Technological lubricants directly during rolling process by filing to the focus of deformation between the strip and rolls are applied at mandatory when cold rolling sheets. However, recently, technological lubricants are becoming more and more used and in the process of hot rolling sheet metal mainly on SCHE. Their use allows to increase the efficiency of the production of rolled products, reduce energy consumption and wear of rolls, reduce the force on the rolls, reduce the temperature of the working rolls, reduce the magnitude of the friction coefficient, reduce the number of defects, reduce the scale, improve the quality of the strip surface, and improve the performance of the mill and improve quality Rental.
At the same time, with hot rolling there are adverse conditions for the formation and retention of a uniform lubricant layer on a roll or strip.
The first problem is that water that is used to cool the rolls, not only flushes the oil from the surface of the roll, but also worsens the oil adhesion to the metal surface. Also, in the focus of deformation, the lubricant is under the action of high pressure and temperature, which lead to the decomposition of lubricant. However, its burning in the focus of deformation does not occur due to the small (hundredths of a second) of the time of finding the deformation focus.
Due to the presence of such extreme conditions, the following requirements are imposed on lubrication:
- lubrication should ensure an effective reduction in the force of friction and wear of the rolls;
- do not wash off from the rolls and not squeeze out of the focus of deformation, forming a uniform film;
- do not cause corrosion of equipment and rolled metal;
- be affordable, cheap and deficient;
- meet sanitation and hygiene requirements;
- be technological from the point of view of filing to the focus of deformation;
- it is easy to remove from the surface of the finished rental after cooling.
The basic effect of the use of technological lubricants is to reduce the strength of rolling, which in turn affects the reduction of electricity consumption for rolling
(Table 3).
Table 3 Electricity consumption when rolling sheets with lubricant and without TLS 2300 of the Donetsk Metallurgical Plant Thus, the specific consumption of electricity consumed on rolling using lubricant in the pure cage of the thickness mill 2300 decreased by 5.3 ... 12.5%.
In general, the advantages of using hot rolling lubricants are as follows:
- increasing the resistance of rolls by 50 ... 70%, due to which the time loss on the roll transshipment is reduced and the capacity is increased by 1.5 ... 2%;
- reducing the rolling force by 10 ... 20%, due to which electricity saving is ensured by 6 ... 10%, the deflection of rolls decreases and the accuracy of rolling increases;
- reducing heat transfer from rolled to rolls, due to which the peak value of the surface temperature of the roll is reduced by 50 ... 100 ºС, the level of thermal stresses in the roll is reduced and its durability increases, and also decreases heat loss with rolled;
- more "soft" working conditions of the rolls contribute to the decrease in the number of rolls, which are written off due to the surface of the surface, several times;
- the quality of the surface of the sheets is improved due to the purity of the surface of the roll;
- the phase composition of the scale changes - its hardness is reduced, which makes it easier to remove it. The amount of scale decreases at 1.5 ... 2 times.
Types of hot rolling lubricants
Lubricants that are used with hot rolling along the aggregate state can be divided into: solid, plastic (consistent) and liquid. In terms of origin, lubricants based on the use of inorganic (graphite, talc, etc.), organic (mineral oils, fats, etc.) of materials, and synthetic lubricants (for example, the use of polymers soluble in water) are distinguished. In fig. 23 Presented a classification of technological lubricants used by hot rolling.
Fig. 23. Classification of technological lubricants for hot rolling steel Solid lubricants Basically manufactured based on graphite in the form of briquettes. The lubricant layer is applied to the roller by pressing the briquette to the surface of the rotating roll.
However, the structural difficulties of fastening briquettes and the complexity of fine dosing did not allow these lubricants to get widespread use.
Technological lubricants based liquid glass are applied to the surface of the strip. However, despite its high efficiency, they did not find wide use on the mills due to the difficulty of uniform application on the entire surface of the strip and removal of a glass film from the surface of the finished rolled steel. Also, such lubricants adversely affect the working conditions of the staff.
Consystem and pasty lubricants It is also very effective, but due to the difficulties of the fine dosage, they also did not find wide industrial applications. Salt lubricants are used in the form of aqueous solutions that can be applied to the workpiece until it is heated into the furnace. However, such lubricants cause increased corrosion of the deformable metal and equipment.
