Batteries Types and characteristics. Types of batteries. Type of Akb "Without Case" or "Flexible" Batteries

• Lead Batteries. In these batteries, the reagent is lead dioxide and lead itself, and an electrolyte solution of sulfuric acid. They are also called lead acid. Share into four groups: stationary, starter, portable (sealed) and traction. Starter batteries received the greatest distribution, they are used to start engines. internal combustion and providing energy devices in the car. Their disadvantage can be called low value of specific energy, not very good safety and hydrogen selection.
• Nickel Cadmium Batteries. Here, reagents are the hydroxide of nickel and cadmium, respectively, and the electrolyte solution of potassium hydroxide, in connection with this, they are also called alkaline batteries. Are divided into lamella, stamel and hermetic. Lamad nickel-cadmium batteries are quite cheap, characterized by a flat discharge curve, a high resource of operation and durability. Used to feed mining electric locomotives, lifts, communications, electronic devices, stationary equipment, to launch diesel engines and aircraft engines.
• Hermetic Batteries are characterized by a horizontal discharge curve, a high discharge rate and the ability to operate at low temperatures, but cost more and have a memory effect. Apply them to feed portable equipment, household appliances, children's toys. The large disadvantage of these batteries is the toxicity of the applicable cadmium.
• Nickel-iron Batteries. From the above problem, we left using iron instead of cadmium. Batteries do not contain toxic cadmium, cost cheaper, have a long service life and high strength, but due to the release of hydrogen at the beginning of the charge are made only in a leakage version. Characterized by a high self-discharge, low recycling of energy, at temperatures below -10 degrees are practically inability. They are mainly used as traction sources of current in electros and industrial lifts.
• Nickel-metal hydride Batteries. Here, an active material of the electrode is intermetallide, which sorbs hydrogen, i.e. In fact, it is a hydrogen electrode with a restored form in an absorbed state. At the battery, the discharge curve is the same as in nickel-cadmium batteries, but energy and specific capacity of 1.5-2 times higher, plus they do not contain toxic cadmiums! Made in hermetic execution of various forms (cylinder, prism, disc). Apply for power equipment and portable devices.
• Nickel zincovye Batteries. These are alkaline batteries with a zinc electrode. Their specific energy is 2 times more than Nickel Cadmium. Characterized by a horizontal discharge curve, high specific power and fairly low price, but their resource is rather small because of which they did not enter into mass use. Apply for portable equipment.
• Silver-zinc and silver-cadmium Batteries. In them, silver, zinc and cadmium oxide are active materials, and electrolyte - alkalis. Characterized by high energies and capacities, low self-discharge, but due to this and expensive. Silver-zinc has a small resource, produced in the form of a prism or disk, serve to feed portable devices, as well as military equipment.
• Hydrogen nickel Batteries. In such batteries, a negative electrode is a porous gas-diffusion electrode that has a platinum catalyst. Characterized by high specific energy, high resource, but quickly discharged and costly. Found use in the space industry.
• Lithium-ionic Batteries. Anode is a carbon material, which introduced lithium ions. The positive electrode is most often cobalt, which also introduced lithium ions. Electrolyte - lithium salt in a non-aqueous solvent. Characterized by high specific energy, resource and ability to operate at low temperatures. Therefore, their production has recently grown sharply. Apply in mobile phones, laptops and other devices
• Lithium-polymer Batteries. Here, the negative electrode is represented by carbon material with embedded lithium ions, and the positive electrode is cobalt oxides or manganese. The electrolyte is a solution of lithium salt in a non-aqueous solvent, enclosed in a small polymer matrix. Compared with the battery described above, has even higher specific energy and resource, more secure. It is used in the power of electronic portable devices.
• Rechargeable Manganese-zinc sources of current. These are such current sources with alkaline elketerite, which are able to electrically recharge. High specific energy, low self-discharge, small cost. Hermetic execution, but very small resource, only 20-50 cycles.

Reason to look new battery For your car there may be a lot. The main one is the extreme wear or refusal of the old one: constantly shooting a battery or "chicken" to recharging in the morning, people quickly annoy. When completing the car, it is often necessary to install an additional battery or more capacious to replace the staff - it is necessary to power the Winch of the SUV or the powerful audio system of the show car.

What do you need to know when choosing a battery? First, the options for its design:

• Child-acid Batteries - the simplest and most old type. They consist of six cans in which lead plates are immersed in a solution of sulfuric acid. Such batteries are cheap, the possibility of replacing the electrolyte allows you to "reanimate" them in some cases. A number of models, however, are manufactured maintenanceable (without the ability to unsubscribe the tubes of cans). They stall tolerate the reload, but with a deep discharge they may irreversibly lose the container or even stop typing charge (plates destruction).
• Gel Accumulators instead of liquid electrolyte are used by silicon compounds thickened acid. Thanks to this, they are not only hermetic, but also continue to work at any angle of inclination. Gel batteries are able to maintain performance with a deep discharge, but more demanding to charge conditions. In addition, their price is highest.
• Made by technology AGM. Batteries combine elements of structures and standard batteries, and gels: they use a liquid electrolyte, impregnating filler (usually - fiberglass) between the plates. They can work almost with any slope (turning over the bottom is not recommended). AGM batteries racks for vibrations, as the filler does not give plates to collapse. But, unlike conventional and gel batteries, they are sensitive to deeply discharge, and by reloading at the same time.

For old car the best option It will be a cheap lead-acid battery. The owner of the new car, who has no reason to fear the malfunction of the generator, can advise the battery performed by aGM technology: Despite the requirements for the conditions of the charge / discharge cycle, it will provide greater starting current and rapid charge restoration. Gel batteries due to high prices most often become element of tuning cars. Due to the high current turn and tolerance of a strong discharge, they are often used to feed powerful audio systems (a regular battery is responsible for the power of the main electrician car).

