We created this section specifically for tire processors or those who are going to become in the territory Russian Federation.
In this section, we will not pour water and give a lot of information that is not necessary for processor, we indicate the main characteristics of the tires and divide them into groups within the framework of their disposal.
So, we highlight the two main classifications of tires:
1. By appointment: freight, passenger and kgsh (large bus). Truck tires are pneumatic tires for trucks, buses, automotive trappers, tires from special machinery on board trucks. The passenger tires are tires from passenger cars and trailers to them, including tires for the SUVs of the class "Jeep", tires from micrographic. The passenger and cargo tires go up to 1200 mm in the outer diameter. Tires more than 1200 mm are considered large kgsh and SCHSH (over large). As a rule, standard configurations of tire processing lines can recycle tires up to 1200 mm in the outer diameter, and for processing KGSH required optional equipment. The average weight of the passenger tire is about 4 kg. The average weight of the cargo tire is 50 kg. The weight of the kgsh starts from 70 kg and comes to 2 tons. SCHSH weight comes up to 4 and even 5 tons!
2. By the type of Cord Design Tires are there radial and diagonal . For the recycling, such aspect is important, as the material from which the Cord is made (this is metal or textiles).
Radial tires are both freight and passenger. Diagonal tires Basically cargo and kgsh.
Radial cargo tires Cord can be several types:
- Car shoes with all-metal type of Cord (MDC). These are imported models of cargo tires, as well as expensive domestic tire models, the release of which is relatively recently released;
- Autoresina with a mixed type of Cord (Rubber + Textiles + Metal). These are cargo tires of domestic manufacturers. They differ in high textiles in the composition. Such put on cars like "MAZ", "KAMAZ", etc. Tires are characterized by the complexity of their processing in view of the need for multi-stage destruction and separation from textiles and metal. Radial tires can be defined by the labeling of the RADIAL or size marking: 10.00 R20. The "R" icon just says that the tire is radial.
Tires of diagonal design Do not have in their composition of the metal. Characterized by the highest level of textile content. These are tires from tractor tractor, tractor tires, tires from car 66 all-terrain vehicles, ZIL 131. Often on tires directed mud pattern of tread tread type "Christmas tree". In Russia and the CIS countries, the diagonal tires are found quite often in view of the fact that such tires are produced by domestic plants. This is due to: a) bad roads and their absence; b) outdated tire production technologies; c) a large number of land treated in the agricultural sector; d) numerous careers and mines where natural resources are mining technique on kgsh and SCHSH. You can define a diagonal tire on the size marking, instead of "R" before the designation of the seating diameter on such tires, the "-" symbol is indicated, for example, it looks like this: 10.00-20
Passenger tires. Mainly mixed type of cord (textiles + metal) are characterized by a very low textile content. Textile thread is very thin. In the process of processing by mechanical way, textiles from such tires is practically not noticeable, even if it is not selected.
It is cargo tires of domestic manufacturers with a high content of textiles: radial with a mixed type of Cord and diagonal with a textile type of Cord Determine the main difficulties and features of tire processing in Russia.
That is why the configuration of imported equipment for tire disposal cannot cope with the task of utilization of tires in the commercial rubber crumb in Russia. Such lines need to be upgraded by a powerful textile separation system, at a minimum.
This figure shows the cargo tire with 2 types of Cord:
- Share tires in size: passenger; Cargo and kgsh more than 1200 mm.
- If a paid reception of rubber is organized at the bus utilization enterprise, then at a minimum, assign 5 recycling costs:
- The lowest cost of admission to passenger tires, since according to the current legislation, to force the usual "tire" to take tires problematic. This is because there is no transport on the balance of the shinor repair workshop, and the client's duck tire leaves at their own risk. There are methods and methods used by the overall bodies that give results. However, still today "tire" are the most unfair when surrender. The passing of passenger tires must be stimulated by a lower price for disposal or their free reception. For convenience, we recommend considering the weight of each passenger tire for 4 kg.
- Truck tires, mostly rent them. These are the most conscientious rubber utilier surprises thanks to the past years regulatory acts. The controls of the authorities are rigidly finant road enterprises for violations of the legal norms adopted. Especially zealo is fine if there is a valid legitimate enterprise on the disposal of tires in the city where you can pass the pit and get documents for the report before controlling organizations. Usually the cost of disposal of such tires is several times higher than on the passenger. For the convenience of calculating the cost of recycling, we recommend considering the weight of each cargo tire per 50 kg.
