from a motor. 3.0 - 5-speed MCPP;
- consumption per 100 km (medium) - 10-12 (diesel), 11-12 and 13-15 liters (gasoline);
- aDVANCED SUPERSELECT 4WD (SS4-II) branded transmission (SS4-II) operates in 4 modes: four-wheel drive (4WD Super SELECT); full drive with reduced transmission (4LLC); 2N (only the rear wheels are involved) or 4N (all wheels are included with the transmission of different torque per each); 4HLC (four-wheel drive with differential lock);
- 17, 18 - inch discs;
- high clearance - 235 mm;
- price range (in rubles) from 1.6 to 2.5 million (top pack).
Jeep Grand Cherokee.
The American framework SUV "Grand Cherokee" is offered in 4 modifications, each of which is equipped with its own engine model. Engines only gasoline.
- complete set "Sport": Engine Tigershark Multi Air II, V4 (2400 cm3), 184 hp, 7.5 l / 100 km. Front actuator 4x2. Security system: 10 pillows. Cruise control (adaptive). 17-inch discs. Multimedia audio and video system, touchscreen display. Central electric lock, manual brake (electr.);
- "Latitude": Engine Pentastar V6 (3200 cm3), 271 hp, 9 l / 100 km. Two modifications: front-wheel drive 4x2 and full. Aluminum alloy wheels 17 inches. Heated seats, steering and engine in basic configuration;
- "Limited": the engine Pentastar V6 (3200 cm3), but the car acts as a limited series. Climate control into two zones. Chairs in leather covers, heated, with electric drive and memory for 4 and 8 positions. Modifications: front-wheel drive 4x2, four-wheel drive;
- "Trailhawk": Engine V6 (3200 cm3), four-wheel drive with multifunction transmission Active Drive Lock (Blocking Rear Diff-La, Select Terrain Mode Selector). Box - "Automatic" ZF, 9 stupas. The machine is designed for the hardest locality and is;
- prices for each modification in the base assembly comes with an interval of 1.5-1.8 thousand $: from 23 to $ 27.5 thousand from the manufacturer.
Audi Q7.
The category "The Best Frame SUV with a full-wheel drive" was replenished with a premium representative. This is a all-wheel drive SUV with a distribution of traction in the axes of 40:60 (more effort is on the rear axle).
- start kit: Engine V6, 3 l, gasoline, box - "Automatic", 8 steps. ABS, ESP systems, assistants for descending from the mountain and start moving on the rise, parking sensors. The salon is equipped with climate control systems, heated seats, powerful audio installation. Optics - bi-xenon;
- diesel engines: V6, 3 L (245 hp), V8 4.2 L (340 hp), V12, 6 L (500 hp). Diesel on 3000 is equipped with an "automatic" of 8 steps, and the last two models - boxes - "automata" 6 tbsp.;
- diesel modifications are equipped with the same systems as the gasoline "fellow". But besides, for an additional charge, you can purchase adaptive cruise control, the tracking system for blind zones, "smart optics";
- the price range is very wide: from 2,800,000 to 6,500,000 rubles.
Nissan Patrol
Traditionally, enjoys the success of the "best friend of hunters and fishermen" - Nissan Patrol. But the renewed body looks simply luxuriously, and the all-wheel drive frame SUV will make the honor to any resident of the elite suburbs.
- engine - VK56VD, V8 (5600cm3), 405 hp, 11.4 (outside) up to 20 l / 100 km (urban cycle);
- box - 7 - a stepped "automatic", downward transmission, distribution over the axes 50:50;
- systems of stabilization of movement and control of brakes (anti-slip) ABS, EBD, TCS, BA. HDC (control over the congress from the mountain);
- speed adjustment amplifier;
- 4 motion modes in different types of base: dirt, sand, asphalt, snow.
- blocking rear dief la;
- starting price from 3,900,000 rubles.
Hyundai IX55
Korean frame SUV Hyundai IX55 "IRBIS" received universal recognition for the best "price-quality" ratio. All-wheel drive all-terrain vehicle is produced in two modifications: with gasoline and diesel engines.