Also need to know battery polarity, that is, the order is the location of the terminals on its building. Most car models have too short or uncomfortable power wires so that they can put the batteries "wrong" type. If you turn the battery terminals to yourself, then the battery with a straight line ("Russian) polarity a plus terminal will be left, at the battery with the reverse (" European ") - right.

Starting current The battery, indicated on its label, can be measured by different methods:

• En (European measurement technique): The maximum current is measured, which the battery can give for 10 seconds at -18 ° C at a voltage at least 7.5 V;
• DIN. (German Industrial Standard): At the same temperature, the average current is measured in 30 seconds, while the voltage should not fall below 9 V;
• SAE (American Standard): The current is measured at -18 ° C for 30 seconds, the maximum voltage drop is 7.2 V.

As can be seen from this description, the most rigid measurement technique is DIN standard (battery, outstanding current 365 A via DIN, according to the EN method, will receive a marking of 600 A). When choosing a battery, you should focus on this indicator, which will allow you to count on confident launch in winter.

Since automotive batteries within the same production line can have different polarity, capacity and price, we will take the most popular option as a rating: batteries with a capacity from 55 to 70 a * h.

The battery is a source of direct current, which is designed to accumulate and storing energy. The overwhelming number of types of batteries is based on the cyclic transformation of chemical energy into electrical, it allows you to repeatedly charge and discharge the battery.

In 1800, Alessandro Volta made an amazing discovery when he lowered into a jar, filled with acid, two metal plates - copper and zinc, after which it proved that the wire connecting their wire. More than 200 years, modern rechargeable batteries continue to produce on the basis of the opening of Volta.

Types of batteries

With the time of the invention of the first battery, no more than 140 years have passed and it is now difficult to submit a modern world without reserve batteries based on batteries. Batteries are used everywhere, starting with the most harmless household devices: control panels, portable radio receivers, lights, laptops, telephones, and ending with financial institutions, backup power sources for data centers and data transmission, space industry, nuclear energy, and t. d.

The developing world needs electrical energy so strong as a person needs oxygen for life. Therefore, designers and engineers work daily to optimize the types of batteries and periodically develop new types and subspecies.

The main types of batteries are shown in Table No. 1.

	Application	Designation	Operating temperature, ºC	Voltage element in	Specific energy, W ∙ h / kg
Lithium-ionic (lithium polymer, lithium-manganese, lithium-iron-sulfide, lithium-iron-phosphate, lithium-iron-yttrium phosphate, lithium-titanate, lithium chlorine, lithium-sulfur)	Transport, telecommunications, solar energy systems, autonomous and backup power supply, Hi-Tech, mobile power supplies, power tools, electric vehicles, etc.	Li-ion (Li-Co, Li-Pol, Li-Mn, LiFep, LFP, Li-Ti, Li-Cl, Li-S)
nickel Solheva	Automobile transport, railway transport, telecommunications, energy, including alternative, energy accumulation systems
nickel Cadmium	Electricians, River and Marine Courts, Aviation
iron-nickel	Backup power supply, traction for electrical transport, control circuit
nickel-hydrogen
nickel-metal-hydride	electric vehicles, defibrillators, rocket-space equipment, autonomous power supply systems, radio equipment, lighting equipment.
nickel-zinc	Cameras
child-acid	Backup power systems, household appliances, UPS, alternative power supplies, transport, industry, etc.
silver-zinc	Military sphere
silver-cadmium	Cosmos, Communication, Military Technologies
zinc-Bromoic
zinc chlorine

Table number 1. Classification of batteries.

Based on the given data in Table No. 1, it can be concluded that there are quite a lot of types of batteries other than their characteristics that are optimized for use in various conditions and with different intensity. Applying new technologies and components for production, scientists can achieve the desired characteristics for a specific application, for example, nickel-hydrogen batteries were developed for space satellites, space stations and other spacecraft. Of course, the table shows not all types, but only the basic, which were distributed.

Modern systems of reserve and autonomous power supply for industrial and household segment are based on species of lead-acid, nickel-cadmium (less often an iron-nickel type) and lithium-ion batteries are used, since these chemical power supplies are safe and have acceptable specifications and cost.

Lead-acid rechargeable batteries

This type is the most demanded in the modern world due to universal features and low cost. Due to the presence of a large amount of varieties, lead acid batteries are used in the areas of backup power systems, autonomous power supply systems, solar power plants, UPS, various types of transport, communication, security systems, various types of portable devices, toys, etc.

Principle of action of lead-acid batteries

Basis of work chemical sources Power is based on the interaction of metals and liquid - reversible reaction, which occurs when the contacts of the positive and negative plates are closed. Lead-acid batteries, as clear from the name, consist of lead and acid, where a positively charged plates are lead, and negatively charged - lead oxide. If you connect a light bulb to two plates, the chain will be closed and an electric current (electron movement) arises, and a chemical reaction will occur inside the element. In particular, there is corrosion of the plates of the battery, lead is covered by lead sulfate. Thus, in the process of discharge of the battery on all plates, a plaque from lead sulphate will be formed. When the battery is completely discharged, its plates are coated with the same metal - lead sulfate and have almost the same charge relative to the liquid, respectively, the battery voltage will be very low.

If the battery is connected to the charger to the appropriate terminals and turn it on, the current will flow into the acid in the opposite direction. Current will call chemical reaction, acid molecules - split and due to this reaction will remove lead sulfate with positive and negative plasticine batteries. In the final stage of the charging process, the plates will have first this species: Lead and lead oxide, which will allow them to get a different charge again, that is, the battery will be fully charged.

However, in practice, everything looks a bit different and the plates of the electrodes are not completely purified, so the batteries have a certain resource, upon reaching which the container is reduced to 80-70% of the original.

Figure No. 3. Electrochemical diagram of lead-acid battery (VRLA).

Types of lead acid batteries

LEAD-ACID.served - 6, 12V battery. Classic starter batteries for internal combustion engines and not only. Need regular maintenance and ventilation. Susceptible to high self-discharge.

