Malfunctions of the electrical equipment of the car occur very often and occupy one of the leading places in the breakdown list. They can be divided into malfunction of current sources (batteries, generators) and consumer faults (optics, ignition, climate, etc.). Basic sources of the power supply of the car are batteries and generators. The malfunction of each of them leads to a common malfunction of the car and operating it in abnormal modes, and even at all - to the immobilization of the car.
In the electrical equipment of the car, the battery and the generator work in an inseparable tandem. If one fails - after a while fails and the other. For example, leads to an increase in the charging current of the generator. And this entails a malfunction of the rectifier (diode bridge). In turn, when the generator coming from the generator may increase the charging current, which will inevitably lead to a systematic recharging of the battery, "throwing out" electrolyte and rapid destruction.
Common generator malfunctions:
- wear or damage to pulley;
- wear-graded brushes;
- collector wear (current collecting rings);
- damage to the voltage regulator;
- closing turns of the stator winding;
- wear or destruction of the bearing;
- damage to the rectifier (diode bridge);
- damage to the wiring chain chain.
Common battery malfunctions:
- short circuit of electrodes / battery plates;
- mechanical or chemical damage to the plates of the battery;
- violation of the tightness of battery cans - the battery case cracks as a result of shocks or incorrect installation;
- chemical. Standing causes of these faults are:
- gross violations of rules of operation;
- expiration of the life of the product;
- various production defects.
Of course, the generator design is more complicated by the battery. It is quite reasonable that the generator faults are many times more, and their diagnosis is much more complicated.
Motorist very good to know the main causes of the generator faultsMethods for their elimination, as well as preventive measures to prevent breakdowns.
All generators are divided into generators. variable and direct current. Modern passenger transport is equipped with alternating current generators with built-in diode bridge (rectifier). The latter is necessary to convert the current to a permanent on which the electropotters of the car operate. The rectifier is usually located in the lid or the generator body and is one of the last one.
All car electrical appliances are designed for a strictly defined range of operating currents. As a rule, operating stresses - in the range of 13.8-14.7 V. in view of the fact that the generator "tied" belt to crankshaft engine, from different revolutions and velocities of the car, it will work differently. It is for smoothing and regulating the output current that the voltage regulator player playing the role of the stabilizer and prevents both races and the operating voltage failures. Modern generators are equipped with built-in voltage integral regulators, in the spacious, called "chocolate" or "tablet".
It is already clear that any generator is a rather complicated unit, extremely important for any car.
Types of generator faults
Due to the fact that any generator is an electromechanical device, respectively, and two varieties will be varieties - mechanical and electric.
The first includes the destruction of fasteners, housing, impairment of bearings, clamping springs, belt drives and other not related to the electrical part.
Electric faults include cliffs of windings, diode bridge faults, burning / wear of brushes, inter-touch closures, trifles, rotor beating, relay controller malfunction.
Often, symptoms indicating the characteristic faulty generator may also appear due to completely different problems. As an example - poor contact in the fuse jack of the generator excitation winding chain will show the generator fault. The same suspicion may arise due to the burnt contacts in the housing of the ignition lock. Also, the constant burning of the generator fault signaling lamp can be caused by a breakdown of the relay, the flashing of this lamp comprising may indicate the malfunction of the generator.
The main signs of the auto-generator fault:
- When the engine runs, flashes (or continuously lit) control lamp Battery discharge.
- Discharge or reloading (swinging) battery.
- Dusty light of automotive headlights, rattling or quiet beep with the engine running.
- Significant changes in the brightness of the headlights with an increase in the number of revolutions. It may be permissible with increasing revolutions (peregazovka) from the mode idle moveBut the headlights, burning brightly, then the brightness should not be increased, remaining in one intensity.
- Outsided sounds (howl, squeak) emanating from the generator.
It is necessary to regularly control the tension and the overall condition of the drive belt. With cracks and stratification, immediate replacement is necessary.
Remkomplekts generator
To eliminate the specified generator malfunctions, you will need to repair. Starting the search for the generator repair kit on the Internet, it is worth preparing for disappointment - the proposed kits, as a rule, contain washers, bolts and nuts. And to return the generator, working can sometimes only be replaced - brushes, diode bridge, regulator ... Therefore, the brave, which resolved for repair is an individual repair kit from those parts that are suitable for its generator. It looks like the table below, on the example of a pair of generators for VAZ 2110 and Ford Focus 2.
The VAZ 2110 generator - KZATE 9402.3701-03 on 80 A. It is used on VAZ 2110-2112 and their modifications after 05.2004, as well as on VAZ-2170 Lada Priora and modifications
Renault Logan Generator - Bosch 0 986 041 850 98 A. Applies to Renault: Megane, Scenic, Laguna, Sandero, Clio, Grand Scenic, Kangoo, and Dacia: Logan.
Diagnostics of faults
On the modern cars The use of the "Dedovsky" method by throwing off the battery terminal can lead to a serious breakage of the set of multi-electronic car systems. Significant vehicle voltage drops of the car can outreach almost all the on-board electronics. That is why modern generators are always checked only by measuring the voltage in the network or the diagnosis of the most shot node on a special stand. First, the voltage is performed on the terminals of the battery, the engine is started and the testimony is removed already when the motor is running. Before starting, the voltage should be about 12 V, after launch - from 13.8 to 14.7 V. The deviation into a large straight testimony indicates that you are "reload", which implies a malfunction of the relay controller, to a smaller one - that current does not arrive. The lack of current recharging indicates malfunctions generator or chains.
Causes of breakdowns
Common causes of generator faults - This is a banal wear and corrosion. Almost all mechanical malfunctions, whether wear brushes or collapsed bearings - a consequence of long exploitation. Modern generators are equipped with closed (not serviced) bearings that are simply subject to replacement after a certain period or a car run. The same applies to the electrical part - often the nodes are subject to replacement entirely.
Also reasons can be:
- low quality of component manufacturing;
- violation of the rules of operation or work outside the normal regimes;
- external factors (salt, liquid, high temperature, road "Chemistry", dirt).
Independent test generator
The easiest way is to check the fuse. If it is working, and its location. Checked free rotation of the rotor, belt object, wires, housing. If nothing suspicion caused, brushes and contact rings are checked. During the work of the brush, they are inevitably wear out, they can be sworn, skew, and the grooves of the current rings are clogged with graphite dust. An obvious sign of this is excessive spark.
There are often cases of complete wear or breakage, both bearings and a stator breakdown.
The most common mechanical problem Generator - Bearing wear. Sign of this malfunction - howl or whistling when the unit is working. Of course, bearings must be replaced immediately, previewed planting. Weakening can also be the cause of the weak operation of the generator. One of the signs can be high on the tone whistle from under the hood when the car gasps or accelerates.
To check the rotor excitation winding on short-circuited turns or cliffs, you need to connect a multimeter switching to the resistance measurement mode, to both contact rings of the generator. Normal resistance - from 1.8 to 5 ohms. The readings below indicates the presence of a short circuit in the turns; Above - direct winding breakdown.