- engines: gasoline V6 DOHC (3.8 L), 264 hp, 9-12 l / 100 km; Diesel CRDI (3000 cm3), 239 hp, 7.6-9.4 l / 100 km;
- the box is a 6-speed "automatic", four-wheel drive, lowering the transmission with differential lock;
- aBS, EBD, TCS systems (anti-slip, braking control);
- 17-inch alloy wheels;
- prices begin from 1.86 million rubles.
Volkswagen Touareg.
The German framework SUV "Volkswagen Touareg" entered the salons of Volkswagen dealers after restyling and immediately conquered the love of European lovers of nature and comfort.
- engines: gasoline - V6 DOHC (3600 cm3), 249 hp, 11 l. and V8 (4200 cm3), 360 hp, 13 l.; diesel - V6 (3000 cm3), 204 hp, 6.6 l and V8 (3400 cm3), 340 hp, 9.1 l;
- box - 8- stupas. AISIN automaton with manual switching, lowering;
- the steering wheel is equipped with a SERVOTRONIC hydraulic switch (with an effort variable);
- 4motion full drive system, self-locking DIF-L TORSEN;
- brake control systems (ABS, EBD, ESP, ASR, EDS);
- starting price - from 2.5 million rubles.
Lexus GX.
The ranking of frame SUVs completes the result of Japanese-American cooperation - all-wheel drive "Lexus GX". A representative of the premium class with improved characteristics and design demonstrates in the photo, as the same organically looks next to luxury villas and on the background of mountainous areas.
- engine: V8 (4600 cm3), gasoline, 298 hp, 13 l.;
- 6-speed automatic transmission, four-wheel drive with inter-axis diff-scrap Torsen, changing around the circumstances of the mid-scene force in proportions 30:70, 40:60 and 50:50;
- leather interior, adjustment and heated steering and chairs, powerful multimedia system;
- kDSS, ABS, EBD, BAS, AVS stabilization systems, etc.;
- price range: from 2.9 to 3.6 million rubles.
Greetings, my dear readers! In this publication, friends, we will deal with the features of the structures of cars of passenger cars, their species and find out what is better than the frame or carrying body.
If you are the owner of a classic SUV, created to overcome the most difficult obstacles, then you will understand why it has a frame. Of course, this article will also be interesting for those who want to deepen their knowledge about cars, who wishes to start with the basics - with their frame, skeleton.
To begin with, in general, we denote the frame. In the simplest form, these are two parallel metal beams (spars) interconnected by a multitude of cross.
The suspension with wheels is attached to this design, the engine is installed, and then the body is hung on top. And nothing prevents the developers to inspire different bodies on the same frame - one of its advantages is manifested.
The frame as the basis of the vehicle appeared from the very beginning of automotive equipment and was actively used in this role for many decades. What is the reason for such a longevity?
The case in the banal imperfection of technologies, due to which other skeletons options, such as carrier body, were more severe and complex in production. But time went, new alloys appeared, conveyors were improved and safety requirements increased.
All these factors moved off frames in the segment of passenger cars to the background, giving way to the bearing frames. Just like to say that the frames are not completely forgotten. At their base and today, we create high-speed SUVs and trucks, because there is where high loads, similar carcass carcasses have advantages.
Evolution and variety of frames
And yet, what is better than the frame or carrying the body ... if about the frames, then in its execution, the frame is quite diverse. There are such types:
- spar;
- ridge;
- spatial.
The spar frame is quite simple and popular design. Two parallel spars with crossings that provide rigidity that can be located both in the same plane and change their profile. This type of framework framework is used in our days in the production of trucks, as well as SUVs.
Ridge Rama
The range is less popular, you can even say that it is now rare. The basis of such a core is one beam, located in the middle, and to it, as the ribs are attached to the cross. One of the peculiarities of the ridge frames can be attributed to the suspension, which in this case can be performed only by independent scheme. The main carrier of such a core was Tatra trucks.
Spatial or frame frame
What can unite buses and sports cars? As it turned out, spatial frames. These frameworks, more similar to carrier body, are a 3D model of the car, but only without body panels.
Frame and bearing body: confrontation
Well, friends, we are left to find out why, despite your simplicity, frame frames gave way under the sun bearing bodies.
