1. Cylindrical linear asynchronous engines
To drive immersion plunger pumps: the question of the question, the objectives of the study.
2. Mathematical models and methods for calculating electromagnetic and thermal processes in the process.
2.1. Methods of electromagnetic calculation of the progress.
2.1.1. Electromagnetic calculation by the process of EN-N-four-generals.
2.1.2. Electromagnetic calculation of the process of finite elements.
F 2.2. Method for calculating cyclicogram of work by the process.
2.3. Method for calculating the thermal state of the process.
3. Analysis of constructive versions Installations for the drive of submersible pumps.
3.1. Installations with the internal location of the secondary element.
3.2. Contoted gasland with movable inductor.
3.3. Contoted guard with a fixed inductor.
4. Study of the ability to improve the characteristics
Stick Price.
4.1. Evaluation of opportunities to improve the characteristics of the process with an oil system with a silent secondary element at low-frequency diet.
4.2. Analysis of the effect of the value of the opening of the inductor groove on the chandelines.
4.3. Study of the effect of the thickness of the layers of combined WE on the indices of the jonda with the internal arrangement of the secondary element.
4.4. Investigation of the effect of the thickness of the layers of combined WE on the indicators of the processed jonda with a movable inductor.
4.5. Study of the effect of the thickness of the layers of combined WE on the indicators of the processed jondas with a fixed inductor.
4.6. Study of the energy indicators of the jonda during operation in the reciprocal mode.
5. Selection of the design of the jonda for the drive of the immersion plunger pumps.
5.1. Analysis and comparison of the technical and economic indicators of the process.
5.2. Comparison of the thermal state of the process.
6. Practical implementation of results. C.
6.1. Experimental research by the process. BUT
6.2. Creation of the stand for testing linear electric drive based jelly.
6.3. Development of the pilot-industrial stage of the progress.
The main results of work.
Bibliographic list.
Recommended list of dissertations
Development and study of the module of a linear ventilator for submersible oil pumping pumps 2017, candidate of technical sciences joking, Sergey Vladimirovich
Development and examination of the electric drive for oil pumping pumps with a submersible magnetoelectric engine 2008, Candidate of Technical Sciences Okuneev, Nadezhda Anatolyevna
Technological processes and technical means ensuring efficient operation of the deep plunger pump 2010, Doctor of Technical Sciences Semenov, Vladislav Vladimirovich
Multi-pole magnetoelectric engine with fractional teeth windings for submersible pump drive 2012, Candidate of Technical Sciences Salah Ahmed Abdel Maksud Selim
Energy Saving Electrical Equipment of Oil Indoor Installations with Plunger Submersible Pump 2012, Candidate of Technical Sciences Artkayev, Elmira Midkhatna
The dissertation (part of the author's abstract) on the topic "Cylindrical linear asynchronous engines for the drive of submersible plunger pumps"
Cylindrical linear asynchronous motors (jondays), called sometimes coaxial, can be the basis of the electric drives of the reciprocating movement, as an alternative to drivers with mechanical converters of the type of movement (type of screw-nut or gear-rail), as well as pneumatic and, in some cases, hydraulic drives. Compared to the specified types of drives, linear electric drives with direct transmission of electromagnetic efforts to the rolling element have better adjusting properties, increased reliability, require smaller operating costs. As follows from literary sources, the jonde find the use of a number of production mechanisms when creating electric drives: switching equipment (for example, disconnectors in the power supply systems of the metropolitan); pushers or dischargers used in the flow lines; Plunger or piston pumps, compressors; sliding doors and window fraumg shops or greenhouses; various manipulators; Sewberries and dampers; throwing devices; The mechanisms of shock action (jackhammers, missiles), etc. The indicated capabilities of linear electric drives support sustainable interest in their development and research. In most cases, the jonde works in short-term work modes. Such engines can be considered not as energy converters, but as power converters. In this case, such an indicator of quality as a efficiency coefficient is moving into the background. At the same time, in cyclic drives (drives of pumps, compressors, manipulators, jackhammers, etc.) engines work in re-short-term and long modes. In these cases, the task of increasing the technical and economic indicators of the linear electric actuator on the basis of the process is becoming relevant.
In particular, one of the demanded applications, the process is to use them in pumping units for lifting oil from wells. Currently, for these purposes, two methods of mechanized oil production are used primarily:
1. Lifting with the installation of submersible electrical center pumps (WEZN).
2. Lifting with rod depth pumps (SHGN).
Submersible electric centers with a drive from high-speed submersible asynchronous or valve engines are used to produce oil from high-proof wells (25 m / day and above). However, the number of well-pressure wells every year is becoming less and less. The active exploitation of high-tech wells leads to a gradual decrease in their flow rate. At the same time, the pump productivity becomes excessive, which leads to a drop in the level of the plastic fluid in the well and emergency situations (the dry course of the pump). With the fall of the flow rate below 25 m / day instead of submersible electrical center pumps, the rod depth pumps are installed with the drivers drive from the rocking machines, which today received the basic distribution. The ever-growing number of wells with small and medium proofs further increases their share in the overall equipment fund for oil production.
The installation of the rod deep pump consists of a terrestrial balanter-rocker rocking machine and a submersible plunger pump. Communication Rocking with a plunger is carried out by a bar, the length of which is 1500-2000 m. To give the rods, it is possible greater stiffness to be made of special steels. Installations of SHGN and rocking machines were widespread due to the simplicity of maintenance. However, production in this way has obvious disadvantages:
Wear pumping - compressor pipes and rods caused by friction of their surfaces.
Frequent breakfast breaks and a small interremmer resource (300-350 days).
Low adjusting properties of rod pumping units and the associated need to use several sizes of machine tools - rocking faces, as well as difficulties arising from the change in well flow rate.
Large dimensions and mass machines - rocking faces and rods that make it difficult to transport and install.
These disadvantages determine the search for technical solutions to create volatile depth - pumping installations. One of these solutions is the use of plunger-type plunger pumps with linear-based drive asynchronous engines. In this case, the rods and rocking boards are excluded, it is maximally simplified mechanical part. Power supply to such engines to a depth of 1.5-2.0 km can be carried out by cable, just as it is made in the electrical equipment and centrifugal submersible pumps.
In the 70s and 1970s of the last century, on a wave of a common burst of interest in linear engines in the Soviet Union, studies were conducted and developing cylindrical depth-cylindrical deposits. The main developments were conducted at the Permnipineft Institute (Perm), the Special Design Bureau linear electric motors (Kiev), Institute of Electrodynamics of the Academy of Sciences of the Ukrainian SSR (Kiev) and SLE of Magnetic Hydrodynamics (Riga). Despite the large number of technical solutions in this area practical application These settings did not receive. The main reason for this was the low specific and energy indicators of cylindrical booms, the cause of which was the impossibility of providing the speed of the running field of 2-3 m / s with the supply of industrial frequency of 50 Hz. These engines had a synchronous speed of the running field 6-8 m / s and when operating at a movement speed of 1-2 m / s had an increased slide S \u003d 0.7-0.9, which was accompanied by a high level of loss and low efficiency. To reduce the speed of the running field up to 2-3 m / s with power from the frequency of 50 Hz, it is necessary to reduce the thickness of the teeth and coils up to 3-5 mm, which is unacceptable for considerations of the technological and reliability of the design. In connection with these shortcomings of research in this direction were minimized.
The topic of the possibility of improving the indicators of cylindrical booms to drive deep pumps during power from a low-frequency source was affected in the publications of those years, but the studies in this direction were not conducted. The mass distribution of the frequency-adjustable electric drive Currently and the trends of continuous reduction in the cost and mass-dimensional indicators of modern semiconductor equipment makes relevant research in the field of improving low-speed journal indicators. Improving energy and specific indicators Installations by reducing the speed of the running field when powering from the frequency converter makes it possible to return to the problem of creating breeding deep-pumping plants and, possibly, to ensure their practical implementation. This topic is particularly relevant to this topic that at present in Russia more than 50% of the wells foundation abandoned due to a decrease in the flow rate. Installation of rocking machines in wells with a capacity of less than 10 m3 / day turns out to be economically unprofitable due to high operating costs. Every year, the number of such wells is only growing, and alternatives to the installations of the SHGN have not yet been created. The problem of operation of low-riveted wells today is one of the most pressing in the oil industry.
The features of electromagnetic and thermal processes in the motors under consideration are bound, first of all, with the limitation of the outer diameter of the progress, determined by the size of casing pipes, and the specific conditions for cooling the active parts of the machine. The demand for cylindrical legs demanded the development of new designs of engines and the development of the theory of the century based on the modern possibilities of computer simulation.
The purpose of the dissertation work is to increase the specific indicators and energy characteristics of cylindrical linear asynchronous motors, the development of the progress with improved characteristics for the drive of submersible plunger pumps.
Tasks for research. To achieve this purpose, the following tasks were solved:
1. Math modeling Installations using the method of analog modeling of multilayer structures (e-n-quadolutes) and the method of finite elements in a two-dimensional setting of the problem (including axial symmetry).
2. Study of opportunities to improve the characteristics of the chapel of the power supply from the source of the reduced frequency.
3. Study of the influence of a limited thickness of the secondary element and thickness of a high-conducting copper coating on the chanda indicators.
4. Development and comparison of the designs of the jonda for the drive of submersible plunger pumps.
5. Mathematical modeling of thermal process chapets using the method of finite elements.
6. Creation of a methodology for calculating cyclicograms and resulting indicators of the jondu working as part of a submersible installation with a plunger pump.
7. Experimental study of cylindrical ways.
Research methods. The solution of the estimated current objectives was carried out using the method of analog modeling of multilayer structures and the method of finite elements based on the theory of electromagnetic and thermal fields. An assessment of integral indicators was carried out using the built-in capabilities of calculating packages by the finite elements of FEMM 3.4.2 and ELCUT 4.2 T. In the method of calculating the cyclograms, differential mechanical movement equations operating with static mechanical characteristics Engine and load characteristics of the object driven. In the method of thermal calculation, methods for determining the quasistationary thermal state using the above average volumetric losses are used. The implementation of the developed techniques was implemented in the Mathcad 11 Enterprise Edition mathematical environment. The accuracy of mathematical models and calculation results is confirmed by comparison of settlements on various methods and calculated results with experimental data of the experimental process.
