It is known that the dimensions of the formats of sheets A0, A1, A2, A3 and A4 on A10 correspond to the approved Russian standard - GOST2.301-68.
At all plants of the Russian Federation, the main dimensions of the sheets of paper correspond to the values \u200b\u200bthat are presented in the table below.
| Paper format | Paper sizes in millimeters | Sizes in centimeters | Description of format |
|---|---|---|---|
| Format sheet a0. | 841 * 1189 mm | 84.1 * 118.9 cm | The sheet of this format has an area of \u200b\u200b1 m². This is the size of the greatest size. The remaining sizes are obtained by dividing the format A0. |
| A1 format sheet | 594 * 841 mm | 59.4 * 84.1 cm | The main scope of application of sheets of A1 formats is professional design and sampling. This format is often called a drawing watman, a watman sheet or just Watman. This format is obtained by dividing the format A0 in half. |
| A2 format sheet | 420 * 594 mm | 42 * 59.4 cm | The main scope of application of sheets of format A2 - Print banners, coursework and thesis In printing houses, as well as traditional newspapers. This is half of Watman A1 cut across. |
| A3 format sheet | 297 * 420 mm | 29.7 * 42 cm | The main scope of application of the Format A3 sheet is student work. The sheets of this size are excellent for floristics, creating decorative panels, collages, paintings. Such a format has newspapers-tabloids. In addition, a sheet of this size is the maximum, used in the copying machines of the consumer class. |
| A4 format sheet | 210 * 297 mm | 21 * 29.7 cm | The main scope of application of sheets of A4 format is the use for children starting to draw. Paper of this size is ideal for small sketches, as well as for printed products. The format is widely used in the printing house. This is the most common paper format, on which they usually print and dock. |
| A5 format sheet | 148 * 210 mm | 14.8 * 21 cm | The scope of application of the A5 sheets is the printing brochure, small-circulation methods that are printed either on the printer or on the copy machine. |
| A6 format sheet | 105 * 148 mm | 10.5 * 14.8 cm | A6 format sheets are the size of a small notebook. |
| A7 format sheet | 74 * 105 mm | 7.4 * 10.5 cm | A8 format sheets have a conventional pocket calendar. |
| A8 format sheet | 52 * 74 mm | 5.2 * 7.4 cm | |
| A9 format sheet | 37 * 52 mm | 3.7 * 5.2 cm | |
| A10 format sheet | 26 * 37 mm | 2.6 * 3.7 cm |
These formats are not treason. In addition to the Russian Federation, these sizes are recorded and international standards. It must be said that it is very convenient, it would still, because documents are used everywhere.
Paper except formats and sizes is divided into a series of series. All of their three: A, B and C. This division complies with ISO international standards.
- Pa paper A. Predestly used for documents. For example, in Russia for registration of various documents, the A4 paper format is used.
- Paper Series B. It is used for the manufacture of printing products.
- Paper Series S. Used for envelopes.
Paper format - This is a standardized paper sheet size.
Standard paper sizes were different at different times in different countries. To date, primarily use:
- iNTERNATIONAL STANDARD ISO 216 (A4 and accompanying) and
- north American system.
The ISO 216 standard was created in 1975 from the German DIN 476 of the Standard and identified the series A and B paper formats. The standard is based on the metric system of measures and is based on the format of a sheet of paper with an area of \u200b\u200b1 m². The standard was adopted by all countries, with the exception of the United States and Canada.
Were created in order to standardize printing equipment. Now in the office sphere the most popular format is A4. He is most common and in publishing houses - on such paper, the books are most often printed. Other formats are used for different purposes, it will be described in more detail below. And first, we suggest familiarize yourself with the table of the size of common formats.
Paper size dimensions
In international classification, the marking is most often useddefined by ISO216 standard. They have a fixed aspect ratio of 1: √2, which is called the ratio of Lichtenberg. The basis is the format A0, and each subsequent format is obtained by the exact cutting of the previous sheet in half. So, if you cut in half a sheet A0, then the format A1 and so on. So, the exact dimensions of paper formats are as follows:
- A0 - has an area of \u200b\u200b1 square meter, and the sides - 841 × 1189 mm.
- A1 - The leaf area is 0.5 square meters. m., and sides - 594 × 841 mm.
- A2 - the area is 25 decimeters, and the sides are 420 × 594 mm.
- A3 - Sheet area is 12.5 decimeters, and the parties - 297 × 420 mm.
- A4 is the most popular format with parties 210 × 297 mm.
- A5 - has parties 210x148 mm.
