General characteristics of the company
Name, address and purpose.
Limited Liability Company "Agrow"
The company is located at: Moscow.
The main task of the enterprise is the provision of services for maintenance and repair of passenger cars. Along with the main activity, the enterprise is engaged in the maintenance and repair of vehicles available on the balance sheet, the supply of spare parts and materials, provides the towing services. The specificity of the enterprise is such that the Ants LLC refers to the Middle Class Maintenance Station.
The mode of operation of the enterprise is 365 days a year, i.e. The company works on holidays without days off, work enterprises have a shift schedule and mainly work 2 days after 2 days.
The beginning of the work day of the Ants LLC at 10.00 the end of the working day at 22.00. In the middle of the working day there is a clock break for recreation. Thus, the number of workers shifts per day reaches 1.5.
The company provides maintenance and repair of vehicles of any brand. The company serves as personal carsand cars belonging to physical and legal entities Moscow.
Quantitative and qualitative composition of serviced cars.
In the personal hold of the enterprise there are the following vehicles, they are intended to deliver spare parts and consumables from suppliers and from a warehouse:
Table 2.1 - Automobiles in the enterprise
1.3. The scheme of the master plan of the enterprise.
The scheme of the master plan of the enterprise LLC "Murava" is presented on a sheet of format A-3.
General scheme Garage technological process
The Directorate usually performs the following duties:
Strategic planning; attraction of investments; trading policy; commodity policy; technical policy; ensuring profitability; increasing competitiveness; expansion of the gamma of goods and services; increasing the reputation of the enterprise; attraction and development of personnel, formation of the team; quality control; logistics; enterprise management in accordance with the tasks; Development of service development programs.
Functions for maintenance organization:
Study of the design, operational and repair features of machines. Formation of a technical information database. Advising employees of all technical services. Service certification. Consideration of applications for non-standard tuning, technology development and organization of execution. Organization of maintenance and repair. Development and control of repair and maintenance technology, pre-sale preparation, installation of additional equipment, tuning. Preparation of instructions and technological maps.
Characteristics of production - technical service STA
Repair shop features:
Commercial repair and maintenance. 24-hour or urgent repairs. Repair by visiting brigades. Repair of aggregates for current operations, for the exchange rate and sale. Installing additional equipment for customer orders, tuning. Installing decorative elements on customer orders. Implementation of modifications of nodes on customer orders. Commercial washing. Commercial tireage. Evacuation of faulty machines. Maintenance and repair of own fleet of technology. Repair your own technological equipment. Warranty repair (under a contract with the seller of equipment): Checking Customer Claims. Elimination of deficiencies in recognized claims.
Spare parts service features:
The content of its own warehouse of spare parts, related goods, materials for repair and maintenance, repaired aggregates for sale. The content of the store or trading section. Order, acceptance of goods received, verification of quantity and quality. Selection, packaging and issuing goods in the shop and to the store. Retail sale of spare parts and accessories. Efficient use of warehouse volume, equipment optimization. Compliance with the storage system to avoid auction, placement of goods in the most economical way. Timely adjustment of the database when changing the storage addresses of parts. Ensuring the safety of goods from damage and theft. Accounting and control of the movement of goods.
Car maintenance stations are the main enterprise in the car service, which, depending on the power and sizes, perform most of the functions of the technical service.
The classification of maintenance stations depending on the location, destination and specialization is shown in Fig. 4.1. On the principle of placing the maintenance station are divided into urban and road.
Urban Sta is designed to service mainly by car owners living in cities and towns of urban type, road stations - to provide technical assistance to all cars on the way. Such a separation determines the difference in the technological equipment of the stations. So, in city stations, sites of body and painting works at road stations may be absent.
City service stations can be branded, belonging to manufacturers and independent plants.
Branded Stas Financially and Administratively subordinate to the plants producers of cars, such as companies such as AvtoVAZ, Volkswagen, etc.
The basis of the corporate network of auto repair enterprises is the dealer centers (dealers), which are trading and service companies engaged in trade with new and used cars, warranty repair and post-warranty service and car repair. The dealer is associated with the manufacturer of the contract, according to which it acquires from the manufacturer cars and spare parts at a wholesale price, and sells them with a certain markdown. In turn, dealer centers are associated with their branches and Stara.
A distinctive feature company enterprises are that they carry out maintenance and repair on their own, developed for this company, technical procedures and regulations (technology and organization of work, equipment equipment, regulatory framework, architectural and construction registration of enterprises, etc.).
Independent Stas, not related financial relations with automotive firms, are the main part of the network, providing car maintenance (more than 60%).
Independent service stations can be specialized in brands serviced cars, types of work and versatile serving multiple brands of cars.
Urban service stations depending on the number of work posts and the type of work performed can be divided into three main types: small, medium and large.
Cute stations (up to five work posts) perform mainly the following works: washing, express diagnostics, maintenance, lubrication, tire-repair, battery recharge; repair by replacing parts, faulty nodes, mechanisms and devices; Sale of spare parts, autographs and operational materials.
Medium stations (6-15 work posts) perform the same works as small stations. In addition, they carry out in-depth diagnostics of the technical condition of cars and its units, body and painting work, replacement of aggregates, and car sale is possible.
Large stations (More than 15 work posts) perform all types of maintenance and repair, as well as medium stations, in full. They may have areas for the overhaul of aggregates and nodes, as well as the sale and pre-sale preparation of cars can also be made.
However, such a distribution of work at the service station is quite conditional, since the list of services performed depends not only on the size of the station, but also other factors (demand for various services, financial capabilities of owners, etc.).
We can expect development in our country the principle of self-service, which is that the owner of the car for a certain fee will be provided at the station workplace and required tools To work on both repair own forces, as well as qualified consultations of specialists. Self-service posts can be organized on urban and roadside, and in perspective - self-service stations specially organized for these purposes.
Roadside costs are universal stations for servicing and repairing all types of rolling stock (passenger and trucks, buses). They usually have 2 -5 work posts and are designed to perform washers, lubricating, fastening and adjustment, elimination of small failures and faults arising from the way. Road stations, as a rule, are constructed in the complex with a gas station.
Power indicators and sizes of STA. The service station, as well as an industrial enterprise, is characterized by two main indicators: production capacity and size.
Production capacity is usually determined by the amount of products manufactured in kind or value terms for a certain period of time. For STA, this indicator is the number of car services.
With the well-known work on both TP STO (T T T T T T T T O-TR)\u003e Chel.-H, and the average labor intensity of one motorp service, the number of comprehensive cars at the service station for the year
The size of the STA is determined by the size of living and extractable labor, i.e. The number of working and manufacturing funds.
For service stations, the size of the production facilities is mainly characterized by the number of work posts for both TP cars.
The number of work posts are determined by the formula:
(4.2)
where K P is the share of posts from the total annual work on both TP; F P - Annual Fund of Time Post, H;
R CP is the average number of workers in the post.
Annual post time fund is determined by the formula
where DR AB is the number of days of work of Staa per year;
T cm - the duration of the shift, h;
C - the number of shifts;
The utilization factor of the work hours.
In world practice, there are various methods for determining the main indicators of service stations, which is due to the specifics of the operation and maintenance of cars in a particular country, experience and established traditions in the methods of calculating various firms and other factors.
In principle, all methods are reduced to the calculation of work volumes and on the basis of the number of posts, the automobile or workers, the necessary time and repair, as well as other types of work on service cars.
The basis for determining the amount of work is laid by various source data: the number of cars located in the area of \u200b\u200bservice station; number of cars serviced by station; Number of motorities and number of cars sold. Thus, the initial indicators that determine the amount of work and the number of posts are very diverse, and each of them is legitimate for the current practice of a company.
