Spelling of names of organizations, institutions, enterprises, firms. How to write the names of organizations correctly? How to write the name of the organization

Writing the names of some companies and organizations is often confusing. From Russian school lessons, everyone remembers that everything is simple - with a capital letter and in quotation marks. But in practice it turns out that difficulties lurk at every step. In order not to get confused in the rules and get rid of doubts and mistakes once and for all, remember and save just a few simple points as a useful cheat sheet.

Large and small letters

The conventional names of firms and companies are always written with a capital letter. For example: Hermes company, Beryozka cafe. Questions begin when additional words appear in these titles. In this case, the same first word should be written with a capital letter, and the rest – with a lowercase letter.

For example: cafe "White Birch". The exceptions are those names in which proper names are in the second and other positions. For example: "Swift-winged Hermes."

Difficulty with quotation marks when writing company names

The basic principle to follow is:

• if the name is written in Cyrillic, quotes are placed;
• if in Latin - no.

Example: Sony and Sony. Interestingly, today this approach is not an official rule, but is used behind the scenes in all print and online publications.

It is a little more difficult to deal with those cases where the names are abbreviations. If we have complex abbreviated words (that is, consisting of parts of words included in them), we need to look at their meaning and the absence/presence of generic words:

• the names of government bodies do not need quotation marks: Central Election Commission, State Duma;
• various government enterprises and institutions are written without quotation marks in the absence of generic words and in quotation marks when they are present. For example: Mosgortrans and State Unitary Enterprise "Mosgortrans";
• commercial organizations are deprived of such liberties and are strictly formalized in quotation marks: “Stroyavto” and OJSC “Stroyavto”.

Abbreviations of the initial type (i.e., consisting exclusively of the first letters of the words included in the name) are usually placed in quotation marks if there is a generic word (newspaper "AiF") and dispensed with if this word is not present (read in AIF).

But it should be noted that in both cases, you can use quotation marks freely, it will not be a mistake (AiF newspaper, read in AiF).

Here we can advise you to make a choice depending on the context and the proximity of other names that must or should not be used in quotation marks. For example, if you list several publications (newspapers Kommersant, Komsomolskaya Pravda, AiF), then using one of them without quotes will simply hurt the eye.

When are quotes not needed?

We always write names without quotes:

• government agencies and political parties: Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Liberal Democratic Party;
• international organizations: UN, WHO;
• educational and scientific institutions: MGIMO;
• entertainment venues: Moscow Art Theater;
• sports teams: CSKA.

As you can see, there is no need to invest in tons of reference books to spell company names correctly. It is enough to learn the basic rules, and your texts will already comply with absolutely all the canons of the Russian language. And the rules of the official style, of course.

Nobody is perfect. We also make typos. If you find an error, please highlight a piece of text and click Ctrl+Enter. Thanks for the help!

Copywriter-philologist, Russian language teacher with extensive experience

This article is often read with:

A comma before the conjunction “how”: when needed and not needed. Rules with examples

The comma before the conjunction “how” is a real disaster not only for graduates taking the Unified State Exam. Even professional copywriters sin with extra commas in the face of an insidious conjunction. In this...

§ 58.1

In quotation marks stand out:

1) words that are unusual and rarely used, to which the author wants to draw attention: Petushkov "stirred up" and the soldier stretched out and wished him "health" and handed him a large package sealed with the government seal(T.);

2) words used in an unusual, special meaning: They told me that I had to live here for three more days, because "opportunity" haven’t passed from Ekaterinodar yet(L.); We went to the forest, or, as we say, to "order"(T.); "Beat" Fyodor taught me how to play a pipe to attract quails(Ax.); These were third class passengers and the so-called "deck" located on the lower bow deck near the hold. They had no right to be on the upper decks, intended exclusively for "clean" public(Cat.);

3) words representing little-known terms: Early in the spring, as soon as the snow melts and begins to dry out "rags" i.e. last year's grass, begin "fired" or forest fires(Ax.); In the evening, the hunter Ermolai and I went on a “traction”... But maybe not all my readers know what it is "thrust"(T.);

4) words are outdated or, conversely, completely new, if this feature of them is emphasized: The entire district activists gathered for the opening of the commune. "koms"(BUT.);

5) words spoken ironically: ...We honor in literature "table of ranks" and we are afraid to speak out loud about "dignitaries"(White); And the new one "relative" turned out to be just a rogue; From "booms" and recessions - to a constant crisis;

6) words from someone else’s text, quotes: True, the once correct and now still pleasant features of his face have changed a little, his cheeks have drooped, frequent wrinkles are located radially around his eyes, “there are no other teeth” as Saadi said, according to Pushkin(T.); ...Brought up in the beautiful language of my grandparents, at first I did not understand such combinations of incompatible words as “terribly funny”, “I’m dying to eat”, “terribly funny”...(M.G.); He demanded that the work be reconsidered - “since I made the necessary corrections” - and re-evaluate it; One request would be enough - "help me get out of this situation" - and everything would have gone differently; He said to himself "Just think!" and moved on; These are the actions they called "mutual assistance"; He said no "stupid" and "short-sighted"(see § 50, paragraph 3);

7) words that explain terms, expressions (meaning..., In terms of… and so on.): In the combination “radical fracture” the word radical is used in the meaning “concerning the very foundations, essential, decisive”; Good in a sense "Kind"; Expand the concept "dualism";

8) words used in a conditional meaning (in relation to a situation or context): On maneuvers "red" opposed "green"; "Enemy" applied "atomic weapons"; Meeting "Big Seven"(seven largest countries); Solid "harvest" our athletes collected Olympic medals; Conquer "gold", divide "silver", limit yourself "bronze"(in sports press); Political commentators for "round table".

Wed. Also: "barrel"(in aviation); "boiler"(in military affairs); "green Street"(among railway workers and figuratively); "White gold"(cotton); "White paper"(collection of documents); "bat"(portable kerosene lantern); "lightning"(urgent release at the printing house); "great mute"(subsonic cinema); class "A"; vitamin A"(But: vitamins ABC - letters); be on "you".

Recently, as such expressions become commonplace, they are placed in quotation marks less and less often. For example, they began to write without quotes: rush hours; vote for and against; work perfectly; living newspaper and etc.