The scientific novelty of the work is as follows:
New designs are proposed, the charts of electromagnetic processes in them are revealed;
Mathematical models and methods for calculating the process of EN-H-four-general and finite elements, taking into account the peculiarities of the new design and nonlinearity of the magnetic characteristics of the materials;
The approach to the study of the characteristics of the progress was proposed on the basis of a sequential solution to electromagnetic, thermal problems and calculating the cyclicogram of the engine operation as part of the pump unit;
A comparison of the characteristics of the constructions of the constructions of the jonda are made, the advantages of the processed options are shown.
The practical value of the work performed is as follows:
The characteristics of the process of power supply from the source of the reduced frequency are estimated, the frequency level is shown, rational for submersible chassion. In particular, it was shown that a decrease in slip frequency of less than 45 Hz is not advisable due to an increase in the depth of field penetration and deterioration of the characteristics of the process in the case of using a limited thickness of the VE;
An analysis of the characteristics and comparison of the indicators of various construction constructions. To drive submersible plunger pumps, the converted construction of the jeonde with a movable inductor, which has the best indicators among other options;
A program of calculating the infinited and converted structures of the influence by the method of e-n-quaduplets with the possibility of taking into account the real thickness of the IE layers and the saturation of the steel layer;
Created grid models of more than 50 chanders for calculation by the end element method in the FEMM package 3.4.2, which can be used in project practice;
The method of calculating cyclicograms and indicators of the actuator of submersible pumping units from the infantry as a whole is created.
Implementation of work. The results of the NIR are transmitted for use in the development of NPF Bitek LLC. The Classical Calculation Programs are used in the educational process of the Department of Electrical Engineering and Electrotechnological Systems and Electrical Machines of the Ural State Technical University - in Pi.
Approbation of work. The main results were reported and discussed on:
NPK "Problems and achievements in industrial energy" (Ekaterinburg, 2002, 2004);
7th NPK "Energy Saving Technology and Technology" (Ekaterinburg, 2004);
IV International (XV All-Russian) Conference on the automated drive "Automated electric drive in the XXI century: development paths" (Magnitogorsk, 2004);
All-Russian Electrotechnical Congress (Moscow, 2005);
Reporting conferences of young scientists UPTU-UPI (Yekaterinburg, 2003-2005).
1. Cylindrical linear asynchronous motors for the drive of submersible plunger pumps: question status, research tasks
The basis of linear electric drives of submersible plunger pumps is cylindrical linear asynchronous motors (jonde), the main advantages of which are: the absence of head units and losses in them, the absence of a cross-edge effect, geometric and electromagnetic symmetry. Therefore, technical solutions are of interest to develop such orders used for other purposes (drives of disconnectors, pushers I.T.P.). In addition, with a systematic solution to the creation of deep-pumping units with the journal, in addition to the designs of pumps and engines, technical solutions should be considered technical solutions for the management and protection of electric drives.
The simplest variant of the constructive execution of the Justa Pump system is considered. Plunger pump in combination with a linear asynchronous engine (Fig. 1.1, a) is a plunger 6, which is associated with a rolling part 4 linear engine. The latter, interacting with the inductor 3 with windings 2, attached cable 1 to the power source, creates force lifting or lowering the plunger. When moving up the plunger, located inside the cylinder 9, oil is absorbed through the valve 7.
With the approach of the plunger to the top position, the alternation of the phases changes, and the movable part of the linear motor together with the plunger lowers down. In this case, oil, located inside the cylinder 9, through the valve 8 passes into the inner cavity of the plunger. With a further change in the alternation of phases, the movable part moves alternately up and down and takes up a portion of oil with each clock. From the top of the pipe, oil enters the accumulative tank for further transportation. Next, the cycle is repeated, and each time the oil portion is raised to the top.
A similar solution proposed by the Permnipineft Institute and described in, shown in Fig. 1.1.6.
To increase the performance of pump-based pumping installations, aggregates have been developed double action . For example, in Fig. 1.1, B shows the deep-pumping unit of double action. Pump is located at the bottom of the unit. As the working cavities of the pump used both the stenchless region and stock. In this case, one discharge valve that consistently operating on both cavities is placed in the piston.
The main thing constructive feature borehole pumping installations is a limited hole diameter and a casing, not exceeding 130 mm. To provide power required to raise power, the total setting length, which includes a pump and submersible engine, can reach 12 meters. The length of the immersion engine can exceed its external diameter of 50 times or more. For rotating asynchronous engines, this feature determines difficulties with styling winding into the grooves of such an engine. The winding is performed from conventional ring coils, and the limitations of the engine diameter leads to difficulties in the manufacture of the inducer magnetic pipeline, which should have a liner direction parallel axis of the engine.
The previously proposed solutions were based on the administration of the traditional uninstant design in the pump units, in which the secondary element is located inside the inductor. Such a design under conditions of limited external engine diameter determines the small diameter of the secondary element and, accordingly, the small area of \u200b\u200bthe active surface of the engine. As a result, such engines have low specific indicators ( mechanical power and traction force per unit length). This is added to the problems of manufacturing the inductor magnetic pipeline and the assembly of the entire design of such an engine. A 6 B.
Fig. 1.1. Options for the execution of submersible pumping installations from the journal 1 ----:
Fig. 1.2. Constructive design schemes Installation: A - Traditional, b - addressed
Under conditions of limited external diameter of the submersible chassis, a significant increase in the specific indicators can be achieved by using a "convertible" circuit "Inductor - a secondary element" (Fig. 1.2,6), at which the secondary part covers the inductor. In this case, it is possible to increase the volume of the electromagnetic kernel of the engine with the same diameter of the housing, due to which a significant increase in the specific indicators is achieved compared to the unjuvenated design with equal values \u200b\u200bof the inductor current load.
Difficulties associated with the manufacture of the magnetic pipeline of the secondary element of the under-sheet steel sheet element, taking into account the specified ratios of diametrical sizes and length, make preferably the use of a massive steel magnetic pipeline, which is applied high-conducting (copper) coating. In this case, it is possible to use the steel chassis of the chassis as a magnetic circuit.
This ensures the largest area of \u200b\u200bthe active surface of the chanda. In addition, the losses that allocate in the secondary element come directly into the cooling medium. Since work in cyclic mode is characterized by the presence of overclocking areas with elevated slip and losses in the secondary element, this feature also plays a positive role. The study of literary sources shows that the converted structures of the way are learned significantly less than unconsigned. Therefore, the study of such structures in order to improve the indices of the progress, in particular for the drive of submersible plunger pumps, is relevant.
One of the main obstacles to the spread of cylindrical linear motors is the problem of providing acceptable indicators when nutrition from a standard industrial frequency of 50 Hz. For the use of the jonda as a plunger pump drive, maximum speed The plunger movements should be 1-2 m / s. The synchronous velocity of the linear motor depends on the frequency of the network and on the value of the pole division, which in turn depends on the width of the tooth division and the number of grooves per pole and the phase:
Gs \u003d 2. / Gg, where T \u003d 3-Q-T2. (1.1)
As practice shows, in the manufacture of a paw with a width of a tooth division, less than 10-15 mm increases the complexity of manufacture and falls reliability. In the manufacture of an inducer with the number of grooves per pole and the phase Q \u003d 2 and above, the synchronous velocity of the guard at a frequency of 50 Hz will be 6-9 m / s. Considering that due to limited stroke length, the maximum speed of the movable part should not exceed 2 m / s, such an engine will work with high slip values, and, therefore, with low efficiency and in severe thermal mode. To ensure work when sliding s<0.3 необходимо выполнять ЦЛАД с полюсным делением т<30 мм. Уменьшение полюсного деления кроме технологических проблем ведет к ухудшению показателей двигателя из-за роста намагничивающего тока. Для обеспечения приемлемых показателей таких ЦЛАД воздушный зазор должен составлять 0.1-0.2 мм . При увеличении зазора до технологически приемлемых значений 0.4-0.6 мм рост намагничивающего тока приводит к значительному снижению усилия и технико-экономических показателей ЦЛАД.
The main way to improve the characteristics of the process is its power from an adjustable frequency converter. In this case, the linear motor can be designed on the most profitable frequency for the steady motion. In addition, changing the frequency according to the required law, each time the engine starts, it is possible to significantly reduce energy loss into transient processes, and when braking it is possible to use a recovery braking method that improves the total energy characteristics of the drive. In the 70-80s, the use of an adjustable frequency converter to control submersible installations with linear electric motors was contained by an insufficient level of development of power electronics. Currently, the mass distribution of semiconductor techniques allows you to realize this opportunity.
When developing new versions of submersible installations with a linear engine drive, the implementation of the combined designs of the pump and the engine offered in the 70s and shown in Fig. 1.1 Difficulty. New installations should have a separate execution of the PLA and plunger pump. When the plunger pump is located above the linear motor during operation, the plastic fluid is obtained into the pump through the annular channel between the way and the casing pipe, which makes the forced cooling of the way. The installation of such a plunger pump with a linear engine drive is almost identical to the installation of electrical center pumps with a drive from submersible asynchronous electric motors. The scheme of such an installation is shown in Fig. 1.3. The installation includes: 1-cylindrical linear engine, 2 - hydraulic protection, 3 ~ plunger pump, 4-casing, 5 - pump-compressor pipe, 6 - cable line, 7 - Equipment of the wells, 8 - exit cable connection item, 9 - complete transformer device, 10 - Engine control station.
By summing up, it can be said that the development of submersible plunger pumps with a linear electric drive remains an urgent task, to solve which it is necessary to develop new engine designs and explore the possibilities of increasing their indicators due to the rational selection of power frequency, geometric soles of the electromagnetic kernel and the engine cooling options. The solution of these tasks is especially in relation to new designs requires the creation of mathematical models and methods for calculating engines.
When developing mathematical models, the author was relied on both the previously developed approaches and the capabilities of modern application packages.
Fig. 1.3. Scheme of submersible installation with the process
Similar dissertation work in the specialty "Electromechanics and electrical apparatus", 05.09.01 CIFRA VAC
Improving the efficiency of borehole pumps by applying valve submersible electric motors 2007, Candidate of Technical Sciences Kamaletdinov, Rustam Sagaryarovich
Study of the possibilities and development of means of improving serial submersible valve electric motors for oil pumping pumps 2012, Candidate of Technical Sciences Khotsyanov, Ivan Dmitrievich
The development of the theory and summarizing the experience of the development of automated electric drives of the aggregates of the oil and gas complex 2004, Doctor of Technical Sciences Zyuv, Anatoly Mikhailovich
Low-speed dujostator asynchronous motor for machine tools rocking beds of low-riveted oil wells 2011, Candidate of Technical Sciences Burmakin, Artem Mikhailovich
Analysis of the features of operation and improving the efficiency of the application of chain drives of borehole rod pumps 2013, Candidate of Technical Sciences Sithdikov, Marat Rinatovich
Conclusion of dissertation on the topic "Electromechanics and electrical apparatus", Sokolov, Vitaly Vadimovich
Main results of work
1. Based on the review of literature and patent sources, given the existing experience in using cylindrical linear engines to drive deep plunger pumps, the relevance of research works aimed at improving the structures and the optimization of the characteristics of the process is shown.