The most rational, as the research results and experience in the use of lubricants on industrial launches are liquid technological lubricantswhich can be used in pure form, in the form of emulsions, water-oil mixtures, in the form of a solution in each other, melt, etc. The characteristics of the liquid lubricants are presented in Table 4.
Table 4.
As a technological lubricant with hot rolling, complex mixtures of the following compositions are proposed: a mixture mineral Oil With vegetable mineral with castor and additives of paraffin, polyoxythylenersolbutane, lubricants based on fats and other mixtures. To increase the efficiency of lubrication as special additives, fats and fatty acids can be used. The characteristic of some oils that can be used as a technological lubricant for hot rolling is shown in Table 5.
Table 5. Characteristics of oils that can be used in
quality of technological lubricant for hot rolling
Methods for applying lubricants
Lubrication can be applied both on the strip and on the rolling rolls. When applied to the strip, the lubricant must be non-combustible (salts, silicate melts), it is applied or before the rolling cage or on the billet before heating in the furnace, however, as already mentioned, these methods have not found wide use.
Therefore, the main way is the method of applying lubrication to rolling rolls. There are various ways to supply technological lubricants to the rolls:
- Entering together with coolant through cooling collectors;
- Splashing with nozzles;
- Application of contact devices;
- Spraying with air or steam.
The choice of method depends on the specific conditions of application: the type of mill, temperature of rolling, rolling metal, rolling speed. Consider the above methods.
Entering lubricant together with coolant through cooling collectors
By this method, lubricant is entered into the pipeline of the cooling system immediately before the water supply collector for rolling rolls. Such a system is quite simple, however, when it is used, there are certain difficulties with ensuring accurate dosage of lubricant and the formation of a uniform lubricant film.
Consider as an example supply of lubrication on the rollers of the varietal mill (Fig. 24). On the varietal hot rolling mill, the rolls are cooled with water supplied by the pump through the pipeline through the cooling collectors directly into the caliber.
Fig. 24. Technological lubrication system when preparing a mixture in collectors: 1 - Cooling water supply pump; 2 - pipeline; 3 - oil supply pump; 4-ticket oil supply; 5 - valve; 6 - Cooling reservoirs; 7 - Rolling rolls; 8 - Rascat The lubricant in the form of a mixture of mineral oil with fat additives is served by a pipe in the pipeline to the water supply line, where it is influenced by turbulence, mixed with water, and the resulting water-oil mixture from the collectors enters the roller gauges. In the absence of roller in the cables, the lubricant is stopped by the valve triggering, the presence of rollers in the rolls is controlled using special sensors.
Splashing with nozzles
To implement this method, installing nozzles for supplying lubricating fluid on working rolls in the rolling tilt space. Schemes of autonomous supply of lubrication on the rolls of four-tag cells of continuous broadband mills are shown in Fig. 25. When using this method, the lubricant is pre-prepared in a special tank, and then fed to rolls. In many cases, it includes the supply of lubrication on the support rolls, while the number of nozzles for supplying the lubricant to the lower rolls is greater than on the top.
Fig. 25. Schemes for supplying technological lubrication on the rolls: A - Stan 1725 in Pittsburgh (USA), B - Stan in Equarent (England), V - Stan 1725 Firms "Sharon Styl" (England), Mr. 1525 Firms "Sharon Styl" (England), d - Feed lubricant to the focus of deformation, e - combined lubricant method (autonomously to the upper support roller and together with cooling water to the bottom working roller), g - feeding lubrication with one-sided cooling of the rolls
In fig. 26 shows a lubricant system on Siemens workers.
Fig. 26. Device for applying lubricant on working rolls (a), the design of the nozzles (b) and the location of the device in the working cage (B): 1 - water pipelines and lubrication, 2 - nozzles, 3 - sealing tape The main nozzles for spraying lubrication are installed from the working side of the rolls, and on the output side, nozzles are installed for cooling rolls. The preparation of the water-oil mixture is performed directly in the nozzle itself, and the uniform distribution of the mixture over the surface of the roll is provided by a sealing tape.
Fig. 27. Feed lubricant to the caliber of the grade of the variety The use of nozzles is possible in varietal mills. In this case, the nozzles are installed so that the lubrication immediately falls directly into the caliber (Fig. 27).
