Traction lithium-ion batteriesTesla, what is inside?
Tesla Motors is the creator of truly revolutionary eco-vehicles - electric vehicles that are not only produced serially, but also possess unique indicators that allow them to use literally daily. Today we will look inside the Tesla Model S electric vehicle battery, learn how it is arranged and reveal the magic of success of this battery.
Delivery of batteries to customers is carried out in such drawers from OSB.
The largest and most expensive spare part for Tesla Model S is a block of a traction battery.
A block of a traction battery is located in the bottom of the car (in fact it is the floor of an electric car - the car), due to which Tesla Model S has a very low center of gravity and excellent handling. The battery is attached to the power part of the body using powerful brackets (see photo below) or performs the role of a power - carrier part of the car body.
According to the North American Environmental Protection Agency, the US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) of one charge of the TESLA traction lithium-ion battery with a nominal 400V DC voltage, a capacity of 85 kWh, hp enough for 265 miles (426 km) of a run, which allows you to overcome the largest distance among Similar electric vehicles. At the same time, a similar car accelerates from 0 to 100 km / h in just 4.4 seconds.
The secret of Success Tesla Model S is high-performance high-efficiency cylindrical lithium-ion batteries, the supplier of basic elements of the well-known Japanese company Panasonic. There are quite a few rumors around these batteries.
ABOUTdean Is They aredanger! Keep out!
One of the owners and enthusiasts Tesla Model s from the United States decided to fully disassemble the used battery for Tesla Model S energy-intensity of 85 kWh to study it in detail. By the way, its cost, as spare parts, in the United States is 12,000 USD.
From above, the battery pack is placed heat and sound insulating coating, which is closed with a thick polyethylene film. We remove this coating, in the form of a carpet and preparing for disassembly. To work with the battery, you must have an isolated tool and use rubber shoes, and rubber protective gloves.
TESLA battery. Disassemble!
The TESLA battery (traction battery unit) consists of 16 battery modules, each nominal voltage of 25V (the battery pack version - IP56). Sixteen battery modules are connected in series in the battery with a nominal voltage of 400V. Each battery module consists of 444 elements (batteries) 18650 Panasonic (weight of one battery 46 g), which are connected according to the 6S74P (6 elements sequentially and 74 such groups parallel). In total, in the traction battery TESLA - 7104 of such elements (batteries). The battery is protected from the environment by using a metal housing with an aluminum lid. On the inside of the overall aluminum lid there are plastic lining, in the form of a film. The total aluminum cover is mounted with metal screws, and rubber gaskets, which are sealed, additionally with silicone sealant. A block of a traction battery is divided into 14 compartments, a battery module is placed in each compartment. In each compartment on top and bottom of the battery modules, the sheets of pressed mica are placed. Sheets of mica provide good electrical battery isolation, and heat from the body of an electric vehicle. Separately, two of the same battery modules are placed in front of the battery under its lid. In each of the 16 battery modules there is a built-in BMU unit, which is connected to the general BMS system, which manages the work, monitors the parameters, as well as protects the entire battery. Common output terminals (terminal) is in the back of the block of traction battery.
Before it is completely disassembled, the electrical stress was measured (it was about 313.8V), which indicates that the battery is discharged, but is in working condition.
Battery modules are characterized by a high density of elements (batteries) of 18650 Panasonic, which are placed there and the accuracy of fitting parts. The entire assembly process at the TESLA plant passes in a completely sterile room, using robots, even a certain temperature and humidity are withstanding.
Each battery module consists of 444 elements (batteries), which looks extremely similar to simple batteries - these are lithium-ion cylindrical accumulators 18650, manufactured by Panasonic. The energy intensity of each battery module from such elements is 5.3 kWh.
In the accumulators of 18650 Panasonic positive electrode - graphite, and a negative electrode - nickel, cobalt and aluminum oxide.
TESLA's loading battery Weighs 540 kg, and its dimensions are 210 cm in length, 150 cm wide, and 15 cm in thickness. The amount of energy (5.3 kWh), produced by only one block (of 16 battery modules), is equal to the number produced by hundreds of batteries from 100 laptops. To the minus of each element (battery), a wire connector (an external current limiter), which, when overcluded (or with a short circuit), burns and protects the circuit, and only a group (of 6 batteries) does not work in which this element was All other batteries continue to work.
Tesla's TESLA Battery is cooled and is heated using antifreeze-based liquid system.