To check the stator winding on the "mass breakdown", they need to be disconnected from the rectifier block. In the indications of the resistance issued by a multimeter having infinitely important significance, it is possible not to doubt the absence of contact of stator windings with a housing ("mass").
To check the diodes in the rectifier block, a multimeter is used (after complete disconnection from stator windings). Check mode - "Check diodes". The positive probe is connected to the plus or minus rectifier, and the minus to the output of the phase. After that, the proven changes in places. If the values \u200b\u200bof the indicators of the multimeter differ greatly from the previous ones - the diode is in good, if they do not differ - faulty. Another signs indicating the ambulance "death" of the generator's diode bridge is the oxidation of contacts, and the reason for this is the overheating of the radiator.
Repair and troubleshooting
Everything mechanical problems are eliminated by replacing faulty nodes and parts (brushes, belt, bearings, etc.) on new or serviceable. On old models of generators, the contact rings are often required. Drive belts Change due to wear, maximum stretching or expiration of life. Damaged rotor windings or stator, they are currently changed to new assembly. Rewind, albeit among the services of auto-operators, but more and less often - it is expensive and inappropriate.
And here everything electrical problems You need with the generator decide due to verificationlike others chain elements (in particular, AKB), so and directly its details and output voltage. One of frequent problemswith which the car owners have to face - this overcharge, or vice versa, low voltage generator. Eliminate the first fault will help checking and replacing the voltage regulator or diode bridge, and with the issuance of low voltage to deal with a little more complicated. The reasons why the generator issues a low voltage may be several:
- increased load on on-board network consumers;
- the breakdown of one of the diodes on the diode bridge;
- failure failure;
- slipping of a polyclinic belt (due to weak tension)
- bad contact of the mass wire on the generator;
- short circuit;
- complained battery.
Many PC owners face different errors and failures in the computer, but cannot determine the cause of the problem. In this article, we will look at the main methods of diagnosing a computer that allow you to identify and eliminate various problems.
Please note that the quality diagnostics of the computer may take the whole day, highlight it in the morning specifically for this, and not start closer in the evening.
I warn you to write in detail as for beginners who have never disassembled a computer to prevent all possible nuances that can lead to problems.
1. Disassembly and cleaning of a computer
When disassembling and cleaning the computer, do not rush, do everything carefully to damage anything. Fold the components in the pre-prepared safe place.
Before cleaning, it is not advisable to start the diagnosis, since you cannot identify the cause of the fault if it is caused by clogging contacts or cooling system. In addition, it may not be possible to complete the diagnosis due to repeated failures.
Disconnect the system unit from the outlet at least 15 minutes before cleaning, in order to manage the capacitors to be discharged.
Disassemble in the following sequence:
- Disconnect all wires from the system unit.
- Remove both side lids.
- Disconnect the power connectors from the video card and remove it.
- Remove all memory planks.
- Disconnect and remove the loops of all disks.
- Unscrew and remove all the discs.
- Disconnect all power supply cables.
- Unscrew and remove the power supply.
Motherboard, processor cooler, housing fans are unnecessary, you can also leave a DVD drive if it works fine.
Gently blow the system unit and all components individually with a powerful flow of air from the vacuum cleaner without a dust bag.
Carefully remove the cover from the power supply and blow it, without touching the hands and metal parts to the electricians and the board, as in the capacitors there may be a voltage!
If your vacuum cleaner does not work on blowing, but only on blowing, it will be a little more difficult. Clean it well to pull it as much as possible. When cleaning, it is recommended to use a mild pile nozzle.
Also, to clean the naked dust, you can use a soft brush.
Clean the radiator of the processor cooler thoroughly, after considering where and how much he has been dried with dust, as this is one of frequent reasons Overheating processor and PC failures.
Ensure that the mounting of the cooler did not break down, the clamp did not open and the radiator is reliably pressed to the processor.
Be careful when cleaning the fans, do not let them unwind and do not pick up a vacuum cleaner nozzle if it is without a brush, so as not to repel the blade.
At the end of cleaning, you do not rush to collect everything back, and go to the next steps.
2. Check the motherboard battery
First of all, after cleaning, then not to forget, I check the battery charge on the motherboard, and at the same time I discard the BIOS. In order to pull it out, you need to press a flat screwdriver on the latch in the direction indicated in the photo and it will pop up.
After that, it is necessary to measure its voltage by a multimeter, optimally if it is in the range of 2.5-3 V. Initial battery voltage 3 V.
If the battery voltage is below 2.5 V, then it is desirable to change it already. Voltage 2 V is critically low and the PC is already starting to collect, which is manifested in resetting BIOS settings and stops at the beginning of the PC load with a proposal to press F1 or some other key to continue the download.
If you do not have a multimeter, you can take a battery with you to the store and ask you to check or just buy a battery in advance for replacement, it is standard and completely inexpensive.
An explicit feature of the seed battery is the constantly moving date and time on the computer.
The battery needs to be changed in a timely manner, but if you don't have no replacement at your hand, then simply do not turn off the system unit from the power until you change the battery. In this case, the settings should not fly, but the problems can still occur, so do not tighten.
Battery Check Good Time for BIOS Full Reset. At the same time, not only the BIOS settings are reset, which can be done through the Setup menu, but also the so-called energy-dependent CMOS memory, in which the parameters of all devices (processor, memory, video card, etc.) are stored.
Errors B.CMOS. Often are the reasons for the following problems:
- the computer does not turn on
- turns on in time
- turns on and nothing happens
- turns on and off itself
I remind you that before resetting the BIOS, the system unit must be disconnected from the outlet, otherwise the CMOS will be filtered from the BP and nothing will work.
To reset the BIOS for 10 seconds, close the contacts or other metal objects in the battery connector, this is usually enough to discharge capacitors and complete CMOS cleaning.
A sign that the reset happened will be a confused date and time that will need to be installed in the BIOS with the nearest computer loading.
4. Visual inspection of components
Carefully inspect all capacitors on the motherboard for blinking and drills, especially in the field of processor socket.
Sometimes the capacitors do not take up, and down, which leads to their inclination as if they were just a little crammed or unevenly soldered.
If some condensers decide, then you need to give the motherboard as soon as possible to repair and ask for all the capacitors, including those that are next to the swollen.
Also, inspect the capacitors and other elements of the power supply, there should be no fluffs, drowshes, burning traces.
Inspect the disk contacts for oxidation.
They can be cleaned with erasing elastic and after that it is necessary to replace the loop or the power adapter that this disk was connected, as it is already spoiled and oxidation has most likely occurred because of it.
In general, check all the loops and connectors so that they are clean, with shiny contacts, connected tightly to the disks and the motherboard. All inappropriate loops must be replaced.
Check that the wires are connected from the front panel of the case to the motherboard.
It is important that polarity is observed (plus to the plus, minus to minus), since on the front panel there is a total mass and non-compliance with polarity will lead to a closure, because of which the computer can behave inadequately (turn on once, turn off or reboot once) .