Application with contact devices
By this method, lubricant is applied with the help of contact devices that are pressed to the roll. The contacting element, which is a metal or textolite box filled with lubricant, is supplied around the perimeter with an elastic wear-resistant material, which presses the water from the roll and holds the lubricant in the device. It is also possible to apply lubricant with a porous material, or by pressing briquettes. The method allows the use of lubricant, both in solid and in a pasty or liquid state.
System for applying lubricant with contact method includes 2 subsystems:
- subsystems for storing and cooking lubrication;
- lubrication subsystem for rolls of working cage.
The first subsystem includes tanks for storing a concentrated liquid lubricant, the tank for the preparation of the mixture of the required concentration and temperature. The second subsystem consists of pumps, filters, shut-off and regulating reinforcement, highways for transporting lubricants and devices for applying lubrication to rolls.
The diagram of the device for contacting the lubricant on the rolls of four-tag crates, SCHP is presented in Fig. 28.
Fig. 28. System for supplying lubricant to rolls in contact method: 1 - tank; 2 - drain nozzle; 3 - shut-off valve; 4 - filter; 5 - pump; 6 - pressure gauge; 7 - valve; 8 - control unit; 9 - the sensor for the presence of a strip in the crate; 10 - strip; 11 - rolls; 12 - Contact device for applying lubricant The contact device is a textolite box that is sealed along the contour felt and the open side pressed to the rolls. The water-oil mixture (oil concentration 6 ... 8%) is prepared in a tank of 9 m 3 by purging with steam and air for 20 minutes. The mixture is heated to 50 ... 60 ° C. Lubrication is fed only at the moment when the strip is in the crate, which is controlled by the sensor. The system has two contours, the first is used for mixing the mixture, the second to supply the mixture to the rolls.
Air spraying or ferry
This method provides for the creation of the so-called oil mist inside the working space of the rolling cage. The oil comes into the suction chamber of the ejector, where it is mixed with the working medium and in the form of an oil fog goes to contact deviceswhere sprayed on the surface of the rolls.
Despite all the advantages in terms of lubrication efficiency, this method has a number of significant drawbacks. First, it is necessary to use sufficiently complex equipment and completely isolate the working space of the crate. Secondly, the oil fog creates unsafe conditions for the health of workers' mills.
Description of the invention
The invention relates to the field of technology associated with the development and use of methods for lubricating the sliding surface of the ski (coating systems on the sliding surface of the ski).
Skiing, as well as ski rides and hiking, cannot be submitted without the use of special coatings (ski lubricants). Ski lubricants are used to ski well-slip - skiers say "rolled", and did not slip back - in the language of skiers "kept". Therefore, all lubricants are divided into two large groups: Mazi slip or paraffins that provide the best slip, and maintenance of holding, which provide no slipping, "hold".
Paraffins (Masi Slip) are divided into two groups: without fluorine (simple) and fluoride, providing better slip. When using paraffins with fluorine additives, not only the air temperature, but also its humidity, as well as the type and structure of snow are taken into account.
The sliding surface of modern skis is made of polyethylene of various varieties. In the racing ski models, the sliding surface is made of high molecular weight amorphous polyethylenes. They differ in the content of additives, for example, graphite (black sliding surface) or fluorocarbon (color splashes in plastic), "partable" into the structure of plastic. Polyethylene consists of small crystals surrounded by a less structured amorphous material.
When applying coatings modern technologies, that is, when the sliding surface of the ski is heated, some of the coating material crystals begin to melt before the entire material (at a temperature of approximately 135 ° C). When the lubrication material is wetted with an iron into a sliding surface, the liquid paraffin penetrates between crystals and is mixed with an amorphous material. This means that there is not only saturation of the sliding surface with a lubricant material, but also its chemical structure directly changes.
Surface treatment with lubricant not only improves the quality of sliding, but also protects the surface from mechanical destruction of ice crystals, mechanical contaminants of snow.
Unfortunately, even a qualitatively applied paraffin coating is destroyed during operation skis and a tourist have to repeat the time-consuming operation almost daily, and the athlete - many times during the competition. In this regard, the need to use efficient way Application of sliding coatings capable of ensuring high quality slip and duration of operation is relevant.