However, excessive use of quotation marks still occurs in a number of cases. Thus, in an article under the symptomatic title “Insult with quotation marks” (Lit. newspaper. 1980. June 18) it was rightly noted that there is no reason to use quotation marks in such sentences: ...The pathogenic microorganisms themselves change and “get used” to the drugs; Manages to deliver books by hook or by crook; For a sharp change in climate is a rather strong “shock” for the human body; ...Any norms, especially those established without proper justification, will always “infringe” on the interests of representatives of a particular genre; French athletes arrived on a “return visit” and so on.

At the same time, one cannot help but mention the positive role of quotation marks in their evaluative and stylistic function.

§ 58.2

For the use of quotation marks in direct speech, see § 47, in quotations - § 54, in dialogue - § 51, paragraph 2.

§ 59. Names of literary works, press organs, enterprises, etc.

In quotation marks stand out:

1) names of literary works, newspapers, magazines, musical works, paintings, etc.: the novel “War and Peace”, the story “Steppe”, the story “Kashtanka”, the poem “Borodino”, “Ode to Sports” by Pierre de Coubertin, the newspaper “Komsomolskaya Pravda”, the magazine “New World”, the opera “Khovanshchina”, the ballet “Swan” lake", painting "Morning in a pine forest", "Kamarinskaya"(dance); The same in foreign language names: newspapers L'Humanité, Noyes Doinland, Morning Star, Time, Cosmopolitan magazine;

2) names of factories, factories, mines, mines, ships, hotels, organizations, etc.: "Women's Fashion" factory, "Bogatyr" plant, "Original" printing house, "Severnaya 2-bis" mine, "Teatralnaya" metro station, "Alexander Pushkin" motor ship, "Potemkin" battleship, "Aurora" cruiser, "Metropol" hotel , Prosveshcheniye publishing house, Dynamo sports society, Neftegazstroy trust, Proektstroymekhanizatsiya management, Zarya company, Conversion JSC, Mosfilm film studio, Rossiya cinema; the same in foreign names: the General Motors Corporation concern, the La Scala and Covent Garden theaters, the musical troupe Teatra Musicale della Citta di Roma, and the Columbia Broadcasting Systems television company.

Note. Not in quotation marks: 1) proper names, if they are not conventional: Moscow State University named after. M. V. Lomonosov, Vladimir Pedagogical Institute, Moscow Puppet Theater, Izmailovo Park of Culture and Leisure, Institute of Linguistics of the Russian Academy of Sciences; 2) names of enterprises, institutions, departments, etc., which are a compound abbreviated word formed from the full official name: Dneproges, Mosstroy, Giproniizdrav, Stalproekt, NIIpoligrafmash, AvtoVAZ; 3) names of enterprises, indicated by a number or consisting of abbreviations and numbers: mine No. 2-bis, ATE-1 plant; 4) names that contain words name, memory: theater named after N.V. Gogol, hospital named after S.P. Botkin; 5) names of telegraph agencies: Interfax, Agence France Presse; 6) foreign language names of organizations and institutions, consisting of abbreviations: BBC(English radio station), CNN(American television and radio company); 7) names of books, newspapers and magazines in bibliographic lists, footnotes: Chukovsky K. Alive as life. M., 1962; News. 1996. 20 Dec.

§ 60. Names of orders and medals

§ 60.1

The names of orders and medals are highlighted in quotation marks, if the names themselves are syntactically independent of the words order and medal: Order “For Merit to the Fatherland”, Order “For Military Merit”, Medal “For Distinction in the Protection of the State Border”, Medal “For Victory over Germany in the Great Patriotic War of 1941-1945”. Wed. Also: badge "Excellence in Public Education".

§ 60.2

If the name syntactically depends on the preceding word order, then it is not highlighted in quotation marks: Order of Courage, Order of Zhukov, Order of the Patriotic War, 1st degree, Ushakov Medal, St. George Cross insignia; Also: Order of the Renaissance of Poland, Order of the Legion of Honor(France), etc.

Names in combinations are not highlighted in quotation marks Gold Star of the Hero of the Soviet Union, GTO badge and etc.

§ 61. Names of brands of machines, industrial products, etc.

§ 61.1

In quotation marks names stand out:

1) cars: “Volga”, “Chaika”, “ZIL-130”, “Zhiguli”, “Cadillac”, “Mercedes”;

2) aircraft: "Ilya Muromets", "Polikarpov-2" ("PO-2"), "Il-76" ("IL-76"), "Tu-154" ("TU-154") etc. (in specialized literature, abbreviated names are written without quotation marks: Il-76, Tu-154, An-24, MiG-15, U-2, Yak-9); everyday, colloquial nicknames of aircraft are written in quotation marks with lowercase letters: "corn grower"(U-2), "blinking"(MiG-15), "hawk"(Yak-9); official names of aircraft of foreign companies (the name is accompanied by a digital designation) are written with capital letters: "Messerschmitt-109", "Focke-Wulf-189"; their colloquial names (without digital designations) are written with lowercase letters: "Messerschmitt" ("Messer"), "Fokker";

3) ships: cruiser "Peter the Great", icebreaker "Ermak";

4) tanks: "Panther", "Ferdinand", "Thirty-Four"(colloquial);

5) machine guns, mortars, etc.: "Maxim", "Katyusha", "Kalashnikov"(colloquial);

6) means of space exploration: spacecraft "Vostok-1", interplanetary station "Luna-3", communications satellite "Molniya-1", surface-to-air rocket, matador-type rocket and so on.;

7) combines, tractors, household machines, etc.: combine "Sibiryak", tractor "KhTZ", razor "Kharkov", washing machine "Vyatka", camera "Zorkiy".

§ 61.2

In quotation marks The names of various products (confectionery, household, perfume, technical, etc.) are highlighted: candies “Cornflower”, “Southern Nut”, “Bear Clubfoot”(But: Napoleon cakes, eclair - common names); perfume “Flowers of Russia”, cologne “Red Poppy”, cream “Metamorphosis”, toothpaste “Arbat”, washing powder “Myth”, filter “Spring”, computer “Agate”.

§ 62. Names of plant varieties

In quotation marks The names of crops, flowers, etc. are highlighted: rye “Kharkovskaya-194”, wheat “Krymka”, strawberry “Victoria”, dahlia “Svetlana”, gladiolus “Elegy”.

§ 63. Names of animal breeds

The names of animal breeds are not highlighted in quotation marks: Kholmogory cow; Saint Bernard dogs, Doberman pinscher; horses Bityug, Oryol trotter; Cochin chickens.