- Large tires (kgsh). Here, the situation, as in the second case, it is worth considering that the processing of KGS and SCGSH requires additional equipment to bring kgsh to the crushed state for its further processing on standard hardware. Because of this, the cost of recycling kgsh and SCGSH may be higher than for standard tires. For the convenience of calculating the cost of disposal of kgsh, we recommend to designate the averaged weight for each size of kgsh and SCGSh - they are not so much in size.
- Tires are strongly contaminated, burnt and others. We propose to introduce an additional coefficient and multiply the cost of recycling by 2-3 times in classes.
- studded tires. These tires are complex for processing. The cost of recycling on such tires should be higher than on other types of tires. - If the equipment is imported, most likely, it will not be able to recycle the basic volumes of tires brought to disposal. It is advisable to process passenger tires with low textiles and cargo tires with MDK. These types are sorted from tires with high textile content: diagonal tires and tires with a mixed type of cord. Over time, the need to upgrade the equipment to possibly process tires with a high content of textiles, as the volumes of tankord tires will be accumulated very quickly in the enterprise.
- For tire processing inRussia acquire equipment capable of processing all types of tires with any type of cord. Special attention Decide the ability of equipment to recycle tires with a high textile content. Though in the regions of Russia, the composition of metal and textiles in the composition of the entire volume of dumping tires can be a little bit, it does not change the situation as a whole. In any case, the inclusion of textiles will be quite high.
Pneumatic tire, which is one of the most important elements The car consists of a tire and cameras located on the rim of the wheels. The tire perceives the faithful load, on the weight of the car, and all the efforts that occur in the spot of the contact of the shelter with the road when accelerating, braking and rotate the car. The tire also absorbs and softens the blows that occur when the car moves along the road. During the movement of the car, the elastic pneumatic tire in the lower part is deformed, small uneven roads are absorbed by the strain of the tire, and large cause smoothly translating the axis of the wheel. This tire ability is called smoothing. The smoothing capacity of the tire is due to the elastic properties of compressed air, which is filling on the tire. When tire deformities, energy losses are inevitably caused by internal friction in the tire material. Internal friction increases the tire temperature, which adversely affects its durability. The greater the deformation of the tire, the greater the cost of energy on the internal losses and the greater the capacity is spent on the movement of the car. The properties and performance of the tire is largely dependent on its design.
Tire design
Modern tire has a rather complicated design (Fig. 4.6). The main material for the manufacture of the tire is rubber and special fabric - cord. If you make a tire only from rubber, then when filling it with air, it will significantly change the measures and shape. Rubber used to produce tires is made of kauches of ka (natural and synthetic), to which the personal fillers are added during the production process: sulfur, soot, resins, etc.
In the manufacture of pneumatic tires for the first cars, only natural rubber was used, which was obtained from resin trees - rubberos. Synthetic rubber was first obtained in our country. This invention belongs to Academician S. V. Lebedev, which in 1931-1932. For the first time in the world, developed a synthetic rubber production technology. In order for the elastic rubber with fillers to turn into elastic rubber, it must pass the vulcanization process (the compound of sulfur with rubber, which occurs at elevated temperatures). Tires are vulcanized in special molds, the inner surface of which corresponds to the outer surface of the tire. Before the tire enters the mold, it is assembled from the components of its elements on special machines.
The tire constructively consists of a frame, breaker, tread, sidewalls and side. The tire frame is made of several layers of rubberized cord, represent
it is a fabric consisting of closely arranged longitudinal and rare transverse filaments. The stronger the Cord's threads, the longer the tire. As a thread for the preparation of Cord, synthetic fiber, fiberglass and steel threads (metal-chop) are used. With increasing layers of Cord in the frame, the tire's strength increases, but at the same time its mass grows and rolling resistance increases.
Fig. 4.6. Pneumatic tire design:1 - two-layer protector (red Lena soft tires); 2 - special shape of the side rings; 3 - shoulder parts, strokes for cuts; 4 - protective onboard layer
Borge of the tire has a certain form necessary for a dense landing for rims to the forest. Tire board should not stretch to ensure a dense landing of the tire on the rim and prevent the possibility of cracking the tire from the rim. For this purpose, cut or continuous onboard rings made from several layers of durable steel wire are inserted inside the tires inside the tires. Outside the side is covered with a rubberized cord and a thin layer of rubber.