A known method for lubricating the sliding surface of the ski, which consists in the fact that the application of lubrication is carried out with a power supply equipped with a rotating brush with which the ski ointi lumber is in contact. The heated iron is moved along the sliding surface of the ski, heating it, and at the same time, the rotating brush captures ointment particles and causes it to the heated ski surface.
Also known is the method of lubricating the sliding surface of the ski, implemented using the device - the stove, in which a flat electric heating element is installed. On the stove mounted a tank with a ski ointment, equipped with a press oil lever, the free end of which is mounted on the handle. Moving the device on the ski surface, the athlete doses manually the amount of ointment ointment.
The method of patent is also used, when the sale of the ski is set in the inclined position on a special stand with a sliding surface outward. Along this surface, the nozzle moved up-down along the guides and the connected pipeline with a container for heating the ski ointment is placed.
The disadvantage of all the described analogues is: first, the lack of control of the temperature of the ski surface and, therefore, it is uneven heating along the length, which causes overheating of the lubricant and the ski surface; And secondly, there is insufficient filling of the pore ski and microcracks on the sliding surface with lubricant, which worsens its running properties.
The closest to the proposed technical solution is the method of applying lubrication to the sliding surface of the ski through the patent adopted for the prototype. The method is to apply the lubrication material on the sliding surface of the ski, the implementation of the energy impact and the uniform distribution of lubrication.
In the prototype, the ski is placed in the container, then apply lubricant to their sliding surface with heating of the surface and lubrication. Before heating, the container, with skis placed in it, seal. Skiing in the container is placed on the stops made from the material of the lubricant, between which along the entire length of the skis, from their sliding surface, the uniform layer pour lubrication in the form of a powder. The air is then pumped out of the container to vacuum 0.2-0.9 atm and heated for 4-20 minutes the inner volume of the container with skiing and lubrication to 70-90 ° C in it. After the heating is completed, the pressure inside the container is raised to 1-3 atm and maintain it for 1-3 minutes and then the ski is removed.
The prototype allows partially to eliminate the flaws. famous methods, however, has the following significant disadvantages:
1. Does not provide deep penetration of lubrication material into the structure of the polymer coating of the ski. Improve penetration is possible only by increasing the temperature (reducing the viscosity of the lubricant and the expansion of the polymer coating). However, such a path in practice is unacceptable due to the smaller melting point of the polymer coating crystals, compared with the melting point of the surrounding amorphous material, in which paraffin should penetrate. In practice, this leads to the burning surface and spider skis.
2. Does not provide long-term location on the sliding surface and isolating the lubrication material to the surface from the depth of the ski material during the operation of the ski. As a result, the vulnery of the surface of the ski surface of the Ski and the formation of new ones is released. When gliding, these villus reduce the speed and need to be either cut off (hang), or to be installed into the surface. Both leads to a deterioration in the quality of the sliding surface and a decrease in the period of operation of expensive skis.
The task of which the invention is directed is to eliminate the shortcomings of the existing method and creating a new method capable of ensuring uniform lubrication and better filling of micropores on the ski sliding surface, to make a uniform application on the sliding surface of the ski at temperatures below the melting point of the sliding surface material. and carry out profound paraffin penetration in its pores.
The analysis of the currently implemented methods of lubrication of the sliding surface of the skis showed their inconsistency and the need to search new technology applying coatings on the sliding surface of the ski. Obviously, such a technology should ensure the deep penetration of paraffin into the structure of the polymer material of the sliding surface at a temperature of a smaller temperature of its melting while simultaneously polishing the surface and remove the vein.
The essence of the proposed technical solution It consists in applying the lubricant material to the sliding surface of the ski, the implementation of the energy exposure, uniform distribution of the lubrication material along the sliding surface of the ski, and the energy exposure is carried out using an electromechanical converter having a flat radiating surface and a limiter providing an adjustable gap between the radiating surface and the sliding ski surface. . The grease is introduced into the grease and the lubricant material affects ultrasonic oscillations in the frequency range of 20 ... 100 kHz, with intensity sufficient to occur in cavitation in the lubrication material. The movement of the converter, along the sliding surface of the ski, is the formation of a layer of lubricant between the emitting surface of the converter and the sliding surface of the ski, and the speed of moving the converter is set depending on the viscosity and cavitation strength of the lubricant material.