Structure of STA.
The structure of service stations, depending on their capacity, includes sections of production, cleaning and washing works, acceptance and issuing cars, diagnostics, and TP, body, painting, anti-corrosive processing and pre-sale preparation of cars. At small stations, some homogeneous types of work can be combined and run on one site.
Performance of work on the repair of devices, components and aggregates, taken from the car, and other types of work, can be carried out both at work posts equipped with specialized equipment and in production sites without posts. The choice of one or another option is determined by demand, stability and volume of this kind works, degree of employment of workers and equipment, organization of works and other factors.
In addition to those indicated earlier, sections in the production part of the Stoa building are usually located warehouses, compressor, various technical premises (thermal assembly, transformer, ventilation chamber, shield, tool-dispensing pantry, etc.).
In the zone and TP, as well as on the body and painting sites, except for work posts may provide for automobile expectations in which, if necessary, certain types of work can also be performed.
In addition to production zones and plots at Stara, administrative and household premises (office, wardrobe, toilets, showers), customer service room (client, bar, cafe, shop for sale of spare parts and autographs, etc.), as well as premises for car sale (Salon-exhibition of car sold and storage area).
The above list of structural divisions is not characteristic of all types of STA. At small stations with less than 10 work posts, some types of services (works) may be absent, for example, the body, painting and anti-corrosive body processing.
Examples of planning solutions of auto repair enterprises. In fig. 4.2 The planning of the production body of the service station for 10 work posts is presented (project of the St. Petersburg Branch of Gimprovetotrans) for the TP 3800 cars per year.
The production body of the station is made of lungs metal structures, It has a primary span with a size of 30 m in a step of columns 6 m and two side spans 9 and 12 m. Such a structural circuit of the building contributes to the rational placement of industrial and storage space. TO positive sides Planning should be attributed to the presence near the reception site and issuing automobiles of urgent repair and diagnostics, which creates convenience to customers in carrying out work on eliminating small car malfunctions.
The planning decision STA is 15 working posts (Fig. 4.3) provides for the rational placement of industrial, warehouse and administrative premises.
A feature of the station is to accommodate a cafe for customers on the second floor above the client, where the customer can observe the process of repairing its car through a glass fencing.
The total number of employees is 45 people, including production - 30, auxiliary - 9 and administrative staff - 6.
An example of a dealer station is the Trade and Technical Center of the Japanese Toyota company for 35 posts (Fig. 4.4).
The peculiarities of the dealer service of service include the availability of spacious parking lots with a total of automobile 498 (new and used cars, customers' cars, center employees), large warehouses for spare parts and a segment of pre-sale preparation.
In the center of the center, three rooms can be distinguished: car dealership, zone, and TP, warehouses.
A car dealership with an exhibition of cars and a store selling spare parts takes about 20% of the center of the center.
In the zone, the TPs are allocated sections of painting and body works, posts that and TP, car acceptance zone, washing lines, drying and pre-sale preparation of cars.
1 - a warehouse of spare parts, aggregates and materials; 2 - heat generator; 3 - painting and drying chamber; 4 - a plot of car preparation to color; 5 - Storeroom oils and lubricants; 6 - promcose; 7- compressor; 8 - tambour-gateway; 9 - post acceptance; 10 - posts that and TP; 11 - a tire section; 12 - posts of welding and tires; 13 - post and stretching of the bodies; 14- client, sharing item, employees service packs; 15 - household premises; 16-electric hoist; 17-plot of car wash; 18- Individual thermal item
In addition, there are specialized posts on the repair and maintenance of auto and electric loaders required to serve warehouses.
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Fig. 4 4. Layout of the dealer STOA by 35 work posts:
I.Household premises; 2 - pantry paints; 3 - paint manufacturers; 4 - painting plot; 5th and TP loaders; 6 - charger; 7 - compressor; 8- engineering unit; 9 - welding and tiny plot; 10 - pantry oils; 11- Tire plot; 12- instrumental and dispensing pantry; 13- household premises; 14 - intermediate warehouse; 15 - plot of TP cars; 16 - a tire plot; 17 - line washing cars; 18 - line of pre-sale preparation of cars; 19 - administrative premises; 20 - exhibition of cars; 21 - Central Warehouse
Fig. 4.5. Examples of planning specialized repair and maintenance enterprises:
a - enterprises performing mainly and control and adjustment work for three posts: 1 - sink chassis, salon cleaning, oil change, lubrication; 2 - the post of applying anticorrosive coverage; 3 - compressor; 4 - oil warehouse; 5-washing mechanized installation; 6- auxiliary, technical and household premises; b - enterprises performing mainly control and adjustment Four posts: 1 - service area; 2 - auxiliary, technical and household premises; 3 - warehouse tires; 4 - warehouse of spare parts; 5 - client; B - stations for cleaning and washing works, applying anti-corrosion coating and changing the oil in the car units for two posts: 1 - service area and repair; 2 - compressor; 3 - warehouse tires; 4 - auxiliary, technical and household premises; 5 - client
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Specialized repair and service enterprises of auto service. In contrast, these enterprises perform limited types of services (works). These include small size (3 - 5 posts) workshops (tire-fitting, repairing lighting devices, express replacement of oils, installation of alarm and radio equipment, anti-corrosion coating of car body, environmental control posts), separate washing points. The power and size of these enterprises are determined by each specific case by the number of working, program and scope of work.
As an example in Fig. 4.5 The planning of specialized enterprises performing mainly and control and adjustment works for three (Fig. 4.5, a) and four (Fig. 4.5, b) post, as well as station planning for cleaning work, applying anti-corrosion coating And oil change in the car units for two posts (Fig. 4.5, B).
System of maintenance and repair of cars at Staa
Classifications STA
Car maintenance stations
Tuning car.
Translated from English "Tuning" literally means "Setup", "adjustment". Thus, the car tuning can be understood as the setting or preparation of the car in accordance with the wishes of the client, which orders the service. In general tuning can be considered an activity aimed at improving the consumer properties of the car.
Under tuning implies technical influences on motor vehicleAs a result of which no changes occur performance characteristics and the reliability of the car, Otherwise, this procedure falls under the concept of "retrofitting (re-equipment) of the car."
The most common services of this kind are as follows:
Improve the characteristics of the engine, and not so much an increase in maximum power, how much engine ability to give when it is required, the required torque;
Improved transmission characteristics, so that the engine can show itself "from the best side." Feeling more confidently and calmly help a comfortable steering wheel, good wheels and tires, ventilated brakes, good shock absorbers;
Optional equipmentwhich makes the operation of the machine more convenient (for example, power windows and central locking), sound reproduction system and security systemwhich are installed almost all passenger cars of foreign production, rain sensor, outdoor lighting sensor, parking assistance system, which is usually an attribute of a higher class machine, etc.;
The change external view A car that is designed to make it more noticeable, highlight it in the transport stream. IN this case Car tuning is an art to give your face to one of hundreds of thousands of identical cars. The simplest is the outer finish - from banal stickers, moldings, tinting to plastic hollows, chromium and interval.
The considered direction of activity in the future is also promising for the car service and can be profitable.
The car maintenance system as a whole is represented by a wide network of different power, scales and appointment of auto repair enterprises.
Stao is the main system providing Poto, P and other types of technical influences in order to ensure efficiency and safe operation of cars, as well as services for the sale of cars, spare parts and materials. In addition, these stations may provide technical advice on maintenance and car repair.
The need to create a widely branched, well-equipped and organized network of auto repair enterprises is justified in addition to technical considerations, economic and social considerations:
- economic considerations - According to American economists, funds invested in the production of spare parts and maintenance of cars sold, provide twice as large profitthan when investing in the production of these cars;
- social considerations - related to security road. According to world statistics, the number of road accidents (accidents) due to car malfunctions is 10-15% of the total number of traffic accidents.