Where plus and minus in the front panel contacts are indicated on the board itself, in the paper manual to it and in the electronic version of the manual on the manufacturer's website. On the contacts of wires from the front panel is also indicated where plus and minus. Usually the white wire is minus, and the plus connector can be denoted by a triangle on the plastic connector.
Many even experienced collectors admit a mistake here, so check.
5. Check power supply
If the computer has not turned on to cleaning at all, then do not hurry to collect it, the first thing you need to check the power supply. However, in any case, check the BP will not hurt, it can be due to it.
Check the power supply in a fully assembled form to avoid shock, closure, or random fan breakdown.
To check the power supply, close the only green wire in the motherboard connector with any black. This will give a power to the power supply that it is connected to the motherboard, otherwise it will not turn on.
Then turn on the power supply into the power filter and click on it. Do not forget that the power / off button can also be on the power supply itself.
An indication of the power supply includes a spinning fan. If the fan does not spin, it may be out of order and need to be replaced.
In some silent power blocks, the fan can start spinning not immediately, but only under load, it is normal and can be checked during the operation of the PC.
Measure the voltage multimeter between the contacts in the connectors for the peripheral devices.
They must be approximately the following range.
- 12 V (yellow-black) - 11.7-12.5 in
- 5 V (red-black) - 4.7-5.3 in
- 3.3 V (orange-black) - 3.1-3.5 in
If there is no voltage or extends greatly to the specified boundaries, then the power supply is faulty. It is best to replace it with a new one, but if the computer itself is inexpensive, then repair is allowed, the BP can be easily and inexpensive.
Running the power supply and normal voltages are a good sign, but in itself does not yet mean that the power supply is good, since failures can occur due to drawdowns or tension pulsation under load. But this is already determined at subsequent stages of testing.
6. Checking power contacts
Be sure to check all electrical contacts from the socket to the system unit. The socket must be modern (under the European fork), reliable and not squealing, with clean elastic contacts. The same requirements are presented to the network filter and cable from the power supply of the computer.
Contact must be reliable, forks and connectors should not hang out, spawn or be oxidized. Pay attention to this close attention, since bad contact is often the cause of the failure of the system unit, monitor and other peripheral devices.
If you have a suspicion as a socket, a network filter, a system block power cable or monitor, then you change them as quickly as possible to avoid the failure of the computer. Do not tighten and do not save on it, since the repair of a PC or monitor will cost much more expensive.
Also bad contact is often the cause of PCs, which are accompanied by a sudden disconnection or reboot with subsequent hard disk failures and as a result of a violation of the operating system.
Still failures can occur due to phases or voltage pulsations in the network of 220 V, especially in the private sector and remote areas of the city. In this case, the failures can occur even when the computer is idle. Try to measure the voltage in the outlet immediately after spontaneously disconnect or restart the computer and watch the testimony for some time. So you can reveal long-term drawdowns, will save from which linear interactive UPS with a stabilizer.
7. Build and enable computer
After cleaning and inspection, PCs gently collect it and carefully check that they have connected everything you need. If the computer before cleaning refused to be turned on or turned on in times, it is desirable to connect components in turn. If there were no such problems, then skip the next section.
7.1. Phased assembly of PC
First, connect the motherboard and processor power supply connector to the motherboard. Do not insert the RAM, the video card and do not connect the discs.
Turn on the PC power and if everything is fine with the motherboard, the fan of the processor cooler must be screwed. Also, if the motherboard is connected to the motherboard, it usually sounds the sound code indicating the absence of RAM.
Memory installation
Turn off the computer short or (if it does not work) with a long pressing of the power button on the system unit and insert one line of RAM into the color slot closest to the processor. If all the slots of the same color, then simply to the nearest processor.
Ensure that the memory bar is inserted smoothly until the locks are lacked, otherwise it may be damaged when the PC is turned on.
If a computer started with one memory bar and there is a squeaker, it usually sounds the code that signals that there is no video card (if there is no integrated graphics). If the audio code signals problems with the RAM, then try insert another bar on the same place. If the problem continues or another strap is not, then rearrange the bar into another closest slot. If there are no sounds, then it is possible everything is fine, continue on.
Turn off the computer and paste the second memory bar in the slot of the same color. If on the motherboard 4 slots of one color, then follow the instructions for the motherboard, so that the memory stood in the slots recommended for the two-channel mode. After that, turn on and check whether the PC is turned on and what sound signals make up.
If you have 3 or 4 memory bar, then just insert them in turn, turn off each time and including PCs. If a computer does not start with some kind of bar, or gives the sound error code, it means that this plank is faulty. You can also check the motherboard slots, rearring the working bar into different slots.
On some motherboard there is a red indicator that glows in case of memory malfunctions, and sometimes a segment indicator with error code, the decoding of which is in the manual to the motherboard.
If the computer starts, then further memory tests occurs already on another stage.
Installation of the video card
It's time to check the video card by inserting it into the top slot PCI-E X16 (or AGP for old PCs). Do not forget to connect additional power to the video card with the corresponding connectors.
A computer should start normally with a video card, without sound signals, or with a single sound signal indicating the normal passage of self-testing.
If the PC does not turn on or makes a visual video card error code, it means it is likely to be faulty. But do not rush with conclusions, sometimes you just need to connect the monitor and keyboard.
Connecting monitor
Turn off the PC and plug the monitor to the video card (or the motherboard if there is no video card). Make sure the connector to the video card and the monitor is connected tightly, sometimes tight connectors are not up to the end, which causes the absence of an image on the screen.
Turn on the monitor and make sure that it is selected the correct signal source (the connector to which the PC is connected if there are several of them).
Turn on the computer and a graphic screen saver and motherboard text messages should appear on the screen. Usually this offer to go to the BIOS by key F1, the message about the absence of a keyboard or boot devices is normal.
If the computer silently turns on, but there is nothing on the screen, most likely something is wrong with the video card or monitor. A video card can be checked only by rearring on a working computer. The monitor can be connected to another working PC or device (laptop, player, tyuer, etc.). Do not forget to choose the desired signal source in the monitor settings.
Connecting keyboard and mouse
If everything is fine with the video card and the monitor, then go further. In turn, connect the keyboard first, then the mouse, turn off and including PC each time. If the computer freezes after connecting the keyboard or mouse, then they require a replacement - it happens!
Connecting disk
If the computer starts with the keyboard and the mouse, you begin to connect hard drives in turn. First connect the second disk without the operating system (if any).
Do not forget that in addition to connecting the interface loop to the motherboard, you also need to connect the connector from the power supply.
After that, turn on the computer and if it comes to the BIOS messages, it means everything is fine. If the PC does not turn on, it hangs or turns off itself, then the controller of this disk has failed and it is necessary to change it or carry it to rescue data.
Turn off the computer and connect the DVD drive (if any) interface loop and power supply. If there are problems after that, it means the drive fails for nutrition and needs to be changed, it usually does not make sense.
At the end, connect the main system disk and prepare for the input in the BIOS for the initial setting before starting the operating system. Turn on the computer and if everything is fine, go to the next step.