2. It is shown that the use of the chandelier of the frequency converter, as well as the development of new structures, can significantly improve the technical and economic indicators of the jonda and ensure their successful industrial implementation.
3. Methods of electromagnetic calculation of the brake of the EN-H-four-pole and the method of finite elements, taking into account the nonlinearity of the magnetic characteristics of the materials and the characteristics of the new designs of the process, primarily the limited thickness of the massive VE.
4. Created a method for calculating cyclicogram of operation and energy indicators of the jonde, as well as the thermal state of the engine when operating in a reciprocating mode.
5. The systematic studies of the influence on the characteristics of the chapel with the massive WE frequency of the slip, the magnitude of the pole division, gap, the current load, the limited thickness of the VE and the thickness of the high-conducting coating are performed. The effect of the limited thickness of the VE and high-conducting coating on the chandelines is shown. It has been established that the work of the submersible investment under consideration with the limited thickness of the VE at the sliding frequency of less than 4-5 Hz is impractical. The optimal range of pole divisions in this case lies in the range of 90-110 mm.
6. New chained constructions have been developed to significantly increase the specific indicators under conditions of limited external diameter. A comparison was made of technical and economic indicators and thermal regimes of new structures with traditional irreversible construction designs. Through the use of new construction constructions and a reduced power frequency, it is possible to achieve an effort at the operating point of the mechanical characteristic of 0.7-1 kN per 1 m of the inductor length for the jage with an external diameter of 117 mm. New technical solutions are assumed to patent, materials are under consideration in Rospatent.
7. Calculations of cyclograms of work The plot for the drive of deep pumps showed that due to the non-stationary mode of operation, the REGULATE Efficiency of the CPD decreases 1.5 times and more compared to the efficiency in the steady mode and is 0.3-0.33. The reached level corresponds to the average parameters of the rod deep pumping installations.
8. Experimental studies of the laboratory jonde showed that the proposed calculation methods provide accuracy for engineering practice and confirm the correctness of theoretical prerequisites. The accuracy of the methodology is also confirmed by comparing the calculation results by various methods.
9. Developed methods, research results and recommendations are transmitted to Bitek NPF LLC and used in the development of an experimental-industrial sample of the immersion jonde. Methods and Calculation Programs Installations are used in the educational process of the Department of Electrical Engineering and Electrotechnological Systems and Electric Machines of the Ural State Technical University - UPI.
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Please note the scientific texts presented above are posted for familiarization and obtained by recognizing the original texts of theses (OCR). In this connection, they may contain errors associated with the imperfection of recognition algorithms. In PDF the dissertation and the author's abstracts that we deliver such errors.
In 2010, the Mitsubishi Mitsubishi Electro-Rosic machines were first equipped with cylindrical linear engines, superior to all similar solutions in this area.
Compared to the SVP, they have a significantly greater supply of longevity and reliability, with higher accuracy capable positioning, and also have better dynamic characteristics. Other configurations of Linear Motors are won due to the overall optimization of the design: less heat dissipation, higher economic efficiency, ease of installation, maintenance and operation.
Considering all those advantages that have a century, it would seem why it is still wise with the drive part of the equipment? However, not everything is so simple, and separate, separate, point improvement will never be as effective as the update of the entire system of interrelated elements.
Mitsubishi Electric MV1200R MITSUBISHI Electric MV1200R
Therefore, the use of cylindrical linear engines has not remained the only innovation implemented in the Mitsubishi Electric Electro-Evolutionary Machines Drive System. One of the key transformations that allowed to fully use the advantages and potential of the Central TsLD to achieve unique indicators of the accuracy and performance of the equipment, there was a complete upgrade of the drive control system. And, unlike the engine itself, it's time to implement our own developments.
Mitsubishi Electric is one of the world's largest manufacturers of CNC systems, the overwhelming majority of which are made directly in Japan. At the same time, the Mitsubishi Corporation includes a huge number of research institutes, leading surveys, including in the field of control systems of drives, CNC systems. It is not surprising that in the company's machines almost all the electronic filling of its own production. Thus, modern solutions are implemented in them, the maximum adapted to the specific lineup of the equipment (definitely, it is much easier to do with its own products than with the purchased components), and at the minimum price maximum quality, reliability and performance are provided.
A bright example of applying in the practice of own developments was the creation of the system ODS. - Optic Drive System. In the series Na and MV machines, cylindrical linear engines in feed drives, managed through the third generation servos, were first used.
Mitsubishi Na and MV machines were equipped with first-in-kind drive system Optic Drive System
Key peculiarity of servo amusements Mitsubishi family Melservoj3. is the ability to implement communications on the protocol SSCnet III.: Communication of engines, feedback sensors through amplifiers with the CNC system occurs through fiber optic communication channels.
At the same time, almost 10 times (compared to systems of previous generations of machines), the rate of data exchange increases: from 5.6 Mbps to 50 Mbps.
Due to this, the duration of the information exchange cycle is reduced by 4 times: from 1.77 ms to 0.44 ms. Thus, the control of the current position, the issuance of corrective signals occurs 4 times more often - up to 2270 times per second! Therefore, the movement occurs more smoothly, and its trajectory is as close as possible to the specified (this is especially relevant when driving on complex curvilinear trajectories).
In addition, the use of fiber optic cables and servo amplifiers operating under the SSCNET III protocol can significantly increase the noise immunity (see Fig.) And the reliability of information exchange. In the event that the incoming pulse contains incorrect information (the result of interference), it will not be worked out by the engine, the following impulse data will be used instead. Since the total number of pulses is 4 times more, such a pass of one of them minimally affects the accuracy of moving.
As a result, a new drive control system, thanks to the use of third-generation servos and fiber optic communication channels, provides more reliable and 4 times faster data exchange, which makes it possible to make the most accurate positioning. But in practice, these advantages are not always useful, since the control object itself is an engine, due to its dynamic characteristics, it is not possible to work out the control pulses of this frequency.
That is why the most justified is a combination of servo amplifiers j3 With cylindrical linear engines in a single ODS system used in the machines of the Na and MV series. Due to its excellent dynamic properties, the ability to work out huge and minor accelerations, to move steadily at high and low speeds, has a huge potential to increase positioning accuracy, which helps a new management system. The engine easily works out high-frequency control pulses, providing accurate and smooth movement.
Mitsubishi machines allow you to get parts with outstanding accuracy and roughness. Warranty on positioning accuracy - 10 years.
However, the advantages that the electroerosive machine receives equipped with the ODS system is not limited exclusively. increased positioning accuracy. The fact is that the production of a certain accuracy and roughness on the electroerosive machine is achieved when the electrode is moved (wire) at a certain speed along the trajectory and in the presence of a certain voltage and the distance between the electrodes (wire and harvest). The values \u200b\u200bof the supply, voltage and interelectrode distance are strictly defined for each material, the height of processing and the desired roughness. However, the processing conditions are not strictly defined, as is not homogeneous and the material of the workpiece, therefore, to obtain a suitable part with the specified characteristics, it is necessary that the processing parameters changed consistently with changes in the processing conditions. This is especially important when it comes to obtaining micron accuracy and high roughness. And also it is extremely necessary to ensure the stability of the process (the wire should not break, there should be no significant jumps in the magnitude of the speed of movement).
Processing monitor. Green shows a speed chart that shows the work of adaptive control
This task is solved using adaptive control. The machine is independently adjusted for changing processing conditions by changing the feed value and voltage. From how promptly and correctly make these amendments, it depends on how accurately and quickly work out the detail. Thus, the quality of adaptive control operation to a certain extent sets the quality of the machine itself through its accuracy and performance. And here it is just manifested by the benefits of the use of the CULD and the ODS system as a whole. The ability of ODS to ensure the development of control pulses with the highest frequency and accuracy made it possible to improve the quality of adaptive control. Now the processing parameters are adjusted up to 4 times more often, moreover, above and the overall positioning accuracy.
Solid alloy, height 60 mm, roughness Ra 0.12, max. Error - 2 microns. Detail Received on Matsubishi Na1200 Machine
Summarizing some results, we can say that the use of the TSD in Mitsubishi Electric machines would not be such an effective step that allowed new heights of both accuracy and processing performance without the introduction of an updated control system.
Only complex, but, nevertheless, fully informed and proven changes in the design can be the key to improving the quality (as an aggregate indicator of the level of reliability and technological capabilities of equipment) and the competitiveness of the machine. Changes for the Better is Mitsubishi's motto.
Specialty 05.09.03 - "Electrical Complexes and Systems"
Dissertations for the scientific degree of candidate of technical sciences
Moscow - 2013 2
The work is performed at the Department of "Automated Electric Driver"
Federal State Budgetary Educational Institution of Higher Professional Education "National Research University" MEI ".
scientific adviser: Doctor of Technical Sciences, Professor Masandilov Lev Borisovich
Official opponents: Doctor of Technical Sciences, Professor of the Department "Electromechanics" FGBOU VPO "MEI"
Bespalov Viktor Yakovlevich;
candidate of Technical Sciences, Senior Researcher, Chief Specialist "Liftavtoservis" A branch of the MGUP "Moslift"
Chupairs Vladimir Vasilyevich
Leading organization: Federal State Unitary Enterprise "All-Russian Electrotechnical Institute named after V.I. Lenin "
The dissertation defense will take place "7" June 2013 at 14 o'clock. 00 min. In the audience of M-611 at the meeting of the dissertation council D 212.157.02 with the FGBOU VPO "NiU" MEI "at the address: 111250, Moscow, Red Carnocairmennaya ul., d. 13.
The dissertation can be found in the library of FGBOU VPO "NiU" MEI ".
Scientific Secretary of the Dissertation Council D 212.157. Candidate of Technical Sciences, Associate Professor Tsyuk S.A.
GENERAL DESCRIPTION OF WORK
Relevance Topics.40 - 50% of production mechanisms have workers with progressive or reciprocating motion. Despite this, currently the most use of rotational-type electric motors in the drives, when using additional mechanical devices, carrying out the transformation of the rotational movement to the translational: crank-connecting mechanism, screw and nut, gear and rack, etc. In many cases, these devices are complex kinematic chains, characterized by significant energy losses, which complicates and increases the cost of the drive.