Valve Regulated LEAD-ACID (VRLA)Unquestored - 2, 4, 6 and 12V battery. Cheap batteries in a sealed housing that can be used in residential premises, do not require additional ventilation and maintenance. Recommended for use in buffer mode.

Absorbent Glass Mat Valve Regulated LEAD-ACID (AGM VRLA), maintenanceable - 4, 6 and 12V batteries. Modern lead-acid batteries with absorbed electrolyte (non-liquid) and fiberglass separator separators, which are significantly better retained by lead plates, not allowing them to collapse. Such a solution made it possible to significantly reduce the charge time of AGM batteries, since the charging current can reach 20-25, less often than 30% of the nominal container.

AGM VRLA batteries have multiple modifications with optimized characteristics for cyclic and buffer modes of operation: Deep - for frequent deep discharges, front-terminal - for convenient location in telecommunication racks, Standard - general purpose, High Rate - provide a better discharge characteristic up to 30% and Suitable for powerful uninterruptible power sources, Modular - allow you to create powerful battery packs, etc.



Figure No. 4.

GEL VALVE REGULATED LEAD-ACID (GEL VRLA), non-serving - 2, 4, 6 and 12V batteries. One of the recent modifications of lead-acid type of batteries. The technology is based on the use of gel electrolyte, which provides maximum contact with negative and positive plates of elements and retains monotonous consistency throughout the volume. This type of batteries requires a "correct" charger, which will provide the required level of current and voltage, only in this case, you can get all the advantages compared to AGM VRLA type.

Chemical power supplies Gel VRLA, like AGM, have many subspecies that are best suited for certain modes of operation. The most common are SOLAR series - are used for solar energy systems, Marine - for marine and river transport, Deep Cycle - for frequent deep discharges, front-terminal - collected in special buildings for telecommunication systems, Golf - for golf cart, and also for Fraw-made machines, micro - small batteries for frequent use in mobile applications, modular - a special solution to create powerful battery banks for energy accumulation, etc.



Figure No. 5.

OPZV., maintenanceable - 2B batteries. OPZV special lead-acid elements are manufactured using tubular anode tubular plates and a sulfuric acid gel electrolyte. Anode and cathode of elements contain additional metal - calcium, thanks to which the resistance of the electrodes to corrosion increases and the service life increases. Negative plates are namazy, this technology provides the best contact with the electrolyte.

OPZV batteries are resistant to deep discharges and have a long service life of up to 22 years. As a rule, only the best materials are used to make such batteries, only the best materials are used to ensure high efficiency in cyclic mode.

The use of OPZV batteries is in demand in telecommunication installations, emergency lighting systems, uninterruptible power sources, navigation systems, household and industrial energy and solar electrical generation systems.


Figure No. 6. Everexceed OPZV OPZV structure.

Opzs., low-service - 2, 6, 12V battery. Stationary OPZS lead-acid batteries are manufactured with tubular anode plates with antimony. The cathode also contains a small amount of antimony and is a namazy lattice type. Anode and cathode are separated by microporous separators that prevent short circuit. The battery body is made of a special impact-resistant, chemical-resistant influence and light of transparent plastic, and ventilated valves belong to the fireproof type and provide protection against possible flames and sparks.

Transparent walls allow you to conveniently monitor the electrolyte level using the minimum and maximum settings. The special structure of the valves makes it possible without removing them to add distilled water and washing the electrolyte density. Depending on the load, the topping of water is carried out once in one to two years.

Rechargeable OPZS batteries have the highest characteristics among all other types of lead acid batteries. Service life can reach 20 - 25 years and provide a resource up to 1800 deep 80% discharge cycles.

The use of such batteries is necessary in systems with the requirements of medium and deep discharge, incl. where the launched currents of the average size are observed.



Figure No. 7.

Characteristics of lead acid batteries

Analyzing the data given in Table 2, it can be concluded that lead acid batteries have a wide selection of models that are suitable for various operating modes and operating conditions.

			Agm VRLA.	Gel VRLA
Capacity, amp / hour
Voltage, Volt.
Optimal discharge depth,%
Permissible discharge depth,%
Cyclic resource, d.o.d. \u003d 50%
Optimal temperature, ° С
Operating temperature range, ° C
Service life, years at + 20 ° С
Self-discharge,%
Max. Current charge,% of the tank
Minimum charge time, h
Services requirements						1 - 2 years
The average cost, $, 12V / 100Ah.

Table number 2. Comparative characteristics By types of lead acid batteries.

The average data of more than 10 batteries producers were used to analyze, the products of which are presented in the Ukrainian market for a long time and successfully applied in many areas (everExceed, BB Battery, CSB, Leoch, Vertura, Challenger, C & D Techologies, Victron Energy, Sunlight , Troian and others).

Lithium-ion (lithium) rechargeable batteries

The history of origin takes place in 1912, when Gilbert Newton Lewis worked on the calculation of the activity of strong electrolyte ions and conducted studies of the electrode potentials of a number of elements, including lithium. Since 1973, the work has been resumed and the resulting elements of lithium-based batteries appeared as a result, which provided only one discharge cycle. Attempts to create a lithium battery were difficult to the activity of lithium properties, which, with incorrect discharge modes or charge, caused a rapid reaction with high temperature release and even flame. Sony has released the first mobile phones with similar batteries, but was forced to withdraw the products back after several unpleasant incidents. Developments did not stop and in 1992 the first "safe" batteries based on lithium ions appeared.

Lithium-ion type batteries have a high energy density and due to this, with a compact size and light weight, provide 2-4 times greater capacity compared to lead acid batteries. Undoubtedly, the high advantage of lithium-ion batteries is a high speed of 100% recharge for 1-2 hours.

Li-Ion batteries have been widely used in modern electronic technology, automotive, energy accumulation systems, solar generation of electricity. Extremely in demand in high-tech multimedia devices and communications: phones, tablet computers, laptops, radio stations, etc. Modern world It is difficult to imagine without power sources of lithium-ion type.