When you first turn on the computer, go to the BIOS. Usually, the Delete key is used for this, less frequently (F1, F2, F10 or ESC), which is specified in the prompts at the beginning of the download.
On the first tab, set the date and time, and on the BOOT tab, select your hard disk with the operating system on the Boot.
On old motherlis with classic BIOS it may look like this.
On more modern with the graphic shell of UEFI a little differently, but the meaning is the same.
To exit bios while saving the settings, press F10. Do not be distracted and trace how the operating system is fully loaded to notice possible problems.
Upon completion of the PC download, check whether the fans of the processor cooler work, the power supply and the video card, otherwise further testing does not make sense.
Some modern video cards may not include fans until a certain temperature of the video chip is reached.
If any of the case fans does not work, then it is not scary, just plan to replace it in the near future, do not be distracted by it now.
8. Analysis of errors
Here, in essence, diagnosis begins, and everything described was only the preparation, after which many problems could leave and without it began to start testing did not make sense.
8.1. Turning on memory dumps
If in the process of the computer, blue death screens appeared (BSOD), it can significantly facilitate the identification of malfunction. The prerequisite for this is the presence of memory dumps (or at least emnce-written error codes).
To check or enable dump recording functions, press the keyboard with the keyboard key "Win + R", enter the "SYSDM.CPL" string that appears and press OK or ENTER.
In the window that appears, go to the "Advanced" tab and in the "Download and Recovery" section, click the "Parameters" button.
In the "Recording Information" field, the "Small memory dump" should be.
If so, then you must have additional errors in the folder "C: \\ Windows \\ minidump".
If this option was not turned on, then the dumps were not saved, enable it at least now for the ability to analyze errors if they are repeated.
Memory dumps may not have time to be created during serious failures with a reboot or turn off PC. Also, some system cleaning utilities and antiviruses can delete them, you must disable the system cleaning function at the diagnostic time.
If the dumps in the specified folder are there, then go to their analysis.
8.2. Analysis of memory dumps
To analyze memory dumps in order to identify the fact that it leads to failures there is a wonderful "BlueScreenView" utility, which you can download in the section "" with other Diagnostic utilities.
This utility shows the files in which the failure occurred. These files belong to the operating system, device drivers or any program. Accordingly, according to the file affiliation, you can determine which device or software has become a fault.
If you can't download the computer in normal mode, then try to boot in a safe, pressing the "F8" key immediately after the graphic screen saver or BIOS text messages disappear.
Burn the dumps and see what files most often appear as a fear of failure, they are highlighted in a red background. Right-click on one of these files and view its properties (Properties).
In our case, it is easy to determine that the file refers to the "NVIDIA" video card driver and most of the errors were caused to them.
In addition, in some daspaes appeared the file "dxgkrnl.sys", even from the name of which it is clear that it refers to the DirectX directly associated with 3D graphics. So, it is most likely that in the fault of the video card, which is to be thoroughly tested that we will also consider.
In the same way, it is possible to determine that the fault of the failure is the sound card, a network card, a hard disk or some kind of program deeply sealing to the anti-virus type system. For example, if the disk fails, the controller driver will be collapsed.
If you cannot determine which driver or the program includes one or another file, then look for this information on the Internet by file name.
If the failures occur in the sound card driver, most likely it failed. If it is integrated, you can turn it off through the BIOS and install another discrete. The same can be said about the network card. However, network failures can be called, which often decides to update the network card driver and connecting to the Internet via router.
In any case, do not make hasty conclusions until the complete end of diagnosis, maybe you will simply feature Windows or climbed the virus, which is solved by reinstalling the system.
Also in the "BlueScreenView" utility you can see error codes and inscriptions that were on the blue screen. To do this, go to the Options menu and select the View "Blue Screen In XP Style" or press the "F8" key.
After that, switching between errors, you will see how they looked on a blue screen.
An error code can also be found possible cause Problems on the Internet, but the file belongs to do it easier and more reliable. To return to the previous view, you can use the "F6" key.
If in errors all the time appear different files and various error codes, then this is a sign possible problems With the RAM, in which everything strokes. We are subjected to diagnostics in the first place.
9. Testing RAM
Even if you think that the problem is not in the RAM, anyway check it first. Sometimes a place has several problems, and if the RAM fails, then the rest is quite difficult to diagnose because of the frequent PC failures.
Conducting the memory test from the boot disk is a prerequisite, as you get accurate results in the Windows operating system on the PC failed one.
In addition, Hiren's BootCD contains several alternative memory tests, in case "MemTest 86+" will not start and many more useful utilities for hard drives test, video memory, etc.
Download the image "Hiren's BootCD" you can there where everything else is in the "" section. If you do not know how to record such an image on a CD or DVD disc, refer to the article where we viewed, everything is done just here.
Configure the BIOS to download from a DVD drive or use "Boot Menu" as described in, boot from the "Hiren's BootCD" disk and run "Memtest 86+".
Testing can last from 30 to 60 minutes, depending on the speed and volume of RAM. One full passage should be completed and the test will go on the second circle. If everything is fine with memory, then after the first pass (PASS 1) errors should be (Errors 0).
After that, testing can be interrupted using the "ESC" key and the computer will reboot.
If there were errors, you will have to test each bar individually, removing all the others to determine which one is broken.
If the battles are still on warranty, then take a photo from the screen using a camera or smartphone and present to the store warranty department or service center (although in most cases it is not necessary).
In any case, use a PC with a bat memory and further diagnostics before it is not advisable, as various incomprehensible errors will be painted.
10. Preparation for tests of components
Everything else, except for RAM, is tested from under Windows. Therefore, to eliminate the impact of the operating system on test results, it is advisable to do, if necessary, temporarily and the most.
If it is difficult for you or not time, you can try to test on the old system. But if the failures occur due to problems in the operating system, some driver, program, virus, antivirus (i.e., in the software part), then iron testing will not help it determine and you can go on a false path. A. clean system You will have the opportunity to see how the computer behaves and completely eliminate the influence of the program component.
Personally, I always do everything as it should be from beginning to end as described in this article. Yes, it takes the whole day, but you may be inflamed by my advice, you can beat weeks and without determining the reason for the problem.
Faster and easier to test the processor, unless certainly there are clear signs that the problem say in the video card, which we will talk about.
If your computer starts to slow down after a turn on, it hangs when viewing the video, in games, it is suddenly rebooted or turned off under load, that is, the probability of overheating processor. In fact, this is one of the most frequent causes of such problems.
At the cleaning and visual inspection stage, you had to make sure that the processor cooler was not clogged with dust, its fan rotates, and the radiator is reliably pressed to the processor. I also hope that you did not remove it when cleaning, as it requires a replacement of the thermal paste, what else will I say about.
"CPU-Z" We will use for a stress test with processor warming, and "Hwinfo" to monitor its temperature. Although, it is better to use the motherboard branded utility for monitoring the temperature, it is more accurate. For example, ASUS is "PC Probe".
To begin with, it would be nice to know the most allowable thermal package of your processor (T Case). For example, for my Core i7-6700K is 64 ° C.