When assembling its tesla batteries, elements (batteries) produced by Panasonic in various countries, such as India, PRC and Mexico, apply. Final refinement and accommodation in the battery compartment housing are manufactured in the United States. Tesla provides warranty service of its products (including battery) for up to 8 years.
In the photo (from above), elements are 18650 PANASONIC batteries (rolling from elements from the plus "+").
Thus, we learned from which the Tesla Model S. is consisting of the TESLA Battery.
Thank you for your attention!
We partially reviewed the configuration of the battery. Tesla Model S. Capacity 85 kW * h. Recall, the main element of the battery is the lithium-ion rechargeable cell of the company Panasonic, 3400 Mah, 3.7 V.
Panasonic cell, sizes 18650
The figure shows a typical cell. Really, the cells are slightly modified in the Cell.
Cell data parallel Connect B. groups of 74 pcs. With a parallel connection, the group voltage is equal to the voltage of each of the elements (4.2 V), and the group capacity is equal to the amount of the containers of the elements (250 Ah).
Further six groups Connect sequentially in the module. In this case, the voltage of the module is summed from the voltages of groups and is approximately 25 V (4.2 V * 6 groups). Capacity remains 250 Ah. Finally, modules are connected sequentially into the battery.. Total battery contains 16 modules (total 96 groups). The voltage of all modules at the same time is summed up and amounts to 400 V (16 modules * 25 V).
As a load for this battery, asynchronous electric drive is a maximum power of 310 kW. Since P \u003d U * i, in the nominal mode at a voltage of 400 V in the circuit flows the current I \u003d P / U \u003d 310000/400 \u003d 775 A. At first glance it may seem that it is a crazy current for such a "battery". However, you should not forget that with a parallel compound according to the first law of Kirchhoff I \u003d I1 + I2 + ... In, where n is the number of parallel branches. In our case, n \u003d 74. Since inside the group internal resistance of the cells, we consider it conventionally equal, then the currents in them will be the same.Accordingly, current directly through the cell flows In \u003d i / n \u003d 775/74 \u003d 10.5 A.
Is there a lot or a little? Good or bad? In order to answer these questions, refer to the discharge characteristic of the lithium-ion battery. American folk craftsmen, disassembled the battery, conducted a series of tests. In particular, the figure shows voltage oscillograms when the cell discharges taken from the real Tesla Model S., currents: 1a, 3a, 10a.
Splash on curve 10 A due to manual load switching on 3a. The author of the experiment solved in parallel another task, we will not stop on it.
As can be seen from the figure, the discharge of a current of 10 A fully satisfies the requirements for the voltage of the cell. This mode corresponds to the category of curve 3C. It should be noted that we took the most critical case when the engine power is maximum. Really, taking into account the very use of a two-dimensional drive with an optimal gear ratio of gearboxes, the car will work with a discharge 2 ... 4 A (1C). Only at the moments of very sharp acceleration, when driving up a mountain at high speed, cell current can reach in a peak of 12 ... 14 A.
What other benefits does it give? For this load in the case of direct current, the cross section of the copper conductor can be chosen 2 mm.kv. Tesla Motors. Kills two hares here. All connecting conductors also perform the fuse function. Accordingly, there is no need to use an expensive protection system, additionally use fuses. The connecting conductors themselves in the case of current overload due to the small section melted and prevent an emergency. We wrote more about this.
In the picture, the conductors 507 are the most connectors.
Finally, consider the last question, who worrying the minds of modernity, and causing a wave of disputes. Why does Lithium-ion batteries use Tesla?
Immediately make a reservation, that specifically in this matter I will express my own, subjective opinion. You can not agree with him)
We carry out a comparative analysis of different types of batteries.
Obviously, the lithium-ion battery has the highest specific indicators today. The best battery over the energy density and the ratio of mass / dimensions is still no alas, there is no mass production. That is why B. Tesle. It turned out to make such a balanced battery, providing a stroke of up to 500 km.
The second reason, in my opinion, marketing. All the same, on average, the resource of such cells is about 500 cycles charge-discharge. And this means that with the active use of the car, you will have to replace the maximum battery in two years. Although the company is really.
This car is generally of course recently a rather controversial attitude. Many are discussing what is he, others. There are people who consider the Tesla car with an excellent element of a PR campaign built on the sale of the fact that it has long existed, but it never occurred to anyone from this to make a car, and he has a little bit and even exists
But let's leave these controversy "overboard" and look at the main element of this car - batteries. There were people who were not lazy and did not climbed some amount of money took and saw the battery from the car.