The sidewall of the tire is a thin layer of elastic and so-like rubber applied to the frame. It protects the tire from the side damage and exposure to moisture.
The tire protector provides a bus clutch with an expensive and protects the frame from damage. It uses durable, wear-resistant rubber for its manufacture. The outer part of the tread is performed in the form of a clear figure, under which it is so called me, the slot layer. The tread pattern is determined by the type and destination of the bus.
The breaker is a special belt made of several layers about the rubber cord, which is between the frame and the tread. The shape of the tire contact spots with the road depends on the design of the barrier. The breaker predources the frame from the shocks and shocks and transmits the effort to various parts of the tire.
The inner surface of the tire is covered with a thin layer of rubber. The composition of the applying for this layer of rubber can be different depending on the type of tire (chamber or tubeless).
In the chamber bus, the camera is used to hold the air compressed air, which is an elastic, air permeable shell in the form of a closed pipe. In order that when installing the tire on the rim, the camera has not formed folds, the size of the chamber must be somewhat less than inner dimensions tires. Therefore, the air filled with air is in a stretched state. For the air pumping and release, the camera is connected to the valve (Fig. 4.7) - a special valve, the shape and dimensions of which are dependent on the type of tire. When installing the tire on the wheel rim, the valve should pass through a special hole made in this rim.
The tubeless tires are very little different from chamber (Fig. 4.8). The inner coating of such a tire must be made of a layer of airproof cutting 2-3 mm thick, and on the external
Fig. 4.7. Camera valve:1 - rod zo of the rod; 2 - threaded head; 3 - sleeve; 4 - seal; 5 - upper cup; 6 - Promotion Ring of the Spool; 7 - Lower Cup; 8 - valve body; 9 - springs of the spool; 10 - guide cup; 11 - rubberized casing
the side of the side is applied elastic rubber, which provides tightness when landing tires on the rim. The valve of the boxless tire forms a hermetic connection when it is installed in the wheel of the wheel rim. When punctured a tubeless tire with a small subject, this item stretches the air
Fig. 4.8. Wheel design (A) with a tubeless tire:1 - protector; 2 - a sealing airproof rubber layer; 3 - frame; 4 - wheel valve; 5 - rim; (b) Wheels with chamber bus:1 - rim of wheels; 2 - camera; 3 - tire (tire); 4 - valve
the well-played inner layer of the tireless tire rubber and envelops it. At the same time, the air from the tubeless tire comes out very slowly, in contrast to the chamber, in which the chamber is in a stretched state, and, therefore, any of its damage causes an increase in the resulting hole. Therefore, the tubeless tires are safer.
Repair of small damage to the tubeless tires can be made without removing the tire from the rim, sealing the resulting hole with a special material.
An important advantage of tubeless tires compared to chamber is less weight and heating when moving. The latter is due to the lack of friction cameras about Shi and best cooling. Since tire wear is largely dependent on the operating temperature, the tubeless tires are more durable. It is not recommended to install the measuring tires of the camera in the beam, because when pumping the chamber between the bus and the camera, air cushions may be formed, which will interfere with the heat removal and lead to the topical overheating of the tire. The disadvantages of non-chamber tires include a greater complexity of repair in the way in case of severe damage, as well as the need for high purity and smoothness of the rim for tightness.
Classification of tires
Car tires differ in purpose, dimensions, design and profile form. By destination, automotive tires are divided into two groups: for cars and for trucks. Tires intended for passenger carscan be applied
on cargo cars of small loading capacity and corresponding trailers.
The construction of the tire is determined by the location of the cord threads in the frame. There are two constructive types of automotive tires: diagonal and radial (Fig. 4.9).
For a long time, only diagonal tires were used on cars, while in 1947, Michelin did not develop a radial design of the tire. Currently, the pain of cars is equipped with radial tires. In the frame of the diagonal tire, the Cord layers are located at an angle to the radius of the wheel. The threads of the neighboring layers of the frame are circulated. The framework there should be only an even number of cord layers. At the radial tire
Fig. 4.9. Design of diagonal (a) and radial (b) tires:1 - board; 2 - Boro wire; 3 - frame; 4 - breaker; 5 - sidewall; 6 - Protector
Fig. 4.10. Constructive elements and main tire sizes:D - outer diameter; N - tire profile height; B - the width of the tire profile; D - landing diameter of the wheel rim (tires); 1 - car cas; 2 - breaker; 3 - protector; 4 - Boko wine; 5 - board; 6 - onboard wire; 7 - Filter cord
the cords in the frame are located as possible the daily distance between the sides along the radius of the wheel. The number of layers in the frame can be odd.