You can find it by clicking on the manufacturer's website from the online search. This is a critical temperature in the heat distributor (under the processor lid), the maximum permissible manufacturer. Do not confuse it with the kernel temperature, which is usually higher and also displayed in some utilities. Therefore, we will focus on the temperature of the core on the processor sensors, but on the total temperature of the processor according to the testimony of the motherboard.
In practice, for most older processors, the critical temperature is higher than which failures begin, is 60 ° C. The most modern processors can operate at 70 ° C, which is also critical for them. The real stable temperature of its processor can be obtained from tests on the Internet.
So, we launch both utilities - "CPU-Z" and "Hwinfo", we find the processor temperature sensor (CPU) in the motherboard indicators, run the test in the "CPU-Z" button with the "Stress CPU" button and observe the temperature.
If after 10-15 minutes of the test, the temperature is 2-3 degrees below the critical for your processor, then nothing to worry about. But, if there were a malfunction at high load, it is better to drive this test 30-60 minutes. If during the testing process, there will be freezing or rebooting the PC, then you should think about improving cooling.
Please note that much depends on the temperature in the room, it is possible that in the coolest conditions the problem will not appear, but in the more hot, it will immediately be felt. So always need cooling with a margin.
In case of overheating of the processor, check whether your cooler matches. If not, then you need to change it, no tricks will help here. If the cooler is quite powerful, but it does not cope a little, then it should be changed to the thermal chaser for a more efficient, at the same time the cooler itself may be more successful.
From inexpensive, but very good thermal paste, I can recommend ARTIC MX-4.
It is necessary to apply it with a thin layer, pre-removing the old paste dry and then moistened in a wool alcohol.
Replacing the thermal paste will give you a win in 3-5 ° C, if this is not enough, then simply save the body fans, at least the most inexpensive.
14. Disc testing
This is the longest stage after the test of the RAM, so I prefer to leave it in finally. To begin with, you can spend the speed test of all disks using the HDTune utility to which I give ". It sometimes helps to identify hang when accessing the disk, which indicates problems with it.
See the SMART parameters where the "disc health" is displayed, there should not be red rows and the overall status of the disk should be "OK".
The list of the main SMART parameters and for what they answer can be downloaded in the "" section.
A complete surface test can be made using the same utilities from under Windows. The process can take 2-4 hours depending on the volume and speed of the disk (somewhere 1 hour for every 500 MB). Upon completion of the test, there should be no single block block that are highlighted in red.
The presence of such a block is a unambiguous sentence for the disk and 100% warranty case. Faster save your data and change the disc, just do not speak in the service that you dropped a laptop
You can check the surface of both conventional hard drives (HDD) and solid-state drives (SSD). The last truth does not have no surface, but if the HDD or SSD disk will hang every time during the inspection, then the electronics will most likely fail - you need to change or repair (the latter is unlikely).
If you can't make a disk diagnostics from under Windows, the computer will fail or hangs, then try to do this using the "MHDD" utility from the Hiren's BootCD boot disk.
Problems with the controller (electronics) and the disk surface lead to windows with errors in the operating system, short-term and complete computer hangs. Usually these are messages about the impossibility of reading a particular file and error message appeal.
Such errors can be taken for problems with the RAM, while the disk can be fault. Before panicing, try to update the disk controller driver or on the contrary, return the native Windows driver as described in.
15. Testing optical drive
To test the optical drive, it is usually enough just to record a disc with verification. For example, using the Astroburn program, it is in the "" section.
After recording a disk with a message about successful verification, try completely copying its contents on another computer. If the disk reads and the drive reads other discs (with the exception of poorly readable), it means everything is fine.
From the problems with the drive, with which I encountered, these electronics malfunctions, which completely hung or not allowed to turn on the computer, breakdown the retractable mechanism, pollution of the laser head lens and the head failure as a result of improper cleaning. In most cases, everything is solved by replacing the drive, the benefit of them is inexpensive and even if several years have not been used, die from dust.
16. Checking the housing
The housing is also sometimes breaking, the button is hired, then the wiring from the front panel will fall off, then it will be closed in the USB connector. This can all lead to an unpredictable PC behavior and is solved by a thorough inspection, cleaning, tester, soldering iron and other infrident means.
The main thing is that nothing does not have anything, which may indicate the non-working light or the connector. If you doubt, disconnect all the wires from the front panel of the case and try to work at the computer for some time.
17. Check Motherboard
Often checking the motherboard is reduced to check all components. If all components are individually working normally and pass tests, the operating system is reinstalled, but the computer will still fail, it is possible in the motherboard. And here I will not help you, to diagnose it and reveal the problem with a chipset or a processor socket for only an experienced electronics.
The exception is the departure of a sound or network card, which is solved by disconnecting them in the bios and the installation of individual extension boards. In the motherboard, you can overpass capacitors, but let's say the replacement of the northern bridge, as a rule, it is not advisable, as it is expensive and there are no guarantees, it is better to immediately buy a new motherboard.
18. If nothing helps
Of course, it is always better to independently detect the problem and determine the best way Solutions, as some unscrupulous repairmen strive to hover your noodles on the ears and trim three skins.
But it may be that you do all the recommendations, but you will not be able to determine the problem, I had it. In this case, the case is more often in the motherboard or in the power supply, maybe there is a microcracy in the textolite and it makes it possible to felt about himself.
In this case, nothing can be done, carry the entire system unit into more or less well a proven computer firm. No need to wear components in parts, if you are not sure what's the matter, so the question will never decide. Let them disassemble, especially if the computer is still on warranty.
Specialists of a computer store usually do not climb, they have many different components, they just change something and watch the problem went away, so quite quickly and simply eliminating the problem. Also, they have enough time to carry out tests.
19. Links
TRANSCEND JETFLASH 790 8GB
Western Digital Caviar Blue WD10EZEX 1 TB Hard Drive
Transcend StoreJet 25A3 TS1TSJ25A3K
No video signal: If the computer does not transmit an image to the monitor, it is not always in the video card - sometimes the problem may be in the motherboard. To find out if it is, connect the monitor to one of the outputs of the built-in video card, or replace the discrete video card with an obviously good. If, after that, when you turn on the PC, the image is missing, it is likely that the case in the motherboard fault.
The central processor remains cold: Another sign of a faulty motherboard can be the temperature of the processor. Give the computer to work without a video signal and the power indicator within a few minutes. Then turn it off and carefully touch the ribs of the central processor radiator.
In the event that the insiever of the processor is small (up to 30 W, it can be found on the manufacturer's website), it is necessary to include the system without a radiator, and to touch - not to the ribs of the radiator, but to the heat dissipation of the processor cover. If the edge or cover is cold, then the motherboard does not support the processor (in this case, the BIOS update can help), or it is not powered by the motherboard malfunction.
The speaker of the motherboard is silent: As a rule, when the computer is started, the motherboard speaker makes characteristic sound signals. If your computer stopped feeding the sound signals when turned on, it indicates the motherboard malfunction. If he has never published sound signals, you may have disabled notifications in the BIOS.