They are not marked with quotation marks, but are written with capital letters of animal names: horse Emerald, cow Belyanka, dog Trezor, cat Vaska, bear cub Borka, elephant Manka.

Names and titles

How to correctly use quotation marks in proper names

To answer the question of when names are placed in quotation marks, it is necessary to find out what types of proper names exist. The names can be divided into two large groups:

1. Compound names that are not conventional – real proper names(in the terminology of A.V. Superanskaya). In such names, all words are used in their literal meaning. Such names are not highlighted with quotation marks; in them the first word and the proper names included in the name are written with a capital letter. For example: State Russian Museum, Moscow Drama Theater on Malaya Bronnaya, Peoples' Friendship University of Russia, St. Petersburg State University, Moscow Printing House No. 2, Federal Agency for Press and Mass Communications, Russian Football Union, State Prize, Guinness Book of Records, Great Patriotic War, Peter's era.

2. Conventional (symbolic) names enclosed in quotation marks.

Real proper names and conventional names differ in syntactic compatibility. Wed: Bolshoi Theater, Theater of Satire, Theater in the South-West – These are real proper names, they have syntactic compatibility, quotes are not needed. But: theater "Sovremennik", theater "School of Modern Play" - conventional names that are not syntactically combined with the generic word. They are enclosed in quotation marks. Likewise: Friendship Park, But: Sokolniki Park", Communist Party of the Russian Federation, But: Yabloko party etc.

Note: real proper names can also be used in combination with a generic name (most often a designation of the organizational and legal form) and at the same time put in quotation marks, but when used without a generic name they, unlike conventional names, are written without quotes, cf.:

Moscow printing house No. 2 And OJSC "Moscow Printing House No. 2";

Russian Academy of National Economy and Public Administration under the President of the Russian Federation And Federal State Budgetary Educational Institution of Higher Education "Russian Academy of National Economy and Public Administration under the President of the Russian Federation";

Presidential Library named after B. N. Yeltsin And Federal State Budgetary Institution "Presidential Library named after B. N. Yeltsin";

City of Military Glory And honorary title "City of Military Glory".

In contrast to them, conventional names enclosed in quotation marks both in the presence of a generic word and in its absence, cf.: "Apple" And Yabloko party, "Locomotive" And football club "Lokomotiv", "Contemporary" And Sovremennik Theater, "Forest distances" And boarding house "Lesnye Dali", "Romashka" And LLC "Romashka" etc.

Let us list the main semantic groups of conventional names enclosed in quotation marks (the list is far from exhaustive):

titles organizations, institutions, enterprises, joint-stock companies, firms, etc.: publishing house "Children's Literature"(But: OJSC "Publishing House "Children's Literature""), Radonezh gymnasium, Rossiya hotel, Sweet Island confectionery factory, Ural Airlines. The names of firms, companies, banks, etc., written in Latin letters, are not enclosed in quotation marks: Intel, Fashion LLC, Air France and British Airways, Carven beauty salon, La Fontana restaurant, Tabula Rasa club. Writing abbreviated names of institutions, organizations (complex abbreviated words and initial abbreviations, for example: Promsvyazbank, Rosoboronexport, MTS etc.) is dedicated separately.

titles political parties: parties “Yabloko”, “Civil Power”, “United Russia”, “A Just Russia”.

titles domestic news agencies: Interfax news agency, Rossiya Segodnya news agency (FSUE MIA Rossiya Segodnya). The names of foreign news agencies are traditionally not placed in quotation marks: Agence France-Presse, United Press International.

titles entertainment enterprises and institutions(theaters, cinemas, exhibition centers, etc.): cinema chains “Formula Kino”, “Cinema Star”, cinema “Five Stars”, theaters “Sovremennik”, “School of Modern Play”, Central Exhibition Hall “Manege”,Center for Children's Creativity "Theater on the Embankment", Theater Center "On Strastnom", festival "Kinotavr".

titles museums: museum-estate of L. N. Tolstoy “Yasnaya Polyana”(But: State Memorial and Nature Reserve "Museum-Estate of L. N. Tolstoy "Yasnaya Polyana""), Kolomenskoye Museum-Reserve, Battle of Borodino Panorama Museum, Presnya Historical and Memorial Museum. note: the names of foreign museums and art galleries are written without quotation marks, such as: Prado Museum, Orsay Museum, Uffizi Gallery and etc.

titles musical groups:chamber orchestra “Moscow Virtuosi”, groups “The Beatles”, “Rolling Stones”, “Factory”, “Strelki”, “City 312”.

titles sports societies, teams, clubs: football clubs “Spartak”, “Zenit”, “Lokomotiv”, “Barcelona”, “Manchester United”, “Lazio”, “Beitar”, “Anderlecht”, hockey teams “Salavat Yulaev”, “Severstal”, “Ak Bars” . However, abbreviated names are written without quotation marks: CSKA, SKA(for more information about abbreviated names, see).

titles orders, medals, awards, insignia, honorary titles: Orders “For Merit to the Fatherland”, “For Military Merit”, “Parental Glory”; insignia “For Impeccable Service”; Medal of the Order "For Merit to the Fatherland"; medals “For Courage”, “Defender of Free Russia”, “For Distinction in Protecting the State Border”; honorary title "People's Artist of the Russian Federation"(but without the generic word: award the People's Artist of the Russian Federation), Golden Mask Award, Oscar Award.

titles periodicals(newspapers, magazines): newspapers “Arguments and Facts”, “Moskovsky Komsomolets”, magazines “Ogonyok”, “Russian Language Abroad”, "Nezavisimaya Gazeta", "Russian Journal". About abbreviated names ( AiF or "AiF") cm. ). If the name is written in Latin (including if it is an initial abbreviation of Latin letters), quotation marks are not needed: newspapers Financial Times, Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung; magazines GQ, FHM.

titles TV channels, radio stations: TV channels "Russia", "Russia - Culture", "Match TV", radio stations "Echo of Moscow", "Vesti FM", radio channel "Radio Russia". However, channel names that are initial-type abbreviations are usually written without quotation marks, for example: NTV, STS, TNT. Name First channel is also not enclosed in quotation marks (the title contains agreement with the word channel). But: Open Joint Stock Company "Channel One".