One of the main reasons was their low passive security - in the development of a car with a frame cozoch, it is almost impossible to create so-called deformation zones. In addition, the body itself, where the driver and passengers are more vulnerable, and if you start strengthening with different elements, then as a result we get Very severe car, which is also unacceptable in modern realities.
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Before moving to the description of the advantages and minuses of such a car design, like a frame, let's figure it out that in general is a frame car, as well as get acquainted with the history of its occurrence and evolution.
Rama or as the Americans say "BODY-ON-FRAME" - this is a way to design a car, when a rigid frame carries a chassis (engine, transmission, dispensing box, etc.), and on top to all this design, the body is separately fixed.
This assembly method was applied on the very first models of cars and continues to be applied to this day (although it is no longer as often as the method of the carrier body). The very first frames were made of wood (usually from ash), but in the 1930s and finally displaced the more reliable steel spinerial frames.
The sparse frame of the truck with a spring rear suspension and a fixed bridge, as well as sound-absorbing plates and insulation.
To date, in the passenger segment of the frame, the constructions of monocletes (carrying the body) are rapidly inferior, where the body itself is the main (or the only) carrier element.
It is noteworthy that at one time the conditions for the development of the automotive industry in the United States demanded the use of the frame, since it made it possible to quickly respond to buyers' demand and change the appearance of the body and the cabin, without making any changes in the chassis. The updated body was simply attached to the frame with a set of units, which were used in the previous model.
This significantly reduced the development time of the "new" car and its final cost, respectively. This gave a huge advantage, especially given the lack of computer automated design systems (CAD).
Starting from the thirties, the trend is scheduled to use the carrier body, for example, in Opel Olympia or Citroen Traction Avant. Already in the 60s, most small passenger cars use monoclees, while the frame is used only for trucks and some types of buses.
Such a tendency was preserved at our day - the use of the frame was the prerogative of producers of powerful commercial vehicles, pickups and rare "real" SUVs.
What it led, you must know - modern manufacturers make the maximum emphasis on production (with rare exceptions).
Few people know, but there was an intermediate version of semi-monoclies, which was used in cars such as Volkswagen Beetle and Citroen 2CV. This design was a separate lightweight chassis from pressed steel sheets, which retained some advantages of the real frame, but it was much easier and tougher.
Another frame with installed units
So, it's time to talk about why we are actually gathered here: what is good frame and what is its weaknesses.
Advantages and disadvantages of frame off-road
Pros:
- Frame cars are easier to develop, produce and modify (this advantage is leveled by the widespread distribution of CAD);
- The best sound isolation and suppressing vibrations, as the cabin with passengers is isolated from the frame with the help of rubber pads in the area of \u200b\u200bfastening bolts. However, today the sound insulation of modern cars with the carrier body is almost no worse;
- Easier to repair after accidents;
- Frame cars have a large resource and more durable;
- Frames SUV are traditionally predisposed to the installation of powerful power units;
- Such a design is better adapted for towing and off-road, thanks to the uniform distribution of loads, reduced drainage and total strength and reliability.
- High landing and good review;
- Simplify the visual assessment of the dimensions of the car from the cabin;
Disadvantages:
- Much harder to the body cars, as a result, less productivity and increased fuel consumption;
- As a rule, frame cars lose body in handling;
- Passive security problems. There is no so-called "deformation zone" - as a result, a higher chance of perishing or get serious injuries in a collision.
The article uses photos from the Kevin Hulsey portfolio (Khiart.com)
Rama car
The frame serves as the basis on which all parts and mechanisms of the car and its body are strengthened.
Rama has all cargo cars. The frame consists of two longitudinal beams - spars connected by several cross-traverts. The spars are made with stamping from sheet steel and have a bark or box cross section of an alternating profile, most reinforced in the middle part. Parts of the frame are fastened with coalsels and savages on rivets or by welding.
Fig. 1. Frame of a truck
Front transverse beams serve to mount the engine. Brackets are attached to the spars for fastening suspension parts.
In trucks in the back of the frame on special transverse beams, a towing device is installed, which includes a hook with constipation and a shock absorbing spring or with a rubber shock absorber. The hook is designed to join the trailers towed by the car.
In front of the frame, two simple hooks used to tow the car during its malfunction, pulling out of the dirt, etc.
Metal focus is attached to the front of the frame - the buffer. The frame with all parts collected on it relies through the pendant parts on the axis with wheels.