Analysis of functionality various methods The energy impact on the sliding polymer surface of the skis made it possible to establish the effectiveness of the use of ultrasound technologies based on ultrasonic impregnation phenomena, low-temperature welding, reducing viscosity, degassing.
Ultrasound technologies, in relation to solving the problem of preparation of the sliding surface of the ski, make it possible to implement the following technological processes:
1. Ultrasonic impregnation based on the sound circular effect and reducing the viscosity of materials capable of ensuring the input of the molten lubricant material deep into the surface material at low temperatures. without thermal surface damage. In the process of introducing ultrasonic oscillations, the lubricant molecules occurs due to cavitation arising in it and their deeper penetration into the sliding surface of the ski. With the introduction of ultrasound, its degassing occurs in lubrication, which ensures a smooth surface of the paraffin coating, without gas bubbles - voids.
2. Ultrasonic welding, realized at temperatures below the melting point of the melted materials and based on multiple acceleration of diffusion processes. It provides not only the intensification of paraffin penetration into the polymer coating, but also allows you to destroy and boil into the surface of the skis formed hairs (vile).
3. The softening of the lubricant (translation into the viscousoplastic state) occurring at a temperature below its melting temperature due to a decrease in the viscosity of the material subjected to ultrasound. Perhaps also, low-temperature spraying of the lubricant material when using high-intensity ultrasonic oscillations.
The undoubted advantages of ultrasound technology should also include, also, the possibility of excluding the immediate mechanical contact of the surface of the ultrasonic converter with the treated surface. Impact is carried out through a thin layer (0.5 ... 3 mm) liquid material Lubricants in cavitating condition. This eliminates the heating of the sliding polyethylene surface to the melting point or decomposition of polyethylene.
The proposed method of lubricating the sliding surface of the skis is illustrated by Fig. 1, on which the following notation was adopted:
1 - oscillatory system, 2 - piezoceramic elements, 3 - reflective pad, 4 - housing, 5 - protective housing, 6 - fan, 7 - substrate, 8 - Stubborn ring, 9 ski, 10 - sliding surface skiing, 11 - lubricant Cavitative material.
For the practical implementation of the proposed method for applying lubrication on the sliding surface of the skiing, the Piezoelectric oscillating system 1 is used (figure 2) and the electron generator exerting its electrical power supply (not shown). The implementation of the proposed method is as follows. The lubricant 11 is applied to the sliding surface of the ski 10, after which the contact of the ultrasonic oscillatory system with an applied coating and the input of ultrasonic oscillations occurs. At the same time, the absorption of oscillations in the lubrication material 11 and the lubrication becomes liquid, cavitation processes begin in it, in which the explosions (slamming) of cavitation bubbles ensure the penetration of lubricant into the depth of the sliding surface of the skiing 10.
For the practical implementation of the proposed method, specialized small equipment has been created, providing the necessary and sufficient radiation power on a given processing area.
The equipment includes:
1) a specialized ultrasonic oscillatory system 1 (see FIG 2), having a working surface size, superior to the width of the skiing surface of the ski and providing a uniform distribution of ultrasonic oscillations on a radiating surface to ensure uniform softening and applying paraffin across the entire width of the ski;
2) An electrical oscillation generator of ultrasonic frequency to power the oscillatory system, providing an adjustment of the output power and stabilization of ultrasonic effects during the processing of the ski surface.
The technical result is to create a new method, which allows to improve the quality of the coating applied to the sliding surface, increasing the performance of the process while reducing the energy consumption and the exclusion of the need to use thermal heating systems. The effect is achieved by optimizing the parameters of energy and temporary effects. The developed method of coating on the sliding surface of the ski provides a decrease in slip friction at least 5%, an increase in the volume of lubricant entered into the sliding surface of the ski to 5 ... 10% (depending on the type of ski and coating), which allows Less than 2 times increased ski operation time.
Since the lubricants used have a different starting viscosity, a different melting point, the cavitation process occurs in them at various ultrasonic effects, and the speed of moving the converter when coating can be different and installed experimentally for each type of lubricant.