titles documents: Decree of the President of the Russian Federation dated December 31, 2015 N 683 “On the National Security Strategy of the Russian Federation”, decrees of the President of the Russian Federation dated January 15, 2016 N 12 “Issues of the Ministry of Finance of the Russian Federation” and dated February 2, 2016 N 41 “ On some issues of state control and supervision in the financial and budgetary sphere”, Decree of the President of the Russian Federation dated March 8, 2016 N 39-rp “On holding the St. Petersburg International Legal Forum”, Federal Constitutional Law dated February 7, 2011 N 1-FKZ “On courts of general jurisdiction in the Russian Federation.”

titles literary and scientific works, works of art: the novel “War and Peace”, the film “Apotheosis of War”, the film “Moscow Does Not Believe in Tears”, the television series “Lost”, including names including generic names: “A Novel Without Lies”, “A Tale of a Real Man”, “An Optimistic Tragedy”. note: if the title of a work of art consists of two titles connected by a conjunction or, then a comma is placed before the conjunction, and the first word of the second name is written with a capital letter: "Irony of Fate or Enjoy Your Bath".Don't put them in quotes and write with lowercase letters such names as collected works, selected works, if they are used to mean the type of publication: in all collected works of A. S. Pushkin. If we are talking about a specific publication that bears such a typical name, then it is written in capital letters without quotation marks: in the Complete Works of A. S. Pushkin.

titles musical works. Please note: if the gender or type of musical work is not included in the title, it is enclosed in quotation marks, the first word and the proper names included in the title are capitalized: opera “The Queen of Spades”, ballet “La Bayadère”, sonata “Appassionata”. If the title of a musical work is a combination of a generic word ( symphony, sonata etc. with a number or musical term, then it is written with a capital letter, but is not enclosed in quotation marks: Shostakovich's Seventh Symphony, Chopin's Second Ballade, String Quartet No. 3.

titles natural Disasters(hurricanes, typhoons, tornadoes): Typhoon Judy, Hurricane Katrina, Storm Noel, Cyclone Sidr.

titles production brands of technical products (cars, aircraft, instruments, etc.): Volga and Toyota cars, Ruslan and Boeing 747 planes, Indesit washing machine, Ardo gas stove. The spelling of such names is regulated by reference manuals, but nowadays polynomial names of technical products are becoming increasingly common (cf.: Sukhoi Superjet 100 aircraft). The spelling of names of this type is almost not reflected in spelling reference books and experiences significant fluctuations in the modern Russian language. Names written in Latin are not enclosed in quotation marks, for example: Kraftway Idea personal computers, Apple iMac, Blackview BV8000 Pro smartphone, Canon A410 camera, Campaver Bains heated towel rail, Mitsubishi Colt, Chevrolet Lacetti, Daewoo Matiz, Mazda 323, Peugeot 207 cars. See below for more information on spelling car names.

titles means of space exploration, military equipment: shuttle Discovery, shuttle Atlantis, hub module Prichal, ballistic missile Topol, anti-aircraft missile system Buk, strike complex Iskander-M.

titles medicines, medical supplies. Please note: when used as a trademark, the names of medicines should be written with a capital letter in quotation marks: "Arbidol", "Influvac", "Aflubin", "Fervex", and in everyday use - with a lowercase letter without quotation marks, for example: drink Fervex, take Viagra. Some names of drugs that have come into wide use due to many years of use are also written with a lowercase letter without quotation marks ( validol, analgin, aspirin).

titles trademarks, conventional names of food, perfume and other goods, including alcoholic beverages. Please note: when used as a trademark, the names of food products are written with a capital letter in quotation marks: “Creamy” waffles, “Potato” cake, salad “Chinese”, “Lyubitelsky” carbonade, “Mozzarella” cheese, “Tartar” sauce, “Bailey’s” liqueur, “Beaujolais Nouveau” wine, “Cinzano Bianco” vermouth, “Black Card” coffee. The names of products in household use are written with a lowercase letter without quotation marks: amateur sausage, Borodino bread, Olivier salad, potato cake. Without quotation marks, the names of varieties of wines, mineral waters and other drinks are written with a lowercase letter: Merlot, Chardonnay, Riesling, Port, Borjomi. Names written in Latin letters are not enclosed in quotation marks: Global Village juice, Staropramen beer, Oro Verde olives, Christian Lacroix Rouge eau de parfum, Palmolive shower gel, Armani jeans, Dolce Gabbana jacket.

titles types and varieties of crops, vegetables, flowers etc. – terms of agronomy and gardening. Unlike the names listed above, these names are written in quotation marks with a lowercase letter: Victoria strawberries, Chardonnay grapes, Black Prince tulip. In specialized literature, such names are written without quotation marks and with a capital letter: apricot Dionysus, zucchini Uncle Fedor, Brilliant raspberries, Chardonnay grapes.

As evidenced by the requests of users of our Help Desk, writing car names. Let's tell you more about them.

In the complete academic reference book “Rules of Russian spelling and punctuation”, ed. V.V. Lopatin recommended writing the names of car brands in quotation marks with a capital letter: cars "Volga", "Volvo", "Toyota", and the names of the cars themselves as technical products - with a lowercase letter in quotation marks (except for names that coincide with proper names - personal and geographical). For example: "Moskvich", "Toyota", "Volvo" But: "Volga", "Oka", "Tavria"(the same as proper names, so they are written with a capital letter). Exceptions: "Lada", "Mercedes"(the same as proper names, but written with lowercase). However, in practice, it is often difficult to distinguish in which case the name is the name of the car brand, and in which the name of the technical product: He prefers Toyota to all cars. In controversial cases, the decision to write with a capital or lowercase letter is made by the author of the text.

In everyday use, the names of vehicles are written with a lowercase letter without quotation marks, for example: I arrived in an old Muscovite (a luxury Cadillac). Colloquial names of cars with diminutive suffixes are also written without quotation marks, for example: Muscovite, Ford, UAZ.

Abbreviated names (combined with and without numbers) are written without quotation marks: ZIL, VAZ-2114, UAZ, KamAZ.

Ambiguous names (car make and model), written in Cyrillic, are enclosed in quotation marks and written with a hyphen, while all parts of the name are written with a capital letter: "Lada Priora", “Toyota Corolla”, “Renault Megane”, “Nissan Teana”, “Hyundai Getz”, “Nissan Almera Classic”, “Suzuki Grand Vitara”. But: "Volkswagen Beetle"(roll call with a common noun).

Names written in Latin are not enclosed in quotation marks: cars Toyota Yaris, Peugeot 306, Daewoo Matiz, Lada Priora.

