Service ship DVS It should be carried out in strict accordance with the instructions of manufacturers and rules for servicing ship diesel engines and care. The fulfillment of the requirements of the factory instructions must both in those cases, if they are not consistent with the individual provisions of the Rules.
Special focus requires the mainsticistics internal combustion engines, as they provide the move and safety of the vessel. Before starting the engine, it must be examined and prepared for work. At the same time, all systems and mechanisms serving MOS are preparing for work. The mechanisms for managing the start, reverse and fuel feeds must move without jamming and use of great efforts. The oil level in the rotational speed controller must match the label on its indicable glass. It is necessary to apply for automatic equipment to check the actions of the emergency warning alarm and protection.
Preparation lubricant systemit starts with checking the oil level in the waste tanks and the CARTER CARTER, in the oil-gods of gas turbochargers, blowers and high pressure pumps.
At air temperature in the machine compartment, plus 15 s and below the oil must be preheated to a temperature of 25-45 C. Heated oil should be accompanied by pumping it through the pump with simultaneously turning the shaft with a grinding device or manually.
When the engine is cooled with intake water, it is necessary to pump the system, engine and gas turbocharger to complete air removal. With a closed cooling system, it is necessary to check the presence and level of fresh water along the waterproof glass on the expansion tank. If the cooling fresh water temperature is below plus 15 s, it is necessary to heat it up to a temperature of 25-45 C. For more uniform engine warming, freshwater pump must work constantly. At the same time, a wicker system is preparing for operation, for which the corresponding clinks and valves are open and a test launch of the intake water pump is performed. Making sure that the systems are functioning normally, the pump stop.
If the nozzles installed on the engine are cooled with water, fuel or oil, the lock valves in the system are installed in the working position and start the corresponding pump.
In preparation fuel system
It is necessary to pump up the fuel into consumables, pull out sucks, check the cleanliness of the filters and remove the air from the system by filling it with fuel. When using heavy or highly viscosity fuel varieties, heat the fuel system pipelines should be warm up to a device for heating, separation and fuel filtering, as well as switch valves for the work of the DVS During the start and warm-up warm-up, which does not require heating.
In preparation starting systems The engine is filled with compressed air cylinders, blur them to remove the accumulated condensate and oil.
If the engine has a boost system, then it is necessary to prepare the charge air coolers and pay attention to the purity and fastening of the air intake filter. In addition, water and oil from the receiver of the purge pump, intake and exhaust manifolds, as well as from gas and air cavities of gas turbochargers should be shown.
Turning and trial startsthe main engine air in power plants With direct transmission of power on the rowing shaft are made only after receiving the permission to this from the captain or the rotational assistant. When turning and trial launches of DVS with dismissal couplings or diesel generators, such permission from the bridge is optional. The launch of the main diesel generators is carried out to resolve the senior mechanics and from the knowledge of the rotated electromechanics or other person responsible for the operation of electrical equipment.
Before the start of the DVS, the volatile device is turned with an open indicator valves, follow the lack of passes of water, fuel, oils in the locations of parts and systems. At the same time, monitor the load on the electric motor of the grinding device according to the ammeter. Improving the load over the permissible or sharp fluctuations of the ammeter arrow indicate the malfunction in the engine, which must be eliminated before starting.
Before starting the main engine with VRSH, check and prepare the control system control system of adjustable steps. You must agree on the screw step pointers on all control posts and fulfill all the instructions of the factory instruction manual of the WRCH.
After that, trial starts and reversals of the engine compressed air without fuel supply with open indicator cranes. In the absence of comments, the indicator cranes closes and they consider the engine ready for starting on the fuel.
Before starting the main engine to work, it is necessary to verify the correctness of the telegraph readings in the engine room and on the bridge and the effect of all means of communication of the machine compartment with the bridge.
After graduating from the preparation of the main engine to work, the Watch mechanic reports to the senior mechanics and on the command bridge.
Introduction
In this the graduation work The engine 6l275Cesticulinar ship is not directly reversible, the diameter of the piston is 275mm. Designation according to GOST 6ch27.5 / 36. Power in kW 294. The volume of revolutions 550. This heat machine is used as the main ship engine. Work will be considered constructive features Ship motor 6l275, lubrication system, fuel system, cooling system, starting system and reverse.
Constructive features.
Foundation Rama diesel cast iron serves as a diesel base. In the transverse partitions, the frame has seven frame bearing crankshafts. Bearing, extreme to flywheel, resistant. Steel bearings, filled babbit b83.