The frame is also equipped with high capacity cars, having a significant distance between the axes of the wheels ("Seagull", ZIL -111).
Fig. 2. Carrier car body
To obtain the necessary strength and eliminating the possibility of body deformations, the frame of passenger cars produce a special design, usually with a X-shaped transverse beam and with beams that have increased sections. To the front and rear parts of the frame attach buffers.
In passenger cars of small and medium capacity, a separate frame is usually absent and a rigid base of the body is used instead of the frame. Such a body is called carrier. The carrier construction of the body has cars "Zaporozhets", "Moskvich" and "Volga".
A passenger car with a bearing body frame replaces the rigid design of the body frame (Fig. 2), consisting of floor, reinforced beams, front part, side racks, roofs and rear. These parts are equipped with amplifiers and are connected by welding. In front of the floor, the body is attached by bolts or with welding a short (inspection) frame, which serves to install the power unit and the front suspension of the car. Slopes welded to the frame are mounted with bolts or welded to the body panel.
The car's frame is used to attach the engine on it, chassis units, body and, thus, is a supporting design.
Fig. 3. The spar of the car ZIL -130: 1 - towing hook; 2 - buffer; 3 - shock absorber bracket; 4 - cross; 5 - spar; 6 - towing device; 7 - springs brackets; In - Engine Support Bracket
Rama has all cargo cars, high-end cars and some types of buses. According to the design, spar frames, central (ridge) and X-shaped (combined) differ.
The sparse frame that has received the greatest distribution consists of two spars (longitudinal beams), interconnected by several crossies (Fig. 3). A buffer with two towing hooks is fastened to the front end of the frame, a tow instrument is installed in the back of the frame. Brackets for shock absorbers, springs, engine supports, cabins and platforms are attached to the spars.
Spars and crossbars are stamped from sheet steel and join rivets among themselves. The cross section of the spars has a habitual profile with the highest height and rigidity in the medium, more loaded part of the frame. Scrolls may have a special form necessary to install certain components and car units.
The frameless design of the car involves the use of the carrier body and is used in passenger cars of small, middle class and some types of buses. This reduces the weight of the passenger car by about 5%, the buse is 15%. The body of the passenger car body is a rigid welded construction, which includes floor-enhanced by spars and cross, front with two submarines of the inspection frame, the back of the panel, sidewalls with racks, wings and roof.
The car frame when driving is experiencing significant vertical dynamic loads from the inertia forces of the tight parts - the frame, engine, clutch and gearbox, body. The frame is calculated on the strength in bending, diop and manufactured from small-carbon or unfounded steels with good strength and plasticity.
The frame of the car is an axle on which all car mechanisms are strengthened. The frame should have high strength and rigidity, but at the same time be easy and have such a form at which the lower location of the center of gravity of the car is possible to increase its stability.
There are three main types of frames:
- spar, consisting of two longitudinal beams (spars) connected by cross;
- Central, having one longitudinal beam or pipe as a ridge;
- Combined, combining both principle in their design (the middle part of the frame is performed as a central one, and the ends are made by Lon-Gerontic).
On trucks, sparheads consisting of two longitudinal parallel beams - spars connected by crossings (traverses) were most common with the use of welding or rivets. In the zones subjected to the greatest loads, the spars have a higher profile, and sometimes amplified by local inserts. Material for spars serve steel trudge profiles (chawlgers). Spars are sometimes made in vertical and horizontal planes.
Fig. 3. Automotive frames: A and B - spar; in - central; G - combined
Brackets for fastening sprinkle, footage and spare wheel, as well as buffer and traction device are sticking to the spars. The buffers protect the body from damage when driving, and the traction coupling device is used to tow trailers.
The frame is the basis for fastening the aggregates, mechanisms and body of the car.
The frame of the cargo car consists of two longitudinal beams - spars, and several crossbar. The frame elements are made by stamping and are connected to rivets. Spars for hay long have an unequal section; In the middle part, and in three-axle cars and in the rear, they have a greater height. The crossbars are made by such a form that ensures the mounting to the frame of the corresponding mechanisms.