Use in drives with translational movement of the working body instead of an engine with a rotating rotor of the corresponding linear analogue, which gives directly straightforward movement, eliminates the transmitter mechanism in the mechanical part of the electric drive. This solves the problem of maximum approach of the source of mechanical energy - the electric motor and the actuator.
Examples of industrial mechanisms in which linear motors currently can be used are: Lifting vehicles, reciprocating devices, such as pumps, switching devices, cranes carts, elevator doors, etc.
Among the linear engines are the most simple in designs are linear asynchronous motors (LAD), especially cylindrical type (jonde), which are devoted to many publications. Compared to rotating asynchronous engines (AD), the jonde is characterized by the following features: an opening of the magnetic chain, leading to the emergence of longitudinal boundary effects, and a significant complexity of the theory associated with the presence of edge effects.
The use of water in electric drives requires knowledge of their theory, which would allow for static modes and transition processes. However, by now, due to the marked features, their mathematical description has a very difficult form, which leads to significant difficulties in the need for a number of settlements. Therefore, it is advisable to use simplified approaches to the analysis of the electromechanical properties of the way. Often, for the calculations of electric drives with a paw without evidence, a theory is used, which is characteristic of ordinary blood pressure. In these cases, the calculations are often associated with significant errors.
For calculations of electromagnetic liquid-metal pumps VOLDEKOM A.I. A theory was developed based on the solution of the Maxwell equations. This theory served as the basis for the appearance of various methods for calculating the static characteristics of the progress, among which it is possible to distinguish the widely known method of analog modeling of multilayer structures.
However, this method does not allow to calculate and analyze dynamic modes, which is very important for electric drives.
Due to the fact that the outer electric drives with the jonda can be widespread in industry, their research and development are significant theoretical and practical interest.
The purpose of the dissertation work is the development of the theory of cylindrical linear asynchronous motors using the method of analog modeling of multilayer structures and the application of this theory to the calculations of the static and dynamic characteristics of electric drives, as well as the development of a frequency-controlled outer-controlled electric drive from the joy for widespread automatic doors in the industry.
To achieve this goal in the dissertation work, the following tasks:
1. Choosing a mathematical model of the progress and development of the methodology for determining the appropriate selected model of generalized progress parameters, using which the calculations of static and dynamic characteristics provide an acceptable coincidence with experiments.
2. Development of the methodology for experimental definition of the institution parameters.
3. Analysis of the peculiarities of the application and development of electric drives on the systems of the PC brake and the TPN chassion for the elevator doors.
4. Development of options for the mechanism of the outer drive of the sliding door cabin of the elevator cabin from the process.
Research methods. To solve the tasks set in the work: the theory of electric drive, theoretical foundations of electrical engineering, theory of electrical machines, in particular the method of analog modeling of multilayer structures, modeling and development of personal computer in specialized programs Mathcad and Matlab, experimental laboratory studies.
The validity and accuracy of scientific provisions and conclusions is confirmed by the results of experimental laboratory studies.
Scientific novelty The work is as follows:
with the help of the developed method for determining the generalized parameters of the low-speed chanda, its mathematical description is substantiated in the form of a system of equations, which makes it possible to produce various calculations of the static and dynamic characteristics of the electric drive from the process;
the algorithm of the experimental method of determining the parameters of the blood pressure with the rotating rotor and the process is characterized by increased accuracy of processing experimental results;
as a result of the studies of the dynamic properties, the chanda revealed that transient processes in the jonde are characterized by much less vibration ratio than in blood pressure;
using the edge of the elevator for an outer drive of the elevator allows you to form smooth operations of opening and closing the doors with a simple control in the system of the PC century.
The main practical result of the thesis is as follows:
a method was developed for determining the generalized parameters of a low-speed jellow to produce research and calculations during operation and the development of electric drives;
the results of the study of low-frequency chasso confirmed the possibility of minimizing the required power of the frequency converter when used in the outer electric drives, which improves the technical and economic indicators of such electric drives;
the results of the study of the plot connected to the network via the frequency converter showed that a braking resistor and brake key are not required to drive the elevator doors, since the infections used for the actuator used to operate the recovery braking mode. The absence of a brake resistor and the brake key allows to reduce the cost of the drive of the elevator door with the jonda;
for single-handed and two-dimensional sliding doors of the elevator cabin, a diagram of a outer mechanism is developed, which is advantageous with the use of a cylindrical linear asynchronous motor, characterized by the translational motion of the moving element, to carry out the translational motion of the doors.
Approbation of work. Main results The work was discussed at the meetings of the department of the "automated electric drive" NiU "MEI", reported at the 16th International Scientific and Technical Conference of Students and Graduate Students "Radio Electronics, Electrical Engineering and Energy" (Moscow, MEI, 2010).
Publications. On the topic of the thesis, six printed works were published, including 1 - in publications recommended by the WAK of the Russian Federation to publish the main results of dissertations for the competition of scientists of the Doctor's degrees and candidate of science, and 1 patent was obtained for a utility model.
Structure and scope of work. The thesis consists of introduction, five chapters, general conclusions and a list of literature. Number of pages - 146, illustrations - 71, the number of references used - 92 on 9 pages.
In the introduction The relevance of the topic of dissertation work is substantiated, the goal of the work is formulated.In the first chapter Presented constructions of the under study. A method for calculating the static characteristics of the progress using the method of analog modeling of multilayer structures is described. The development of the illegal drives of the lift cabin doors is considered. The features of the existing electric drives of the elevator doors are indicated, the research tasks are delivered.
The method of analog modeling of multilayer structures is based on the solution of the Maxwell equations system for various areas of linear asynchronous motors. When obtaining the basic calculated formulas, the assumption that the inductor in the longitudinal direction is considered infinitely long (the longitudinal edge effect is not taken into account). With this method, the static characteristics of the informulas under formulas are determined:
where D 2 is the outer diameter of the secondary element of the process.
It should be noted that the calculations of the static characteristics of the Institute of Formulas (1) and (2) are cumbersome, because These formulas include variables, to determine which a lot of intermediate computing is required.
For two orders with the same geometrical data, but in different numbers of turns of the WF winding of the inductor (CJUST 1 - 600, CJUST 2 - 1692) according to formulas (1) and (2), their mechanical and electromechanical characteristics were calculated at F1 50 Hz, U1 220 V . The results of calculations for the jealthy 2 are presented later in Fig. one.
In our country, in most cases, unregulated electric drives with a relatively complex mechanical part are used for elevator doors with a relatively simple electrical part. The main disadvantages of such drives are the presence of a gearbox and the complex design of the transformation of the rotational movement into a translational mechanical device, when the additional noise occurs.
Due to the active development of the conversion technology, the tendency to simplify the kinematics of mechanisms with the simultaneous complication of the electric part of the drive due to the use of frequency converters, with which it became possible to form the desired trajectories of the door movement.
Thus, recently, adjustable electric drives are used for the doors of modern elevators, which provide almost silent fast and smooth movement of doors. As an example, the frequency-adjustable drive of Russian-made doors with a Baad type control unit and an asynchronous engine, the shaft of which is connected to the door mechanism through the clinorem transmission. According to a number of specialists in well-known adjustable drives, despite their advantages compared with unregulated, there are also disadvantages associated with the presence of belt transmission and their relatively large cost.
In the second chapter A technique has been developed for determining the generalized process parameters, with which its mathematical description is substantiated in the form of a system of equations. The results of experimental studies of the static characteristics of the process are presented. Analyzed the characteristics of the jade with composite VE. The possibility of manufacturing the under-frequency chapels is investigated.
The following approach to the study of the electric drive from the progress and its mathematical description is proposed:
1) Using the multilayer structures of formula (1) and (2) obtained using the method of analog modeling for static characteristics of the process (mechanical and electromechanical) and calculate these characteristics (see Fig. 1);
2) On the obtained characteristics, select two points for which the following variables are fixed: the electromagnetic force, the inductor current and the complex phase resistance for one of these selected points (see
3) we believe that the static characteristics of the century can also be described by formulas (5) and (6), which are below and correspond to the established regime of a conventional asynchronous motor with a rotating rotor and obtained from its differential equations;
4) We will try on two selected points to find the generalized parameters included in the specified formulas (5) and (6) of static characteristics;
5) Substituting the generalized parameters found in the specified formulas (5) and (6), fully calculate the static characteristics;
6) We produce a comparison of static characteristics found in and in clause 5 (see Fig. 2). If these characteristics are close enough to each other, it can be argued that the mathematical descriptions of the progress (4) and hell have a similar form;
7) Using the resulting generalized parameters, it can be written both the Differential Justaian equations (4) and the resulting formulas of various static characteristics arising from them.
Fig. 1. Mechanical (A) and electromechanical (b) Characteristics Installations of an approximate mathematical description of the progress, which is similar to the corresponding description of conventional blood pressure, in vector form and in the synchronous coordinate system has the following form:
Using the results of the solution of the system (4) in the established modes (at V / const), formulas for static characteristics were obtained:
To find the generalized parameters of the under study under investigators in (5) and (6), it is proposed to apply a known method for experimental determination of generalized parameters of the T-shaped substitution scheme for hell with a rotating rotor along the variables of the two installed modes.
From expressions (5) and (6) follows:
where k Fi is a sliding coefficient. Recording the relationship of the form (7) for two arbitrary slides S1 and S2 and sharing them on each other, we get:
With the known values \u200b\u200bof the electromagnetic forces and inductor currents for two slides from (8), the generalized parameter R is determined:
With an additionally known for one of the slides, for example S1, the value of the complex resistance Z Φ (S1) of the replacement chart of the jonday, the formula for which can also be obtained as a result of the solution of the system (4) in the steady modes, generalized parameters and S are calculated as follows:
The values \u200b\u200bof the electromagnetic forces and the inductor currents for the two slides, as well as the complex resistance of the replacement scheme for one of the slides, included in (9), (10) and (11), is proposed to determine the method of analog modeling of multilayer structures of software (1), (2 ) and (3).
Using the specified formulas (9), (10) and (11), the generalized parameters of the Justa of Justa and Justa region 2 are calculated, with which they are further according to formulas (5) and (6) at F1 50 Hz, U1 220V, their mechanical and electromechanical Characteristics (for jecess 2 are shown with curves 2 in Fig. 2). Also in fig. Figure 2 shows the static characteristics of the Justa Chang 2, determined by the method of analog modeling of multilayer structures (curves 1).