- A6 - another two times less - 148x105 mm.
Where different paper formats are used
The most common format to which all printers are adapted is. It is used for printing:
- books;
- documents;
- contracts;
- overhead and many other.
Some office printers support printing on format. This size is standard newspapers. A0 and A1 are used for printing:
- posters;
- posters;
- wall tables;
- diagrams.
Little A5 and A6 formats are used for manufacture:
- pocket books;
- notebooks;
- written books.
What is worth paying attention to when choosing
Choosing paper format need to take into account the standard standards for products to be used to use. So, if a small brochure is produced, which is planned to be multiplied by a printer or a copy machine, then it is worth staying on A5 and A6 formats. If you buy paper for printing documents, then you should choose standard option A4, as absolutely all office models of printers are adapted under it.
If you plan to print a poster, then you will definitely need a device for widescreen printing. Large format can be taken before checking specifications and tolerances your printer. Thus, the choice of sheet format should be carried out, given the technical tolerances of the existing printer, as well as accepting on what sheet it will be better to look for printing for specific purposes.
In addition to the printer format, the following paper parameters are important:
- density (the best - 80-90g / m2);
- opacity (especially important in the implementation of bilateral printing);
- humidity (the best - 4.5%, but small deviations are allowed);
- thickness (the thicker sheet, the tougher);
- smoothness (affects the final image quality);
- trimming (edges should remain smooth, without burrs);
- electrifyability (strong leads to paper gluing and feed failures).
Why not save on paper
Savings on paper quality leads to rapid wear and breakdown of printers. And the repair of them costs much more expensive than the prudent purchase of good paper, which will save your technique. So it is much more profitable to buy clean and high-quality sheets with optimal density. And of course, you need to choose the right format for your future image.
Before telling about the classification of motor oils by ACEA, we will tell a little about the organization itself.
ASCEA Association (Association Des Constructeurs EUROPEENS DE L'AUTOMOBILE) (Association of European Car Manufacturers) was organized back in 1991. The head office of the Association is located in Brussels. In addition, in 1995 and 2004, Acea opened additional offices in Tokyo and Beijing.
It is noteworthy that the Board of Directors of the Association represent top managers of leading autocompany: BMW Group, Porsche AG, DAF Trucks NV, PSA Peugeot Citroën, Daimler AG, Renault SA, Fiat S.P. A, SCANIA AB, Ford of Europe GmbH, Toyota Motor Europe, General Motors Europe AG, Volkswagen AG, Jaguar Land Rover, AB Volvo, Man Nutzfahrzeuge AG.
Total 15 representatives of autocompany. Their main goal is to study and improve the operational quality of cars, including through the use of high quality supplies, for example, motor oils.
So in December 2008, Acea introduced an updated and relevant classification of motor oils "ACEA 2008 European Oil Sequences for Service-Fill Oils". The classification was supplemented with more perfect classes C4 and E9. In addition, corrections were introduced to the oils in the stability of oxidation and the composition of the oils. All this was done in order to highlight oils with high ecology and energy saving. Energy saving is provided by lower oil viscosity at extreme temperatures.
Currently, the classification of oils according to ACEA 2008 is drawn up as a document for 3 conventional modes of motors: A, B and E. These are groups accordingly mean that oils are intended for gasoline, light diesel and severely loaded diesel engines.
At the same time, each class is also divided into categories of various levels of operational properties:
Four for gasoline and light diesel engines (A1 / B1, A3 / B3, A3 / B4, A5 / B5);
Four specially for gasoline and light diesel engines equipped with catalytic doctor systems (C1, C2, C3, C4);
Four for heavy loaded diesel engines (E4, E6, E7, E9).