Organizational forms of maintenance and repair of passenger cars are quite varied. Modern TOTA - these are multifunctional businesses that can be classified. by location, appointment (degree of specialization), production capacity (the number of production posts and sites) and competitiveness.
IN depending on the locationSTA divided into:
- urban;
- road.
Urban hundred is mainly serviced by the park of passenger cars of a particular settlement or territory. These stations are most often complex and versatile by types of work.
Road service station Remote technical assistance to cars on the way. This separation determines the difference among production posts and technological equipment of STA. Road Stao are universal, have from one to five work posts and are designed to perform washers, lubricating, fastening, adjustment, elimination of small failures and faults arising from the way, as well as to refuel vehicles with fuel and oil. Road stations, as a rule, are constructed in a complex with gas stations.
According to the degree of specializationOne hundred is divided into:
- complex;
- specialized by type of work;
- One hundred self-service.
Complex A hundred perform the full range of maintenance and repair of cars. They can be universal - for servicing and repairing multiple car brands or specialized - For servicing one car brand. These enterprises are currently becoming increasingly distributed. This is confirmed by foreign practice, as well as the experience of such cities as Moscow, St. Petersburg.
Specialized Autoservice enterprises as well classified according to specific brands and car models and types of work (maintenance and repair in the warranty period, maintenance and repair in the post-warranty period).
In terms of specialization in brand Stas are divided :
- maintenance and repair of cars only foreign production - a fraction of foreign cars in a common fleet
is 25%, but the service of foreign cars is engaged in 28 % auto service enterprises;
- maintenance and repair of cars of only domestic production - 75% of the park, but only 21% of auto repair enterprises (maintenance);
- maintenance and repair of cars as domestic and foreign production. Such a hundred - 51%. At the same time, in the auto repair enterprises, preventive impacts are dominated over repair for imported goods and repair on preventive - for domestic cars.
Car repair and elimination of the consequences of accidents are usually carried out by either specialized workshops or relatively large STAs equipped with special equipment.
Specialized by type of employmentAnd divided into:
Diagnostic;
Repair and adjustment of brakes;
Repair of appliances and electrical equipment;
Repair of gearbox, automatic gearboxes;
Repair of car body;
Coloring body cars;
Tireing;
Washers, etc.
For example, in the US, highly specialized stations and workshops are up to 25% of their total number.
For industrial power(based on the number of production posts and plots) Urban Staa can be partitioned on the:
- small;
- average;
- Large or large.
Small stations Servicewith the number of work posts to 10perform the following types of work: wine-cleaning, express diagnostics, maintenance, lubricant, tire fitting, diagnosis and repair of electrical equipment and fuel system, body, painting, repair of aggregates. The main share of this group is the specialized stale. As a rule, they are engaged in the implementation of only preventive types of work and serve the territory within a radius not exceeding 10-15 km.
Medium stations maintenance by the number of work posts from 11 to 30. Perform the same types of work as small stations. Also here a complete diagnosis of the technical condition of the car and its aggregates, the color of the entire car is carried out, replacing aggregates, and can also be sold ms.
Large stations maintenance by the number of posts more 30 perform all types of maintenance and repair in full. These costs can be specialized areas for conducting major repairs of aggregates and nodes. To perform work on diagnostics and maintenance can be used. As a rule, on these STAs is carried out cars sale.
Currently, about 50% of auto-service enterprises have a capacity from 1 to 3 work posts; more than 40% - from 4 to 10 posts; 7% - up to 30 posts. Large stations are less than 2%.
According to competitive characteristics the car service market can be divided as follows.
First Group - branded (dealersky) stawho sell and serve cars specific firms and work directly with firms, concerns, manufacturers - authorized centers. These specialized Staa have modern technological equipment, original spare parts, a wide selection of services for a particular car brand, prepared frames with a high level of customer service culture, high reputation and high prices.
Branded Stals perform functions related to the maintenance and repair of cars in the warranty and post-warranty periods of operation. In addition, they can be viewed as automatic divisions that ensure their reliable information about the quality of cars produced. At the same time, branded STAs can act as centers for production and technical training personnel.
Second Group make up former state-owned STAwho have extensive experience in the car service, specially designed premises, advantageous location, good traditions, but outdated views on attitudes towards the consumer and inertia, difficult to fully and efficient adaptation to the market conditions. On these Staa good, but often outdated equipment, accustomed connections with consumers who are used to using their services, as a rule, are low prices, they are trusted because they are accustomed to the laws with old times have a good image, but not the best quality of spare parts. On the coverage of the market from the point of view of the range of services they can call universal.
TO third Group relate private, newly created sta that appeared after the transition to a market economy. In general, they have the same characteristics as the second group.
TO fourth Group relate car service at the production and technical base of motor vehicles and other enterprises . Here is comparative low level Maintenance and repair technologies, low maintenance culture, low frame qualifications, low production aesthetics, overestimated duration of work and narrow specialization in car models.
TO fifth The group of autoservice enterprises include garage auto services . At the exercise, they are inferior to the enterprises of the previous group, the service is the least comfortable, but the cost of work is the lowest.
The structure of the STA network on the example of Moscow - large auto-service enterprises are only about 17%; These are quite powerful specialized enterprises (31% of city-wide capacity). The remaining car service objects rent platforms and production facilities: transport enterprises (about 40% of the total number of objects and 39% of city-wide capacity), industrial enterprises (respectively, 19 and 14%).
Today there is big gap between demand (repair and maintenance of car owners ) and the possibility of its complete satisfaction. This is due to two main reasons.
The first reason- Not high solvency of a number of car owners, which makes them apply to underground car services. Illegal car services and sinks are literally everywhere. They do not have licenses, do not pay taxes, so their services are much cheaper than in legal costs. The underground car service takes a significant part of the car service market, thereby interfering with the development of legal costs. It is worth noting that recently the level of consciousness of car owners is increasing: they are increasingly seeking legal stands that guarantee high quality of work.
The second reason - lack of production capacity of existing STA, especially in settlements regional and district meaning.
Maintenance (That) - this is a complex of operations or operation by maintaining The maintenance of the car in accordance with the instructions of its manufacturer.
Repairs - Complex of operations by restoration Good condition of the car (its components, systems).
Maintenance and repair system - a combination of interconnected funds, documentation of maintenance and repair, as well as performers necessary to maintain and restore car performance.
Purposethis maintenance system is providing status compliance car established requirements and improve efficiency their use by the owners.
To ensure efficiencycar over the entire period of operation, it is necessary to periodically maintain its technical condition comprehensive technical influences, depending on the appointment and character, can be divided into two groups:
1) impact aimed at maintaining aggregates, mechanisms and knots of the car in a working condition for the largest period of operation;
2) impacts aimed at recovery lost efficiency of aggregates, mechanisms and knots of the car.
A set of measures of the first group is a maintenance system and is prophylactic, and the second is a system of recovery (repair).
Under technical influence it is understood as any operation, leading to the restoration or preservation of the parameters of the car (its component parts, systems) in the process of its repair and repair, as well as any operation carried out in the process of monitoring the compliance of the technical conditionrequirements of the car. At the same time, the depth of technical impact and, as a result, its effectiveness is determined by the ultimate goal - the need to maintain the car in a working condition throughout its period of operation.
In our country, a planning warning system has been adopted (PPS ) maintenance and repair of cars essence that is that It is carried out according to plan, but repair - for the need.
The fundamentals of the planning and preventive system of maintenance and repair of cars are established by the current "The provision on the maintenance and repair of the rolling stock of automobile transport." As a rule, this system applied to a hundred during the warranty period.