Cylinder block cast iron, attached to the foundation frame 80 bolts that are inside the block. Cylinder sleeves are cast-iron, are compacted at the top in the block with copper rings (under the brights) and at the bottom with two rubber rings. On the upper end surface, the bushing has a ring groove, where the copper ring is placed for the seal and the ring cylinder lid is included.
Cylinders cover cast iron, separate for each cylinder. In each lid there are nozzle, intake, graduation, start-up and alarm safety valves.
Intake manifold steel welded, with six conical nozzles, along which the air is sent to the air of the cylinder covers. Graduation collectors are two, they are steel, covered with insulation and casing, combine 1.2, 3rd and 4,6th cylinders.
Crankshaft steel, with oblique canals for lubrication. At one end of the shaft there is a flange for the attachment of the cast-iron flywheel, to the end of another for the attachment of the cast-iron flywheel, the gear for the actuator of the mechanisms was attached to the end of another. On the extreme to flywheel cervix pinned down drive gear distribution Vala..
Shatun. i-beam section. For the supply of lubrication to the piston finger from the connecting rod bearing to the rod rod, a tube is attached. The lower head of the rod is tank, with a gasket, changing the thickness of which, you can adjust the compression ratio in the cylinder.
Piston aluminum alloy has four compression and two oil-circulation rings. Piston finger steel.
Diesel preparation for launch.
1. At air temperature in the engine room below 8 with heat diesel hot water;
2. Ensure that there are no foreign objects on cylinder lids, in the camshaft tray, on the water pump drive housing, etc.;
3. Ensure the lack of hotels of moving Diesel parts, especially the REC fuel pumps, as well as check the ease of rotation of the crankshaft of a diesel engine and a rowing shaft with a screw by turning to the grinding device with open indicator cranes of diesel cylinders;
4. Prepare for launch of a diesel system; lead to the working position of Kingstones, valve cranes, prepare the appropriate pumps for the start; check the availability of fuel in the tanks and pull the water; Check the oil level in the oil separator or in the crankcase; check the cleanliness and serviceability of filters, the flow of fuel fuel pumps; to pump the fuel pipeline to the nozzles, while to avoid entering a large amount of fuel into the cylinders, before pumping fuel pumps, we need to weaken the trial valves on the nozzles or nuts on the fittings of high pressure pipelines; Manually pump the oil system using a backup or manual oil pump. Pumping to produce as long as the oil does not reach the sleeves of the top heads of the rods. Check the air pressure in starting cylinders and, if necessary, replenish them with air with an auxiliary compressor.
5. Check, there is no foreign objects on intermediate and rowing shafts, check the presence of lubrication in bearings;
6. Check the action of the dismissal clutch clutch (reverse gearboxes)
7. Immediately before launching a diesel engine, check whether the grinding mechanism is disassembled, and to produce a trial start and reversing of a diesel engine in the engine room with open indicator cranes and turned off fuel pumps, after which the indicator cranes are closed;
8. Check the condition of DAU and the means of communication between the machine department and the steering wheelhouse of the vessel. Include DEU and signaling and protection system;
9. Include a system for the preparation of motor fuel on ships whose diesel engines operate on motor fuel.
When the diesel stop is stopped, no more than 2 hours later, its starts are made from the remote control of control without special preparation. After a longer diesel parking, which does not have an automatic oil pumping system, should be powered by a manual or backup pump before starting.
Fuel system.
Purpose of the fuel system.
Diesel fuel system is a set of devices,
designed for storage, cleaning the timely fuel supply in strictly defined doses and in the engine cylinders.
Fuel with mechanical impurities prematurely displays fuel equipmentIn the cylinders, a non-aggravated nagar is formed, which leads to a rapid wear of the details of the cylindrophone group. Therefore, before approaching the TNLD, the fuel is thoroughly cleaned by sludge, filtering and separation.
The cold engine is usually allowed to move manually - a starter handle warmed by a starter.
Starting a technically serviceable, heated hardness does not represent. The speed of the cold engine start depends on its serviceability, as well as on the degree of charge rechargeable battery and proper training Engine to start.
Before starting the engine for security purposes, the driver is obliged to make sure that the car is securely inhibited manual brake, The gear lever is in a neutral position and the engine is disassembled from the drive wheels.
To start the engine you need:
- include ignition with a special key, turning it clockwise (at the same time, a control light will light up on the instrument panel of the car "Moskvich");
- press the gas pedal several times (if there is a mechanical drive accelerator in the carburetor);
- include the starter by clicking on the failure of its pedal (button), simultaneously pull the carburetor air damper control knob;
- as soon as the engine starts to work, release the pedal (button) of the starter;
- after the engine will work steadily on small revolutions idle move, return the army control of the air damper to its original position;
- check the engine temperature according to the thermometer and pressure in the grease system on the pressure grease. The normal temperature in the cooling system should be within 80-90 °.