Fig. 2. Mechanical (A) and electromechanical (b) characteristics of the charts from the graphs in Fig. 2 It can be seen that curves 1 and 2 practically coincide with each other, from where it follows that the mathematical descriptions of the jonda and hell have a similar view. Therefore, with further research it is possible to use the received generalized post parameters, as well as simpler and convenient formulas for calculating the characteristics of the process. The validity of the use of the proposed method for calculating the process parameters is also additionally checked by an experimental way.
Analyzed the possibility of manufacturing under-frequency ordinary, i.e. designed for increased voltage and manufactured with an increased number of turns of the inductor winding. In fig. 3 Static Characteristics Installations Installations 1 (at F1 10 Hz, U1 55 V), Installation 2 (at F1 10 Hz, U1 87 B) and Low Frequency Custody (at F1 10 Hz and U1 220 V, Curves 3), in which the number of turns Inductor windings 2.53 times more than that of the progress 2.
From shown in Fig. 3 graphs It can be seen that with the same mechanical characteristics of the under consideration under consideration in the first quadrant, the Justa CJUST has more than 3 times lower inductor current than the underlying chapter 1, and the low-frequency chanda is 2.5 times than the infantry 2. Thus, it turns out that it turns out that it turns out that The use of a low-frequency depth in the outer electric drive allows you to minimize the required power of the frequency converter, thereby improving the technical and economic indicators of the electric drive.
1, Fig. 3. Mechanical (A) and electromechanical (b) Characteristics of the process 1, In the third chapter A method of experimental determination of generalized postal parameters has been developed, which is implemented in a simple method at a fixed IE and allows you to determine the parameters of the jonda, whose geometric data is unknown. The results of calculations of the generalized institutional parameters and the usual blood pressure using the specified method are given.
In the experiment, the diagram of which is depicted in fig. 4, engine winding (blood pressure or jonday) are connected to a DC source. After closing the key to currents in the windings, change over time from the initial value determined by the parameters of the circuit to zero. In this case, the dependence of the current in the phase and on time is fixed using a DT current sensor and, for example, a specialized L-Card L-791 board installed in a personal computer.
Fig. 4. The scheme for carrying out experience to determine the parameters of the blood pressure or the progress as a result of mathematical transformations obtained a formula for the addiction of the current in the plot phase, which has the form:
where P1, P2 is the constants associated with the generalized parameters S, R and the progress or blood pressure as follows:
From formulas (12) and (13) it follows that the type of transition process of decomposition of the current price depends only on the generalized parameters S, R and.
To determine the generalized parameters of the progress or blood pressure on the experimental curve of the current current, it is proposed to highlight three times of time T1, T2 and T3 from each other and fix the corresponding values \u200b\u200bof currents. In this case, taking into account (12) and (13) it becomes possible to compile a system of three algebraic equations with three unknowns - S, R and:
the solution of which is advisable to obtain a numerical method, for example, by Levenberg-Marquardt.
Experiments to determine the generalized parameters of the blood pressure and the custody were carried out for two engines: AD 5A90L6KU3 (1.1 kW) and CJUST 2.
In fig. 5 shows the theoretical and experimental curves of the current CJUST 2.
Fig. 5. Curves of falling Current Jondu 2: 1 - a curve calculated on the generalized parameters that are obtained in the second chapter; 2 - a curve calculated on the generalized parameters, which were obtained as a result of their experimental determination, the mechanical and electromechanical characteristics of the engines under study, calculated using various options (theoretical and experimental) generalized parameters are located close to each other, which once again confirms the adequacy of the proposed mathematical description for Jelly.
In the fourth chapter, the features of the nature of transition processes in the jonde are revealed. The electric drive was developed and explored by the elevator doors system.
For a qualitative assessment of the characteristics of the nature of transition processes, a well-known method is used to analyze the attenuation coefficients characterizing the dependences of the ADC variables with a rotating rotor at constant speed.
The greatest effect on the attenuation rate (vibration) of transient processes of variables of the order or blood pressure has the smallest attenuation coefficient 1. In fig. 6 shows the calculated dependences of the attenuation coefficients 1 from the electrical velocity for two jondays (CHASD 1 and CJUST 2) and two blood pressure (4AA56B4U3 (180 W) and 4A71A4U3 (550 W)).
Fig. 6. The dependences of the smallest attenuation coefficient 1 for the progress and blood pressure from those shown in Fig. 6 dependences it can be seen that the attenuation coefficients are practically independent of the speed, in contrast to the attenuation coefficients of the blood pressure under consideration, for which 1 at zero speed of 5 - 10 times less than at nominal. It should also be noted that in two discussed blood pressure, the values \u200b\u200bof attenuation coefficients 1 at low speeds are significantly lower than that of the progress 1 (at 9 - 16 times) or the jecess 2 (at 5 to 9 times). In connection with what was said, it can be assumed that the real transition processes in the jonde are characterized by much less vibration ratio than hell.
To check the suggestion of a smaller oscillativity of real transient processes, a number of numerical settlements of direct launches of Justiya 2 and Hell (550 W) were implemented in comparison with blood pressure. The dependences of the point, effort, speed and current of blood pressure and the progress on time, as well as the dynamic mechanical characteristics confirm the prevalence made earlier that the transition processes of the Justa are characterized by much less vibration ratio than that of the blood pressure, due to the significant differences in their smallest attenuation coefficients ( Fig. 6). In this case, the dynamic mechanical characteristics of the jonda are less different from static than for hell with a rotating rotor.
For a typical elevator (with an open 800 mm), the possibility of using a low-frequency edge of the elevator door is analyzed as a drive motor. According to the reviews of experts for typical elevators with a width of 800 mm, static efforts when opening and closing doors differ from each other: when opening, they are about 30 - 40 H, and when closed - about 0 - 10 N.. Transient processes in the jonday have significantly fewer fluctuations compared to blood pressure, the implementation of the movement of the door sash using a low-frequency guard by switching to the corresponding mechanical characteristics, according to which the process is accelerated or inhibited to a given speed.
In accordance with the selected mechanical characteristics of the low-frequency chapel, its transition processes are calculated. In the calculations, it was assumed that the total mass of the electric drive, determined by the MASS MASSES and the cabin doors and the shaft of the sample elevator (with an open 800 mm), is 100 kg. The obtained graphs of transient processes are presented in Fig. 7.
Fig. 7. Transient processes of low-frequency jecessing under opening (A, B, D) The P characteristic ensures the drive acceleration to the steady speed of 0.2 m / s, and the characteristic T provides braking from the steady speed to zero. The considered version of the administration of the jewel for opening and closing the doors shows that the use of the door drive jelly has a number of advantages (smooth transition processes with a relatively simple control; the absence of additional devices carrying out the transformation of the rotational movement to the translational and other) compared to the use of ordinary blood pressure and Therefore, it is considerable interest.
The drive of the elevator cabin with ordinary blood pressure or chapels, as noted above, is characterized by different values \u200b\u200bof resistance forces when opening and closing doors. In this case, the drive electric machine can operate both in engine and braking modes during the opening and closing of the elevator doors. The dissertation was analyzed by the possibility of returning energy into the network during the work of the process in braking modes.
It is shown that today 2 in the large frequency range is generally there is no recovery braking mode. A formula for determining the boundary frequency is shown below which the generator mode is missing with electricity efficiency to the network at blood pressure and the process. Conducted studies of energy modes of operation The progress allows you to make an important conclusion: when using the mains connected to the network, the brake resistor and the brake key are not required through the infection frequency converter. The absence of the brake resistor and the brake key allows to reduce the cost of the drive of the elevator doors from the process.
In the fifth chapter, an overview of the existing drives of the elevator doors.
Developed variants of the mechanism of the mechanism of the outer drive of the sliding doors of the elevator from the jogging.
For single-handed and two-dimensional sliding doors, the elevator cabin is invited to use the developed illegal drive from the joy. The diagram of the mechanism of such a drive in the case of single-door doors is shown in Fig. 8, but, in the case of two-dimensional doors - in fig. 8, b.
Fig. 8. Schemes of the drive mechanism of the sliding single-holder (A) and two-dimensional (b) cabin cabin doors from the infantry: 1 - Custodian, 2 - Inductor Installation, 3 - Secondary Idladin Element, 4 - Support Rule, 5, 6 - Door Sashes, 7, 8 - Blocks of the cable system, the proposed technical solutions allow you to create unless drivers of sliding single-handed or two-dimensional doors, in particular, the elevator cabins, which are characterized by high technical and economic indicators, as well as reliable and inexpensive operation when used to form a progressive movement of the doors of simple and relatively inexpensive cylindrical Linear electric motor with translational motion of the moving element.
Upon proposed options for unpretentious drives of single-handed and two-dimensional sliding doors from the process, a patent for utility model No. 127056 was obtained.
General conclusions
1. A method was developed for determining generalized parameters included in the Differential Justa Differential Equations, which is based on calculations using the method of analog modeling of multilayer structures and the method for determining the blood variables in terms of its two installed modes.2. With the help of the developed method for determining the generalized parameters of the low-speed journal, its mathematical description is substantiated in the form of a system of equations, which makes it possible to produce various calculations of the static and dynamic characteristics of the electric drive from the process.
3. The use of a low-frequency guard in the outer electric drive allows you to minimize the required power of the frequency converter, which improves the technical and economic indicators of the electric drive.
4. A method of experimental definition of generalized institutional parameters is proposed, characterized by increased accuracy of processing experimental results.
5. Using the jelly for an elevator's outer drive drive allows you to form smooth operations of the opening and closing of doors in a simple control in the system of the ICD process. To implement the desired processes, it is necessary to use a relatively inexpensive frequency converter, which has a minimum set of required functionality.
6. When using the plot connected to the network via the frequency converter, the braking resistor and the brake key are not required to drive the elevator doors, since the infections used to operate the drive area there is no recovery braking mode. The absence of the brake resistor and the brake key allows to reduce the cost of the drive of the elevator doors from the process.
7. For single-fold and two-dimensional sliding doors, predominantly, the elevator cabin has been developed for the mechanism of a outer drive, which is advantageous with the use of a cylindrical linear asynchronous motor, characterized by the translational motion of the movable element, to carry out the forward movement of the doors. Upon proposed options for unpretentious drives of single-handed and two-dimensional sliding doors from the process, a patent for utility model No. 127056 was obtained.
1. Masalandilov LB, Novikov S.E., Kuraev N.M. Features of determining the parameters of an asynchronous motor at frequency control.
// Bulletin MEI, №2. - M.: Publishing House MEI, 2011. - P. 54-60.
2. Patent for utility model No. 127056. Masalandilov LB, Kuraev N.M., Fumm G.Ya., Zholudiev I.S. Sliding door drive of the elevator cabin (options) // BE No. 11, 2013.