Reset BIOS settings will help again activate this feature. Perhaps your motherboard is not equipped with a speaker. Speaker You can buy in a specialized store. When connecting the speaker, pay attention to the fact that the connectors are connected correctly.
Fault diagnostics: For sure to find out what causes the cause of the breakdown, use a special diagnostic post fee with PCI or PCI-E connector. In electronics stores, devices are sold at a price of 500 to 2000 rubles. On the built-in LED indicator or screen, it displays the POST codes indicating one or another equipment malfunction. In the event that no codes are charged regardless of which slot is inserted, the problem is in the failed motherboard.
When the above symptoms appear on your computer, the probability that the motherboard is faulty. When choosing a new motherboard, it is important that you can use all components of the PC if possible.
There are two methods of testing to diagnose malfunction electronic system, devices or printed circuit boards: functional control and intra-hem control. Functional control ensures verification of the operation of the tested module, and the intrahemny control is to check the individual elements of this module in order to determine their nominal polarity, and so on. Usually both of these methods are used in series. With the development of automatic control equipment, it has the possibility of very fast intrahemal control with an individual test of each printed circuit board element, including transistors, logical elements and counters. Functional control also moved to a new quality level due to the use of computer processing methods and computer control. As for the principles of troubleshooting themselves, they are exactly the same, regardless of whether the check is carried out manually or automatically.
Finding a fault Must be carried out in a specific logical sequence, the purpose of which is to find out the cause of the fault and then eliminate it. The number of operations carried out should be minimized, avoiding optional or meaningless checks. Before you check the faulty scheme, you need to thoroughly examine it for possible detection of explicit defects: the distorted elements, the ruptures of the conductors on the printed circuit board, etc. This should be given no more than two or three minutes, with the acquisition of experience such visual control will be intuitive. If the inspection did not give anything, you can proceed to the troubleshooting procedure.
First of all executed functional test: The board work is checked and an attempt is made to determine the defective block and a suspected faulty item. Before replacing a faulty item, you need to spend intrahemal dimension The parameters of this element in order to make sure of its fault.
Functional tests
Functional tests can be divided into two classes, or series. Tests series 1., referred to dynamic tests Apply to the completed electronic device to highlight a faulty cascade or block. When a specific block is found with which the fault is associated, tests are used. 2 series or static tests To determine one or two, possibly faulty elements (resistors, condensers, etc.).
Dynamic tests
This is the first set of tests performed when troubleshooting in the electronic device. Troubleshooting should be carried out in the direction of the device to its input by method of division in half. The essence of this method is as follows. First, the entire device diagram is divided into two sections: input and output. A signal is applied to the output section input, a similar signal that normal conditions Acts at the partition point. If the normal signal is obtained at the output, it means that the malfunction must be in the input section. This input section is divided into two subsections, and the previous procedure is repeated. And so until the malfunction is localized in the smallest functionally distinguisse with the cascade, for example, in the output cascade, a video amplifier, or an inheritance amplifier, frequency divider, decoder, or a separate logical element.
Example 1. Radio (Fig. 38.1)
The most suitable first division of the radio scheme is dividing on ZCh-sepper and an IF / RF section. First, the ZCh section is checked: a signal with a frequency of 1 kHz through a separator capacitor (10-50 microf) is supplied to its input (volume control). Weak or distorted signal, as well as its complete absence indicate a malfunction of the ZC-section. We now divide this section into two subsections: the output stage and the preamp. Each subsection is checked, starting from the exit. If the ZCh-section is proper, then a pure tone (1 kHz) should be heard from the loudspeaker. In this case, the malfunction should be sought inside the PC / RF section.
Fig. 38.1.
Very quickly to make sure in the serviceability or malfunction of the ZC-section can be using the so-called "Screwdriver" test. Touch the end of the screwdriver to the input clips of the ZCh section (after setting the volume control to the maximum volume). If this section is properly, a loudspeaker buzz will be clearly audible.
If it is established that the malfunction is inside the PC / RF section, it should be divided into two subecutions: the PC section and the RF section. First, the PC section is checked: an amplitude-modulated (AM) signal with a frequency of 470 kHz 1 is supplied to its input of the transistor of the first UPUs, a signal with a frequency of 470 kg. For the FM receivers, a frequency-modulated (CM) test signal with a frequency of 10.7 MHz is required. If the PC section is properly, a pure tone (400-600 Hz) will be brought in the loudspeaker. Otherwise, you should continue the procedure for splitting the PC section until a defective cascade is found, for example, an UPU or detector.
If the malfunction is inside the RF section, then this section is divided into two subsection and is checked as follows. AM signal with a frequency of 1000 kHz is fed to the cascade input through a separator capacitor with a capacity of 0.01-0.1 μF. The receiver is configured to receive a radio signal with a frequency of 1000 kHz, or a wavelength of 300 m in the middle-raccion. In the case of a FM receiver, naturally, a test signal of another frequency is required.
You can use the alternative test method - the method of sketchous checking signal passing. The radio is turned on and configured to any station. Then, starting from the output of the device, with the help of an oscilloscope, the presence or absence of a signal in control points is checked, as well as the correspondence of its shape and amplitude required criteria for a serviceable system. When searching for a malfunction in any other electronic device, a nominal signal is fed to the input of this device.
The principles of dynamic tests can be applied to any electronic device, provided that the system and selecting test signals are properly separated.
Example 2. Digital Frequency Divider and Display (Fig. 38.2)
As can be seen from the figure, the first test is performed at the point where the scheme is divided into approximately two equal parts. To change the logical state of the signal at the input of block 4, the pulse generator is used. The light-emitting diode (LED) at the output must change its state if the lock, amplifier and LEDs are working. Next, the troubleshooting should be continued in the divisors preceding the block 4. The same procedure is repeated using the pulse generator until a faulty divider is defined. If the LED does not change its state in the first test, the fault is in blocks 4, 5 or 6. Then the pulse generator signal should be supplied to the amplifier input and so on.
Fig. 38.2.
Principles of static tests
This test series is used to determine the defective element in the cascade, the fault of which is installed at the previous stage of checks.
1. Start by checking static modes. Use a voltmeter with a sensitivity not lower than 20 com / c.
2. Measure only voltage. If you want to determine the current value, calculate it, measuring, the voltage drop on the resistor of the known nominal value.
3. If the measurements on the constant current did not reveal the cause of the fault, then only then go to the dynamic testing of a faulty cascade.
Conducting a single-stage amplifier testing (Fig. 38.3)
Typically, the nominal values \u200b\u200bof constant voltages in the control points of the cascade are known. If not, they can always be assessed with acceptable accuracy. By comparing the real measured voltages with their nominal values, you can find a defective element. First of all, the static transistor mode is determined. Here are three options.
1. The transistor is in the cut-off state, without producing any output signal, or in a condition close to the cut-off ("goes" to the cutoff area in dynamic mode).
2. The transistor is in saturation state, producing a weak distorted output signal, or in a state close to saturation ("goes" to the saturation area in dynamic mode).
$ 11.Transistor in normal static mode.