The technical condition of the car depends on the two main indicators:
Structural reliability;
Operating conditions (including the preparation of the driver, organization and conditions for performing car maintenance work, etc.).
One of the shortcomings PPS is that she does not take into account the actual technical condition and individual characteristics of each car. List I. scope of work When conducting it is determined only mileage car. After execution, at PPP, it is impossible to make conclusions about the reliability of aggregates and car systems and predict the behavior of the car in the future, i.e. Predict a possible failure of nodes and systems that are particularly affecting the safety of motion.
After the warranty period, the maintenance and repair of the car is rationally carried out by its technical condition, which is determined by conducting diagnostic work. Such a service system is called strategy for maintenance and repair of a car by actual state - SFTS. SFTS allows you to adapt to the actual environment using the actual information about the technical condition of the car, which is more complete.
Provision services per hundred produced in accordance with technological processes, accepted for a hundred.
Under technological processesunderstand the sequence of technological operations necessary to perform a certain type of technical impact.
Orderthe implementation of the technological process on a STR depends on the prescribed or diagnosed species and volumes of work, taking into account the wishes of the owner of the car for these works. As a result, work can be performed selectively from volumes current repairs (TR) in any combination.
In accordance with this, the technological process at Stara should provide flexibility when executing the ordered service for both TR, what implies appliediE universal posts, consequently, the possibility of various combinations of production operations in one post without moving the car,with the exception of specialized posts.
The basis of the organization of the technological process at maintenance and repair of cars next functional scheme. Cars arriving at Staa for holding TO TR, come:
1) on post acceptance To determine the technical condition required by the scope of work and their value
2) pass washing
3) for the post and tr or the corresponding production area.
Stages of the technological process Their sequence used equipment depends on the staffing of the production and technical infrastructure of the service station and its condition.
The scheme of routes of cargo of production posts and plots is presented in Figure 2.1.
Where n is acceptance;
D B - diagnostics of systems determining the safety of motion (carried out at the acceptance of an acceptance, equipped with a diagnostic complex, and as an independent type of service is included in the service book);
D 3 - diagnostics on customer requests (in-depth diagnostics);
UMR - cleaning and washing work;
C - parking on the territory of STA (when the queue occurs);
PU SC - production plot No. 1 (plumbing shop);
PU K.TS - production plot No. 2 (body shop);
Pr - start work (including the installation of the car on the lift);
UR - precinct work (include work on specialized sites: tireage, balancing, stapel, installations for cleaning nozzles, sink of radiator, etc.);
Westerns - stand of control and adjustment of the angles of the wheels (similarity-collapse);
Malarny plot (includes: painting chamber and preparatory plot);
K - control (produced at posts with the filling of the inspection sheet, including: a trial trip, control of security systems and adjustment);
In - issuing a car to the client.
There are various options for the sequence of work depending on the ordered service:
Option 1 (P-Umr-D B-PR-K-DMR-S-B) - a typical version of the passage is the service book when the client arrives at the cost of a certain mileage or time interval. In this case, the car accepts the car is undergoing diagnostics, the acceptor examines it, checking the absence (presence) of the lech, the integrity of protective rubber products (anthers, brake hoses), thickness brake discs and pads, serviceability of alarm and lighting devices, level of liquids. After the UMR, work is performed on the elimination of the faults noticed during inspection. Next, monitor the work performed, and then washing and cleaning the cabin. The car is issued to the client.
Option 2. Pd bd 3 -С-Umr-Pr-Ur-pr-K-Umr-S-in - The client combines that and tr in one visit to Stao. To do this, in addition to D B, an in-depth diagnostics of D 3 is performed to identify problems. In this embodiment, the client leaves the car for a hundreda for quite a long time (several days or more), so the car passes through the parking lot for waiting and issuing.
Option 3.P-DZ-PR-Q-Umr-B is implemented with a limited free time from the client and provided that the car drives into the workshop in its pure form (the warm season, dry roads), so the UMR does not work before carrying out work.
Option 4 (P - D 3 - C - UMR - PR - UR - PU K.TS - UMR - C - C) - is realized when the car is received in small or medium body repair in the absence of need fixer repair (replacement or repair doors, wings, bumper, hood, etc.). The car is installed on the post in the body workshop for mounting / disassembling body elements.
Option 5 (P-Umr-Pr-Ur-PM-C-VC) - eliminates the diagnostics of systems and is implemented in the case when the client needs to perform a specific service that requires special equipment and / or installing a car to the lift (for example, tireage, Wheel balancing, air conditioning refueling, flushing nozzles, etc.).
Option 6 (P-DZ-UMR-PR-C-PR-C-B) - characterized for large repair - replacement or repair of elements of both body and mechanical Systemsproviding engine operation, transmission and suspension. An example is emergency cars that are repaired by insurance.
Option 7 (P-DZ-UMR-PR-SO-C) - is implemented during the repair or replacement of suspension elements, after which the verification is necessary and adjusting the angle of the wheels.
Option 8 (PR-B) - is implemented if it is necessary to eliminate a car malfunction that does not require diagnostics, if the client is very in a hurry (this explains the exception of the UMR and C), or eliminates the problem after repair on this STA, when the reason is obvious.
Plot of reception and issuing cars.When accepting a car, produced:
- Verification of aggregates and nodes, which indicates the owner of a malfunction; checking aggregates, nodes, and systems affecting the safety of motion;
Checking the technical condition of the car to identify defects not stated by the owner;
Approximate determination of the cost and timing of work and coordination with the owner;
Registration of acceptance documents.
If necessary, to establish the cause of a malfunction, the master acceptor sends a car to the diagnostic posts or makes a trial cargo departure.
Acceptance of cars for the performance of works, volumes and cost of which are constant (single-cleaning, diagnostic, etc.), simplified. In this case, the owner in the table of orders a hundred is acquired by a ticket indicating the species and cost of work.
When placing an order at the request of the owner of the car, the service station performs incomplete work. After establishing the scope of work, the master acceptor using the price list to the repair of passenger cars belonging to citizens fills the order-order and determines the total cost of work. At the same time, only those work on which the customer agrees.
After the end of the acceptance, the distiller driver puts the car to the work post or car-place waiting. The time spent on the reception of cars is on average for 20-30 minutes.
After carrying out all the necessary works, the car is sent to the section of the issuance, where they control the quality of work performed in accordance with the outfit order, produce an external inspection, check the car's completeness and the issuance of its owner or distinguish into the storage area ready to issue cars. When receiving cars, the owner certifies the signature in the outfit-order the absence of claims, and the acceptor, checking the correctness of payment, makes a skip to departure.
At stations up to 25 work posts, the sections of acceptance and issuing cars are usually combined. There is one post of acceptance and one post issue equipped with lifts. In larger stations, such as a special vase for 50 work posts, to increase the bandwidth, the reception area has three stream lines, each of which includes two acceptance posts and two vestival vehicles. One line is intended for acceptance of cars entering for warranty service and repair, two others - for acceptance of TA and TR. Car issuing is made at posts located near the storage area of \u200b\u200bready-to-issue cars.
Diagnostic area by car.All modern one hundred is equipped with the necessary diagnostic, equipment. Car diagnostics is made: at the request of the owners as an independent type of service; When accepting to the station (as needed), at the same time before, issuing cars to the owner to verify the quality of service
The largest number of applications for car owners accounts for diagnostic work on checking and adjusting the angles of installation of controlled wheels, dynamic wheel balancing, electrical equipment and motor power supply. This is explained by the fact that the work of these nodes and systems largely determine the cost of operating a car related to tire wear and fuel efficiency.