3. Masalandilov L.B., Kuraev N.M. Features of the selection of the calculated parameters of an asynchronous motor at frequency control // Electric drive and control system // Works of MEI. Vol. 683. - M.: Publishing House MEI, 2007. - P. 24-30.
4. Masalandilov LB, Kuraev N.M. Calculation of the parameters of the T-shaped scheme of substitution and characteristics of cylindrical linear asynchronous motors // Electric drive and control systems // Works of MEI. Vol. 687. - M.: Publishing House MEI, 2011. - P. 14-26.
5. Masalandilov LB, Kuzikov S.V., Kuraev N.M. Calculation of parameters of the substitution schemes and characteristics of cylindrical linear asynchronous and MHD engines // Electric drive and control systems // Proceedings of MEI.
Vol. 688. - M.: Publishing House MEI, 2012. - P. 4-16.
6. Baydakov O.V., Kuraev N.M. Modernization of the electric drive on the TPN-Hell system with a quasi-frequency control // Radioelectronics, electrical engineering and energy: Sixteenth international. Scientific conf. Students and graduate students: Tez. Dokl. In 3 tons. T. 2. M.: Publishing House MEI, 2010.
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480 rub. | 150 UAH. | $ 7.5 ", Mouseoff, Fgcolor," #FFFFCC ", BGColor," # 393939 ");" Onmouseout \u003d "Return nd ();"\u003e Dissertation period - 480 rub., Delivery 10 minutes , around the clock, seven days a week and holidays
Ryzhkov Alexander Viktorovich. Analysis and selection of rational structures of a cylindrical linear engine with magnetoelectric excitation: the dissertation ... Candidate of Technical Sciences: 05.09.01 / Ryzhkov Alexander Viktorovich; [Place of protection: Voronezh. State tehn University] .- Voronezh, 2008.- 154 C.: IL. RGB OD, 61 09-5 / 404
Introduction
Chapter 1 Analysis of theoretical and constructive directions for the development of electric linear movement machines 12
1.1 Specific features of the structural implementations of linear electrical machines 12
1.2 Analysis of the design of the construction of a cylindrical linear electric motor 26
1.3 Overview of Linear Machine Design Methods 31
1.4 Modeling electromagnetic processes based on the method of finite elements 38
1.5 The purpose of the work and objectives of the study 41
Chapter 2 Algorithmization of the electromagnetic calculation of the non-contact cylindrical linear DC motor 43
2.1 Problem Statement 43
2.2 Analysis of the Cylindrical Linear DC motor with a longitudinally radial design of the magnetic system 45
2.3 Algorithm for electromagnetic calculation of the Cylindrical linear motor of DC 48
2.4 Evaluation of the thermal state of the cylindrical linear motor 62
Chapter 3 Modeling and selection of rational sets of output parameters of a Cylindrical linear DC motor 64
3.1 Synthesis of linear Cylindrical DC motor based on criteria for maximum specific traction, energy indicators 64
3.2 Modeling of the Cylindrical Linear DC motor by finite elements 69
3.2.1 Description of the source data for modeling 69
3.2.2 Analysis of modeling results 78
Chapter 4. Practical implementation and results of experimental studies of cylindrical linear engines 90
4.1 Macate Samples of Cylindrical Linear DC Motors 90
4.1.1 Constructive components of linear engine architecture 90
4.1.2 Makeup implementation of cylindrical linear electric motors 95
4.1.3 Structure of the Cylindrical Linear Electric Motor Control Block 96
4.2 Results of experimental studies of developed variants of cylindrical linear electric motors 100
4.2.1 Investigation of the thermal state of linear engine 101
4.2.2 Experimental studies of induction in the gap of experimental samples of linear motors 103
4.2.3 Studies of electromagnetic traction force deduction from current in the winding 107
4.2.3 Investigation of the dependence of the traction force of the developed linear electric motors from the movement of moving part 110
4.2.3 Mechanical characteristics of developed samples of linear engines 118
Conclusions 119.
Conclusion 120.
References 122.
Appendix A 134.
Appendix B 144.
Appendix in 145.
Introduction to work
Relevance of the topic.
Currently, cylindrical linear motors are becoming increasingly distribution, as the actuators of special purpose electric drives implemented within the framework of electrotechnical complexes used, in particular, in space, medical equipment. At the same time, the presence of a direct direct action of the executive body in cylindrical linear motors determines their advantage of relatively flat linear motors. This is due to the lack of one-sided attraction forces, as well as the smaller inertness of the movable part, which determines their high dynamic qualities.
It should be noted that in the field of developing means of analysis of structural variants of linear motors, there are positive results obtained as domestic (VOLDEK A.I., Svycharnik D.V., Veselovsky ON, Konyaev A.Yu., Sarapulov F.N. ), so and foreign researchers (Yamamura, Wang J., Jewell Geraint W., Howe D.). However, these results cannot be considered as the basis for the creation of universal means, which make it possible to make the choice of optimal structural variants of linear electric motors in relation to a specific object area. This necessitates additional research in the field of designing special linear engines of cylindrical architecture in order to obtain rational structural versions wearing object-oriented character.
Thus, on the basis of the foregoing, the relevance of the research topic is dictated by the need to conduct additional research focused on developing means of modeling and analyzing cylindrical linear engines with magnetoelectric excitation in order to obtain rational design solutions.
The theme of the dissertation study corresponds to one of the main scientific areas of the GOU VPO "Voronezh State Technical University" Computing Systems and software and hardware electrical systems (Development of I. Expecting Intellectual and Information Technologies Design and Management of Complex Industrial Complexes and Systems. GB Nir No. 2007.18).
The purpose and objectives of the study. The aim of the work is to create a complex of analysis of the designs of the designs of cylindrical linear direct current engines with magnetoelectric excitation, which make it possible to choose their rational variants focused on using special-purpose electric drives that implement the limit values \u200b\u200bof specific energy indicators and dynamic properties.
In accordance with the given purpose, the following tasks are made in the work:
analysis of the rational structures of the cylindrical linear direct current engines providing the limiting values \u200b\u200bof specific energy indicators within the framework of electric drives;
conducting theoretical studies of the processes occurring in linear contactless direct current engines as the foundations for constructing an electromagnetic calculation of a cylindrical linear electric motor;
development of an electromagnetic calculation algorithm, taking into account the characteristics caused by the architecture of magnetic systems of a cylindrical linear engine;
development of structures of finite-element models for analyzing electromagnetic processes in relation to the conditions of the cylindrical linear engine;
Conducting experimental studies of prototypes under
Conducting adequacy of analytical models and developed algorithms
MA design of cylindrical linear engines.
Research methods. INworks used methods of field theory, theory of electrical chains, theory of design of electrical machines, computing mathematics, physical experiment.
Scientific novelty. The paper obtained the following results, which differ in scientific novelty:
the design of the magnetic chain of the cylindrical linear DC motor with axial-magnetized permanent magnets in the magnetic system with the radial or magnetization of magnetization, which is characterized by the new architecture of constructing the rolling part of the linear electric motor;
the algorithm for calculating the cylindrical linear DC motor with axial-magnetized permanent magnets in the magnetic system with a radial or magnetization or magnetization system, differing in consideration of the features caused by the architecture of constructing the movable part of the cylindrical linear electric motor;
the structures of finite-element models are developed, which are characterized by a special set of boundary conditions in the boundary zones;
recommendations were developed for the selection of rational design solutions aimed at improving the specific energy indicators and dynamic qualities of DC cylindrical linear electric motors based on quantitative data of numerical calculations, as well as the results of experimental studies of prototypes.
Practical significance of work. The practical value of the dissertation work is:
Algorithm for designing cylindrical linear engines
low power;
of course elemental models in a two-dimensional analysis of cylindrical linear engines, allowing to compare the specific characteristics of engines of various constructs of magnetic systems;
The proposed models and algorithms can be used as a mathematical basis for the creation of special means of applied software for automated design systems of non-contact DC motors.
Implementation of the results of work. The resulting theoretical and experimental results of the dissertation work were used at the enterprise "Research Institute of Mehanotronics - Alpha" under the implementation of the NIR "Study of ways to create modern highly mass mehanotronic actuators of various types of movement in variations with a digital information channel and a raid control in identifying phase coordinates integrated into the life support systems of cosmic devices (ka) ", NIR" Study of ways to create "intellectual" drives of linear movement with control by the status vector for the automation systems ", R & D" Study and development of intelligent mechanisters of linear precision movement with unconventional modular layout for industrial, medical and Special equipment of a new generation, "and also introduced into the educational process of the Department of" Electromechanical Systems and Power Supplies "GOU VPO" Voronezh State Technical University "in lecture Course "Special Electrical Machines".
Approbation of work. The main provisions of the dissertation work were reported at the Regional Scientific and Technical Conference "New technologies in research, design, management, production"
(Voronezh 2006, 2007), on the Interuniversity Student Scientific and Technical
conferences "Applied Tasks Electromechanics, Energy, Electronics (Voronezh, 2007), at the All-Russian Conference" New Technologies in Scientific Research, Design, Management, Production "(Voronezh, 2008), in the International School Conference" High Energy Saving Technologies "(Voronezh , 2008), at the I International Scientific and Practical Conference "Youth and Science: Reality and Future" (Nevinnomyssk, 2008), on the Scientific and Technical Council of the "Research and Design Institute of Mechanotronics-Alpha" (Voronezh, 2008 ), at scientific and technical conferences of the faculty and graduate students of the Department of Automation and Informatics in Technical Systems of the WGTU (Voronezh, 2006-2008). In addition, the results of the thesis are published in the collections of scientific works "Electrical Complexes and Management Systems", "Applied Tasks of Electromechanics, Energy, Electronics" (Voronezh 2005-2007), in the journal "Electrotechnical Complexes and Management Systems" ( Voronezh 2007-2008), in the Voronezh State Technical University Voronezh State Technical University (2008).
Publications. On the topic of the dissertation work published 11 scientific papers, including 1 - in publications recommended by the WAK RF.
Structure and scope of work. The thesis consists of an introduction, four chapters, conclusion, a list of literature from 121 names, the material is set out on 145 pages and contains 53 drawings, 6 tables and 3 applications.
In the first chaptera review and an analysis of the current state in the development of linear electric motors of direct action was carried out. A classification of linear electric motors of direct action on the principle of action, as well as by major constructive versions. Considered issues of the theory of development and design of linear engines, taking into account the characteristics of the linear machine. The use of the method of finite elements, as a modern tool for the design of complex electrical
mechanical systems. The purpose of the work and formulates the objectives of the research.