In front of the frame to spars, a buffer and towing hooks are attached. Cars ZIL on the front buffer have a folding footboard. A towing device and removable elastic buffers are installed on the rear cross. On ZIL car on the rear cross, there are two ry-bolts for fastening the emergency trailer chains.
A towing device consists of a hook with a latch, a rubber buffer with stubborn washers, a housing with a bracket and a cap. The hook latch is held in the closed or open position of the dog. To eliminate spontaneous disintegration in the latch holes and the dogs are inserted with a pin attached to the hook on the chain. Lubrication of rubbing surfaces is carried out through press oil. The tug-in device of the car "Ural-375d" as an elastic element, a spring is used, and the device itself is fixed in a special crossbar, which is low to the rear ends of the frame side meters.
Fig. 4. Rama car ZIL -131:
1 - front buffer; 2 - towing hook; 3 - bracket of a starting handle; 4, 9, 12, 13, 14 - crossbars; 5 - mudguards; 6 - Bracket rear engine support; 7 - upper shock absorber bracket; .8-- Bracket mounting an electromagnetic control of the turning on the front axle; 10 - bracket rear suspension cabin; 11 - bracket fixing dispensing box; 15 - rim trailer chains; 16 - towing device; 17 - Brackets of rear spuffers; 18, 20 - Front springs brackets; 19 - Longer
The main faults of the frame are the weakening of rivets, the appearance of cracks and fractures in the frame. Weakened rivets are detected by rattling sound, which they publish when climbing with a hammer. Cracks and foes are determined by the external inspection. Weakened rivets should be replaced with new or instead to put bolts with spring washers.
Due to the high strength and rigidity of the frame of special maintenance does not require. It is necessary to clean it daily from dirt and dust (snow), produce washing. At T-1, check the state of rivet compounds and the integrity of individual frame elements. It is necessary to follow the status of the color of the frame and timely tint places where the color is broken.
The car's frame must be highly durable and rigidity. The frame should be easy and have such a form that would ensure the possibility of a lower location of the center of gravity of the car, which increases its stability.
Fig. 5. Frames:
a - with parallel spars; b - with narrowing spars; B - with curved spars; 1 - spar; 2 - crossing
The sparse frames obtained their name from their components of the longitudinal beams-side meters connected with each other with the help of welding or riveting. In places exposed to the greatest loads, the spars have a higher profile, and sometimes amplified by local inserts. Spars are often made in vertical and horizontal planes. To protect against damage. Radiator and wings, buffers in the form of transverse beams are installed on the front end of the frame, which perceive shocks when the car is on the obstacle.
Front crossing frame has a shape specifically adapted to install the engine. To enhance the cross, sometimes in places of their attachment to the spars are superimposed by jams and squares.
In cars with carrier bodies there is no frame, but there is a subframe for fastening the engine and the front wheels to the body.
In fig. 6 shows a frame of a cargo car consisting of two spars having a series of alternating sequence profile and cross. Spars and crossbars are made of leaf low-carbon steel.
Front buffer and towing hooks are attached to the side meters from the front with brackets and bolts.
For fastening the radiator and the front engine supports, the front crossing is equipped with spars. The rear supports for the engine are brackets.
Front springs are attached to brackets. Rubber buffers prevent Spring Spring about the spar. Rear springs are attached to the brackets. In a loaded car, the ends of the predsorrovnikov (additional springs) are based on the supporting platforms.
On the left side member, the nest for batteries and the mounting bracket of the steering mechanism are installed. On the right side member there is a bracket 6 of the mounting of the spare wheel.
The intermediate support of the cardan shaft is reinforced from the bottom of the second cross, to the top of which the back of the cabin is attached.
The traction and coupling device is attached to the strut and stretch marks to the rear cross. At the rear end of the right spar, the bracket of the rotation pointer is placed, and at the rear end of the left side carrier - the rear light bracket.
Fig. 6. Car Rama ZIL -130:
1 - front buffer; 2 - Bracket fastening a towing hook; 3 - towing hook; 4 - engine mount bracket; 5 - the spar amplifier; 6 - bracket mounting spare wheel; 7 - rotation pointer bracket; 8 - stretching; 9 - towing device; 10, 13, 16, 17 and 24 - crossbars; 11 - rear light bracket; 12 - strut fastening of the traction and coupling device; 14 - Bracket fastening rear springs; 15 - Supporting platforms; 18 - Bracket fastening platform; 19 - spar; 20 - the nest of batteries; 21 - bracket mounting of the steering mechanism; 22 - bracket fastening of the front sprore; 23 - rubber buffer; 25 - Bracket for the direction of the launcher
Brackets serve to fasten the platform, and the bracket is for the direction of the starting handle.