Numerous questions about the appropriateness of using quotation marks also arise when writing some proper names in the narrow sense of the term - names and nicknames of people, animal names, as well as geographical names. We will try to answer the most frequently asked questions.

nicknames written without quotation marks and in cases where the nickname comes after the name (Vsevolod the Big Nest, Richard the Lionheart), and then when the nickname is located between the first and last names: Garik Bulldog Kharlamov.

animal names are not enclosed in quotation marks and are written with a capital letter: the dog Barbos, the cat Matroskin, the kitten Woof, the lion Boniface. However, if individual names are used as general names of animals, they are written with a lowercase letter: murka, bug, watchdog, savraska, burenka. The names of animal breeds are also written with a lowercase letter without quotation marks: Kholmogorka cow, poodle dog.

names of railway stations, train stations are written without quotation marks, all words are written in them with a capital letter, except for generic designations: stations Fili, Uzlovaya, Podsolnechnaya, 125 km, Stroitel, Dachnaya, Rabochy Poselok; Ladozhsky railway station.

airport names reference manuals recommend writing without quotation marks, but in recent years there has been a strong tendency to enclose these names in quotation marks. Perhaps such writing will soon be recognized as normative. However, now it is better to write without quotes: airports Sheremetyevo, Domodedovo, Pulkovo, Boryspil.

names of metro stations and ground transport stops are enclosed in quotation marks (in texts, but not on maps and diagrams and not at the stations and stops themselves!), the first word of such names is written with a capital letter (it may be the only one), as well as all those words that are written with a capital letter in composition of the corresponding toponyms: metro stations “Fili”, “Pionerskaya”, “Sviblovo”; “Vyborgskaya”, “Avtovo”, “Elektrosila”; “Prospekt Mira”, “Kuznetsky Most”, “Okhotny Ryad”; “Gostiny Dvor”, “Old Village”; “Street of 1905”, “Sparrow Hills”, “Sretensky Boulevard”, “Filyovsky Park”; "Ligovsky Prospekt", "Technological Institute"; stops "School", "Children's Clinic", "Novopetrovskaya Street", "Prospekt Stroiteley".

names of districts, microdistricts(urban microtoponymic names) are written without quotation marks: districts of Marfino, Kurkino, Lyublino, Moskvorechye-Saburovo, Biryulyovo Western. However, they are enclosed in quotation marks conventional names of residential areas, areas and individual houses followed by words residential area, residential complex (residential complex), HOA (homeowners' association), SZD (social residential building) etc., for example: residential area "Parus", residential area "Pobeda", residential complex "Breeze", residential complex "Dom on Mosfilmovskaya", HOA "Novobrodovsky", SZD "Maryino", farm "Stolyarovo", substation "Dachnaya".

names of directions, routes, trains are subject to the following rule: when indicating spatial limits, a dash is placed between geographical names. Names are written in capital letters without quotation marks. For example: highway Moscow - St. Petersburg, train Samara - Penza, route Moscow - Uglich - Moscow, oil pipeline Eastern Siberia - Pacific Ocean. However, they are enclosed in quotation marks train names; highways, highways; oil pipelines, gas pipelines and so on.: branded trains “Zhiguli”, “Vologda Dawns”, “Nevsky Express”; highways “Kholmogory”, “Caspian”, “Don”, “Ural”, “Crimea”, “Ussuri”; Blue Stream gas pipeline, Druzhba oil pipeline.

Reference books used:

Rules of Russian spelling and punctuation. Complete academic reference book / Ed. V.V. Lopatina. M., 2006 (and later editions).

Lopatin V.V., Nechaeva I.V., Cheltsova L.K. Uppercase or lowercase? Orthographic dictionary. M., 2011.

Milchin A. E., Cheltsova L. K. Directory of the publisher and author: Editorial-ed. publication design. – 4th ed. – M., 2014.

Rosenthal D. E. Handbook of the Russian language. Uppercase or lowercase? – 7th ed. – M., 2005.

Handbook on the preparation of normative legal acts in the Administration of the President of the Russian Federation (as of April 5, 2016).

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And again a question, and again we need advice from your magazine! I studied, studied to become a clerk for 5 years, worked in my specialty for N number of years, but I still struggle with the issue of correct spelling of the job title in relation to the name of the department and/or company. It's easier to explain with a specific example. There is a position: chief specialist of the company’s office management sector (each word is intentionally written in small letters). Agree, there are a lot of options for spelling each word. But what is true, both from the point of view of the grammar of the Russian language and from the point of view of writing in office work?

And then, the name of the position can be formalized either as a separate requisite or used in the text of the document, and, as I understand it, depending on the situation, different spellings of words are used. For example, we format the “signature” attribute as “General Director”, and in the text of the letter we write “general” with a small letter.

Once again, I will be grateful to you for your qualified answer, because it’s so nice to defend your point of view with complete confidence, and if you have something else to refer to, that’s generally great!

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Where: delo@site
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At our enterprise, in official documents, managers, executives, and normative inspectors believe that the words “general director” and “deputy general director” should be written in capital letters, not lowercase ones. Proving the opposite, I refer to the rules of the Russian language, but this does not convince them; GOST R.30-2003 says nothing about this. Please indicate the regulatory documents (not recommendations) with which I can operate.

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Where: delo@site
Subject: Free consultations for subscribers

Please provide clarification on the use of the feminine gender for writing positions. Is it correct? For example, how should one write: “Head of the archive E.S. Smirnova" or "archive manager E.S. Smirnov"? I've heard different opinions on this matter, so it will be interesting to know the master's reasoning.

The only normative document containing the rules for the use of uppercase and lowercase letters in names, surnames, official names and other words are the Rules of Russian Spelling and Punctuation, approved in 1956 by the Academy of Sciences of the USSR, the Ministry of Higher Education of the USSR and the Ministry of Education of the RSFSR (hereinafter - Rules). It is on these Rules that the compilers of educational and reference literature on speech culture are based. There are two provisions in the Rules regarding job titles:

• § 95, Note 6: “ Names of ranks, titles and positions are written with a lowercase letter, for example: minister, president, marshal, honored scientist, scientific secretary, senator, state councilor, pope, king, shah, khan, pasha.”
  Note 7: " Names of highest positions and honorary titles in the USSR- Chairman of the Presidium of the Supreme Council, Chairman of the Council of Ministers of the USSR, Hero of Socialist Labor, Hero of the Soviet Union, Marshal of the Soviet Union - written in capital letters».
• § 109: “In the texts of official messages and documents, the writing of the names of positions, titles, establishments, etc. with uppercase or lowercase letter determined by special departmental instructions».