The location of the threads in the radial bus ensures the best constancy of the shape of the tire contact stains with an expensive, smaller movement of the elements of the tread and, as a result, such tires are less heated and wears. This factor has become solving when moving from diagonal tires to radial. In addition, modern radial tires have less rolling resistance and provide better stability and controlled car mobile.
On the shape of the profile of the tire can be a conventional profile, wide-profile, low-profile, ultra-low-profile, arched and pneumatic articles. The profile of ordinary tires is close to the circle (Fig. 4.10). Single profile height to width in conventional tires is more than 90%.
In general, there is a tendency to decrease the profile height ratio to its width (Fig. 4.11).
If the first car tires had a regular profile, then tires modern cars, in particular passenger, bottom coprofyl or ultra-low-powered. In which the ratio of the profile height is from 70% to 60% and less.
Reducing the height of the side walls of the sheath with a constant tire width, gives it possible to make the wheel of greater size without increasing the total diameter of the tire. This increases the space for
Fig. 4.11. Change automotive tire profile
placing a large, and therefore more efficient disk brakes. Trailers and semi trailers of modern road trains are often equipped with ultra-low-profile tires in order to lower the floor level and increase the useful cargo volume of these vehicles. Reducing the profile height increases the rigidity of the side walls of the tire, and this provides a faster tire response to the steering command signals. Reducing the deformation of the side walls of the tire reduces the amount of heat allocated at the same time and provides safe operation at higher speeds. On the other hand, the side walls become tougher, and this leads to a deterioration in the smoothing capacity of the tires, and the shape of the contact stain becomes shorter and wider. Such tires may adversely affect the car handling. These shortcomings are constrained by the wide use of ultra-low-boring tires for cars. mass productionwhere tires are usually used with a height ratio to the width of the profile 60, 65, and 70%. There are passenger cars equipped with ultra-low-profile tires, in which the profile height is 30% of its width.
Wide-profile and arched tires are installed on the wheels of trucks in order to improve their passability. One such tire can replace dual tires.
The best permeability on the soft support surface (snow, sand, dirt) provide pneumatic pipes having a barrel-shaped profile and high elasticity. The ratio of the height of the profile to the width is 25-40 %. Pneumocats are produced only by the beam, they work at a very low air pressure (about 0.01-0.05 MPa). You are a juice elasticity and low internal air pressure in pneumocatters provide very low specific pressure on the ground.
Car tire - It is an elastic rubber-metal-tissue shell mounted on the rim of the wheel. Tire provides contact vehicle With road web, designed to absorb minor oscillations caused by the imperfection of the road surface, compensating the error of the trajectories of the wheels, the implementation and perception of forces arising in the spack of contact.
Winter tire - Tire for the car, designed specifically for use in the cold season at temperatures below +7 ° C.
The main differences between these tires are the specific properties of rubber and the drawing of the protector part. Rubber mixtures are designed so that at low temperatures, the tire retains its elasticity, which guarantees the best clutch and abbreviated braking path on cold, wet, snow-covered and iced road surfaces. As for the tread pattern winter tires, it is characterized by a high density of cutting lamellae. All of the above features allow for better handling and efficient braking.
Tread (PR. oTECT — protection) - The element of the tire (tires) of the wheel designed to protect the inner part of the bus from punctures and damage, as well as to form an optimal spack of the tire contact.
There are several types of protector: off-road, with high pattern and powerful primers; Universal, suitable for riding in the rough terrain and by asphalt; Smooth, intended for riding mainly on the rolled tracks. Tires different season have the same and different design of the tread.
All-metal flop tires (MDK) - Car tires in which steel wire is permeated and the frame and the breaker (part of the tire located between the frame and the tread). MDK Tire is more expensive due to the fact that there is a complex technology that provides a solid connection of cord and rubber. The tire's web is a few dozen parallel steel cables - "pigs", which are compressed with rubber on both sides. The high cost of MDC bus is compensated due to a longer service life. The construction of the tire is such that the worn protector can be restored to three times. This increases the service life of the tire from 150 thousand km of mileage to 500 thousand miles.