In the heated engine and during its average turns, the pressure gauge shows the pressure in the lubrication system within 1.5-1.5 atm. If the pressure gauge shows the pressure below 1 atm, the engine must be stopped immediately to find out the causes of the malfunction.
Use the air damper control handle (use the "SUPPLC") when the engine is warm, i.e., it is enough to warm, because it will cause congestion combustible mixture and may make it difficult to start.
Press the starter pedal before the failure provides a dense connection of the starter switch connector. The starter turn on for more than 3-4 seconds is not allowed, the intervals of at least 15-20 seconds are respected between repeated inclusions of the starter. If after three or four starter turns on the engine does not start, it is necessary to stop using the starter and find out the causes of the engine malfunction.
Pushing the engine by car "Moskvich", check the operation of the generator, watching control lamp On the instrument panel. The lamp should go to the middle turnover of idling and lowering them to small revolutions to light up.
Pow cold Engine It is impossible to start the starter, since the discharge current increases greatly, which can lead to a quick discharge of the battery. When starting the engine manually, this harmful phenomenon is excluded.
The running motor manually is necessary in accordance with the requirements of the security to take the "EAS" launch handle to avoid possible injury in the case of a reverse strike.
It should be borne in mind that when a cold engine starts, its wear and fuel consumption increases dramatically. Therefore, before starting the engine, it is necessary to warm up ferry, hot water or special heaters.
Most often, the engine warms hot water. It has been established that for sufficient heating of the engine at the air temperature minus 15 ° C, it is necessary to shed the amount of water through the cooling system, equal to no less than one and a half tanks, and at temperatures below minus 15 ° C - from two or more cooling system containers, and the temperature of the water flowing There must be 75-85 ° C.
With large frost, heating the head and the cylinder block does not provide easy engine start, so it is necessary to warm up the oil in the crankcase. Best of all, on the return of the car from the line, drain the oil from the crankcase into any vessel and store it in the warm room during the night parking, be sure to warm it up before filling in the crankcase to a temperature of 80-90 ° C, otherwise it will cool in the cold. Preheat the oil directly in the engine crankcase with brazier, it is possible, only strictly observing fire safety measures. Preheat oil torch is prohibited.
Fig. Hand position on a starting handle: A - correct; B - incorrect on the launcher:
To start a cold engine, it is necessary:
- put a battery on the car (if it was removed for the night of a night parking), after reading the clamps; Check the reliability of contacts in wire connections;
- turn off the clutch by putting the strut between the pedal and the seat;
- drink gasoline with a manual lever of the fuel pump in the carburetor;
- pour into the engine crankcase through a funnel with a mesh heated oil;
- with open trigger cranes, heated water heated into the cooling system; Test crane closure only when warm water goes through them;
- turn the fan with hand to prevent the possible roller of the water pump;
- turn away crankshaft One is three turns with the ignition turned off and covered with air damper, it is sharply pressing on the throttle control pedal;
- if necessary, slightly pull the throttle control handle;
- turn on the ignition and manually start the engine;
- if the engine did not start, check the fuel supply and the presence of a fastened spark;
- in a heavy frost (below minus 15 ° C), heat the suction pipe by placing it with rags, moistened with hot water;
- after starting the engine to warm up on small revolutions, checking its work on control devices and on rumor; To speed up the warming up the engine and the radiator with a thermal case.
It is impossible to warm the engine on large turns, as this dramatically increases the wear of the driving parts, the fuel consumption and can lead to the smelting of bearings.
When the engine is enough, it is necessary to return the air damper control knob to its original position, i.e. the damper is completely open. Cannot be allowed long work the engine is in place, and even more so in motion, with a covered air damper (with a "SUMPLE") in order to avoid increased flow Fuel, lubricant flushing and as a result of this engine wear increasing.
It is prohibited to start a cold engine without preheating in tow and using another car from the move using inertia movement (on a slope), starter and various mechanical and electromechanical starters.
Start the operation of the engine off the ignition (rotation of the key counterclockwise).
Increase the turnover before stopping the engine, as some drivers do, should not.
To start the excavator loader Motor, you need to perform several important rules. Please note that for a particularly hot and highly cold climate there are separate recommendations.
Parking brake
It should be included with each parking and before starting.
ROPS / FOPS Structure
It must be holistic. If you have detected damage, they should be eliminated as soon as possible. You also need to check the fasteners on correct installation And dense tightening.