From § 95 of the Rules it follows that the names of positions, except for the highest ones, are written with a lowercase letter. Therefore, such job titles as director, general director, head of department, director of department, head of department, head of department, etc., should be written with a lowercase (small) letter. The same rule applies to writing the position “chief specialist of the company’s office management sector,” in the title of which we write all words with a lowercase letter. In this example, the job title also includes the name of the structural unit (“office management sector”). The rules state (§ 106) that capital letters are used only in the names of organizations(party, government, etc.), The rules do not provide for the use of capital letters in the names of structural divisions.

Although now the practice has become widespread in large organizations to write the names of departments and departments with a capital letter, and their constituent structures (lower-level units) with a small letter. This is not provided for by the rules, but is already considered the norm everywhere. For example: “Head of the Administration Department”, “Head of the Methodology Department of the Department of Economics and Finance”.

A caveat must be made regarding job title"the president". At the time when the Rules were drawn up, there was no such position among the highest positions of our state, and currently the President of the Russian Federation is one of the highest positions, due to which we must write its name with a capital letter (I emphasize if it is specifically about the President of the Russian Federation, and not about the president of some company).

It is necessary to pay attention to § 109 of the Rules, which states that special departmental instructions may establish the use of capital or lowercase letters in the names of positions, titles, establishments, etc. This rule was used to write the position of Moscow Mayor with a capital letter:

Example 1

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As an example, I can cite a document such as the Regulations of the Moscow Government, approved by Decree of the Moscow Government of February 21, 2006 No. 112-PP, Appendix 4 to which includes the Rules for Writing Words and Phrases, which, in particular, says:

“The name of the position of Moscow Mayor is written with a capital letter.

All positions of heads of executive authorities of the city of Moscow, organizations, structural divisions of the Office of the Mayor and the Government of Moscow, officials of the executive power of the city of Moscow (except for the Mayor of Moscow) are written with a lowercase letter, for example: first deputy Mayor of Moscow in the Government of Moscow, head of the Office of the Mayor and Government Moscow, Advisor to the Mayor of Moscow, Head of the Department of Finance of the City of Moscow, Head of the Legal Department of the Moscow Government, Head of the Reception Office of the Moscow Government.”

From the above example it follows that the departmental regulatory document establishes that only one (highest) position in the structure of the executive power of a constituent entity of the Russian Federation should be written with a capital letter; for other positions, a general rule has been adopted: spelling with a lowercase letter.

As for the design of details, in particular, the “signature” detail, naturally, we use a capital letter in the first word of the job title, since each detail is a separate independent element of document design. Therefore, the author of the question is right in asserting that when registering the “signature” requisite, we write “General Director”, and in the text of the document - “general” with a small letter. And those managers, executives, and normative inspectors who believe that in the text the positions “general director” and “deputy general director” should be written in capital letters and not in lowercase letters are wrong.

At the same time, they especially often like to write positions with a capital letter in the preambles of contracts. It is correct to do this with a small letter. Although this will still not affect the legal force of the document. It is important only when indicating the position of a signatory from one organization with a capital letter that the position of a representative of another organization, out of respect for it, should also be written with a capital letter. For example: “CJSC Kholmogory”, hereinafter referred to as the Customer, represented by General Director D.O. Dolgovyazov, acting on the basis of the Charter, and Trekhglav LLC, represented by Commercial Director Kumovy K.N., acting on the basis of a power of attorney... "

Now let’s look at using the feminine gender when writing job titles. How correct: “Head of the archive E.S. Smirnova" or "archive manager E.S. Smirnov"?

In Russian, nouns denoting persons by profession, position, occupation, rank are divided into several groups:

• Words that do not have pair formations: teacher, judge, lawyer, manager, associate professor, professor, candidate of sciences, competition laureate, specialist, consultant, lawyer, head of department, director, etc. In official speech, nouns of this group retain the masculine form even in cases when they refer to persons female. For example: “teacher Petrova N.N. proposed...", "Professor Mikhailova R.O. published a monograph...", "Anisimova V.A. accepted to the position of head of the confidential records management department,” etc.
• Words that have pair formations: teacher - teacher, weaver - weaver, pilot - pilot. As a rule, paired formations are found in nouns that denote persons in professions or types of activity that are equally characteristic of men and women. But, Despite the presence of feminine forms, in official communication preference is given to the masculine form, for example, in the text of the document: “A.V. Petrova was hired as a primary school teacher.”
  In other styles of speech, feminine nouns are used in cases where it is impossible to show by other means that we are talking about female persons, for example: “The team of our basketball players won a convincing victory.”
• Words that have pair formations, used primarily in colloquial speech. These are mainly nouns ending in -sha and -ikha: doctor, usher, secretary, director, professor, elevator operator, doctor, janitor, watchwoman, etc.
  For the most part, such words are colloquial, often have a disparaging connotation, and therefore are used very limitedly. Only some words of this group have a neutral expressive-evaluative connotation: dressmaker, weaver, manicurist (since they are the only designations of professions).

When using nouns denoting female persons by profession, position, occupation, rank, in the texts of official documents, it is necessary to take into account that:

• a masculine noun is used regardless of the gender of the person occupying the corresponding position, profession, etc., that is, regardless of the gender of the person it is written: “the head of the department prepared a report on the results of work for the year”; “the senior auditor is included in the commission for auditing the activities of the branch”; “The general director held negotiations with representatives of the customer”;
• a masculine noun is used if the female surname of the person holding a position, profession, etc. is indicated, and the predicate is put in the feminine form: “chief accountant Slavina A.P. endorsed the draft order"; “Leading specialist Kosheleva E.A. sent on a business trip";
• The use of the first part of a complex job title in the feminine gender does not correspond to the norms of literary language: “senior expert”, “junior technologist”, “leading auditor”.

Note 1.Usually capitalizes the first word of each line in poems regardless of the presence or absence of punctuation at the end of the previous line.

Note 2. After an ellipsis, which does not end the sentence, but indicates a break in speech, the first word is written with a lowercase letter, for example: And this week I have ... Togo ... son died(Chekhov).

Note 3.If a question mark, or an exclamation mark, or an ellipsis appears after direct speech, and in the following words of the author it is indicated who this direct speech belongs to, then after the named marks the first word is written with a lowercase letter, For example:

- Yes, he fights nicely ! - G said Bulba, stopping(Gogol).