The main materials for the production of tires are rubber, which is made of natural and synthetic rubbers and cord. Cord fabric can be made of metal filaments (metal cord), polymer and textile yarns.
The tire consists of: framework, bracker layers, tread, side and side part.
Textile and polymer cord are used in passenger and light trucks.
MetalOkord: Depending on the orientation of the Cord's threads in the frame, the tires differ:
- radial
- diagonal
In the radial tires of the Cord's threads are located along the radius of the wheel. In the diagonal tires, the Cord's threads are located at an angle to the radius of the wheel, the threads of the adjacent layers are crossed.
Radial tires are structurally more rigid, as a result of which they have a large resource, they have the stability of the shape of the contact spot, create less rolling resistance, provide smaller operation of the operation. Due to the possibility of varying the number of layers of the frame (in contrast to necessarily a number in diagonal) and the ability to reduce the layering, the total weight of the tire, the thickness of the frame is reduced. This reduces the tire warming up when rolling - the service life increases. The breaker and the protector also easily release heat - it is possible to increase the thickness of the tread and the depth of its drawing to improve the roadlessness. In this regard, at present, radial tires for passenger cars almost completely displaced diagonal.
Breaker Located between the frame and the protector. Designed to protect the frame from shocks, giving the tires in the area of \u200b\u200bthe tire contact stains from the road and to protect the tire and the riding chamber from through mechanical damage. It is manufactured from a thick layer of rubber (in light tires) or crossed layers of polymer cord and (or) metal cord.
Tread We are necessary to ensure an acceptable tire clutch coefficient with expensive, as well as to protect the framework from damage. The protector has a certain pattern, which, depending on the destination of the tire varies. High passability tires have a deeper tread pattern and soils on its side sides. The drawing and design of the trailer tire is determined by the requirements for water and dirt from the tread grooves and the desire to reduce noise when rolling. But, nevertheless, the main task of tire tread is to ensure reliable contact of the wheels with an expensive in adverse conditions, such as rain, dirt, snow, etc., by way of removing from a contact spot along precisely designed grooves and drawing grooves. But effectively remove water from the spot of contact protector in the forces only to a certain speed, above which the liquid does not physically be completely removed from the contact spot, and the car loses the clutch with road coating, And consequently, management. This effect is called aquaplaning. There is a widespread misconception that on dry roads the protector reduces the clutch coefficient due to the smaller area of \u200b\u200bthe contact spot compared to the tire without a tread (Slick Tyre). This is incorrect, since in the absence of adhesion, the friction force does not depend in any way on the area of \u200b\u200bcontigated surfaces. In many countries there are laws that regulate the minimum height of the tread on road vehicles, and many road tires There are built-in wear indicators.
Board Allows the tire to hermetically sit on the rim of the wheel. To do this, it has on-board rings and from the inside is coated with a layer of viscous airtight (for tubeless tires) rubber.
Side part Protects the bus from lateral damage.
Spike anti-skid. In order to increase the safety of the vehicle movement in ice and iced snow apply metal spikes anti-skid. Riding on studded tires has noticeable features. On the course the car is made noticeably more noisy, its fuel efficiency deteriorates. In the snow-muddy caress or deep loyal snow, the effectiveness of spikes is small, and on a solid dry or wet asphalt, the studded tires even lose the "ordinary": due to the decline in the area of \u200b\u200bthe tire contact spot, the car's braking path increases by 5-10%. Although the 70 percent reduction in the brake path on the ice is their undoubted advantage.
Delicious tires (Tubeless) are most common due to its reliability, less mass and ease of operation (for example, puncture in belessaway tire It will not cause big inconvenience on the road to car service).
Marking - Tire Code.
Metric system
Example: LT205 / 55R16 91V
- LT (optional, mandatory notation by DOT) - Tire function (P - passenger car (Passenger Car), LT - Light truck (Light Truck), ST - Trailer (Special Trailer), T - Temporary (used only for spare tires))
- 205 - profile width, mm
- 55 - ratio of profile height to width,%. Unless specified - it is considered to be 82%.
- R - tire has a radial type frame (if there is no letters - a diagonal type bus). A common error - R - accept the letter of the radius. Possible options: B - BIAS BELT (Diagonal-grooved bus. Tire frame is the same, and in a diagonal tire, but there is a breaker, like a radial tire), D or not specified - the diagonal type of frame.
- 16 - Landing diameter of the tire (corresponds to the diameter of the rim of the disk), inches
- 91 - load index (on some models, in addition to this, a load in kg can be indicated. Max Load.)