In the second chapterthe issues of forming the method of designing non-contact cylindrical linear DC linear engines, show the electromagnetic calculation of various structural implementations of the magnetic linear engine systems, containing the following steps: the choice of main sizes, the calculation of power; Calculation of machine constant; determination of thermal and electromagnetic loads; Calculation of winding data; Calculation of electromagnetic traction; Calculation of the magnetic system, select the size of permanent magnets. The estimated calculation of the process of heat exchange of the linear electric motor.
In the third chapterexpressions of the universal optimization criterion are given, perform a comparative analysis of the MULTI-power constant and alternating current engines, taking into account the requirements for energy and speed. The provisions of the methods for modeling the cylindrical linear motor direct current motor by the end element method are formed, the main assumptions are determined on which the mathematical apparatus is built to analyze the models of the specified engine types. Two-dimensional finite-element models for a cylindrical linear engine for various designs of the rolling part are obtained: with pseudo-radial magnetization of the magnet segments on the rod and with axial-magnetized magnets-washers.
In the fourth chapterthe practical development of samples of cylindrical linear synchronous motors is presented, the circuitry implementing the cylindrical linear engine control unit is shown. The principles of control of the specified electric motor are highlighted. The results of experimental studies of a cylindrical linear synchronous engine with a different design of the magnetic rolling part of the movable part, including: studies of thermal modes of the electric motor,
dependence of the traction force of the electric motor from currents and movement. Comparison of the modeling results by the finite element method with a physical experiment, the assessment of the parameters of the linear motor with a modern technical level.
The conclusion sets out the main results of theoretical and experimental studies.
Analysis of the design of the cylindrical linear electric motor
The linear electric drive with the management of the status vector places a number of specific requirements for the design and work of the Central TsLSD. The energy flow from the network through the control device enters an anchor winding, which ensures the correct sequence of interaction of the electromagnetic field of the winding with a field of constant magnets of the movable rod according to adequate switching laws. If the rod is located a high-commissive permanent magnet, the anchor response practically does not distort the main magnetic flux. The quality of electromechanical energy transformation is determined not only by the rationally chosen magnetic system, but also the ratio of the energy parameters of the magnet brand and the linear load of the anchor winding of the stator. Calculation of the electromagnetic field of the MCE and the search for the rational design of the electrical machine by the method of a numerical experiment directed using the obtained optimization criterion makes it possible to do this with minimal costs.
Taking into account modern requirements for the resource, the regulatory and positioning range, the TSLD layout is based on the classical principle of the dynamic interaction of the magnetic flux of the moving rod with the magnetic flow of an anchor winding of the unpassed stator.
Preliminary technical analysis of the developed design allowed to establish the following:
The issue of the energy of the engine depends on the number of phases and the inclusion scheme of the anchor winding, while the form of the resulting magnetic field in the air gap and the shape of the voltage, which summed up to the phases of the winding plays an important role;
On the rolling stock, rare-earth constant magnets with a pseudo-radial magnetization structure are located, each of which consists of six segments combined into the design of a hollow cylindrical shape;
In the designed structure it is possible to ensure the technological unity of the working mechanism and rod of the Central TsLSD;
Bearing supports with optimized load coefficients provide the required quality reserve by the level of guaranteed operation and the range of speed control of the rod movement;
The possibility of precision assembly with minimal tolerances and to ensure the necessary selectivity of the mating surfaces of parts and nodes allows you to increase the resource of the work;
The possibility of combining translational and rotational types of movement in a single engine geometry allows you to expand its functionality and expand the scope.
The CLSD anchor is a cylinder made of magnet-like steel, that is, it has an invaluable design. The magnetic pipeline of the anchor is made of six modules - sleeves, connecting the bracket and made of steel 10 GOST 1050-74. In the sleeves there are holes for the output ends of the coils of the two-phase winding anchor. The bushings collected in the package form are essentially a yoke for the main magnetic flux and obtaining the required magnetic induction value in the total non-magnetic work gap. Fascination design anchor is most promising from the point of view of providing high speed uniformity in the field of minimum values \u200b\u200bof the linear speed control range, as well as the accuracy of the positioning of the movable rod (in the non-magnetic pulsation gap of the electromagnetic traction of the tooth order are missing). The coils of an anchor winding have a drum shape, the coils of the winding from the wire with the self-insulated insulation of PTLD or with the enamel insulation of PTTV GOST 7262-54, impregnated with the thermosetting compound based on epoxy resin, are wound on an aluminum frame with rigidity and calculated for temperature up to 200 C. After forming and polymerization of the impregnating compound, the coil is a rigid monolithic node. Bearing shields are collected together with the armature yoke modules. Bearing housings are made of aluminum alloy. In the housings of bearing shields installed bronze sleeves.
According to the results of the patent search, two structural implementations of magnetic systems, characterized mainly by the magnetic system of the movable part of the cylindrical linear engine, were determined.
The movable rod of the base design of the electric motor contains the rare-earth permanent Magnets N35, between which the non-ferromagnetic dividing washers are installed, has 9 poles (of which no more than 4-k) are overlap in the active length of the machine. The machine design provides symmetrization of the magnetic field from permanent magnets in order to reduce the primary longitudinal edge effect. High alcohol magnets ensures the required induction level in the air gap. Permanent magnets are protected by an neferromagnetic sleeve that provides the function of the guide and having the specified properties of the sliding surface. The material of the sleeve - the guide must be non-ferromagnetic, that is, the bushing should not shield the magnetic field of the winding and modules of magnets whose streaming should be maximum. At that time, the sleeve should have a given mechanical properties that guarantee a high work resource and a small level of mechanical friction losses in linear supports - bearings. As a material of the sleeve, it is proposed to use corrosion-resistant and heat-resistant steel.
It should be noted that the increase in the specific energy indicators is usually achieved by the use of permanent magnets with high magnetic energy, in particular from alloys with rare-earth metals. Currently, in the overwhelming majority of the best products, neodymium magnets are applied - iron - boron (ND-FE-B) with additives from materials such as dispense, cobalt, niobium, vanadium, gallium; etc. Adding these materials leads to an improvement in the magnet stability from a temperature point of view. These modified magnets can be used to temperatures + 240c.
Since the sleeves of permanent magnets must be magazed for radio, in their production, a technological problem arose, associated with the need to provide the desired flow for magnetization and small geometric sizes. A number of developers of permanent magnets, noted that their enterprises do not produce radially magnetized permanent magnets from rare earth materials. As a result, it was decided to develop a permanent magnet in the form of a magnet - assembly of six curvilinear prisms - segments.
By developing, and then comparing the energy indicators of magnetic systems, we estimate the energy capabilities, as well as consider the correspondence of the electric motor indicators with the current technical level.
The diagram of the cylindrical linear synchronous motor with a longitudinally radial magnetic system is shown in Figure 1.8.
As a result of the comparison and analysis of the level of energy indicators of the two developed during the course of the NIR, the design implementations of magnetic systems obtained as a result of a physical experiment, the adequacy of analytic, numerical methods for calculating and designing the type of linear electric motor under consideration will be confirmed in subsequent sections.
Algorithm for electromagnetic calculation of the cylindrical linear DC motor
The basis for calculating the TSLD is the following data:
Dimensions;
Mobile Stroke Length (Rod)
Synchronous speed VS, m / s;
Critical (maximum) value of the electromagnetic traction of FT N;
Supply voltage /, in;
Engine mode (long, PV);
Range of ambient temperature AT, C;
Engine performance (protected, closed).
In inductive electrical machines, the energy of the electromagnetic field is concentrated in the working gap and the teeth (there is no teeth of the ZULDPT with a smooth anchor), so the choice of the volume of the working clearance during the synthesis of the electrical machine is of paramount importance.
The specific energy density in the working gap can be determined as the ratio of the active power of the RG machine to the volume of the working clearance. At the heart of the classical methods of calculating electrical machines, there is a selection of machine constant of Ca (permanent Arnold), connecting the main structural sizes with permissible electromagnetic loads (it corresponds to the limiting thermal load)
To ensure the slide of the rod to permanent magnets, the hilt hilt dresses the hypertension value depends on the technological factors and is selected as the minimum possible.
Linear Synchronous Stand Speed \u200b\u200bof the CLDPT and Equivalent Synchronous Rotation Frequency Are Related
To ensure the required value of the traction force, with a minimum value of the time constant and the absence of a fixing force (reduce it to an acceptable value), preference is given to a toothless design with excitation from permanent magnets based on high-energy magnetic solid materials (neodymium - iron). In this case, the engine has a working gap sufficient to place the winding.
The main task of calculating the magnetic system is to determine the structural parameters optimal by energy parameters, the strength of thrust and other indicators that provide in the working gap given by the magnetic flux. At the initial stage of design, the most important is to find the rational relationship between the thickness of the magnet backrest and the coil.
The calculation of the magnetic system with permanent magnets is associated with the determination of the clarification curve and the magnetic conductivity of individual sections. Permanent magnets are inhomogeneous, the pattern of the field in the gap has a complex nature due to the longitudinal boundary effect and scattering streams. The surface of the magnet is not an equipotential, separate areas depending on the position relative to the neutral zone have unequal magnetic potentials. This circumstance makes it difficult to calculate magnetic scattering conductivity and magnet scattering flow.
In order to simplify the calculation, we accept the assumption of the uniqueness of the demagnetization curve, and the actual thread of scattering, depending on the distribution of MDS in the height of the magnet, replacing the calculated one, which passes throughout the height of the magnet and is entirely out of the surface of the pole.
There are a number of grafoanalytic methods for calculating magnetic chains with permanent magnets, of which the method of a demagnetizing factor was found in engineering practice, used to calculate direct magnets without fittings; The method of relations used to calculate magnets with reinforcement, as well as the method of electrical analogy, used in the calculation of branched magnetic chains with permanent magnets.
The accuracy of further calculations to a substantial extent depends on the errors associated with determining the state of magnets with the useful specific energy with Z.OPT developed by them in the non-magnetic work gap 8V. The latter must correspond to the maximum of the induction of the resulting field in the working gap on the specific energy of the magnet.
The distribution of induction in the working gap of the Central TsLSD is most accurate to determine in the course of the finite analysis of a particular calculated model. At the initial stage of the calculation, when it comes to choosing a certain set of geometric sizes, winding data and physical properties of materials, averaged efficient induction value in the BSCP working gap, it is advisable to be specified. The adequacy of the Q3SR task within the recommended interval will actually determine the complexity of the calibration electromagnetic calculation of the machine by the method of finite elements.