- You have to live ? - V sighing, asks Migun(M. Gorky).

- The wind should blow now ... - G Sergey says(M. Gorky).

§ 93. The first word following the exclamation mark placed after the address or interjection at the beginning of the sentence is written with a capital letter, for example:

Oh Volga! P after many years I brought you greetings again(Nekrasov).

Oh! P I wish this night would pass quickly(Chekhov).

Note. The word following an exclamation mark placed after an interjection in the middle of a sentence is written with a lowercase letter, for example:

I still cannot forget two old men of the last century, whom, Alas! T not anymore(Gogol).

§ 94. The first word after the colon is written with a capital letter:

1. If this is the beginning of direct speech, for example:

   Having pushed me into the kitchen, Boleslav said in a whisper : "Eh then a man from Paris, with an important assignment, he needs to see Korolenko, so you go, arrange it...”(M. Gorky).

2. If this is the beginning of a quotation, which is an independent sentence, and the first word of the quotation begins a sentence in the quoted text, for example:

   He opened the book and read : "ABOUT Pushkin spent the autumn of 1830 in Boldin.”

   Note. A quotation included in a sentence as a continuation of it is written with a lowercase letter, for example:

   Once upon a time, somewhere, it was beautifully said that “a story is an episode from the boundless poem of human destinies.” This is very true; Yes, the story is a novel broken into parts, into thousands of parts, a chapter torn out of a novel.(Belinsky).

3. If this is the beginning of separate sections of text, starting with a paragraph and ending with a period (see §128).

§ 95.First names, patronymics, surnames, pseudonyms, nicknames are written in capital letters., For example: Alexander Sergeevich Pushkin, Pavel Ivanovich Melnikov (Andrey Pechersky), Macbeth, Ivan groznyj, Scipio the Elder, Ivan Ring, Nightingale the Robber, Richard the Lionheart, Vladimir Red Sun, Peter the First (Peter I).

Note 1. Articles and particles with foreign surnames and names are written with a lowercase letter, for example: d'Artois, van Beethoven, de Valera, Leonardo da Vinci, von der Goltz, La Motte, Baudouin de Courtenay, de la Barthe, Abd el Kerim, Kor-ogly, Izmail Bey.

Articles and particles merged with surnames, as well as those that are attached to the surname with a hyphen, are written with a capital letter, for example: Lafontaine, Lavoisier, Vancouver, MacDonald, Van Dyck. All surnames starting with O(attached to the surname with an apostrophe) and with poppy- , Sep- , san-, For example: O'Connor, McMahon, Saint-Simon, de Saint-Moran, San Martin.

Note 2.Chinese surnames(they come before names) are written together, regardless of the number of syllables, and begin with a capital letter. In Chinese names(stand after last names) the first part begins with a capital letter, the second, if there is one, is written with a lowercase letter and is joined to the first with a hyphen, for example: Qiao(surname) Guan-hua(Name), Zhan Hai-fu, Chen Yi.

In personal surnames and given names of Koreans, Vietnamese, Burmese and Indonesians All parts are written with a capital letter and are not connected by a hyphen, for example: Ho Chi Minh, U Well, Koh Tun, Aung San, U Nu Mung, Takin Kode Hmeing.

Note 3. Individual names of people, which have turned from proper names into common nouns, are written with a lowercase letter, for example: Lovelace, Don Juan, Maecenas, mentor.

But if such names of people are only used in a common noun sense, but have not turned into common nouns, then they are written with a capital letter, for example:

The Russian land can give birth to its own Platos and quick-witted Newtons(Lomonosov);

It's not every day that Gogols and Shchedrins are born.

Note 4. Individual names of people, used in a contemptuous sense as a generic name, are written with a lowercase letter, for example: Azefs, quislings.

Note 5. The names of objects and phenomena formed from the names or surnames of people are written with a lowercase letter, for example: ohm, ampere, pendant(physical units), ford(automobile), Browning, Mauser(types of automatic pistols), French, riding breeches(types of clothing), napoleon(cake).

Note 6. The names of ranks, titles and positions are written with a lowercase letter, for example: minister, the president, marshal, Honored Scientist, Scientific Secretary, senator, State Councillor, dad, king, Shah, khan, Pasha.

Note 7. Names of highest positions and honorary titles in the USSR - Chairman of the Presidium of the Supreme Council, Chairman of the Council of Ministers of the USSR, Hero of Socialist Labor, Hero of the Soviet Union, Marshal of the Soviet Union- written in capital letters.

§ 96. Individual names related to the fields of religion and mythology, For example: Christ, Buddha, Zeus, Venus, Wotan, Perun, Moloch.

Note. Individual names of mythological creatures that have become common nouns are written with a lowercase letter, for example: Moloch of imperialism.

§ 97. Written with a capital letter individual names of animals (nicknames), For example: Emerald, Canvas meter(horses); Pestryanka, Belyanka(cows); Lady, Kashtanka, Scatter(dogs); Murka, Grey(cats).

Note. Individual names used as names of animal species are written with a lowercase letter, for example: brownie(cow), bear(bear), watchdog(dog).

§ 98. The names of characters, expressed by names that usually have the meaning of common nouns, are written with a capital letter in fables, dramatic and other works of art, for example: Hermit, Bear, Donkey, Cannons, Sail(in Krylov's fables); Goblin, Snow Maiden, Father Frost(in “The Snow Maiden” by Ostrovsky); Falcon, Already(from M. Gorky); Someone in Gray(from L. Andreev).

§ 99.Adjectives are capitalized, formed from individual names of people, mythological creatures, etc. (see §§95-98) :

1. if they are possessive in the full sense of the word (i.e. they express the belonging of something to a given person, mythological creature) and contain the suffix -s (-ev) or -in(without subsequent suffix -sk-), For example: Marx's "Capital", Dalev dictionary, Zeus's wrath, Lisa's work;
2. if they are part of names equal in meaning to the “name”, “memory” of such and such, for example: Lomonosov readings.

Note 1. Adjectives formed from individual names of people are written with a lowercase letter:

1. unless they are fully possessive, for example: Pushkin style, Suvorov tactics, x-ray room, adam's apple, Graves' disease, pasteur station, Sisyphean labor, Aesopian language, Procrustean bed,
2. if they are possessive in the full sense, but contain a suffix -ovsk- (-evsk-) or -insk-; For example: Tolstoy's estate, Turgenev's "Notes of a Hunter", Pushkin apartment.