- V - speed index (defined on the table)
Inch system
Example: 35 × 12.50 R 15 LT 113R
- 35 - External tire diameter, in inches
- 12.50 - the width of the tire, in inches (note that this is the width of the tires, and not the protector part. For example, for a tire with a specified 10.5 inches width, the width of the protector part will be equal to 26.5, and 23 cm, and the protector part 26.5 cm will be Tires with a specified width of 12.5.). If the outer diameter is not specified, the profile is calculated as follows: if the bus width ends on zero (for example 7.00 or 10.50), then the height of the profile is considered to be 92%, if the width of the bus is not ends on zero (for example 7.05 or 10.55), then the profile height It is considered to be 82%
- R - tire has a radial type frame
- 15 - landing diameter of the tire, in inches, the same in the metric system
- LT - Tire Function (LT - Light Trucks, For Light Trucks)
- 113 - Load Index
- R - speed index
Translation from the metric system in inches and vice versa
| Metric system | Inch system |
|---|---|
D / E-C (205/55-16);
|
A × B-C (31 × 10.5-15);
|
| Translation from the metric system in inch | Translation from an inch system to metric |
|
|
Speed \u200b\u200bindexes
The high-speed category assigned to the tire on the results of special stand tests, implies maximum The speed withstanding the tire. When operating, the car should ride at a speed of 10-15% less than the maximum permissible.
|
Tire Load Indices
| Load index | Load index | ||
|---|---|---|---|
| 0 | 45 | 100 | 800 |
| 1 | 46,2 | 101 | 825 |
| 2 | 47,5 | 102 | 850 |
| 3 | 48,7 | 103 | 875 |
| 4 | 50 | 104 | 900 |
| 5 | 51,5 | 105 | 925 |
| 6 | 53 | 106 | 950 |
| 7 | 54,5 | 107 | 975 |
| 8 | 56 | 108 | 1000 |
| 9 | 58 | 109 | 1030 |
| 10 | 60 | 110 | 1060 |
| 11 | 61,5 | 111 | 1090 |
| 12 | 63 | 112 | 1120 |
| 13 | 65 | 113 | 1150 |
| 14 | 67 | 114 | 1180 |
| 15 | 69 | 115 | 1215 |
| 16 | 71 | 116 | 1250 |
| 17 | 73 | 117 | 1285 |
| 18 | 75 | 118 | 1320 |
| 19 | 77,5 | 119 | 1360 |
| 20 | 80 | 120 | 1400 |
| 21 | 82,5 | 121 | 1450 |
| 22 | 85 | 122 | 1500 |
| 23 | 87,5 | 123 | 1550 |
| 24 | 90 | 124 | 1600 |
| 25 | 92,5 | 125 | 1650 |
| 26 | 95 | 126 | 1700 |
| 27 | 97 | 127 | 1750 |
| 28 | 100 | 128 | 1800 |
| 29 | 103 | 129 | 1850 |
| 30 | 106 | 130 | 1900 |
| 31 | 109 | 131 | 1950 |
| 32 | 112 | 132 | 2000 |
| 33 | 115 | 133 | 2060 |
| 34 | 118 | 134 | 2120 |
| 35 | 121 | 135 | 2180 |
| 36 | 125 | 136 | 2240 |
| 37 | 128 | 137 | 2300 |
| 38 | 132 | 138 | 2360 |
| 39 | 136 | 139 | 2430 |
| 40 | 140 | 140 | 2500 |
| 41 | 145 | 141 | 2575 |
| 42 | 150 | 142 | 2650 |
| 43 | 155 | 143 | 2725 |
| 44 | 160 | 144 | 2800 |
| 45 | 165 | 145 | 2900 |
| 46 | 170 | 146 | 3000 |
| 47 | 175 | 147 | 3075 |
| 48 | 180 | 148 | 3150 |
| 49 | 185 | 149 | 3250 |
| 50 | 190 | 150 | 3350 |
| 51 | 195 | 151 | 3450 |
| 52 | 200 | 152 | 3550 |
| 53 | 206 | 153 | 3650 |
| 54 | 212 | 154 | 3750 |
| 55 | 218 | 155 | 3875 |
| 56 | 224 | 156 | 4000 |
| 57 | 230 | 157 | 4125 |
| 58 | 236 | 158 | 4250 |
| 59 | 243 | 159 | 4375 |
| 60 | 250 | 160 | 4500 |
| 61 | 257 | 161 | 4625 |
| 62 | 265 | 162 | 4750 |
| 63 | 272 | 163 | 4875 |
| 64 | 280 | 164 | 5000 |
| 65 | 290 | 165 | 5150 |
| 66 | 300 | 166 | 5300 |
| 67 | 307 | 167 | 5450 |
| 68 | 315 | 168 | 5600 |
| 69 | 325 | 169 | 5800 |
| 70 | 335 | 170 | 6000 |
| 71 | 345 | 171 | 6150 |
| 72 | 355 | 172 | 6300 |
| 73 | 365 | 173 | 6500 |