Principle of action of lithium (lithium-ion) batteries

The principle of operation is to use lithium ions that are bound by additional metals molecules. Usually, in addition to lithium, lithium-cobletside and graphite are used. When the lithium-ion battery is discharged, the transition of ions from the negative electrode (cathode) to the positive (anode) and vice versa during charge. The battery scheme assumes the presence of a separator separator between two parts of the element, this is necessary to prevent spontaneous movement of lithium ions. When the battery chain is closed and the process of charge or discharge occurs, the ions overcome the separator separator striving for the oppositely charged electrode.

Figure No. 8. Electrochemical diagram of lithium-ion battery.

Due to its high efficiency, lithium-ion batteries have obtained rapid development and many subspecies, such as lithium-iron-phosphate batteries (LifePO4). Below is a graphical scheme of the operation of this subtype.

Figure number 9. Electrochemical circuit diagram of the discharge and discharge of the LifePO4 battery.

Types of lithium-ion batteries

Modern lithium-ion batteries have many subtypes, the main difference of which is the composition of the cathode (negatively charged electrode). The composition of the anode may also change full replacement Graphite or the use of graphite with the addition of other materials.

Different kinds lithium-ion batteries Denote by their chemical decomposition. For an ordinary user, this may be somewhat difficult, so each type will be described in the most detailed as possible, including its full name, chemical definition, abbreviation and short designation. For convenience, the description will be used by the abbreviated name.

Lithium Cobalt Oxide (Licoo2) - It has a high specific energy, which makes a lithium-cobalt battery in demand in compact high-tech devices. The cathode of the battery consists of cobalt oxide, while the anode is from graphite. The cathode has a layered structure and during the discharge of lithium ions move from the anode to the cathode. The disadvantage of this type is relatively short term Services, low thermal stability and limited power element.

Lithium-cobalt batteries can not be discharged and charged with a current superior with a nominal capacity, so the battery with a capacity of 2.4 hour can operate with a current of 2,4a. If a large current will be applied to charge, it will cause overheating. The optimal charging current is 0.8c, in this case 1,92A. Each lithium cobalt battery is completed with a protection circuit, which limits the charge and discharge rate and limits the current at 1C.

The graph (Fig. 10) reflects the basic properties of lithium-cobalt batteries in terms of specific energy or power, specific power or ability to provide high current, safety or chances of ignition at high load, working temperature of the environment, service life and cyclic resource, cost .



Figure 10.

Lithium Oxide Manganese (Limn2O4, LMO) - The first information about the use of lithium with manganese spiners was published in the 1983 scientific reports. Moli Energy in 1996 released the first batteries based on lithium-oxide-manganese as a cathode material. Such an architecture forms three-dimensional spinel structures, which improves the flow of ions to the electrode, thereby reducing the internal resistance and increasing the possible solar currents. Also the advantage of spinel in thermal stability and increased security, but the cyclic resource and service life is limited.

Low resistance provides the possibility of fast charge and discharge of a high-current lithium-manganese battery to 30A and brief up to 50a. It is used for powerful power tools, medical equipment, as well as hybrid and electrical vehicles.

The potential of lithium-manganese batteries is about 30% lower compared to lithium-cobalt batteries, but this technology has about 50% of the best properties than batteries based on nickel chemical components.

The design flexibility allows engineers to optimize battery properties and achieve a long service life, high capacity (specific energy), the ability to maximize the current (specific power). For example, with a long service life, the size of the element 18650 has a capacity of 1,1Ah, whereas elements optimized on an increased capacity - 1.5Ah, but they have a smaller service life.

On the chart (Fig. 12), not the most impressive characteristics of lithium-manganese batteries are reflected, however, modern developments have significantly improved operational characteristics and make this type of competitive and widely used.



Figure №11.

Modern lithium-manganese type batteries can be made with the addition of other elements - Lithium-Nickel-Marganese-Cobalt Oxide (NMC), such a technology significantly extends the service life and increases specific energy indicators. This composition brings the best properties from each system, the so-called LMO (NMC) are used for most electric vehicles, such as Nissan, Chevrolet, BMW, etc.

Lithium Nickel-Marganese-Cobalt Oxide (Linimnco2 or NMC) - The leading manufacturers of lithium-ion batteries focused on the combination of nickel-manganese-cobalt as the cathode materials (NMC). Lithium-manganese type, these batteries can be adapted to achieve high specific energy indicators or high specific power, however, not at the same time. For example, the NMC type 18650 element in a moderate load is 2,8аc and can provide maximum current 4-5a; The NMC element optimized to the parameters of high power has only 2Wh, but can provide a continuous discharge current to 20a. The NMC feature is a combination of nickel and manganese, as an example, a mustache salt can be brought, in which the main ingredients of sodium and chloride, which are separately toxic substances separately.

Nickel is known for its high specific energy, but low stability. The Manganese has the advantage of the formation of the structure of the spinel and provides low internal resistance, but at the same time has a low specific energy. Combining these two metal, you can get the optimal characteristic of the NMC battery for different operating modes.

NMC batteries are perfectly suitable for power tools, electric bikes and other power units. The combination of the cathode materials: a third of nickel, manganese and cobalt provide unique properties, as well as reduce the cost of the product due to a decrease in cobalt content. Other subtypes like NCM, CMN, CNM, MNC and MCN have an excellent troop ratio of 1 / 3-1 / 3-1 / 3. Usually, the exact ratio is kept by the manufacturer in the Security.



Figure No. 12.

Lithium-iron-phosphate (LIFEPO4) - In 1996, phosphate was applied as a cathode material at the University of Texas (and other participants) lithium batteries. Lithium phosphate offers good electrochemical characteristics with low resistance. This became possible with nano-phosphate of the cathode material. The main advantages are the high flowing current and long service life, besides, good thermal stability and increased safety.