Note 2.Adverbs derived from individual names of people are always written with a lowercase letter, For example: in Pushkin's style, in Suvorov style.

§ 100.Individual names of astronomical and geographical objects are written with a capital letter(including the names of states and their administrative and political parts), streets, buildings.

If these names are composed of two or more words, then all words are written with a capital letter, except for function words and generic names, such as: island, cape, sea, star, bay, constellation, comet, Street, square etc., or ordinal designations of luminaries ( alpha, beta etc.), for example:

Astronomical names:

Mars, Capricorn, Northern Crown, star of Archduke Charles, constellation Canis Major, Alpha Ursa Minor, beta Libra.

Note. Words Sun, moon, Earth are written with a capital letter when they are used as astronomical names, for example: The following planets orbit the Sun: Mercury, Venus, Earth (with its satellite Moon), Mars, Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, Neptune and Pluto; Earth's rotation period, But: tillage, sunrise.

1 Word Kremlin capitalized when it is the proper name of a city district, for example: Moscow is located in a ring: the Kremlin is in the center, then China Town, etc. But: In Pskov, like in other Russian cities, there is a Kremlin(Here Kremlin- a common noun meaning strength).

Geographical administrative-territorial and other names:

Pamir, Pyrenees, Dardanelles, North Pole, Tropic of Cancer, New Guinea, Saint Helena, Queen Charlotte Island, Balearic Islands, Balkan Peninsula, Cape Chelyuskin, Cape of Good Hope, Isthmus of Corinth, Lesser Alps, Rocky Mountains, Main Caucasus Range, Klyuchevskaya Sopka, Mount Magnitnaya, Atlantic Ocean, Baltic Sea, Laptev sea, strait of Gibraltar, Onega Bay, Ladoga lake, Great Salt Lake, Lake Baikal, Blue Nile, Belaya River, Moscow River, Volga-Don Canal, Georgian Military Road, Union of Soviet Socialist Republics, West-Kazakhstan region, Novgorod-Seversky, Askania-Nova, Pokrovskoye-Streshnevo, Kremlin 1 , Mokhovaya street, Gorkogo Street, Highway Entuziastov, Komsomolskaya Square, Vosstaniya Square, Big Stone Bridge, Lieutenant Schmidt Bridge, Summer garden, Borovitsky Gate.

In the official names of the Soviet republics and people's democracies the word republic written with a capital letter, for example: Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic, Bashkir Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic, People's Republic of China, People's Republic of Bulgaria.

Unofficial names of states and their parts, figurative names of geographical objects are also written with a capital letter, for example: Soviet Union, Country of Soviets, Soviet Bashkiria, Poltava region, Trans-Urals, White stone(Moscow).

Nouns that are part of complex proper names and conventionally name an object are written with a capital letter, for example: Golden Horn(bay), Czech Forest(mountains), Red Village(city), Small Hummocks(Street), Big Dipper(constellation).

Note 1. Names of cardinal directions ( north, south, East, west, southeast, northwest etc.) are written with a lowercase letter, for example: the ship headed south and then turned west.

But when they replace territorial names, they are written with a capital letter, for example: languages ​​of the peoples of the North and East.

Note 2. Articles and particles found at the beginning of foreign-language geographical names are written with a capital letter and appended with a hyphen, for example: Los Angeles, English Channel, Le Creusot, De-Kastri.

Note 3. Function words that are part of foreign geographical names and are in the middle of the combination are written with a lowercase letter, for example: Boulogne-sur-Mer, Piazza di San Marco.

Note 4. Foreign-language generic names included in geographical names are written with a capital letter, with the exception of those that have become part of the Russian language, for example: Amu Darya, Rio Negro(Although Daria And Rio means “river”), but: Varanger fjord, De Longfiord(word fiord exists in Russian as a geographical term).

Note 5. Geographical names used in a figurative sense retain their capitalization, for example: Munich(meaning “agreement with fascism”), Versailles(meaning “Treaty of Versailles”), Sedan(meaning “military defeat”).

Note 6. The names of animals, plants, fabrics and other objects, as well as phenomena derived from geographical names, are written with a lowercase letter, for example: Saint Bernard(dog breed), tsinandali(type of wine) Boston(fabric, dance).

§ 101.Adjectives formed from proper geographical names are capitalized:

1. if they are part of complex geographical names, for example: Moscow region;
2. if they are part of complex individual names of people as their nicknames, for example: Dimitry Donskoy, Alexander Nevskiy, Peter of Amiens;
3. if they are part of complex names of historical events, institutions, etc., the spelling of which with a capital letter is specified below (see §102).

§ 102.In the names of historical events, eras and phenomena, as well as historical documents, works of art and other material monuments, the first word, as well as the proper names included in them, is written with a capital letter.

These include names expressed by:

1. one noun, for example: October, Renaissance, Renaissance, Reformation, Domostroy; the same words can be used as common nouns, and then they are written with a lowercase letter, for example: in the 16th century the reformation affected various aspects of German culture; Renaissance style;
2. a combination of an adjective formed from a proper name with a noun, for example: Petrine reform, Sassanian era, Carolingian dynasty(But: pre-Petrine era, pre-Napoleonic wars), Edict of Nantes, Battle of Poltava, Paris Commune, Erfurt program, Lena execution, Peace of Versailles, Venus de Milo, Laurentian Chronicle;
3. any other combination with an initial adjective or numeral; For example: Long Parliament, Time of Troubles, Magna Carta, One hundred days, Seven Years' War, Third Republic, July Monarchy, Great October Socialist Revolution, The Great Patriotic War.

Names of historical events, eras, etc. that are not proper names are written with a lowercase letter, for example: paleolithic, feudalism, ancient world, Crusades, middle Ages, The Second World War.

§ 103. The first word in the names of revolutionary holidays and significant dates is written with a capital letter, for example: may Day, International Women's Day, New Year, January ninth.

If the initial ordinal number in such a complex name is written as a number, then the word following it is written with a capital letter, for example: January 9, 1st of May.

Note. Names of religious holidays and fasts, as well as days of the week, months, etc. written with a lowercase letter, for example: Christmas, Whitsuntide, Christmastide, Maslenitsa, Lent, Eid al-Adha, Thursday, September.

§ 104. In the full names of the orders, all words except the words order And degree, are written with a capital letter, for example: Order of the Red Banner of Labor, Order of the Patriotic War, 1st degree, Order of Glory II degree.