A significant part of control and adjustment work with the use of diagnostic tools is carried out directly in the process of both Trot cars. It mainly concerns the maintenance and repair of engines, electrical equipment and chassis, which are usually implemented using portable devices directly at the posts and tr.
Specialized areas of diagnostics are intended to assist the OTB in determining the technical condition of vehicles at the acceptance and issuance of cars and conducting work on the request of car owners. They are equipped with all the necessary diagnostic equipment that ensures the test of the technical condition of the car.
The number of diagnostic posts depends on the power of the station and is usually from one to four. In this case, as a rule, a dead-end location of posts is applied, which makes it possible for an independent car check-in to perform certain diagnostic work.
With increasing power of a hundred in order to increase the productivity of the plots diagnostic equipment Place on two or three posts. Posts for checking and adjusting controlled wheels to a hundred to 50 work posts are usually placed in the Zone and Tr. On the larger hundred in the zones, then the trops will additionally organize posts on checking the angles of the wheel installation, wheel balancing, as well as to test headlights.
Plots (zone) of post-work and tr.Cars entering the station require the most varying name and volume of works and the work of the work and TR, and therefore the organization of the station's production should ensure that any combination of their combination is performed, i.e. Have sufficient flexibility of the technological process that and tr.
Due to the accidental nature of the required technical impacts for cars entering the service station, the following variants of the combination of work with the works of TR are possible; Then in full; Selective complex of works (adjustment, lubricants, etc.); Full volume, together with the works of tr, detected in the diagnostic process; Selective complex of work with the works of TP, detected in the diagnostic process. At the same time, work on TP is first performed, and then then.
Depending on that or another combination of the required types of work, a rational technological scheme and the organization of production are selected,
At the harvesting plot, cleaning and washing works can be performed not only before TR, but also as an independent type of service.
At the posts of TR, they are disseminated assembly, adjustment and fastening, and eliminate small malfunctions. Their volume is about 40 % total works of tr, and taking into account minor work on the repair of the body - 50 %. The remaining works of tr, as well as work on the Kyrgyz Republic units are carried out on specialized sites.
Small faults are eliminated directly at the posts of TR, and defective units, nodes and mechanisms taken from cars are sent to the appropriate specialized sites for the necessary work, after which they come to the TP site and are installed on the car. In coordination with the owner, earlier repaired (from the current fund) can be installed instead of the removed unit or node.
Basically, work on both TR is carried out on universal or specialized posts. Considering the specifics of the work performed on a hundred recommended 60-70 % wall posts to equip lifts.
Organization and technology of work on specialized areas of tr (aggregate-mechanical, repair of electrical equipment :, repair fuel equipment, etc.) are mainly similar to the work performed on ATP for passenger cars.
In addition to work on both TP on a large service station can be carried out and overhaul Aggregates, KR units at stations, as a rule, is performed by an individual method. To reduce car downtime, the repair can be carried out by an impersonal method by replacing faulty units and nodes for good,
Plot of pre-sale preparation. In the developed typical projects of service station for 25 and 50 work posts provided shops selling cars. The pre-sale preparation of cars is also held at the same stations, which includes; Removing the temporary anti-corrosion coating to cleaning and wareholders; checking the compliance of the accompanying documents by the engine numbers and car body; checking availability and installation of component and accessories; checking the work of aggregates, systems, nodes and a car as a whole; Eliminating detected defects and malfunctions.
For a hundred per 25 working posts, pre-sale preparation is carried out by the zone of Zone.
In the special vehicle specialist, there are a plot of pre-sale preparation that includes eight posts, two of which are intended to remove the temporary anti-corrosion coating, and the rest - for conducting control and inspection and adjustment work.
When the mechanical damage to the body obtained during transportation, the latter are eliminated on the body and painting stations.
Verified and prepared for sale, the car is installed on the storage site of ready-to-sell cars or in the shop demonstration hall.
Average annual mileage 10-20 t.km., 1,5cmen - 357 or 305 days; 2 shifts 265 days. For RED 365 d. 1.5 shifts. Number of races 2-6 per year
Production Program city. ONE HUNDRED
A-loan; N is a number for 1000Hel.
Annual production program - the number of conditionally complex. Service. Auto per year.
N one hundred \u003d n T * to 1 * to 2 * to 3
K 1 \u003d 0.25 ... 0.9 facing. On a hundred; To 1 \u003d 1,1 ... 1,2 transit accounting; K 1 \u003d 1.03 ... 1.05 Motability growth
Road service station
N C (Dor) \u003d N D * R / 100
n d-intensity of aut / day movement. I-more than 7000; II-3000-7000; III - 1000-3000; IV-200-1000; V- less than 200;
p is the frequency of the races of L. 4.5% and TR; Sink 5.5% gr. 0.5% then and 0.6% washing.
Annual work on the city of one hundred
Valid by specific labor. Then ITR
T \u003d n hundred * l g * t / 1000
t \u003d T N * to P * to TR T N - the calf rate. Labor. 2.0; 2.3; 2.7
To P - Cooph. Correct. UD. Work. TO AND TR; Kd - nature climate conditions
Approximate number of posts CPR1
T \u003d Σ (n STI * L GI * T I / 1000)
Annual work on the work on the road
T \u003d n s (Dor) * D slave * t p
N C (Dor) - the number of races per day
t p - one-time complexity (2 ... 2.8)
Annual vacation volume. - Moech. work on the city and dor. ONE HUNDRED
T Mind \u003d N one hundred * d Mind * T Mind Mountains. ONE HUNDRED
N STO - Collegiates. Auto per year.
d Mind \u003d 5 Number of races per car per year.
t Mind is the average labor intensity (0.15; 0.2; 0.25; Dor. 0.2; 0.25)
T mind \u003d n with (Dor) * D slave * t mind
Annual volume of PO pre-sale preparation. ONE HUNDRED
T pp \u003d n n * t pp
N P - number of a car per year
t PP is a labor intensity of 3.5 h / h.
Annual work on acceptance of the service station
T PV \u003d N STO * D \u200b\u200bU * T PV Mountains. ONE HUNDRED
t PV - environments. Work. 0.15; 0.2; 0.25.
T PV \u003d N C (Dor) * D Rab. G * T PV T PV -0.2; 0.25.
Annual work on anti-corrosion processing
T PC \u003d (0.2 ... 0,333) * n hundred * t PC; T PC - 3.0
Annual scope of self-service work
T himself \u003d (t + t Mind + T PV + T PP + T PC) * to with
To with -koef. Self-service work. \u003d 0.15 ... 0.2
Determination of the total labor-intensity of work on a hundred
T STO \u003d T + T Um + T PV + T PP + T PC + T myself
T STO \u003d T + T Mind + T PV
Distribution of work by type of work
T pi \u003d t hundred * to i
T - annual work
To i - the proportion of this type of work in%
Calculation of the number of posts and vehicles
- Work posts;
- Auxiliary posts
- Automobile Waiting Places
- car storage space
Calculation of the number of work posts TO AND TR
The total number of work posts per service station is determined by the formula:
where T - the annual scope of work on the TPs performed at posts, people;
Drab d - per year work days a year, days;
TCM - the duration of the shift, an hour;
C - the number of shifts.
Number of work posts For this type of work related to TO AND TR With uniform receipt of cars, it is determined by the following formula:
where the ratio of the uneven load of the posts (Table 3);
η - the utility utilization factor (Table 4);
PCP- average number of simultaneously operating one post, people
TCM - the duration of the shift, an hour;
FROM-number shift;
The production and technical base of the auto-service system is mainly made up of enterprises (structural units) of three types: STA, including workshops and points of repair; base and warehouses of logistics; Garages and parking cars.
On autocentrates and major STAs of regional or zonal value, and often on smaller standings, all three types of autothek losing enterprises can be combined not only functionally, but also geographically (Fig. 2.1).