Lithium-iron-phosphate batteries tolee to a complete discharge and less susceptible to "aging" than other lithium-ion systems. LFP is also more resistant to reload, but as in other lithium-ion type batteries, the reload may cause damage. LIFEPO4 provides a very stable discharge voltage - 3.2B, it allows you to use only 4 elements to create a 12B battery, which in turn allows you to effectively replace lead-acid batteries. Lithium-free phosphate batteries do not contain cobalt, it significantly reduces the cost of the product and makes it more environmentally friendly. In the process of discharge, it provides high current, and can also be charged with a rated current in just one hour before full capacity. Operation at low ambient temperatures reduces performance, and the temperature of over 35 ° C - the service life is somewhat slow down, but the indicators are much better than lead-acid, nickel-cadmium or nickel-metal hydride batteries. Lithium phosphate has a greater self-discharge than other lithium-ion batteries that can cause the need for balancing battery guests.



Figure №13.

Lithium Nickel Cobalt-Oxide Aluminum (Linicoalo2) - Lithium-nickel-cobalto-oxide aluminum batteries (NCA) appeared in 1999. This type provides high specific energy and sufficient specific power, as well as a long service life. However, there are risks of ignition, as a result, aluminum was added, which provides a higher stability of electrochemical processes occurring in the battery at high discharge and charge currents.



Figure No. 14.

Lithium Titanate (Li4Ti5O12) - Batteries with anodes from lithium-titanate were known since the 1980s. The cathode consists of graphite and is similar to the architecture of a typical lithium metal battery. Lithium-titanate has a 2.4V element voltage, can be quickly charged and provides high discharge current 10C, which is 10 times higher than the rated battery capacity.

Lithium-titanate batteries are distinguished by an increased cyclic resource compared to other Li-Ion batteries. They have high security, as well as capable of working at low temperatures (up to -30ºC) without a tangible reduction in performance characteristics.

The disadvantage is sufficiently high cost, as well as in a small indicator of the specific energy, about 60-80W / kg, which is quite comparable to nickel-cadmium batteries. Applications: Electric power units and uninterruptible power supplies.



Figure No. 15.

Lithium Polymer Batteries (Li-Pol, Li-Polymer, Lipo, Lip, Li-Poly) - Lithium polymer batteries differ from lithium-ion in that they use a special polymer electrolyte. The resulting excitement to this type of batteries since the 2000s lasts until today. It is based not at groundless, since, with the help of special polymers, it was possible to create a battery without liquid or gel electrolyte, this makes it possible to create batteries of almost any form. But the main problem is that the solid polymer electrolyte provides poor conductivity at room temperature, and the best properties dismantle in a preheated state up to 60 ° C. All attempts of scientists find a solution to this task were in vain.

In modern lithium polymer batteries, a small amount of gel electrolyte is applied for better conductivity at normal temperature. And the principle of operation is built on one of the types described above. The most common is a lithium-cobalt type with a polymer gel-shaped electrolyte, which is used in most cases.

The main difference between lithium-ion batteries and lithium polymer is that the microporous polymer electrolyte is replaced by the traditional separator separator. The lithium polymer has a slightly greater indicator of specific energy and makes it possible to create thin elements, but the cost is 10-30% higher than lithium-ion. There is a significant difference in the structure of the case. If a thin foil is used for lithium polymer, which is given the opportunity to create so thin batteries that they are similar to credit cards, then lithium-ionic assembled in a rigid metal case for dense fixation of the electrodes.

Figure No. 17. Appearance Li-Polymer battery for mobile phone.

Characteristics of lithium-ion batteries

The table does not have the maximum capacity of the elements, since the technology of lithium-ion batteries does not allow to produce powerful individual elements. When a high container or permanent current is needed, the batteries are connected in parallel and sequentially with the help of jumpers. The state must control the battery monitoring system. Modern battery packs for UPS and solar power plants based on lithium elements can reach a voltage of 500-700V of direct current with a capacity of about 400A / h, as well as a capacity of 2000 - 3000 and voltage 48 or 96V.

Parameter \\ Type
Voltage of the element, volt;
Optimal temperature, ° C;
Service life, years at + 20 ° C;
Self-discharge in place.,%
Max. Current discharge
Max. Current charge
Minimum charge time, h
Services requirements
Level level

Nickel Cadmium Battery Batteries

The inventor is Swedish scientist Valdemar Junner, who patented the technology of production of nickel cadmium type in 1899. D 1990 There was a patent dispute with Edison, which Junner lost due to the fact that he did not own such means as his opponent. Ackumulator AktieboLaget Jungner, founded by Waldemar, was on the verge of bankruptcy, however, replacing the name on Svenska Ackumulator AktieboLaget Jungner, the company still continued its development. Currently, an enterprise based by the developer is called "SAFT AB" and produces one of the most reliable nickel-cadmium batteries in the world.

Nickel-cadmium batteries relate to a very durable and reliable type. There are served and maintenance-free models with a capacity from 5 to 1500 and. Usually shipped in the form of dry-charged cans without electrolyte with a nominal voltage of 1.2V. Despite the similarity of the construction with lead-acid, nickel-cadmium batteries have a number of significant advantages in the form of stable work At temperatures from -40 ° C, the ability to withstand high starting currents, as well as optimized models for a quick discharge. Ni-CD batteries are resistant to deep discharge, reload and do not require instant charge as lead acid type. Constructively produced in shockproof plastic and transport mechanical damage well, not afraid of vibrations, etc.

Principle of action of nickel-cadmium batteries

Alkaline batteries whose electrodes consist of nickel oxide hydrate with graphite adding, barium oxide and powder cadmium. As an electrolyte, as a rule, a solution with a 20% potassium content and adding lithium monohydrate is performed. The plates are separated by insulating separators in order to avoid closures, one negatively charged plate is located between two positively charged.