To implement the proposed method, a specialized ultrasonic oscillatory system was developed, made according to the half-wave circuit in the form of a piezoelectric lanes. Appearance The oscillatory system is shown in figure 2. Designed and developed ultrasonic oscillatory system works as follows. When submission to the electrodes of piezoelements 3 of electrical voltage, there is a conversion of electrical oscillations into mechanical oscillations, which are distributed in the oscillatory system 1 and amplified by choosing the longitudinal and transverse sizes of the lining 2 in such a way that the longitudinal resonance of the entire oscillating system coincides with the diametrical resonance of the working frequency-lowering lining.
The oscillatory system 1 is attached to the housing 4 with screws screwing into the substrate 7 (figure 1). The oscillating system is equipped with a fastening flange, which is clamped between the housing and the substrate 7. The oscillating system is equipped with an additional protective body 5 (figure 1). Air fan 6, through the holes, is drawn into the housing of the oscillating system, passing there, it cools the heated piezoceramic elements 2.
The developed oscillatory system has a working frequency of 27 ± 3.3 kHz, the diameter of the working emitting surface is 65 mm. To ensure an adjustable gap between the radiating surface of the ultrasonic oscillatory system 1 and the surface of the ski 10, a stubborn ring 8 was used.
One of the components of ultrasound technological equipment is an electronic electrical oscillation generator of ultrasonic frequency (not shown in the figures). It is designed to power the ultrasonic oscillatory system.
To ensure the maximum efficiency of the oscillating system, with all possible changes in its parameters, the electronic generator is equipped with an automatic adjustment unit of the generator frequency and stabilizing the amplitude of the oscillations of the radiating surface.
The developed generator to power the ultrasonic oscillatory system has the following parameters:
Operating frequency, kHz 27 ± 3.3
Power control limits,% 0-100
Electrical power consumption, W 250
Supply voltage, 220 ± 22
The appearance of the device is shown in figure 3.
In addition to the intensification of the impregnation and removal process, the use of the ultrasonic apparatus eliminated the need to use special heating devices (irons) to heat the lubrication material.
The studies of the functionality of the created ultrasonic apparatus have made it possible to develop the following paraffin application technique to the sliding surface of the ski:
1) Preliminary inclusion and operation of the device without load (on air) at a power of 100% for 3 ... 5 minutes. This mode ensures the heating of the radiating surface to 80 ... 85 ° C. At such a temperature on the surface, the material of lubricant (paraffin) melts;
2) reducing the power of the device below 100%, not more than 75%;
3) Application of paraffin on the sliding surface and the operation of the device at the power of 75 ... 85% unlimited time.
At the same time, the rate of application of lubricant differed slightly when used different materials Lubricants. Reducing the speed did not lead to a decrease in the quality of the application of lubricant.
The tests carried out showed that the ski slip rate after applying the ultrasound method for applying paraffin to the sliding surface of the ski increases by 5 ... 7%, and the duration of the sliding surface increases by 13-15%.
The appearance of the created ultrasonic apparatus is shown in figure 3.
Thus, the proposed method ensures an increase in efficiency (increasing productivity and improving the quality of impregnation) coating on the sliding surface of the ski through the implementation of the possibilities of ultrasonic intensification of processes.
As a result of the implementation of the proposed technical solution, the technology of coating on skis was optimized, from the point of view of maximum performance, the implementation of the possibility of monitoring the process, reduced energy consumption and the use of high-temperature devices is eliminated.
Designed in the laboratory of acoustic processes and devices of the Biy Technological Institute of the Altai State Technical University, a method of applying a coating on the surface of the ski passed laboratory and technical tests and was practically implemented in the existing installation. Small-sector production of devices are scheduled to begin in 2004.
Information sources
1. Patent FRG No. 3704216 of 1987
2. Patent Sweden №446942 of 1986
3. Patent France №2577816 from 1986.
4. RF Patent №2176539 (prototype).
5. Halopov Yu.V. Ultrasonic welding of plastics and metals L.:
Mechanical engineering, 1988
6. Donskaya A.V., Keller O.K., Kratysh G.S. Ultrasonic electrical installations L.: Energoatomizdat, 1982.
7. Prokhorenko P.P., Djkunov N.V., Konovalov G.E. Ultrasonic capillary effect. Minsk, "Science and Technology", 1981, 135 p.