Modern Staa carry out: sale of cars and pre-sale service of new and used cars; selling spare parts, operational materials and accessories to them; That and tr in the warranty and post-warranty periods of operation; KR Units and Repair Car Repair, including the elimination of damage to the body of a car caused by a traffic accident.
These works are performed depending on the presence of relevant production sites on the cost of the corresponding production sites, each of which has consolidated a certain number of avomobile seats.
The venue is called the Stoa Square site (in the building, under a canopy, on an open area) for the car setting, expecting maintenance or issuing the owner. Car-places in the Staa building according to its technological purpose are divided into working and auxiliary posts, expectation vehicle. In terms of planning, the difference between the "posts" and the "car-place waiting" lies in the regulatory distances between cars installed on them, as well as between cars and elements of the building.
The working post is a car-place equipped with the appropriate technological equipment and intended to perform technical effects directly on the car to maintain and restore its technically good condition and appearance - these are washing posts, diagnostics, then, tr and color.
Fig. 2.1. Special vehicle vessels for 50 work posts for cars "Zhiguli": a - general plan: 1 - production case; 2 - administrative and household building; 3 - gas station; 4 - checkpoint; 5 - Parking of passenger cars; 6 - Playground unloading new cars; 7 - parking of new cars on 127 car-beds; 8 - Parking of renovated cars for 124 cars; 9 - treatment facilities; 10 - parking cars enrolled in repair, 57 car places; B - Planning of the production building: 1 - sale of car sale with salon; 2 - Shopping Hall; 3 - a plot of pre-sale preparation; 4 - lubrication posts; 5 - diagnostic posts; 6 - warranty service posts; 7 - posts TA and TR; 8 - bond repair section; 9 - wallpaper; 10 - painting plot; 11 - technical premises; 12 - warehouse of spare parts; 13 - aggregate-mechanical plot; 14 - Engine Test Plot; 15 - Mednitskiy plot; 16 - for a blacksmith-welding site; 17- section of the repair of fuel equipment; 18 - rechargeable plot; 19 - a tire plot; 20 - a plot of electrical equipment repair; 21 - Washing posts; 22 - plot of car acceptance; 23 - a plot of issuing cars; 24 - dispatch; 25 - room for customers.
The auxiliary post is designed to perform directly on the car of technologically auxiliary, but necessary for maintaining and restoring its technically good condition and the appearance of operations - these are posts acceptance-issuing cars, prepare them to color, drying after painting and washing.
The car-place expectation is intended for the production of the car during the expectation of them: acceptance-issuance, putting on a working post, repairing the unit (node, instrument) removed from it.
In addition to the main production activities, other types of services are provided on major STAs: car sales, tires, spare parts, autographs and operational materials are sold; Consultations are organized on technical and legal issues, merchant examination; Claims are drawn up, etc.
Depending on the capacity (estimated number of complex cars), the size (number of work posts or car-places in the Stao building), location, appointment and specialization of Stas, the types of work performed and their combinations may be different.
According to the principle of placement, the cost of urban and roads distinguish; by the nature of the main production activity - warranty (manufacturers), complex, specialized, self-service; In terms of production capacity and size - small, medium, large and large (Fig. 2.2).
Urban Staa (Fig. 2.3) Designed for servicing the park of cars belonging to citizens, in cities and other settlements, and road stands - to provide technical assistance to all vehicles on the way.
Urban Staa can be universal or specialized depending on the type of work and car brands. These include factory warranty service stations.
According to the classification of the hyprophetotrans for the current projects of the cost of power and size, four types are divided into four types: small - up to 15, medium - up to 30, large - up to 50 and large - over 50 work posts. According to the classification of the USSR Min-auto industry (leading service), urban costs are divided into small - up to 10, average - up to 34 and large - from 35 work posts. On this sizernation and the projects of modern STA are based. The size and purpose of STEAs define its type or size.
Urban Stao mainly have a relatively permanent clientele and are performed if production capabilities are allowed, comprehensive car service.
Roadside Stands have a random clientele, and their main task is to eliminate failures and faults that have arisen in transit vehicles. This difference is reflected on the methods of calculation, structural composition and technological equipment of the STA and predetermines the nature of their production activities (Table 2.1).
Table 2.1.
Types of work projected to perform at Sta of different types
|
Name of works |
Urban Staa |
Road costs |
||
|
large and large |
||||
|
Diagnosing nodes and aggregates affecting traffic safety | ||||
|
In-depth diagnostics | ||||
|
Wine-harvesters | ||||
|
Maintenance in the volume: | ||||
|
Lubricant | ||||
|
Adjusting | ||||
|
Tire landing | ||||
|
Electrocarburetor | ||||
|
Battery recruitment | ||||
|
Repair and battery charge | ||||
|
Tr aggregates | ||||
|
Replacing aggregates | ||||
|
Cr aggregatov | ||||
|
Mednitsky | ||||
|
Welding | ||||
|
Tinnitsky | ||||
|
Body | ||||
|
Tint | ||||
|
Full coloring body | ||||
|
Anticorrosive coating | ||||
|
Sale of spare parts and materials | ||||
|
Cars sale | ||||
|
Maintenance on call | ||||
|
Refueling | ||||
Over the past decade, the structural composition of the park of passenger cars belonging to citizens has changed significantly, which creates prerequisites for the development of the network of Sta, specialized in car brands. However, in the near future, it should be expected that the main type of urban station will still be universal on the brands of serviced vehicles and the complex for the work of the work of Stara (especially in small towns and settlements).
The analysis of the production activities of STAA showed the preference of such a direction of development, including for the station, which were originally designed with a limited range of work. This is due to the present level of motorization of most cities and districts of the country and the development of the network of STA. Specialization of STA, due to a high level of concentration of work, without proper technical and economic justification only complicates their maintenance owners and negatively affects the Sta economy, although the idea of \u200b\u200bspecialization and cooperation of the activities of the stations is progressive.
Currently, the orientation of the cost of one or another types of work is determined mainly by its production capabilities, i.e., the presence of relevant areas, sites, equipment, etc.
With an increase in the passenger car park and the further development of the STA network will be distributed by specialized stations of integrated service, i.e. Stao, performing the repair of a certain car brand, as well as STA, specialized by type of work, for example, on diagnosing (Fig. 2.4), Sink, repair of electrical equipment and appliances, brakes, units, on coloring bodyworks, etc. These and other works can be performed in different combinations with each other with partial specialization. Such a prospect is confirmed by existing practices in large cities, such as Moscow, Leningrad, Kiev, where the level of saturation by cars is significantly higher than the national country, and calculations of hyproautotrans, NIIATA and other organizations, as well as foreign experiences.
The grounds for the specialization of STAO on car brands or types of work are the presence of a sufficient number of labor influences in the service area, providing full loading of the station and the effective use of high-performance equipment, the possibility of applying progressive technology and a rational organization of production.
A certain number of car owners prefer to carry out both trial. However, the existing conditions do not always allow this, since self-service posts are available on some domestic STA. Meanwhile, abroad was distributed not only posts, but also self-service stations. In the future, in our country there is a further development of self-service, including by organizing specialized stations.
The main difficulties in solving this issue are the organization of appropriate quality control and safety monitoring. Due to the permanent improvement in the design of the car, its service requires a qualified approach, the use of complex modern equipment with high accuracy, as well as the relevant technology. Loss of quality at the same repair in most cases leads to road traffic accidents and environmental pollution.
Road costs (Fig. 2.5) are designed to provide technical assistance to all vehicles on my way. Usually they are small and consist of several work posts, universal by types and brands of served vehicles, but are limited in the list of services provided by them.