Motor Oil Class ACEA: Motor oils for gasoline engines and diesel engines of passenger cars, vans, minibuses
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A3 / B3. |
Oil resistant to destruction intended for use with an increased replacement interval in gasoline and diesel engine. |
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A3 / B4. |
Oil resistant to destruction intended for use with an increased replacement interval in gasoline and diesel engine. |
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A5 / B5. |
Oil resistant to destruction intended for use with an increased replacement interval in gasoline and diesel engine. |
ACE Motor Oil Class: Motor oils for gasoline and diesel engines with exhaust gas recovery catalysts
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Oil resistant to destruction intended for use with an increased replacement interval in gasoline and diesel engine. |
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Oil resistant to destruction intended for use with an increased replacement interval in gasoline and diesel engine. |
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Oil resistant to destruction intended for use with an increased replacement interval in gasoline and diesel engine. |
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Oil resistant to destruction intended for use with an increased replacement interval in gasoline and diesel engine. |
Motor Oil Class E ACEA: Motor Oils for Heavy Diesel Engines
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Recommended for use in high-speed diesel enginessatisfying the requirements of EURO-1, EURO-2, EURO-3, EURO-4 and EURO-5 by emissions toxic substances and working in particularly severe operating conditions. |
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Oils providing a high level of stability of lubricating properties depending on operating temperatures and the deadline for use. Having minimal ash content. As a result, oils are not so much darker, do not contaminate the emissions of the atmosphere, do not lose low viscosity, do not pollute the cavity of the engine. Recommended for use in high-speed diesel engines that meet the requirements of EURO-1, EURO-2, EURO-3, EURO-4 and EURO-5 on emissions of toxic substances and working in particularly severe operating conditions, for example, significantly increased oil replacement intervals in accordance With the recommendation of the automaker. Oils are applicable to engines equipped with exhaust gas recirculation systems (EGR) with / without summary filters (DPF), as well as for engines with a selective catalytic reduction system (SCR) to reduce the level of nitrogen oxides NOX in exhaust gases. The quality of the E6 is directly recommended for the engines with the particulate filters (DPF) in combination with a small diesel fuel. |
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Oils providing a high level of stability of lubricating properties depending on operating temperatures and the deadline for use. Having minimal ash content. As a result, oils are not so much darker, do not contaminate the emissions of the atmosphere, do not lose low viscosity, do not pollute the cavity of the engine. Recommended for use in high-speed diesel engines that meet the requirements of EURO-1, EURO-2, EURO-3, EURO-4 and EURO-5 on emissions of toxic substances and working in particularly severe operating conditions, for example, significantly increased oil replacement intervals in accordance With the recommendation of the automaker. Oils are applicable to engines without particulate filters, as well as for some engines equipped with exhaust gas recirculation systems (EGR) and selective catalytic reduction system (SCR) to reduce the level of nitrogen oxides NOX in exhaust gases. |
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Oils providing a high level of stability of lubricating properties depending on operating temperatures and the deadline for use. Having minimal ash content. As a result, oils are not so much darker, do not contaminate the emissions of the atmosphere, do not lose low viscosity, do not pollute the cavity of the engine. Recommended for use in high-speed diesel engines that meet the requirements of EURO-1, EURO-2, EURO-3, EURO-4 and EURO-5 on emissions of toxic substances and working in particularly severe operating conditions, for example, significantly increased oil replacement intervals in accordance With the recommendation of the automaker. Oils are applicable for engines with / without particulate filters (DPF) and for most engines equipped with a waste gas recirculation system (EGR) and selective catalytic recovery system (SCR) to reduce the level of NOX nitrogen oxides in exhaust gases. E9 is directly recommended for engines with particulate filters (DPF) and designed to work in combination with a small diesel fuel. |
According to the results of the table, it is necessary to say that it is impossible to choose oil based only from your preferences and speculations. Here it is necessary to pay attention to your type of engine and on the recommendation to your machine.
So the use of high ash oil when using a catalytic neutralizer can lead to its failure.
And this means that the oil must be applied to the recommended, and not the first "one you caught under the arm".
The classification of motor oils in ACEA allows motorists and professionals to navigate the market and choose suitable products from tens of thousands of proposals. Everyone high-quality oil Tested for compliance with the International Standard.
ACEA (Association Des Constracteuis Europen Des Automobiles, Association of European Auto-Engineering) is a large organization consisting of the most authoritative car manufacturers in Europe. ASEA standards are international. Oil tolerance (ACEA C3, C2, A2, B3, etc.) indicates the applicability of the composition to the components with those or other characteristics.
About standard
Initially, the world existed the API specification (American Petroleum Institute). However, other operating conditions of cars in Europe, continuous development of technologies, constructive differences from american machines Forced manufacturers to create their tolerances of motor oils. In 1996, the first edition of the European Association standards was published. Soon the standard became international.
In 2004, the classification has changed. If the standardization was previously passed separately under diesel and gasoline engines, since 2004, oil brands were combined. ASEA A1 / B1, ASEA A3 / B4, and so on. The first pair of letter / digit means the level of characteristics of the gasoline motor, the second - diesel. Oils applicable only for diesel engines or only for gasoline DVS (for example, AEA A3, ASEA A5 or ASEA B5), are not issued today.
The ASEA specification is divided into 4 groups:
Each group has 5 categories indicated by numbers from 1 to 5. Lubricants from them differ in operational properties, compositions.