8. Merkulov A. G., Kharitonov A.V. Theory and calculation of compound hubs, "acoustic journal.", 1959, N 2.
CLAIM
The method of lubricating the sliding surface of the ski, which consists in applying the lubricant material to the sliding surface of the ski, the implementation of the energy exposure, the uniform distribution of the lubrication material along the sliding surface of the ski, characterized in that the energy exposure is carried out using an electromechanical converter having a flat radiating surface and a limiter providing The adjustable gap between the radiating surface and the sliding surface of the ski is introduced into the grease and the lubrication material affects ultrasonic oscillations in the frequency range of 20-100 kHz, with intensity sufficient to occur in cavitation in the lubrication material, moving the converter, along the sliding surface of the ski, the formation is carried out. Lubrication layer between the radiating surface of the converter and the sliding surface of the ski, and the speed of moving the converter is set depending on the viscosity and cavitation strength of the lubricant material .
Lubrication cards and lubrication methods
Lubricant cards. In each instruction manual, the tower crane has a crane lubrication card, which includes a crane scheme.
The scheme indicates the lubricated points and their numbers; The map shows the numbers of lubricated points, the name of the mechanism or part to be lubricated, the lubrication method, the mode and the amount of lubrication in shift to each lubricated part, the name of the lubricant and the consumption of it during the year. In tab. 23 shows part of the BCM-3 crane lubrication card.
When operating the tower crane, it is necessary to strictly follow the instructions contained in the lubricant map. Late lubrication leads to rapid wear of the machine and increased flow Energy. Abundant lubricant is also harmful as insufficient.
A new crane should be lubricated more than a crane that was in work. So, for example, the masks, the filled usually ordered once a day, in the first 10-15 days should be filled twice in shift.
After 10-15 days, go to the usual lubricant mode indicated in the lubricant map.
Methods of lubrication. When the mechanism is lubricated, it is necessary to take measures to prevent foreign pollutant impurities from entering lubricants. Dust, sand and other harmful impurities, falling between drunk details, cause rapid wear of parts, which worsens their operation and leads to premature repair.
Lubrication is applied to rubbing surfaces different ways. Liquid lubricant is supplied by oil-based (Fig. 197, a, b, b, d) and rings (Fig. 197, e), continuously on wicks or droplets from the tank (Fig. 197, E) at certain time intervals (wick and drip Lubrication), under pressure from a pump of a special device (Fig. 197, g) or poured into the gearbox housing (Fig. 197, h).
A thick lubricant is fed under pressure using a syringe (Fig. 197, and), they are smeared on open gears or manually fuel into the bearing housings with spatulas.
Table 23. 
Fig. 197. Methods of applying lubricants on rubbing surfaces
Table 24. 
Lubrication should be guided by the following basic rules.
1. Before applying new lubricant Clean the lubricated de ^ tal from dirt and old lubrication and rinse kerosene, after which it is possible to wipe dry.
2. When filing a thick lubricant under pressure, check whether the lubricant has a lubricant to rubbing surfaces; At the same time, the old oil of dark color should first leaving under pressure, and then new - light color. If this is not observed, it is necessary to clean the entire oil pipeline from the dirt and the old lubricant.
3. Check the quality of lubricant on the absence of water and other impurities. Substitutional ointments, in addition, should not contain lumps and extraneous impurities, which is checked by rubbing the lubricant on the fingers. Liquid oils are preferably filtered before use.
4. Store lubricants in a closed clean tableware separately by type and varieties.
5. Do not make lubricant on the course of the machine.
6. Economically use lubricants and not spend it over the installed norm.
For steel ropes Apply ointments or their substitutes shown in Table. 25
Table 25. 
Steel ropes have a hemp core, impregnated. Lubrication, which is a constant source of lubrication of strands of the rope. In addition, additional regular lubrication of ropes is needed.
In the preparation of ointments, the compositions to be mixed are heated to 60 °.
The ropes are lubricated before the initial installation of them on the crane, as well as every time with the new montage of the crane. The best way Rope lubricants - immersion before installing for a day in a tank with mineral oil.
For coating 1 p. M rope with a diameter of 8 to 21 mm, 30-40 g of ointment (indicated above compositions) is required. When coating with a lubricant of new, not used ropes, the grade flow rate increases by 50%. You can manually lubricating the ropes using the ends or cloths impregnated or mechanically, passing the ropes through the bath, filled with ointment. Designs of devices for this purpose are shown in Fig. 198.
When packing bearings, lubrication is laid on 2/3 of the container of the case.