The used magnetic solid rare-earth magnets based on rare earth metals have a practically relay curve of demagnetization, therefore, in a wide range of changes in the voltage of the magnetic field, the value of the corresponding induction varies relatively little.
To solve the problem of determining the height of the back of the HM segment magnet, at the first stage of the TsLSD synthesis, the next approach is proposed.
Description of the source data for modeling
At the heart of the electromagnetic calculation, the numerical method is a model that includes the geometry of the machine, the magnetic and electrical properties of its active materials, the mode parameters and the active loads. During the calculation, induction and currents are determined in the sections of the model. Then the forces and moments, as well as energy indicators, are determined.
The construction of the model includes the definition of a system of basic assumptions that establishes the idealization of the properties of the physical and geometric characteristics of the design and loads, based on the model. The design of the machine made of real materials has a number of features that include imperfection of the form, the spread and the inhomogeneity of the properties of the materials, (deviation of their magnetic and electrical properties from the set values), etc.
A typical example of the idealization of real material is the assignment of homogeneity properties. In a number of designs of linear engines, such idealization is impossible, because It leads to incorrect calculation results. An example is a cylindrical linear synchronous engine with a non-ferromagnetic conductive layer (sleeve), in which electrical and magnetic properties change jump-like when the boundaries of the materials section are switched.
In addition to saturation on the output engine characteristics, a superficial and longitudinal edge effect is greatly influenced. In this case, one of the main tasks is the task of the initial conditions at the boundaries of the active areas of the machine.
Thus, the model can only be endowed with part of the properties of the real design, so its mathematical description is simplified. From how successfully the model is selected, the complexity of the calculation and the accuracy of its results depends.
The mathematical apparatus for analyzing the models of cylindrical linear synchronous motors is based on the electromagnetic field equations and is built on the following main assumptions:
1. The electromagnetic field is quasistationary, since the shift currents and delay in the propagation of the electromagnetic wave within the field of the field are negligible.
2. Compared to conductivity currents in conductors, conductivity currents in dielectrics and convection currents that occur when the charges move along with the medium are negligible, in connection with which the latter can be neglected. Since conductivity currents, displacement currents and convection currents in a dielectric, filling the gap between the stator and the rotor are not taken into account, the speed of movement of the dielectric (gas or liquid) in the gap does not have. Influence on the electromagnetic field.
3. The value of EMF electromagnetic induction is much more EDS Hall, Thompson, contact, etc., in connection with which the latest can be neglected.
4. When considering the field in the neferromagnetic medium, the relative magnetic permeability of this medium is taken equal to one.
The next stage of the calculation is a mathematical description of the behavior of the model, or the construction of a mathematical model.
The electromagnetic calculation of the MCE consisted of the following steps:
1. Selecting the type of analysis and the creation of the model geometry for the MCE.
2. Select the types of elements, entering the properties of materials, the purpose of the properties of materials and elements by geometric regions.
3. Fractionment of model areas on the mesh of finite elements.
4. Annex to model of boundary conditions and loads.
5. Selecting the type of electromagnetic analysis, setting the solver options and the numerical solution of the equation system.
6. The use of postprocessor macros to calculate the integral values \u200b\u200bof interest and analysis of the results.
Stages 1-4 refers to the preprocessor stage of calculation, step 5 - to the processor stage, step 6 to the postprocessor stage.
Creating a finitely element model is a time-consuming stage of the calculation of the ICE, because It is related to the reproduction of the more accurate geometry of the object and the description of the physical properties of its regions. The reasonable application of loads and boundary conditions also presents certain difficulties.
The numerical solution of the system of equations is performed automatically and under all other equal conditions is determined by hardware resources of the computing technology used. The analysis of the results is somewhat facilitated by the toolpasses of visualization used as part of the software used (PS), at the same time this one of the least formalized stages, which has the greatest difficulty.
The following parameters were determined: the complex vector magnetic field potential A, the scalar potential F, the magnitude of the induction of the magnetic field B and the voltage of N. The analysis of the variables in time of fields was used to find the effect of vortex currents in the system.
Solution (7) for an AC case has a type of complex potential (characterized by an amplitude and phase angle) for each model node. The magnetic permeability and electrical conductivity of the material of the region can be specified as a constant or as a function of temperature. Used PS allow appropriate macros at the postprocessor stage to calculate a number of essential parameters: the energy of the electromagnetic field, the electromagnetic forces, the density of the vortex currents, the loss of electrical energy, etc.
It should be emphasized, in the course of the finite modeling, the main task is to determine the structure of the models: the selection of finite elements with specific basic functions and degrees of freedom, a description of the physical properties of materials in various fields, setting the applied loads, as well as the initial conditions on the borders.
As follows from the main concept of the MCE, all parts of the model are divided into many finite elements interconnected in the vertices (nodes). The final elements are used quite simple form in which the field parameters are determined using piecewise polynomial approximating functions.
The boundaries of finite elements in two-dimensional analysis may be piecewise linear (first-order elements) or parabolic (second-order elements). File-linear elements have direct sides and nodes only in the corners. Parabolic elements may have an intermediate node along each of the sides. It is due to this side of the element may be curvilinear (parabolic). With an equal number of elements, parabolic elements give greater accuracy of calculations, since they more accurately reproduce the curvilinear geometry of the model and have more accurate form functions (approximating functions). However, the calculation using the final elements of high orders requires large hardware resources and larger engine time.
There are a large number of types of finite elements used, among which there are elements competing among themselves, with a mathematically reasonable solution for various models, how to more effectively break the area.
Since to build and solve the discrete models under consideration due to a large amount of information processed, a computer is used, the condition and simplicity of calculations is important, which determines the choice of permissible piece-polynomial functions. At the same time, the question of accuracy with which they can approximate the desired solution becomes the most important importance.
In the considered tasks, unknown are the values \u200b\u200bof the vector magnetic potential A in the nodes (vertices) of the final elements of the corresponding areas of the particular design of the machine, while the theoretical and numerical solution coincide in the central part of the final element, so the maximum accuracy of calculating magnetic potentials and current densities will be in the center of the element.
Structure of the control unit of the cylindrical linear electric motor
The control unit implements the linear drive control algorithms. Functionally the control unit is divided into two parts: information and power. The information portion contains a microcontroller with circuit / output circuits of discrete and analog signals, as well as a data exchange circuit with a computer. The power unit contains a scheme for transforming the PWM signals in the voltage of phase windings.
Scheme Electrical principle of controlling a linear electric motor presented in Appendix B.
The following elements are used to organize the information part of the control unit:
Food formation by stabilized voltage +15 V (power in chip DD5, DD6): Filtering capacitors SI, C2, stabilizer + 15 V, protective diode VD1;
Fixing of power to stabilized voltage +5 V (power supply DD1, DD2, DD3, DD4 chip): Resistor R1 to reduce thermal loads of the stabilizer, filter capacitors SZ, C5, C6, adjustable voltage divider on resistors R2, R3, smoothing capacitor C4, adjustable stabilizer +5 V.
The XP1 connector is used to connect the position sensor. A microcontroller is programmed through the XP2 connector. The R29 resistor and the VT9 transistor automatically form a logical signal "1" in the reset circuit in control mode and does not participate in the operation of the control unit in the programming mode.
The HRZ connector, the DD1 chip, C39 capacitors, C40, C41, C42 transmit data between the personal computer and the control unit in both directions.
To form feedback on the voltage of each bridge circuit, the following elements are used: voltage divisors R19-R20, R45-R46, Amplifier DD3, filtering RC chains R27, R28, C23, C24.
Implemented using the DD4 chip, logic circuits allow you to implement two-polar symmetrical switching of one motor phase using one PWM signal supplied directly from the legs of the microcontroller.
To implement the necessary laws of control of the two-phase linear electric motor, a separate generation of currents in each stator winding (fixed part) is used using two bridge circuits, providing output currents up to 20 A in each phase at a supply voltage from 20 V to 45 V. as power keys used The MOS transistors of the VT1-VT8 IRF540N of the company INTERNATIONAL RECTIFIER (USA), which have a sufficiently low resistance of the stock source RCH \u003d 44 IOM, an acceptable price and the presence of a domestic analogue of 2P769 IPPP (Russia) manufactured with acceptance of IVP receives.
Specific requirements for the parameters of the MOS-transistor control signal: a relatively large stress of the shutter, which is necessary to complete the MOS transistor to ensure fast switching, it is necessary to change the voltage on the gate for a very small time (the shares of the microseconds), significant currents of recharging the input containers of MOP -Transistor, the possibility of damaging them when the control voltage is reduced in "Enabled" mode, as a rule, dictate the need to use additional elements of air conditioning input control signals.
To quickly recharging the input containers of MOS transistors, the pulsed control current should be approximately from 1a for small and up to 7A devices in high power transistors. The coordination of the shortcoming outputs of general microcircuits (controllers, TTL or CMOS logic, etc.) with high-temperature gate is carried out using special pulse amplifiers (drivers).
The conducted driver review allowed us to identify two SI9978DW drivers of Vishay Siliconix (USA) and IR2130 from International Rectifier (USA) most suitable for managing mop transitors bridge.
These drivers have built-in protection of transistors from low supply voltage, while ensuring that the required supply voltage on MOS-transistor shutters, compatible with 5-volt CMOS and TTL logic, provide very high switching speeds, low dispersion power and can operate in bootstall mode (at frequencies from tens of Hz to hundreds of kHz), i.e. Do not require additional suspended power sources, which allows you to get a scheme with a minimum number of items.
In addition, these drivers have a built-in comparator that allows you to implement a circuit for protection against current overload, and a built-in scheme for eliminating cross-cutting currents in external MOS transistors.
The IR2130 microcircuits of International Rectifier DD5, DD6 are used as the control unit of the control unit, as other electronic components are widespread in the Russian market and the possibility of their retail acquisition.
The bridge circuit current sensor is implemented using resistors R11, R12, R37, R38 selected for the implementation of current production at 10 A.
Using the current amplifier, R7, R8, S25, C18-C20, R30, C25-C27, is implemented by feedback on phase currents of the electric motor. The layout of the Macate Sample of the Direct Action Linear Drive Control unit panel is shown in Figure 4.8.
To implement the control algorithms and quick processing of incoming information as a DD2 microcontroller, a digital Microcontroller AVR ATMEGA 32 Mega family produced by AT-MEL is used. MEGA microcontrollers are 8-bit microcontrollers. They are made by low-consisting CMOS technology, which, in combination with an improved RISC architecture, makes it possible to achieve the best performance ratio / power consumption.