Amplifiers are attached to raising the rigidity and strength of the frame to its spars.
When towing a car, hooks are used.
The frame is the basis of a truck and serves to install all units on it. To ensure the correct interaction of the aggregates, the frame must have high rigidity. The frame consists of two longitudinal beams - spars having a section of a chapeller, and several transverse traverse beams. The beams of the frame are made of strip steel by the method of hot stamping. For spars use low-alloy steel, and for traverse carbon. The length of the spars have an alternating section - more in the middle part and smaller in both ends. The sprinks of the springs, side supports of the engine, power steering, etc. are suitable for them.
Atientary: - Chassis of the carHow to collect together all the aggregates of the self-charter, ensuring their exact interposition under any conditions of movement? The first auto-engineers did not think about it for a long time. Everything was already invented before them, and the options were before our eyes: or carrying the "body" of the carts and carriages, or the framework of the locomotive and other railway transport. Then the question was resolved in favor of the frames, and today cars with traditional frame structures are quite rare. Although the elements of the frame circuit uses most of the modern serial machines.
What is Frame?
In general, the understanding of the frame (in the terminology of the first half of the last century - the core) is a pair of spars from a metal profile connected by several crossings. The frame serves as the basis, the power frame, which "hang out" body, power unit, suspension elements, etc.
Why did the designers choose the frame?
1. The carrier body was either not sufficiently rigid, or too heavy - the then low level of technology has affected.
An important feature of the frame structure, flat in essence, is a low resistance to dice compared to the carrier structure of the box in its essence. Throughout the "frame era", this issue was solved in two ways - increasing the thickness of the metal and the amount of across or changing the characteristics of the metal itself.
The problem in principle turned out to be solved, the more not always the low resistance to the collar in harmed by cars. Thus, in the mass Soviet truck ZIS-5 "elastic" frame ("drops" between the diagonally opposite ends of the frame could reach 3-4 cm) significantly increased the patency of three-shoes, not allowing the wheels on the Ughab the wheels were hung. The loss of contact of the wheel of the leading bridge from the road is fraught with the stopping machine due to the "care" of the torque on the rising wheel, so the three-year ZIS was valued on the front road off-road in the period of the Great Patriotic.
ZIS-5.
2. On the same platform it was possible to sell many car models for different customer requests.
This is now the term "platform" understand as a kind of community of details of two different cars. In the first half of the twentieth century, the technology worked literally.
Many cars were sold in the form of chassis - frames with all the chassis units up to the steering wheel and pedals, and the body client had already ordered a specialized studio. As a result, the buyer, possessing a sufficient amount of finance, could afford an absolutely exclusive car with a fully serial aggregate base. Now it is already, alas, it is impossible.
"ASTO" of the car of the beginning of the century, photo: wikipedia.org
Evolution of Rama
Initially, solid wood, less frequently-metallic pipes used for the manufacture of the island. In the 1910s, frames with a familiar open profile have already become introduced on trucks.
Spar Rama
In English terminology, this type of frames is often called stair due to external similarity with the object of the same name. Two longitudinal spars is most often made of an open profile. The shape of the transverse beams is different (K-shaped, X-shaped, perpendicular), and fragments of frames can be connected with each other with welding (mostly passenger cars), rivets (trucks) or even bolts (piece instances).
Spar Rama, photo: wikipedia.org
Today, the riveted frames are most often used on pickups and trucks. Some engineers also include x-shaped frames that are significantly easier (they built the entire American classics of the 50s, as well as the Soviet "Seagulls" - GAZ-13 and GAZ-14). The main advantage of the spar frame is the simplicity of design and manufacturability. The main disadvantages are great weight and bulky, which has adversely affected the useful space inside the car.
"Seagull" GAZ-13
Range Rama.