In the process of discharge, the nickel-cadmium battery occurs between the anode with the hydrate of nickel oxide and electrolyte ions, forming a nickel hydraulic hydrate. At the same time, the cadmium cathode forms a cadmium hydrocarbon hydrate, thereby creating a potential difference to 1.45V providing voltage inside the battery and in an outer closed chain.

The process of charge nickel-cadmium batteries is accompanied by the oxidation of the active mass of the anodes and the transition of nickel yoke hydrate to the nickel oxide hydrate. At the same time, the cathode is restored to the formation of cadmium.

The advantage of the principle of action of nickel-cadmium battery is that all components that are formed in the process of discharge cycles and charge are almost not dissolved in the electrolyte, and also do not enter into any side reactions.

Figure №16. The structure of the Ni-CD battery.

Types of nickel-cadmium batteries

Currently, the NI-CD batteries are used most often in industry, where you need to provide diverse applications. Some manufacturers offer several subspecies of nickel-cadmium batteries that provide the best work in certain modes:

discharge time 1.5 - 5 hours and more - served batteries;

discharge time 1.5 - 5 hours and more - non-maintained batteries;

discharge time 30 - 150 minutes - serviced batteries;

discharge time 20 - 45 minutes - serviced batteries;

discharge time 3 - 25 minutes - serviced batteries.

Characteristics of nickel-cadmium batteries

Parameter \\ Type	Nickel Cadmium / NI-CD
Capacity, amp / hour;
Voltage of the element, volt;
Optimal discharge depth,%;
Permissible discharge depth,%;
Cyclic resource, d.o.d. \u003d 80%;
Optimal temperature, ° C;
Operating temperature range, ° C;
Service life, years at + 20 ° C;
Self-discharge in place.,%
Max. Current discharge
Max. Current charge
Minimum charge time, h
Services requirements	Low service or non-serving
Level level	average (300 - 400 $ 100Ah)

High technical specifications make this type of batteries are very attractive to solve production tasks when a highly reliable source of backup power with a long service life is required.

Nickel-iron rechargeable batteries

For the first time, Waldemar Junner was created in 1899, when he tried to find a cheaper equivalent of cadmium as part of nickel-cadmium batteries. After a long test, Junger refused to apply iron, since the charge was carried out too slowly. A few years later, Thomas Edison created a nickel-iron battery, which was powered by the electric vehicle "Baker Electric" and "Detroit Electric".

The cheapness of production allowed nickel-iron accumulators to become popular in the electric transport as traction batteries, also apply to the electrification of passenger cars, power supply chains. In recent years, nickel-iron accumulators spoke with a new force, since they do not contain toxic elements like lead, cadmium, cobalt, etc. Currently, some manufacturers promote them for renewable energy systems.

Principle of action of nickel-iron batteries

The accumulation of electricity occurs with the help of nickel hydroxide oxide used as positive plates, iron as negative plates and liquid electrolyte in the form of caustic potassium. Nickel stable tubes or "pockets" contain an active substance

Nickel-iron type is very reliable, because Withstand deep discharges, frequent rearments, and may also be in an underwritten state, which is very detrimental to lead-acid batteries.

Characteristics of nickel-iron batteries

Parameter \\ Type	Nickel Cadmium / NI-CD
Capacity, amp / hour;
Voltage of the element, volt;
Optimal discharge depth,%;
Permissible discharge depth,%;
Cyclic resource, d.o.d. \u003d 80%;
Optimal temperature, ° C;
Operating temperature range, ° C;
Service life, years at + 20 ° C;
Self-discharge in place.,%
Max. Current discharge
Max. Current charge
Minimum charge time, h
Services requirements	Low service
Level level	middle, low

Used materials

BOSTON CONSULTING GROUP RESEARCH

Technical documentation TM BOSCH, PANASONIC, EVEREXCEED, VICTRON ENERGY, VARTA, LECLANCHÉ, ENVIA, KOKAM, SAMSUNG, Valence and others.

The battery is a reusable current source that is designed to accumulate and storing energy. Its work is based on reversible redox reactions, which makes it possible to use the battery repeatedly. To create a battery, several batteries are connected in one chain.

Types of batteries

For household appliances and tools, several types of batteries are used, which differ according to the materials used for their manufacture.

Nickel Cadmium (NICD)

This battery withstand a large number of discharges and charges, resistant to low temperatures and has a large permissible discharge current. One of its main advantages is the low price and long service life. The disadvantages of this species are that it is quickly self-discharged and has a low energy density.

The main disadvantage of such equipment is the "memory effect", which leads to a decrease in the useful container with incomplete discharge of the battery. To restore the rated power, you need to completely discharge, and then charge this device again. To increase the service life of such equipment, it is necessary to completely discharge it and only then put it for charging. To charge, it is necessary to use only the device that went bundled, or that that meets the requirements of the battery manufacturer.

Metal hydride nickel (NIMH)

Such batteries appeared later, and they are more promising. Now they are massively used for different household appliances, but even more progressive views are used for phones and laptops.

Lithium-ionic (Liion)

Such a battery is most often used to feed laptops, cameras and other equipment, but in modern phones, it is already rarely used, as it is outstanding the more progressive type of batteries. Their main disadvantage in high sensitivity to reload, therefore, in devices where such batteries are used, the controller is installed, which limits the charge.

Lithium Polymer (Lipol)

The most modern devices, their main differences are that the electrolyte gel is, so such batteries can be very thin. They are most often used in mobile phones, players and other techniques having small sizes. Since such batteries are also sensitive to reload, it is impossible to use them in devices with a faulty charge controller. If the tightness is disturbed, it is also impossible to operate such a battery.

Device

Previously, batteries for household appliances and phones in their structure were an accurate copy of those used in cars. Modern technologies made it possible to develop lithium-ion batteries, in which the cathode is covered with aluminum, and the anode is copper foil. In lithium-polymer models, soft packets are used as cans, which are filled with gel-like lithium solution in the polymer.

To control the charge, such a battery necessarily has a device that is made in the form of an electronic board. Instead of familiar two contacts, such batteries with a phone board are connected using a convector - a multi-pole connection.