| 74 | 375 | 174 | 6700 |
| 75 | 387 | 175 | 6900 |
| 76 | 400 | 176 | 7100 |
| 77 | 412 | 177 | 7300 |
| 78 | 425 | 178 | 7500 |
| 79 | 437 | 179 | 7750 |
| 80 | 450 | 180 | 8000 |
| 81 | 462 | 181 | 8250 |
| 82 | 475 | 182 | 8500 |
| 83 | 487 | 183 | 8750 |
| 84 | 500 | 184 | 9000 |
| 85 | 515 | 185 | 9250 |
| 86 | 530 | 186 | 9500 |
| 87 | 545 | 187 | 9750 |
| 88 | 560 | 188 | 10000 |
| 89 | 580 | 189 | 10300 |
| 90 | 600 | 190 | 10600 |
| 91 | 615 | 191 | 10900 |
| 92 | 630 | 192 | 11200 |
| 93 | 650 | 193 | 11500 |
| 94 | 670 | 194 | 11800 |
| 95 | 690 | 195 | 12150 |
| 96 | 710 | 196 | 12500 |
| 97 | 730 | 197 | 12850 |
| 98 | 750 | 198 | 13200 |
| 99 | 775 | 199 | 13600 |
Additionally:
The following information must be specified on the tires:
- The maximum allowable pressure (MAX PRESSURE).
Air pressure in tires significantly affects the behavior of the car on the road, safety at high speeds, as well as on tread wear.
- Materials used in the framework of the framework and breaker (Tire Construction Materials)
Color labels. Marks in the form of "points" or "Circles":
- red - the point of the greatest power inhomogeneity (the most rigid place of the tire). It is recommended to combine with a white point on the wheel (if any);
- yellow - the easiest tire place (determined when controlling the bay imbalance).
These marks are necessary to minimize the mass of balancing loads during tire.
Outdated strip marks in the side zone (used only in the United States):
- no - good quality;
- red - cosmetic defects;
- yellow - a violation of the composition of the rubber mixture (without warranty);
- green - internal defects.
Purpose for certain operating conditions
- Winter - Winter tires.
- Aqua, Rain. etc. - are highly efficient on a wet road.
- M + S. (MUD + SNOW) - Literally - "Dirt + Snow" - suitable for moving on dirt and snow. (Tires increased passibility)
- M / T. (MUD terrain) - Mud landscapes.
- A / T. (All Terrain.) - All-season tires.
- Max Pressure. - Maximum allowable pressure in the tire, in the kPa.
- Rain, Water, Aqua (or Pictogram "Umbrella") - It means that these tires are specially designed for rainy weather and have a high degree of protection against the effect of aquaplaning.
- Treadwear 380. - the coefficient of wear-resistance is determined with respect to the "base bus" for which it is 100. The wear indicator is a theoretical value and cannot be directly related to the practical service life of the tire, which road conditions, driving style, compliance with the recommendations on Pressure, adjusting the corners of the gathering of the car and rotation of the wheels. The wear indicator is represented as a number from 60 to 620 with an interval of 20 units. The higher its value, the longer the protector withstands when testing on the established method.
- Traction A. - the clutch coefficient, it has the meanings A, B, C. Coefficient A has the greatest clutch value in its class.
- Max Load. - Maximum load and then stand in kilograms and pounds.
- Pr. (Ply Rating) - The strength (carrier ability) of the frame is conditionally estimated by the so-called ocheliness rate. The stronger the frame, the greater the air pressure withstands the tire, and, therefore, has a greater carrying capacity. For passenger cars, tires are used with a 4PR layering rate and sometimes 6Pr, and in this case the latter have the inscription "REINFORCED", that is, "reinforced" (high load tires).