That's how it looked
Tesla Motors is the creator of truly revolutionary eco-cars, which not only produced serially, but also have unique indicators that allow them to use literally daily. Today we will look inside the electric vehicle battery Tesla Model S learn how it is arranged and reveal the magic of success of this battery.
According to the North American Environmental Protection Agency (ELE), Model S is enough one post-85 kW batteries for overcoming more than 400 km, which is the most significant indicator among such cars presented in the specialized market. For overclocking up to 100 km / hour, only 4.4 seconds are enough to the electrocaria.
The key to the success of this model is the presence of lithium-ion batteries, the main components of which are shipped for Tesla by Panasonic. Tesla Batteries are sheaven legends. And therefore one of the owners of such a battery decided to break its integrity and find out what it is inside. By the way, the cost of such a battery is equal to 45 000 USD.
The battery is located in the bottom, thanks to which Tesla has a low center of gravity and excellent handling. He joins the body through brackets.
TESLA battery. Disassemble
The battery compartment is formed by 16 blocks that are parallel to and are fencing from the environment by means of metal plates, as well as a plastic overlay that prevents water from entering.
Before it fully disassembled, the electrical voltage was measured, confirmed the working condition of the battery.
The accumulation of batteries is distinguished by high density and precision fitting parts. The entire configuration process passes in a completely sterile room using robots.
Each block consists of 74 elements, it looks extremely similar to simple palter batteries (Panasonic lithium-ion cells) divided into 6 groups. At the same time, find out the scheme of their placement and work is almost unrealistic - this is a big secret, which means that the replica of this battery will be extremely difficult. Chinese analogue of the Tesla Model S Battery We are unlikely to see!
The role of a positive electrode is graphite, and negative - nickel, cobalt and aluminum oxide. The specified amount of electrical voltage in the capsule is 3.6V.
The most powerful of the existing batteries (its volume is 85 kW * h) consists of 7104 similar batteries. And it weighs about 540 kg, and its parameters are 210 cm in length, 150 cm in width and 15 cm in thickness. The amount of energy produced by just one block of 16 is equal to the number produced by hundreds of batteries from laptop computers.
When assembling its tesla batteries, elements manufactured in various countries, such as India, PRC, Mexico, but final refinement and equipment are made in the United States. The company provides warranty service for its products for up to 8 years.
So you learned from which the Tesla Model S Battery and the principle of its work.
Another interesting thing about Tesla: here you are, and here it is
It is powered exclusively from electricity stored in batteries.
From the beginning of the production of Tesla on its electrocars of the model series Model S, and later, and on Model X installed the battery with a capacity from 40 to 100 kWh, each of which consists of 8, 12 or 16 sections.
Each section is interconnected by small "finger" Panasonic batteries, slightly exceeding standard AA batteries in size. TESLA cylindrical batteries have a diameter of 18 mm and a height of 65 mm. It is also worth noting that their advantage is in durability, reliability and productivity in harsh car conditions.
1 - rechargeable battery; 2 - voltage converter (DC / DC); 3 - high-voltage cable (orange color); 4 - main onboard charger 10 kW; 5 - additional charger 10 kW (optional); 6 - charger; 7 - drive module;
Battery 40 kWh.
The 40-kil-cylinder battery is two types: 40-kilowatt battery with 8 sections (segments / cells) (created on the basis of the Toyota RAV4 EV battery), and the 60-killyatt battery in which there were 12 cells and was programmed to charge up to 40 kilowatt .
Tesla Model S 40 kwh did not use popularity, so their production was soon completed.
Battery 60 kWh.
60 kW battery consisted of 12 or 16 sections. The 12-section was installed on the Model S40, the 16-section battery received the designation "NEW" and was radically modified.
Battery 70/75 kWh
In addition, this battery was installed on the Model S60 (S60D), it was also installed on the S70 (S70D) and S75 (S75D), but with
Extended features.
The 60 kWh battery for the 60th model was distinguished by the lack of 77 finger batteries, for the 70s model S, all 16 sections were filled with batteries completely, due to which the overall battery capacity increased.
Battery 85/90 kWh.
Tesla Battery 85, 90 and 100 kWh consists of 16 sections. Each cell consists of 444 "finger" batteries and has its own BMS card, which manages balancing all cells.