Marking and their meanings
The editorial office stands out:
- 4 categories of lubricants for gasoline engine and diesel engines of passenger cars / low-loaded equipment (ASEA A3 / B4, A1 / B1, A3 / B3, A5 / B5);
- 4 categories - for diesel engines of heavy equipment (from C1 to C4);
- Grade 4 - for motors with cleaning systems exhaust gases (E4, E6, E7, E9).
Below you can find the decoding of the ASEA specification for different engines. For convenience, the description is divided into groups for purpose.
Class A / B: for gasoline μs and low-loaded diesel engines
A1 / B1 - compositions for gasoline and diesel engine, in which an extended oil replacement range is provided. Provide low friction at high temperature and shift speed up to 3.5 MPa / s.
A3 / B3 - Lubricants for high-performance petrol engines, Diesel passenger cars. Designed for an extended replacement interval, use throughout the year, providing normal conditions the work of the DVS In severe conditions for him.
ASEA A3 / B4 - for engines with direct injection Fuel. Replace A3 / B3 oils. ASEA A3 / B4 class products are energy-saving, reduces fuel consumption.
ASEA A5 / B5 - for high-performance diesel engines, gasoline engines. Provide low friction coefficient at high temperatures, high shift speed. You can apply instead of class ASA A3 / B4 lubricants.
Class C: for internal combustion engine with sump filters and catalytic neutralizers
C1 is the composition for motors with particulate filters, three-component catalytic neutralizers. Extends the service life of the exhaust gas purification system. Provides normal conditions Works in complex operating modes: at high temperatures, shift speed up to 2.9 MPa / s.
C2 - oil for high-performance diesel engines, gasoline engine. Differs from the previous type of content of various substances.
C3 - Low sulphate lubrication. It has a low viscosity at high temperatures, shifts speed up to 3.5 MPa / s.
C4 - Low sulphate lubricants, low sulfur and phosphorus. Have a minimal viscosity at high temperatures and shift speeds up to 3.5 MPa / s.
Class E: For powerful diesel engines, special equipment
E4 - compositions that ensure the purity of the pistons. It is recommended to apply for diesel engines that meet EURO-1-EURO-5 ecology standards working in difficult conditions (high loads, long-term work). Substances are applicable to the technique in which the extended service interval is provided. This specification of motor oil does not imply compatibility with the particulate filters. Compatibility with recycling system must be specified for each specific model Auto.
E6 - lubricants compatible with the particulate filters, exhaust recycling systems. Recommended for cars operating on low sulfur fuel.
E7 - compositions for DVS without particulate filters, but with exhaust recycling systems, reduce nitrogen oxide levels.
E9 - products with a similar previous scope of application, but with more stringent requirements for the composition. Used on the most modern machines.
Other standards: differences and similarities
The classification of ASEA is not the only one in the world. The standards of API and ILSAC are also generally accepted. In the CIS countries, lubricants are brought into line with GOST. But this standard does not use when choosing an oil, trusting international classifications.
API.
The American Oil Institute shares all the foundations on which lubricants are made for 5 groups. They are shown in the table below.
| Group | Description |
|---|---|
| I. | Mineral oils obtained by removing paraffins, sulfur, oil aromatics. The base contains less than 90% of saturated compounds. The viscosity index ranges from 90-100 units, the sulfur content is less than 0.03% of the volume. |
| II. | Products with low aromatics and paraffins. Different with increased oxidative stability - retain their properties even at high temperatures. The viscosity index ranges from 100-120 units., Sulfur content is less than 0.03% of the volume. Contains more than 90% of saturated compounds |
| III | Base C. high index Viscosity. Created with help modern technology - catalytic hydrocracking. The viscosity index is more than 120 units, the sulfur content is less than 0.03% of the volume. Contains more than 90% of saturated compounds. Provides creating more durable and resistant to film temperatures than previous types products. |
| IV. | The synthetic bases created by mixing polyalphaolefins (PJSC) with polyethylene glycols (PAG). They differ in oxidative stability, a wide range of use temperatures, high viscosity. |
| V. | Naphthenovy, Esters, aromatic, vegetable and other oils that have not included in previous groups. |
S - Quality categories for gasoline engines; depending on the basis and package of additives, conclusions are made regarding the applicability of the finished composition to the machines of certain annual releases. ASA classification divides all lubricants for 4 categories, API - 2:
- S - Quality categories for gasoline engines;
- C - standards for diesel engines.
Each standard contains 2 letters. The first indicates a group (s or c), the second is the year of production of the car to which the oil is applicable.