- Extra Load. (XL) - Increased load index.
- Reinforced. (REINF or RF) - Increased load index. On light trucks and minibuses are the most commonly used tires from 6PR and 8PR. On elevated poles (i.e., the tires may indicate the letter "C" (Commercial), which is raised after the landing diameter designation (for example, 185R14C)
- Twi. - The sign is located on the sidewall of the tire and shows the location of the residual height of the tread pattern in the main grooves. For countries of the European Union and the Russian Federation, the residual height of the tread pattern of the worn passenger tire must be at least 1.6 mm.
- Zp. - zero pressure (Zéro Pression), commercial designation Michelin for tires with enhanced sidewalls. ZP: the ability to continue moving in the case of a puncture at a distance of up to 80 km at a speed of up to 80 km / h. ZP SR: Ability to continue moving in case of puncture at a distance of up to 30 km at a speed of up to 80 km / h.
- SST. - Self-supporting tire (Self Supporting Tyres). Such tires can carry a load and continue to move after puncture.
- Dunlop MFS. Maximum Flage Sheild) - The system of maximum protection of the rim of the side protects the expensive wheels from damage to the borders and sidewalks - the rubber profile around the circumference of the tire, located on the bottom of the wall above the flange of the rim, forms a buffer zone.
- Studless - It is not subject to mistake.
- Studdable - subject to mischief.
In addition, the tires indicate the quality standards (the letter "E" in the circle - european standard, "Dot" - American).
Requirements that must match the Cord are reduced to the following:
· High strength in multiple loads;
· Heat resistance and thermal conductivity;
· Excellent elasticity;
· Big density;
· Uniformity in physical and mechanical properties;
· High efficiency.
The use of fiberglass is justified by resistance to stretching and rotting. Therefore, having fiberglass cords are characterized by higher operational performance. Cord from cotton fibers is currently not popular, as it was replaced by cords from polyamide fibers, viscose, as well as metalocord.
Cord fabric is approximately 28-30% of the total tire mass, but it is experiencing maximum load During the operation of the tire and gives the last wear resistance, strength and elasticity. The cord thread in the tire works in conditions of stretching, compression and multiple bends in a wide range of temperature changes (from -50 to + 110 ° C).
Metallokord
Currently, tires with metal cord are gained great popularity, which are available in the following types:
· Tires with metal worker in breaker and frame;
· Tires with metal custody layer metal and nylon cord in the frame;
· Tires with metal cord in breaker and nylon or steel cord having a meridional arrangement of threads in the frame.
The difference between tires with a metal coordinate from other samples is wider. Plus to this in the zone (with inner The frame) tires with a metal coordinate have a lucked rubber layer. This allows on the one hand to achieve an even distribution of voltage in the tread zone, and on the other - to protect the chamber from mechanical damage, in particular, from punctures.
Benefits of tires with metal cord
Tires with metalocrodies are distinguished by a number of advantages over other sentences, including:
· High strength, which makes it possible to produce tires for trucks that have in the frame of 2 to 4 cord layers instead of traditional 8-14;
· Increase the thickness of the tread, which causes a long service life, on average, such tires serve twice the traditional longer;
· Reducing swing;
· High rates for heat resistance and thermal conductivity reduce the voltage, and also contribute to the uniform temperature distribution.
But with all its advantages, the metalocord is distinguished by low fatigue strength in multiple significant deformation.
Viscose cords
Cords from viscose tissue belong to textile materials, since artificial fibers are used for their manufacture, the material for which cellulose is used. In physical and chemical characteristics, viscose cord exceeds cotton and characterized:
· Greater thread homogeneity;
· Improved deformation resistance;
· Higher strength with increasing temperature;
· Reduced heat generation when operating the tire.
The tires from the viscose cord have large mileage: On average up to 70% compared with samples of cotton Cord. With all its advantages, the viscose cord has the disadvantages to which the susceptibility to humidity can be attributed and the low clutch coefficient with rubber.
Polyamide cords
Polyamide fibers and, in particular, nylon are the most suitable material for the manufacture of cord. It is distinguished by the following advantages:
· High elasticity;
· Greater strength;
· Easy framework;
· Almost complete recovery after stretching loads \\ compression;
· Low water absorption.
The strength of the nylon cord exceeds the cotton and viscose analogues, plus it is not inferior to the strength of the metal coordinate, but exceeds it in fatigue strength.