For this analysis, I will consider each kind of more detailed, this will allow you to have accurate ideas about the method and appreciate the pros and cons. Methods of application consistant lubricants: Mechanical wrapping, squeezing with subsequent blank, dipped in heated lubrication, pneumatic or mechanical spraying of preheated grease.
Method of mechanical discharge.Requires pre-preparation of lubricant to the required plasticity, special devices for supplying plastic lubrication to the place of application.
Method of extrusion with subsequent discharge.This method also requires preliminary lubrication to the required plasticity. In case of extrusion, the plasticity of lubrication decreases.
Method of dipping into heated lubricant.Requires special training The consistent lubrication with a change in its aggregate state is as a result of significant energy intensity. The method is not environmentally friendly, since the heating of the consistant lubricants, light fractions are distinguished, harmful affecting the environment.
A method of pneumatic or mechanical spraying of preheated grease.The method also requires special preparation of the grease with a change in its aggregate state. The method has a significant energy intensity and is not environmentally friendly. This method has losses (up to 15%) lubrication for fogging.
Method of individual lubrication. The main characteristic feature and disadvantage of the individual method is that the service is used when applied lubricants (Massel and various designs) takes considerable time. This is especially noticeable in cases where several oils are intended for servicing the machine and they are at a considerable distance from each other.
The method of centrifugal applying plastic lubricants on the surface.In which the consistency grease is applied on the surface under the action of centrifugal forces acting on the lubrication particles during rotation of their rotor, characterized in that, in order to increase the performance of the process of applying a grease without changing its aggregate state, it is carried out onto the surface with a rotating rotor with fixed on It over screw lines with rods through the housing slot in which the rotor rotates. The use of the proposed method of applying a consistency lubricant on the surface provides compared to existing methods the following advantages:
- 1. Combining the processes of moving lubrication to the place of application, mixing and applying it to the surface.
- 2. Improving the technological properties of lubrication when it is applied to the surface, since it is applied to the lubricant, it takes place its intensive mixing and, therefore, the lubricant becomes plastic.
- 3. Ligger energy intensity, since there is no lubrication lubrication with heating.
- 4. Ability to apply on the surface of sealing lubricants with fibrous fillers.
- 5. The possibility of applying consistant lubricants or coatings that do not allow them to warm them.
- 6. Lack of loss of consistency lubrication.
Method of centralized lubrication. The method is performed using a manual pump or automatic way. Through the tubes - plastic lubrication is injected directly to rubbing surfaces or to the central distributor, from where it comes to lubricated places. Centralized lubrication is perfect individual, as it provides best quality and saving time for car service.
Depending on how the plastic lubricant is used during the lubrication process, two lubricating systems differ - flow and circulating.
With a running system, the plastic lubricant enters the friction zone, and after lubrication of the driving surfaces, it is supplanted beyond the limits of the mechanism; So It is used only once. Flow methods are different: manual, wick, drip, by packing, etc.
Method of circulating system. It is characterized by the fact that PSM, entering the friction zone from the tank (tank, tank, crankcase), returns to the container, circulating repeatedly between it and friction complexes. In this case, the circulation is forced. For forced circulation PSM enters the friction complexes under the action of gravity, and also served as a pump or compressed air.
Suitable lubrication devices lubricant materials refer to flow systems. This is explained by the fact that thick lubricants used once lose their lubricating properties and cannot be used again. The thick lubricant is supplied to the friction complex under pressure - by hand with a syringe, automatically spring, pump.
Devices for individual lubrication are distinguished by the method - manual and automatic.
When manually, the fuel surfaces are pulled by periodically lubricant from the dairy or using a syringe through specially provided holes, which often to protect against dirt are closed with masks, for example, with a ball valve. Then the lubricant (thick or liquid) is supplied using a syringe.
The cap oil is used to supply thick lubricants; An abutment of the oil cap is created by pressure, in which the lubricant is supplied to the lubricated surface.
The disadvantage of the discussed devices is that the worker has to repeat the operation of lubrication.
Auto-action oils provide better conditions Lubrication and reduce equipment maintenance time (wick oil).
If the lubrication should be performed by accurate oil doses, drip oils are used.
Masliners are presented in Fig. one.
Fig. one. but, b. - liquid oils; in, g. - consistency lubrication.