Principle of operation

Regardless of the type, any battery works due to the presence of a voltage difference between the plates made of metal, immersed in the electrolyte.

Chemical processes occurring in the battery are reversible, so after its discharge, it is possible with the help of charge to restore efficiency. During the charge, the current is passed in the opposite direction, which will be at the discharge of the battery.

The main characteristic is the container, that is, the charge value that the fully charged battery can be given when discharge to the smallest allowable value. It is usually used by HP for its measurement.

Areas of use

The battery is used in various industries and is widely used. Rechargeable batteries are used to illuminate wagons, nutrition of various apertures on cars, mobile phones, in household appliances and electronics.

In order to secure the computer and the available information with the sudden disappearance of the power supply, are used. The main element is the battery. The initial launch of any car does not require without a charged battery.

How to choose a battery

Consider the features of the choice of battery for a mobile phone. First you need to figure out what battery is installed on your phone, as it can be removable or non-removable.

If it can be removed, then open the back cover of the phone and carefully studies the characteristics of the battery:

• Capacity.
• Model.
• Voltage.

If there is a fixed battery, its data can be found from the phone's passport or on the manufacturer's website. The modern market offers original batteries similar to both "nunnyam". For the last option, it is better not to pay attention at all, as such a battery can not only fail the phone, but even explode.

Between themselves, the original and analog products are practically different in their characteristics, but the original batteries will be much more expensive. Note that some manufacturers do not original spare partsSo, in this case, you will have to purchase a similar power source.

Battery for car

In this case, you need to pay attention to such characteristics as a container, starting current and product dimensions. It is important that the container and the value of the start current are not very different from the battery, which was installed at the manufacturer's factory, as the generator and other equipment are designed for their defined values.

In addition to the described characteristics, pay attention to the presence of additional elements: a handle for convenient transportation, terminal protection, the presence of a built-in charge indicator.

Advantages and disadvantages

Consider what are the advantages and disadvantages of different types of batteries.

Advantages of NICD devices:

• Fast charging, you can use a current that is equal to and even exceeds the battery capacity, it is impossible to abusely with a large charging current and if a quick charge is required, then devices that determine the full charge of the battery are used, after which they must be disconnected.
• Can give a current of the current of a large value.
• If the operating rules are followed, the service life will be large.
• The possibility of recovery when decreasing the container.
• Available cost.

Disadvantages will be like:

• The presence of the "memory effect".
• High levels of self-discharge.
• Large weight and sizes.
• Special disposal is required due to the presence of cadmium.

Features NIMH batteries:

• More electricity density, so they have smaller weight and sizes.
• The service life depends on the depth of the discharge so that the battery serves longer, it is better not to exploit it with complete, but with a surface discharge.
• Charging can not be carried out as fast as in the previous version.
• "Memory effect" is expressed much less.
• They have a small number of working cycles.
• High self-discharge, which reaches 30% per month.

Liiion batteries have the following advantages:

• Low weight and sizes are achieved by high electricity density.
• Minor self-discharge.
• Throughout the service life do not require any service.

Disadvantages of such AKB are as follows:

• High price.
• Keep such batteries only charged.
• Even if they are not used, the process of aging, after two years, if they do not use them, they usually fail.

Lipol devices are the most modern, but so far they do not apply massively, so objectively assess their advantages and shortcomings yet.

If you compare them with other types, then in such devices there are fewer working cycles, and they are designed for a small load current. The technology of their manufacture allows you to create thin and plastic geometric shapes, which is uncharacteristic for other types of batteries. As with all new, the cost of such batteries is still high.

NimH and Liion batteries are mainly used in electronic devices. The first will have more service life at moderate loads and below the cost, the second simple maintenance and long service life at intensive loads. Nickel-cadmium devices are already practically not used, and lithium-polymeric only conquer the market.

Car batteries differ in the types and characteristics that it greatly complicates the process of their choice for car owners. After all, the characteristics of batteries for cars are determined not only the performance of the car, but also additional electronic devices - radio tape recorders, air conditioning, cigarette lighter. In the question, what types of batteries are, we will try to figure out today, bringing short description each of them.

Features of traditional "antimunct" car batteries

The traditional type of battery contains more than 5% antimony in its lead plates. For modern batteries, this is no longer characteristic, since the percentage of antimony in them straightened. It was necessary in order to prevent a sharp strengthening of the electrolysis process, which due to antimony is activated already by reaching the voltage indicator in 12 V. Another disadvantage of such batteries is the need to pour off distilled water in them, as due to water evaporation, the upper edges Electrodes constantly overlook.

Looking at all this, at least once a month you have to check such a battery and control, at what level there is water and whether the electrolyte density of the required indicator reaches.

Why then did it need to add antimony into lead? It was done solely to increase the strength of the plates inside the battery. Thanks to progress, the need to use antimony today disappeared, so it is almost impossible to meet the so-called "traditional" batteries for cars. Use such batteries rationally only in stationary installations, where they will manifest themselves as unpretentious in service.

Advantages and disadvantages of minor batteries

This type of batteries contains less than 5% of antimony, due to which the need for constant control of the electrolyte level in the battery is constantly controlled. In addition, the minor batteries are not so intensely discharged during downtime (storage).

In comparison with antimunct batteries, this type of batteries do not have to be serviced, although the need to replenish the water replenishment still occurs. The greatest advantage of these batteries is considered to be "unpretentious" to the electronic equipment of the car. That is, even if low-quality devices will be connected to the electrical network, due to which the voltage will constantly change, irreversible changes with the battery will not occur (as is known, more modern batteries may irrevocably lose their capacity per capita).

Important!The characteristics of minority batteries for the car allow them to be used only on old cars produced in the USSR or in Russia. They are suitable for such cars and their low cost.

What is the difference between calcium batteries?