Fig. 38.3. Rated voltages:
V. E \u003d 1.1 V, V. B. = 1.72 V, V. C \u003d 6,37V.
Fig. 38.4. Open resistor R. 3, transistor
the cutoff is in the condition: V. E. = 0.3 V,
V. B. = 0.94 V, V. C. = 0.3V.
After the actual mode of operation of the transistor is installed, it turns out the cause of the cut-off or saturation. If the transistor works in normal static mode, the fault is associated with the passage of the variable signal (such a malfunction will be discussed later).
CutchThe cutoff mode of the transistor, i.e. the cessation of current flow, takes place when a) the transistor base-emitter transition has a zero bias voltage or b) breaks the flow path, namely: when the resistor is broken (abrupt) R. 3 or resistor R. 4 Or when the transistor itself is defective. Usually, when the transistor is in a cutoff state, the voltage on the collector is equal to the power supply voltage V. CC. . However, when cutting a resistor R. 3 collector "floats" and theoretically must have the potential of the base. If you connect a voltmeter to measure the voltage on the collector, the base collector goes into the conditions of direct displacement, as can be seen from fig. 38.4. On the chain "Resistor R. 1 - The transition base-collector - voltmeter will flow, and the voltage will show a small amount of voltage. This testimony is fully connected with the internal resistance of the voltmeter.
Similarly, when the cut-off is caused by a breakdown of the resistor R. 4, "floats" the emitter of the transistor, which theoretically must have the potential of the base. If you connect a voltmeter to measure the emitter voltage, a circuit of current flow circuit is formed with a direct displacement of the transition of the base-emitter. As a result, the voltmeter will show the voltage, slightly greater rated voltage on the emitter (Fig. 38.5).
In tab. 38.1 The faults discussed above are summarized.
Fig. 38.5. Open resistorR. 4, transistor
the cutoff is in the condition:
V. E. \u003d 1.25 V, V. B \u003d 1.74 V, V. C. = 10 V.
Fig. 38.6. Short circuit of transition
base-Emitter, the transistor is in
cut-off state:V. E \u003d 0.48 V, V. B \u003d 0.48 V, V. C. = 10 V.
Note that the term "high V. Be "means excess normal voltage Direct displacement of the emitter transition to 0.1 - 0.2 V.
Fault transistor Also creates cut-off conditions. Voltages in the control points depend in this case on the nature of the fault and the nominal elements of the scheme. For example, a short circuit of the emitter transition (Fig. 38.6) leads to a cut-off of the transistor current and parallel compound Resistors R. 2 I. R. 4 . As a result, the potential of the base and emitter decreases to the value determined by the voltage divider R. 1 – R. 2 || R. 4 .
Table 38.1. Cutting conditions
|
Fault |
Cause |
|
V. B. V. C. V. BE. |
VAC |
Open resistor R. 1 |
V. B. V. C. V. BE. |
High normal V. CC. Low |
Open resistor R. 4 |
V. B. V. C. V. BE. |
Low Low Low Normal |
Open resistor R. 3 |
The potential of the collector at the same time is obviously equalV. CC. . In fig. 38.7 The case of a short circuit between the collector and the emitter is considered.
Other transistor malfunctions are given in Table. 38.2.
Fig. 38.7. The short circuit between the collector and the emitter, the transistor is in the condition of the cutoff:V. E. = 2.29 V, V. B \u003d 1.77 V, V. C. = 2.29 V.
Table 38.2.
|
Fault |
Cause |
|
V. B. V. C. V. BE. |
0 Normal V. CC. Very high, can not be withstanding functioning pN.-There |
Base-Emitter Transition |
V. B. V. C. V. BE. |
Low low V. CC. Normal |
Base collector transition |
As explained in Ch. 21, the transistor current is determined by the direct bias-emitter transition offset. A slight increase in this voltage leads to a strong increase in the current transistor. When the current through the transistor reaches the maximum value, it is said that the transistor is saturated (is in saturation state). Potential
Table 38.3.
|
Fault |
Cause |
|
V. B. V. C. |
High V. c) High Low |
Open resistor R. 2 or little resistance resistorR. 1 |
V. B. V. C. |
Low Very low |
Short circuit condenserC. 3 |
the collector decreases with increasing current and when saturation is reached, it is almost compared with the potential of the emitter (0.1 - 0.5 V). In general, when saturation, the potentials of the emitter, databases and collectors are approximately at the same level (see Table 38.3).
Normal static regimeThe coincidence of the measured and nominal constant stresses and the absence or low level The signal at the outlet of the amplifier indicates a malfunction associated with the passage of an alternating signal, for example, to an internal break in the separator capacitor. Before replacing the suspected condenser suspected, make sure that it is malfunction, connecting it parallel to it a working capacitor of a close nominal. Breaking the condenser in the Emitter chain ( C. 3 in the diagram in fig. 38.3) leads to a decrease in the signal level at the output of the amplifier, but the signal is reproduced without distortion. A large leakage or short circuit in this condenser usually makes changes to the transistor mode dC. These changes depend on the static regimes of the previous and subsequent cascades.
When searching for a malfunction you need to remember the following.
1. Do not make spellings based on the comparison of the measured and nominal voltages only at one point. It is necessary to record the entire set of values \u200b\u200bof the measured stresses (for example, on the emitter, database and collector of the transistor in the case of a transistor cascade) and compare it with a set of corresponding rated voltages.
2. With accurate measurements (for a voltmeter with a sensitivity of 20 kΩ / in achievable accuracy 0.01 c) two identical readings at different control points in the overwhelming majority of cases indicate a short circuit between these points. However, there are exceptions, so you need to fulfill all further checks for final output.
Features of digital diagnostics
In the digital devices, the most common fault is the so-called "sticking" when the level of logic 0 ("constant zero") or logical 1 ("constant unit") continues on the output of the IP or in the circuit node). Other malfunctions are possible, including IP conclusions or short circuit between printed circuit board.
Fig. 38.8.
Fault diagnostics in digital circuits is carried out by supplying signals of a logical pulse generator to the inputs of the checked element and observing the effects of these signals to the state of the outputs using a logical probe. For full check The logical element "goes out" the entire truth table. Consider, for example, a digital circuit in Fig. 38.8. First, the logical states of the inputs and outputs of each logical element are recorded and compared with states in the truth table. A suspicious logical element is tested using a pulse generator and a logical probe. Consider, for example, a logical element G. 1 . At its input 2, the logical level is constantly operating. To check the generator probe element, it is installed on the output 3 (one of the two element inputs), and the probe probe - on the output 1 (element output). When referring to the truth table of the element or, not, we see that if on one of the inputs (output 2) of this element, the level of logic 0 is valid, the signal level at its output changes when the logical state of the second input (output 3) is changed.
Table of truth elementG. 1
|
Conclusion 2. |
Conclusion 3. |
Conclusion 1. |
For example, if in the initial state, logic 0 acts on the output 3, then logical is present at the output of the element (output 1) 1. If you can change the logical state of output 3 to logical 1 using the generator, then the output level will change from 1 to 0 that and register a probe. The return result is observed in the case when in the initial state in the output 3 there is a logical level 1. Similar tests can be applied to other logical elements. With these tests, it is necessary to use the truth table of the logical element being checked, because only in this case can be confident in the correctness of testing.