Fig. 2.5. Roadside for 3 working posts:
/ - room for customers; 2 - household premises; 3 - warehouse of spare parts; 4 - posts that and trot cars; 5 - post and three buses and trucks on the ditch; 6-post for washing buses and trucks; 7 - posts for car wash
Table 2.2.
Main indicators for standard projects STA
|
Indicators | ||||||||
|
from precast concrete structures with the number of work posts |
from light metal structures with the number of work posts |
road with the number of work posts 1 |
||||||
|
Number of car services per year | ||||||||
|
The number of car races per year, thousand units. | ||||||||
|
The number of cars sold for the year | ||||||||
|
Total number personnel, people | ||||||||
|
Including: workers employed on Then repair cars | ||||||||
|
production workers | ||||||||
|
auxiliary workers | ||||||||
|
junior service personnel | ||||||||
|
administrative-UP Rive | ||||||||
|
employees in the store and pre-sale preparation | ||||||||
|
Square of the Staa plot, ha | ||||||||
|
The same in the complex with mechanized commercial sink, paid parking, gas station | ||||||||
|
Building Area, M 2 | ||||||||
|
Useful area of \u200b\u200bthe building, m2 | ||||||||
|
Including: industrial premises | ||||||||
|
administrative premises | ||||||||
|
premises passing finished cars | ||||||||
|
Total number of cars | ||||||||
|
Including: in the industrial premises and in the presentation of auto-mobile | ||||||||
|
Of these: work posts | ||||||||
|
auxiliary posts | ||||||||
|
car Waiting | ||||||||
|
Total in the store | ||||||||
|
Of these: in the trading hall | ||||||||
|
demonstration vehicles | ||||||||
|
under a canopy of finished cars | ||||||||
|
on the open car parking: awaiting service | ||||||||
|
For sale | ||||||||
|
Total cost construction of the building, thousand rubles. | ||||||||
|
Including: construction and installation work | ||||||||
|
equipment | ||||||||
|
other work | ||||||||
1 In brackets are given data on the availability of posts for the winter season.
Depending on the purpose and the power of the cost of it, they are mainly done by washing, lubricating, fasteners, adjustment, eliminate small failures and malfunctions mainly by replacing nodes and parts, the need for which occurred in the way, while refueling cars with fuel, oil and other operational materials. As well as when providing technical assistance on the road by specialists of mobile workshops and when towing vehicles that lost the ability to move their own move.
On the roadside, it is advisable to sell spare parts in a wide range that use the highest demand, autographs and operational materials in small packaging and have self-service posts, recreation rooms and buffets. Such STOAs can be part of motels, as well as construct a complex with gas stations (NPP). In addition, at a gas station, if they are at a considerable distance from road or other types of stations, they organize small technical assistance points for 1-2 posts and self-service posts (Fig. 2.6).
In tab. 2.2 shows the main technical and economic indicators of the current standard projects of STA.
Appointment of production and specialized stations
Plot accepting cars Designed to perform the following works:
when accepting - external inspection of the car; Checking its completeness, aggregates and nodes, for the fault of which indicates the owner of the car, as well as affecting the safety of the movement, the technical condition of the car in order to identify defects not stated by the owner; determination of indicative volume, cost, work period and the method of elimination of defects; coordination of all questions with the owner of the car, paperwork;
when issuing - control of the works specified in the order-outfit, an external inspection, checking the completeness and delivery of the car to the owner.
When accepting and issuing cars, it is advisable to use diagnostic equipment. The organization of the technological process depends on the production program, area and equipment of the plot.
Plot of cleaning and washing work Designed for cleaning the cabin body of the car, engine washing, car from below and from above, drying and polishing the body. On modern Staa, 48
as a rule, areas for performing these works are provided with the necessary equipment and water purification facilities. The organization of the technological process depends on the production program, area and equipment of the plot.
Plot diagnostic Designed to determine the technical condition of the car, its aggregates and mechanisms without development. Diagnostation is a technological element of the repair, as well as the main method of performing test work. Diagnostics allows us to provide high operational reliability of cars, improve labor productivity and reduce the cost of maintenance, spare parts and materials.
The number of posts on the diagnosticization site, equipped with their equipment, layout scheme, as well as specialization and cooperation between themselves, between the posts of acceptance-issuance and posts of adjustment work are determined by the volume and nature of production, the organization method, as well as the tasks that the diagnostics of the cost .
Plot etc.designed to carry out a preventive complex of work aimed at preventing failures and malfunctions, maintaining cars in a technically good condition and ensuring reliable, safe and economical operation. Regardless of the type, the fasteners, diagnostic, adjustment, lubricants and tire works are carried out on work posts equipped with appropriate technological equipment, and complex or specialized works are carried out depending on the volume of the workflow of the STA and the organization's method. With the relative technology of work, both TR are performed on the same posts by specialists from various production sites.
Plot of lubricant work It is intended for changing the oil and topping it into the engine and aggregates of transmission, replacing filters and lubrication of the joints of the cardan shaft, the chassis, control mechanisms, wheel bearings, body points in the volume of TAL-1, TO-2 or the service books specified in the coupons. Separate types of lubricating and filling works can be performed at the owners. For example, a change in oil in separate units and lubrication of certain vehicles of a car can be made not only on specialized, but also on other posts depending on the volume of the production program.
Plot Tr. Designed to perform a complex of work on aggregates and knots of the car, the fault of which cannot be eliminated by adjusting work in order to restore their parameters and performance.
Depending on the nature and place of production of the works of TR, they perform either at work posts, or on specialized sites (production departments) of STA. Town works include: Discernment and assembly operations performed directly by car, adjustment and fasteners, troubleshooting brake and other systems, as well as minor body damage, units and nodes without dismantling and disassembly. Work posts of the plot of trot vehicles equip the necessary equipment, lifting devices, devices and tools. A number of works, such as the replacement of carburetors and spark plugs in their nature, does not require the use of lifts and can be performed on floor posts or corresponding to STAA places equipped with mobile jacks, devices and tools.
/ Works that are not subject to fulfillment in the work posts of tr, carry out specialized sites:
aggregate-mechanical - discerning assembly, washing, repair and repair and control work on the engine, gearbox, steering, front and rear bridges and other units, nodes and parts taken from the car, as well as mechanical and mechanical work using turning -vintera, drilling and other machines;
rechargeable - recharge, charge and repair of batteries, as well as (if necessary), prepare distilled water and electrolyte. Rechargeable batteries are usually repaired centrally on specialized or large stands in repair department the site where the filling mastic and faulty parts are replaced, the lead elements of the batteries are cast, derivative terminals, etc.;
electrotechnical - checking and repair of units and electrical equipment devices, the malfunction of which could not be eliminated on the posts of trial after cleaning from dust and dirt, inspection and testing on special installations. The units to be repaired and the devices are disassembled on the nodes and parts, washed and dried, defective and depending on the technical condition, they are replaced or repaired, and also be checked on the corresponding control stand or installation;
carburetor (fuel equipment) - disassembly of carburetors with elimination of detected defects, selection of jets, checking the fuel level in the float chamber, as well as repair and testing the performance of fuel pumps and other nutrition system devices. Devices requiring repair before disassembly wash in a special bath, and after repair are experiencing on stands or installations;
tinor-Repair (tire) - dismantle and mounting tires, repair of cameras, replacement of discs, chambers and tires, wheel balancing, depending on STA sizes. Tires are cleaned, dismantled on the stands and defect, the rims of the wheels are cleaned from the traces of corrosion and stained, the chambers are repaired by overlapping and vulcanize. After assembling wheels, they carry out their static and dynamic balancing on a special bench;
own - Repair of seats and backs, replacement and repair of the ceiling upholstery, as well as the manufacture of insulation covers and body upholstery, depending on the standard size of the STA. For work, special sewing machines, workbenches for disassembling pillows and seats, tables and patterns for cutting upholstery materials, lari and racks. The removal and replacement of the body's upholstery, as well as the seats are carried out on the working posts of the Body section of Staa;
body - replacement of individual parts of the body, as well as tiny, welding, medical and blacksmith-free work, the manufacture of the parts necessary for the replacement of parts, edit and repair emergency vehicles on special stands, depending on the STA size. Tiny works include repair of wings, mudguards, hoods, lining of the radiator, doors and other parts of the body. The reinforcement works include the repair of locks, loops, windows, installation of the handles, brackets, inserting glass and edging. Mednotilic works are associated with the repair of radiators, fuel tanks, fuel and oil pipelines;
picky - painting body and its details. In the preparatory department, the old color is removed, putty and grinding. Here, the small sections of the body and its parts are usually tinted. A soil is applied on the painting area and dried, partially or completely stained the body, and also apply antioxidant mastic and anti-corrosion coating. All works associated with spraying paintwork materials and their drying are performed in special hermetic chambers equipped with supply-exhaust ventilation, eliminating the possibility of formation of explosive concentrations and penetration from chambers to the room of a solvent vapor and paint fog. Preparation of mixtures, preparation of varnishes and paints, dilution of solvents, sink of pistols and paint-pump tanks and other related processes are carried out in special ventilated areas of the paint reception office.