In this case, instead of antimony in the grille of the electrolytes, calcium is added, to which when purchasing you will indicate a special labeling. "SA / SA" (The marking states that the plates of both poles include calcium). It was also possible to achieve additional energy intensity of calcium batteries by adding small particles of silver to the composition of their plates. Thanks to silver, the internal resistance of the battery was also reduced, and the efficiency has significantly increased.

TO advantagesthis type of battery should also be attributed:

No need to serve such a battery, since in the process of its operation, water from it almost does not evaporate. Thanks to this, calcium batteries have become non-servant.

Compared by minority batteries, calcium is practically not exposed to self-discharge. This difference between the two types of batteries is about 70%, which indicates about for a long time Services of calcium batteries, as well as the possibility of their long-term storage.

Calcium batteries are not so terrible, and the electrolysis in them due to the presence of calcium begins with 16 V.

But if these batteries are not afraid of too intensive charging, then if they are planted "in zero" several times in a row, they will immediately lose half of their capacity. Often, this leads to the need to complete the battery replacement. Another disadvantage - sensitivity to voltage drops, so when installing a calcium battery, you need to check the serviceability on-board network car.

Make such batteries most often managed on foreign cars, which belong to the average price range. If we talk about the cost of the calcium battery itself, it is several times more expensive of the above described, but this is compensated for by its service life (but that it is as long as possible, the battery needs to be properly used and not allow complete discharge).

General characteristics of hybrid batteries

It is clear from the name that this type of battery has a set of different plates. At the same time, positive is made with the addition of antimony (but less than 5%), and negative - with the addition of calcium. Therefore, such batteries as "CA +" are indicated. Thanks to this approach, it was possible to achieve:

1. Reducing water consumption compared to minor batteries.

2. Increase the stability of the battery to voltage drops, as well as to too intensive charging and discharge.

Thus, hybrid batteries do not exceed their qualities described above, but are exactly in the middle between them if they evaluate their quality.

Gel and AGM batteries - what are the features?

If you were interested in the question, which types of batteries are, it was probably faced with gel batteries, and with AGM batteries. From all other car batteries, they are distinguished by the fact that the electrolyte inside them is not in the liquid, but in the gel condition.

The need to use gel-like electrolyte occurred due to the fact that the liquid electrolyte can very often flow from the battery case. Since it is a solution of water and sulfuric acid, such a liquid damaged not only the body of the battery itself, but all other systems of the car. In addition, such an electrolyte with time led to the destruction of lead plates, which automatically reduced the power of the battery.

It was possible to achieve solutions to all these problems by using gel-like electrolyte. At the same time, in AGM batteries, in addition to gel electrolyte, a special porous material made of absorbent fiberglass is used to prevent sweeping of the electrodes. But in general, gel and AGM do not have significant differences between themselves and differ in the following advantages:

Such types of batteries are completely not afraid of slopes, so even for use you can be installed in any convenient position, but still turning them upside down.

Resistant to vibrations, as they do not lead to sprinkling the surface of the electrodes.

Have a low self-discharge rate, so if they store them in a charged state, even after a few months will remain suitable for use.

Not afraid of overlap, and when the battery sits down, the car does not feel it, since the height of the current does not fall.

But they have and disadvantages - gel batteries are very afraid of recharge, and the charging process itself must be carried out gradually, when using low current. Specifically for this special charging deviceWe recommend using.

It is also worth considering that gel batteries work very poorly in the cold, although, if not allowed them to operate at low temperatures and correctly charge, they can serve about 10 years. But they still stand at the same time, therefore, you can meet this type of battery you can only catch up on a prestigious car.

We study the characteristics of alkaline batteries for cars

IN car batteries The role of the electrolyte can perform and alkali. At the same time, you can meet two types of such batteries at once:

1. Nickel-cadmium. The positive plates of the electrodes in such batteries are coated with nickel hydroxide, and negative - cadmium and iron.

2. Nickel-iron. Positive electrodes have the same composition as in nickel-cadmium batteries, but negative are made of iron without using any impurities.

But, regardless of the type of plates, the electrolyte in such batteries is used one - the solution of caustic potassium con. At the same time, compared to acid batteriesalkaline have the following advantages:

1. Not afraid of development, even storage is allowed in a fully discharged state.

2. Not afraid of excess charging.

3. Well function at negative temperatures.

4. Self-discharge is even lower than in acid potassium batteries.

5. Alkali evaporation is not harmful to the human body.

6. Such batteries are distinguished by a large capacity.

As for the deficiencies, the alkaline batteries are not able to produce a large number of current at the same time. This explains the large size of alkaline batteries, since they have to insert more "cans". In addition, there are such batteries more expensive than acidic.

Important! Alkaline batteries are more often used for start, but for traction functions, therefore they are used mainly on trucks.

What are the advantages of the lithium-ion type of batteries?

Lithium-ion batteries are the most promising in modern automotive industry. At the same time, their developers are constantly improving, making less toxic and more affordable in the price aspect.

Advantages Lithium-ion type of batteries are the following characteristics:

The maximum high battery charge capacity, which no other type of car batteries reaches.

Highly issued voltage, allowing you to make the battery as compact as possible.

The absence of an intense chief process of self-discharge.

But still there is also a number of disadvantagesFor the reason why lead-acid accumulators for cars are more often used:

When the temperature drops to negative marks, the current strength that the battery gives is significantly reduced.

Lithium-ion battery can "survive" only 500 charging procedures-discharge.

They are characterized by the process of "aging" - decrease in capacity with age. For 2 years, about 20% of the capacity leaves.

Cannot be allowed deep discharge Lithium-ion battery.

The power of such a battery does not provide the start of the engine.

However, according to forecasts, it is the lithium-ion batteries in a short time will be used on vehicles. True, engineers will have to work well to eliminate all the voiced disadvantages of this type of batteries.

It should be concluded that today there is no perfect type of battery for cars, since each of the existing has its drawbacks. For this reason, when choosing a battery, every car owner should focus on the features of his car and personal preferences.