Features of diagnostics of microprocessor systems
Diagnostics of faults in the microprocessor system with a bus structure has the form of a sequence of addresses and data that appear on the address bus and the data bus, and the subsequent comparison of them with a well-known sequence for the operating system. For example, such a malfunction as constant 0 on line 3 (D 3) of the data bus will be indicated by a constant logical zero on line D 3. Corresponding listing called listing of status,it turns out using a logical analyzer. The typical listing of the status displayed on the monitor screen is shown in Fig. 38.9. As an alternative, an anarted analyzer can be used to collect a bit stream called signature, in some node of the circuit and comparison of it with a reference signature. The difference between these signatures indicates a malfunction.
Fig. 38.9.
This video describes the computer tester for diagnosing personal computers such as IBM PC:
Instruction
Do not open the power supply to find malfunctions in it. This is the lot of experts. To determine the fault of this most important component, it is not necessary to disassemble the system unit. Be careful to your computer.
Remember whether there are frequent reboots and computer hangs without visible reasons (in the process of performing simple tasks with a computer). Note for yourself the appearance of errors in the work of the programs and the operating system as a whole. Errors in the operation of RAM during testing and with further operation in the system. Interruptions in the hard disk or failure of the latter talk about the disappearance of the voltage at the output of the power supply.
Pay attention to the appearance unpleasant odor and excessive heating of the system unit. These are undoubted faults of the power supply of your computer.
If the computer does not give signs of life, you will have to disassemble it. Disconnect the power cord from the system unit. Take a screwdriver. Unscrew the screws that hold the right wall of the system unit. Remove the lid to access the motherboard.
From the motherboard's socket, remove the main plug of the power supply connector, which has 20 or 24 contacts. Find the third and fourth contacts, green and black wires are leading to them. Close these two contacts using a conventional clip. Connect the power cord. In a good power supply, the fan will start, and voltage will appear on its terminals.
Measure voltage with a voltmeter. Between the contacts of black and red wires it will be 5 volts, black and yellow - 12 volts, black and orange - 3.3 volts (on black minus, and on color plus). If the values \u200b\u200byou received differ from the above - your power supply is faulty.
Many users are concerned about the "powerful" whether their computer is. At the same time, the main complexity is that in different tasks, the computer demonstrates different performance, and a single numerical expression "computer power", in general, no. There is a huge amount of test programs that determine the ability of the computer to perform certain tasks with different degrees of specialization.
You will need
- Computer, initial computer skills, test software packages 3DMark, Passmark or similar
Instruction
The closer to the creation of a single evaluation scale approached Microsoft. In the latest versions of them operating systems There is such a function as computer performance. To use this feature, activate the "Computer" tab in the Start menu. In the window that appears, select the menu item "System Properties". Find the Row "Evaluation" in which some is displayed. This is an assessment of computer performance. By clicking on the hyperlink "Windows Performance Index", located nearby, you can find out which components the assessment is. The lack of this assessment in its very low accuracy and low informativeness.
The remaining methods for determining the "power" of the computer are focused on certain types of applications. One of the most popular test packages, 3DMark, determines mainly computer. To learn "Game rating" of your computer, install 3DMark and run a standard test. You will receive a number in points that will display the power of the computer in games. You can compare your result with others on the Internet.
Computer computing power is determined using other test programs, one of which is Passmark. After executing it, you will receive an assessment of the processor power, also in points. The developer's website contains huge statistics of test tests, and you can compare your result with the estimates of other users.
note
On the Internet, there is already a long time for a long time to go to the backup instruction, how to determine the floor of your computer. To determine, a man is your computer or a woman, open a notebook and copy the following text without external quotes: "CreateObject (" SAPI.SPVoice "). Speak" I Love You "".
In order to find out the floor you have a computer, you need to do a very simple operation: 1) Open notepad. 2) Copy this phrase into it - CreateObject ("SAPI.SPVoice"). Speak "I Love You". In general, GETVOICES - gives a voice preset in the system. Using the search, you can sort out voice and choose the one you like if the existing half of the computer does not suit you.
Sources:
- Passmark.
- how to find out the floor of the computer
Power supply power is very an important characteristic Computer, which is designed to ensure uninterrupted and full-fledged functioning. What it is higher, the better. But there is a minimum value that must comply with the characteristics of the computer.
Instruction
The more powerful "computer, the more powerful is needed. As a rule, the power producer is on the block itself on a special sticker. To find out the necessary power there are different-servers. ASUS on its site has an appropriate form, after filling in which the program will give the desired value based on the maximum possible components of the computer.
In the CPU section, specify the parameters of the manufacturer of your processor. In the "Select Vendor" field, specify the kernel manufacturer, in the CPU Type, select the processor family, and in the "Select CPU" field, specify the model itself.
The VGA Card section indicates the values \u200b\u200bfor the computer video card, where Vendor is a manufacturer of ATI or NVIDIA, and in "Select VGA", the video card model is specified, which can be found in the board control panel (right key to "My Computer" - "Properties" - " Device Manager "-" Video adapters ").
Memory Module Specify the type of RAM (DDR, DDRII, DDRIII) used.
In the Storage Devices menu, specify the number of devices connected to the computer for recording and reading. In the USB section, specify the devices connected to USB. In paragraph 1394, check the availability of additional boards to capture the video, and in the PCI section, select the available devices (Modem, Network (LAN), Audio, and Other PCI Card - the number of network devices and sound cards connected to the PCI slot in the motherboard, and SCSI Card - the number of cards for connecting the SCSI bridge).
The program will automatically display the optimal value that should be not lower than the power supply sticker. Otherwise, the block should be replaced with a more powerful computers in the service.
Sources:
- Optimal power check service from ASUS
When buying computer equipment it is very important to pay attention to such a characteristic as the power of the power supply. It is it that provides a permanent job of technology. At the same time, it is advisable to take into account the fact that the power should be high enough.
You will need
- - the Internet;
- - a computer.
Instruction
To determine the desired power there are different services on which you can find out the necessary information. For example, go to the website of ASUS ( http://ru.asus.com/) And fill out the necessary form there. After that, it will determine the required value of the power supply power, guided by the maximum power consumption of computer components.
To view the required power, you can also go to the service page. Enter the MotheBoard field, select Desktop (when using the home system) or Server (when testing the server). In the CPU field, you need to specify all the parameters of the manufacturer of your computer processor. In this case, the kernel manufacturer is specified in the "Select Vendor" item, the processor family - in the CPU Type, specify its model in the "Select CPU" field.
Next, in the VGA Card field, you must mark the value for the computer video card. In the "Select VGA" item, specify the video card model. To find out this information, right-click on My Computer, follow the following chain: "Properties" -\u003e Device Manager -\u003e Video Adapters. After that, in the Memory Module field, mark the type of RAM used in your computer.