API is an American standard, but it is recognized worldwide. Therefore, the class on this standard can give European oil.
Ilsac
ILSAC (International Committee on Standardization and Approbation of Motor Oils -INTERNATIONAL LUBRICANT STANDARTIZATION AND APPROVAL COMMITTEE) - an organization established by American and Japanese Associations of car manufacturers (Aaama and Jama). From the name it is clear that it is engaged exclusively motor oils Unlike the associations described above. The Committee tightens existing oil tolerances on the basis of its own studies.
Increased requirements are presented to the following characteristics:
Today, the classification of oils divides all the compositions for 5 categories:
Classification of ASAA oils, API, ILSAC - an important criterion for choosing a car for a car. It is always necessary to compare the requirements for the manufacturer of the car with the lubricant marks indicated on the package.
The size of the format A according to the ISO 216 standard is shown in the table below, in millimeters and inches (values \u200b\u200bcan be translated into cm Decision value in mm by 10). A picture with a paper size of a series A, which is located on the right gives a visual explanation of how the dimensions relate to each other - for example, A5 is half the A4 and A2 format is half of the paper sheet A1.
Size table for paper formats from 4a0 to a10
Sizes of sheets of format a
| Format | Height x Length (mm) | Height x Length ("inches) | Pixels * |
| 4A0. | 2378 x 1682 mm | 93.6 x 66.2 "Inch | 28087 x 19866 px |
| 2A0. | 1682 x 1189 mm | 66.2 x 46.8 "Inch | 19866 x 14043 px |
| A0. | 1189 x 841 mm | 46.8 x 33.1 "Inch | 14043 x 9933 px |
| A1 | 841 x 594 mm | 33.1 x 23.4 "Inch | 9933 x 7016 px |
| A2. | 594 x 420 mm | 23.4 x 16.5 "inches | 7016 x 4961 px |
| A3. | 420 x 297 mm | 16.5 x 11.7 "Inch | 4961 x 3508 px |
| A4. | 297 x 210 mm | 11.7 x 8.3 "inches | 3508 x 2480 px |
| A5. | 210 x 148 mm | 8.3 x 5.8 "Inch | 2480 x 1748 px |
| A6. | 148 x 105 mm | 5.8 x 4.1 "inches | 1748 x 1240 px |
| A7. | 105 x 74 mm | 4.1 x. 2.9 "inch | 1240 x 874 px |
| A8. | 74 x 52 mm | 2.9 x 2.0 "inches | 874 x 614 px |
| A9. | 52 x 37 mm | 2.0 x 1.5 "inches | 614 x 437 px |
| A10 | 37 x 26 mm | 1.5 x 1.0 "inches | 437 x 307 px |
* - Resolution of the format A is given for the density of the image 300 dpi (piscses per inch).
To obtain paper sizes in centimeters, convert values \u200b\u200bfrom MM to cm by dividing them to 10 to translate the value from inches to the feet to divide inch values \u200b\u200bby 12.
4A0 and 2A0 - DIN 476 highly overall formats
There are also paper formats larger than A0 it, 4a0 and 2a0. These formats are not described in the ISO 216 standard, but usually used for large format paper. The origin of these formats is coming from the German standard DIN 476, based on which ISO 216 was created.
Format A tolerances and paper size errors
- ISO 216 admits errors in the production of paper format A to the following values:
- ± 1.5 mm (0.06 inches) for sizes up to 150 mm (5.9 inches)
- ± 2 mm (0.08 inches) for sizes in the range from 150 to 600 mm (from 5.9 to 23.6 inches)
- ± 3 mm (0.12 inches) for any dimension above 600 mm (23.6 inches)
A series of formats A characteristics and properties
- ISO 216 characterizes this paper size by the following parameters:
- The length divided by the width of the sheet is equal to the value of 1,4142
- Each subsequent size A (n) is defined as A (N-1) cut in half parallel to its short side.
- The A0 format has an area of \u200b\u200b1 square meter.
- Standard length and width of each size is rounded up to a millimeter.
Note: The last point is, because the number of square root from 2 in the ratio of the sides does not always give integers.
International introduction and use of sheet format
Dimensions of paper format A are currently used worldwide, except US, Canada and part of Mexico. A4 Format standard size business letters in countries speaking on english language, such as Australia, New Zealand and the United Kingdom, accustomed to use everywhere imperial calculus system. In Europe, paper sizes were adopted as a formal standard in the middle of the 20th century, and from there they spread all over the world.
Dimensions of paper sheets A format and series Was Last Modified: November 2nd, 2016 by admin.