In addition to the main production sites, there are a warehouse of spare parts, customer premises, administrative and domestic premises, as a rule, on the second floor, etc. In the zone of both tr, as well as on the body, painting and other sites, except The workers are provided for auxiliary posts and vending vehicles, which, if necessary, certain types of work can also be performed.
This list of structural divisions is not characteristic of all types of STA. At small stations, some types of work are combined on one site.
In accordance with its functional purpose, all DC and Stao have a technologically substantiated structure, the composition of which is determined by the type, size and production capacity of the enterprise, the range of services provided and other factors.
Structural elements are grouped into three subsystems:
· Enterprise management subsystem.
· Client service subsystem;
· Car service subsystem;
The first two subsystems are geographically located in the same building or in two, closed transition to buildings.
The car maintenance subsystem is located either in a separate separate building of the building, or in a separate building or individual buildings - production buildings.
The draft "Subaru" dealership center may be an illustration (Fig. 4.9 - 4.11) and standard STA (Fig. 4.12).
Figure 4.9. General Plan of the Center "Subaru".
Figure 4.10. General form Construction solutions of the center "Subaru"
Figure 4.11. Planning the first floor (customer service zone and production area)
Enterprise management subsystemincludes structural elements of production management, material and financial streams, staff, etc.
Client service subsystem Includes such structural units as marketing services, customer relationships, a trading network and has the following material database:
· Waiting room, equipped with stands, shop windows, automatic information systems, mini-cafes, etc. Equipment to provide customer with all the necessary information on it is interested in its autoser service issues, as well as maximum amenities for the time of staying the car in production zone;
· Sanitary - household premises for customers;
· Zone of car reception for maintenance and repair;
· The post of acceptance of cars for repair and issuing it to the customer (there is only large stale and in technical center, including on all dealer centers);
· Salon of car sale (only for the maintenance of cars sold;
· Sales of auto parts, consumables and related products.
Car service subsystem is a manufacturing system of an enterprise that includes
1. Structural units (zones, sites and posts) of the main production;
2. Structural units (sites, services and departments) of auxiliary production.
Zones, plots and posts of the main production are intended for the implementation of the main functions of the auto-service enterprise - the sale of prepared cars to customers, warranty and post-warranty maintenance and repair of customer cars.
Stoa zonesthere are three types:
Zones and TR,
Waiting area,
Storage zones.
Zone that and tr It is a production room in which several work posts are located and one or more expectation vehicles.
On medium and small stale cars, waiting may not be. In this zone, all the work is carried out directly by car installed on the working post of one or both at the same time several workers (mechanics, locksmiths, motorists, electricians, depending on the specialization and type of work performed on the working post).
If the number of work posts in the zone is also small, then, often, such a zone is called plot of post-work. This site does not apply to specialized stations areas, as all types of work are held on it, most of the works on Tr.
The waiting areait is part of the territory of the enterprise with an open parking space for several vending vehicles located on it, or a specially designated area for car expectations in the production room of the zone and a trial or a specialized area. In the expectation zone, cars accepted on Staa and P are waiting for them to work posts.
Storage area It is an open without a canopy, open under a canopy or closed (i.e. located in a special room) parking cars, waiting for repair at Staa or waiting for issuing to the customer after repair. In the technical center and on large stale in the storage area are located on separate parking cars awaiting sales. The storage area is definitely located within the enterprise.
For shopping centers, the storage area can be submitted to a separate separately protected area located at a certain distance from the salon.
Plots at Staait may be part of the structure of both the main and auxiliary industries.
Production sites of the main production It is the structural units located, as a rule, in separate rooms, in some cases there can be two different sections in the same room. The combination of production sites is typical for small stands. Plots are two species. Sections of the first species are created for the implementation of one or more technologically linked types of work on a car and outside it (for example, a section of diagnostics, cleaning and washing works, etc.). The sections of the second species are organized to carry out the restoration repair of individual units and assembly units taken from the vehicle (a plot of rechargeable, tire-bar, etc.).
At production sites of the first type, work posts are required and auxiliary posts may have. In the sections of the second form they can both have and do not have workers and auxiliary posts.
Production sites of STO auxiliary production Designed to maintain the performance of technological equipment of the main production, equipment and facilities of the auxiliary production, as well as other engineering structures and communications of the enterprise. As a rule, there are no more than two such sites. At large STA and in technical center, one of them is among the main mechanics service, the other is to the main energy service. On medium and small costs, one production site of the auxiliary production may have (a mechanical workshop ", or such a plot may not be at all.
Work posts for Staa- This is a car - places in the industrial premises equipped with the appropriate technological equipment and intended for technical impact on the car to maintain and restore its good technical condition and appearance. Works include posts:
1. For all types of TR,
2. Technological washing and cleaning for cars entering service and repair at Stara,
3. Commercial cosmetic sink and cleaning,
4. Anticorrosion processing,
5. Tuning,
6. Pre-sale preparation.
If a variety of works are performed in the operating post from the entire complex of work on the TR, then such posts refer to universal. Specialized posts include those on which only one or two are three connected technologically types of work. For example, the post of diagnostics and adjusting the angles of the wheels, the post of removal and installation of the wheels on the tire plot, etc.
Work posts can be dwyled and outdoor. Outdoor posts, in turn, are divided into posts with lifting equipment and without lifting equipment (Fig. 4.13 - 4.15).
By the method of installing cars, working posts may be deadlock (Fig. 4.14.) And travel (Fig. 4.16).
Entry for a dead-end post is carried out by the forefront, and the Congress is rear. In contrast, on a travel post, an entrance and a congress is made in one direction only by the forefront.
Auxiliary posts on Staa is a car - places in zones and areas of main production, equipped or not equipped with equipment on which technological auxiliary operations are performed. These include acceptance and extraction posts, drying on the UMR, preparation and drying site (local) on the painting section (4.17).
Car Waiting Place -these are places occupied by cars, waiting for working and auxiliary posts in the expectation zone, or car-plates on sites and P or body, which are designed for cars that are removed for repairing individual units, assembly units or details (engines, wheels , devices, wings, hoods, etc.).
Depending on the production capacity of STEA, a complex of work on the same and trial is distributed in various types of individual types of work and at the place of their execution (Table 4.1).