The most popular accumulator supplied Tesla (85 kWh), contains 7104 batteries 18650.
In 2015, Panasonic changed the anode design, increasing the battery capacity of about 6%, allowing the battery blocks to store up to 90 kW of energy. As a result, between the 90 kilowatte battery differs from 85-kil-cyllant no capacity:
- first, the battery capacity of the Panasonic 18650 in a 85-kilowatte battery has a weight - 46 grams, in a 90-kilowatte battery the same battery weighs 48.5 grams;
- secondly, there is a current time in the 85th battery - 10C, in the 90th - 25C (for this reason, the Ludicrous mode is available only on Tesla with 90 and 100 kWh battery, as the technical capabilities allow you to give a machine more frisky);
100 kWh battery
The most powerful TESLA battery. Internal battery elements were reconfigured so that 516 18650 batteries in each module.
In total, 8256 Panasonic batteries were placed in a 100-kilowatte battery, capable of storing a little more than 100 kWh of energy, and allowing electric crafts of Tesla to pass more than 500 kilometers.
This battery has Tokotdach 25C and represents the "Last Word of Technology" in the battery engineering from the Tesla company.
And even on this, the development and improvement does not stop. To further improve the efficiency of batteries and reduce costs, Tesla has built a large battery factory in Sparks, Nevada, which is called Gigafactory 1.
The factory produces a new battery design called 2170. It has a diameter of 21 mm and a height of 70 mm, and originally used in Tesla Powerwall and PowerPack, as well as in the new Tesla Model 3 sedan, which is smaller and cheaper from Model S.
The battery 2170 is 46% more in volume than 18,650 and 10-15% more energy efficient than 18650.
It is very important to correctly charge the battery, namely, with a proper charger - original or from a high-quality manufacturer, since the battery is overheated, bad contacts and poor quality current, as a result of which he strongly affects the capacity and durability of the battery.
During operation, the manufacturer strongly does not recommend exposing the car to the continuous effects of temperature above + 60C or below -30c more than 24 hours
It is recommended to prevent the full discharge of the battery. If the car is not operated, the energy is gradually spent on the power of the on-board electronics (the battery is daily discharged by an average of 1%).
To prevent a full discharge, it is recommended to transfer the car to the power saving mode, which turns off the power of the on-board electronics, which will reduce the discharge to 4% per month. It is also worth noting that in energy-saving mode, charging a 12-volt battery stops that for 12 hours will lead it to a complete discharge. Therefore, in this case, you will need to connect to an external start-up battery or replace it.
But, you should not forget that when activating the power saving mode - you need to connect the car to the power source for 2 months to prevent full discharge of the Tesla battery.
The loss of battery capacity during operation is one of the problems of electric vehicles, despite the fact that this process is the norm for any devices equipped with lithium-ion batteries. However, the experts of the organization Plug-in America found that the electric vehicle in this regard is an exception.
So they spent independent study which showed that the loss of the power of the Model S battery even during long run is small. In particular, the battery pack of this car, the average loses 5% of its capacity after overcoming the machine of 50 thousand miles (80 thousand km), and when running more than 100 thousand miles (160 thousand km) - and at all 8% . The study was carried out on the basis of data 500 Tesla Model S electrocars, the total mileage of which amounted to more than 12 million miles (20 million km).
In addition, Plug-in America held another study that has shown that in four years (from the moment of the release of Tesla Model s to the market), the number of appeals to the Tesla service stations due to problems with the battery, electric motor or charger decreased device.
The battery capacity may depend on several factors, such as the frequency of complete charging of the container, the periods of stay in the uncharged state and the number of fast charging. Plugin America data also show that replacement coefficients for the main components have improved significantly:
Such data is encouraged, but despite this Tesla continues to work on improving its battery and cell technology. The company began scientific cooperation with the research team Jeff Dahn University of Dalhaus. This department specializes in increasing the service life of cells of lithium-ion batteries, and its goal is the maximum extension of the run on the battery with a small power loss.
Note that the Tesla Model S battery, as well as the car itself since 2014 has a warranty for a period of 8 years and without restrictions on mileage. Then the head of Tesla Ilon Mask explained the adoption of such a solution like this: "If we really believe that the electric motors are much more reliable than engines of internal combustion, with fewer moving parts ... then our warranty policy should reflect it."