Hinged equipment
It needs to be omitted to the ground. Before lowering, check the site for the presence of people. They should not be nearby. Otherwise, accidents and even death are possible.
Preview
In order for the loader to serve as longer as possible, as well as to ensure safety on the site, test all systems according to the standard diagram of daily checks. Exit transport and inspect it outside.
Check for performance:
- Light elements.
- Seat. Sitting on it, you should easily reach all control bodies and click on the brake, without leaning forward.
- Armrest. It must be to stand so that you can apply the control bodies without changing the position of the body.
- Steering column. It should stand so that you can get to her without changing the position of the body.
- The rear view mirror must stand so that you have seen all the space from behind the transport.
Safety belt and fastening
Inspect this part of the equipment. If it is damaged or worn, it is impossible to operate the machine. Install new belt After each accident. It should be changed every three years, as well as when wear or damaged material.
Cleaning the car
If you find dirt and trash in pedals or control levers, throw it away. Wipe the above elements and steering wheel from oil and fat. Shoes and hands should be dry so that they accidentally slipped from control functions.
Located subjects
Things that can not be thrown or secured should be installed in the boxes or remove into the appropriate containers. During movement, they can hurt you or roll under the control functions. As a result, this will lead to the loss of the consciousness of the operator or the impossibility of using levers, pedals.
Fasteners
Check whether it is enough in the cabin and screws. If they are missing, install new ones. If they are poorly fixed, tighten them.
Engine preparation and startup operations different types and designs in detail are different and for each engine are determined by the manufacturer's instruction. However, the basic operations are for all engines by common.
Engine preparation for launch It is to verify and prepare for the operation of fuel and oil systems, cooling and starting systems. If the engine has been in idle in idle, then before a bunch it is necessary to check the mounting of it to the foundation frame, and the frames to the foundation according to the degree of tightening bolts and nuts. It should also check the fastening of fuel pumps, nozzles, covers of cylinders and other parts; Check the gaps between the cam pucks and the plates of the pushers or rollers of the valve levers, as well as the density of the landing of the valves and the tightening of the springs in the nozzles.
Preparation for the fuel system. When preparing the fuel system, you need to make sure that fuel in the sump and in the expenditure tank. After that, it should be squeezed, which may appear as a result of the condensation of water vapor from the air. Open shut-off cranes and fill the fuel system. When filling in the fuel system, you need to open air cranes on the filters in order to release air through them. Cranes must be closed when fuel without air bubbles.
Preparation for the oil system. When preparing an oil system, first of all it is necessary to check the availability of oil in the oil collector, pull the water and sucks from the engine and tanks.
A manual or an auxiliary oil pump with an electric drive must be rolled through the oil through the engine oil system and make sure that it follows the full jet from all the indigenous and connecting rod bearings. Observation of the plum of oil from bearings is made through hatches in a crankcase or engine bed. During the oil pumping, the engine crankshaft shaft must be rotated with a grinding device. It is necessary to check the filling of all the oil and lubricators with oil, lubricate all the details that are lubricated by hand.
Preparation for the cooling system. Preparation of the engine cooling system essentially consists in filling this system with water and in checking its water density. When filling in the cooling system with water, you need to open air and release air from it. In the case when cooling water is cold, the filling should be made several hours before the start so that the water in the cylinder shirts can be warm up to 10-12 ° C. This will protect the engine from supercooling before launching. If in machine room low temperature (below + 5 ° C), then in the cylinder shirt for the engine warming, it is necessary to fill water with a temperature of about 60 ° C, and after heating the engine, it is possible to increase the temperature of the water to 80-90 ° C.
After filling the cooling system, the absence of water leaks through the seals of the cylinder sleeves in the radiator, the refrigerator and flange connections are checked. The absence of water in compression chambers are checked by turning into several turns of the crankshaft with open indicator cranes (in the absence of indicator cranes, the safety valves are twisted or decompression cranes open).
Preparation for the work of the launcher. If it is provided for a starter with compressed air, then the air pressure in starting cylinders check the launch. The air pressure in the cylinders should be - to start low-speed engines 15-20 kgf / cm2 and for launching high-speed engines 30-60 kgf / cm2. Check the air line density by filling it with compressed air.
When starting the engine, the electrostarter check the battery charging and correctly attaching the starter to it.
When all systems are prepared for operation and inspection, no malfunctions are detected, it is necessary to remove all foreign objects from the engine, install fences and make an external inspection of the entire installation. After that, you can proceed to the start of the engine.