The history of the ridge (central) frames began in the 20s of the twentieth century in the Czech Republic. Designers of cars brand "Tatra" were first developed and implemented a new scheme into their cars. The main element of the design is a pipe connecting the rear leading bridge crankcase with a power unit and transmission. Inside this carrier on itself the entire load of the pipe is located without a cardan hinge, transmitting torque from the engine on the wheels. That is, the connection, in contrast to all modern rear and all-wheel drive cars, was tough.
As the operating experience has shown, the main advantages of the ridge frame are high twist stiffness and the ability to easily create multi-wheel-drive structures. The main disadvantage is considered to be difficult access to units built into the frame.
The ridge frames at one time were used on cars, and today they are successfully applied at r. It is enough to say that on such a car "Tatra" Karel Loprais, speaking in the marathon Paris - Dakar, for 14 years (from 1988 to 2002) six times became the champion in the class of trucks and the silver won four times.
Cargo car "Tatra"
Wilchato-Range frames
And again, the Czech Republic ... Wilcy-ridge frames appeared for the first time before World War II on cars from this country - Skodakh and Tatras. Sometimes the Wilcy-ridge frames refer to the view of the ridge frames. The main feature of this kind is that the front and rear parts are tridents formed by the central tube of the frame and the two spars extending from it, which are used to fasten the nodes and aggregates.
Unlike vehicles with a ridge frame, an ordinary drive shaft is used in machines with a Wilshape design, and the crankcases of bridges and the engine are not a single integer with the central pipe. Bright carriers of this design are pre-war "Tatra-77" and "Tatra-87". These were revolutionary comfortable cars for their time: they differed at the same time extremely low for the 30s of the last century the windshield coefficient (0.34), moderate "appetite" and unimportant handling caused by the rear-engine arrangement. Today, the Wilcy-Range Frames in the Automotive Industry are not used.
"Tatra-87"
Peripheral Rama
They are the next turn of the evolution of the sparrocks and found a massive applied on American "dreadnings" and large European passenger cars (for example, Opel Admiral) of the first half of the 60s, all Soviet representative limousines have been created on the same principle, starting with ZIL-114.
The spars in this design are divided as widely that when installing the body they turn out to be near the thresholds. The output of the massive elements of the frame to the sides of the car allowed the designers to significantly lower the floor level in the car and reduce the height of the car itself.
Peripheral Rama
The main pluses of the peripheral frame are considered the high resistance of the design to side shocks, as well as the best fitness to the conveyor assembly. The main drawback is that such a frame cannot perceive all loads herself, so the car body should be more durable, tough, which affects its weight.
Until recently (until 2012), a comfortable Ford Crown Victoria sedan was produced with such a type of frame, which became a symbol of the American taxi and a police car in the 1990-2000s. Engineers managed to achieve amazing performance indicators, including through the use of special rubber dampers, through which the body was attached to the frame.
Ford Crown Victoria.
Spatial Rama
Spatial or three-dimensional frames first appeared in a large motor sport in the 20s of the last century. They were most often created from thin pipes (manufactured using alloyed steels, products of which are unusual torsion).
In general, pipe structures are difficult to carry bending loads. Therefore, the designers have always strived for the pipes to be loaded only on compression or stretching, but not "on the break." Today in motor racing spatial frames gave way to monocots, but they gained the second life in the bus. By the way, until the beginning of the 2000s, all Renault Espace minivans were built on the spatial frame - the tubular frame was trimmed by body panels. For the sake of security and cheaper production from this scheme refused.
Spatial frame Mercedes-Benz 300sl Coupe (Gullwing) W198 (1954)
Carrier bottom
Carrier base of the car is an intermediate stage between frame design and bearing body. In this embodiment, the frame is combined with the body floor. The most popular and most famous owner of the bearing bottom is the German "Folkwagen Beetle", whose body was attached to a flat floor panel on bolts. Also according to the similar principle, another mass car from neighboring France was performed - Renault 4CV similar to the "beetle" rear-wheel drive layout.
Although her body was already typical all-handed, he had a full-fledged subframe. Woven to the floor, he had a view of two spars stretching from the front bumper to the zone of the front passengers. However, the integration of the frames into the body body (or, if you want, the "fascination of the" body elements "elements) is another topic that we will devote the following article.
GAZ-21 "Volga"
