The pronoun is an independent part of speech. Its peculiarity is that it indicates an object, property, quantity, but does not name them. The word “pronoun” itself speaks of the substitutive function of this part of speech. The term is a calque from the Latin pronomen, and it is from the Greek antonymia, which literally translates “instead of a name.”
Pronouns are some of the most common words. They occupy third place in terms of frequency of use. Nouns come first, verbs come second. However, out of the 30 most frequent words, as many as 12 are pronouns. 5 of them are personal, the rest are distributed among different categories. Third person pronouns occupy an important niche in the Russian language. There are 3 of them among the most frequent words - he, she, they.
Pronoun grades
At school, the topic of pronouns begins to be studied in the 4th grade.
There are such groups of pronouns as personal, possessive, reflexive, interrogative, relative, indefinite, negative, demonstrative, attributive.
Personal pronouns denote a person or thing: I, you, he, she, it, we, you, they.
Possessives indicate belonging to someone and answer the question: “Whose?” It's mine, yours, his, hers, ours, yours, theirs and faceless - mine.
Returnable ( yourself, yourself) - to turn towards oneself.
Interrogative ( who, what, when etc.) are used in interrogative sentences.
Relative (the same who what etc., but in subordinate clauses) play the role of allied words.
Uncertain (to something, somebody, some etc.) are used when we do not know the quantity, object or attribute.
Negative ( nobody, nobody, nowhere etc.) indicate the absence of all of the above.
Demonstratives direct our attention to specific objects and signs, and attributives ( myself, all, other etc.) - help to clarify them.
Face category
The category of person shows the relation of the action to the speaker. It is possessed by verbs and some pronouns. As you know, there are 3 persons. The first person indicates the speaker(s) or affiliation with the speaker(s): me, we, my, our. Second person - on the interlocutor(s) or belonging to the interlocutor(s): you, you, your, your. Third - indicates the object, phenomenon or person being discussed or belonging to this person(s). What pronouns refer to the 3rd person? He, she, it, they, his, her, theirs.
Personal and possessive pronouns have a category of person. Personal pronouns can be associated with nouns. They perfectly replace them in sentences and have the same categories: gender, number and case. They indicate an object, phenomenon or person and play the role of the subject in a sentence. And possessives are similar to adjectives. They also have gender, number and case, but agree with nouns and indicate the attribute of an object - its belonging.
Personal pronouns
Personal pronouns play a huge role in language. Every child’s self-awareness begins with the word “I.” As soon as the baby begins to talk about himself in the first person, and not in the third, calling himself by name, a new period of development begins. This usually occurs at three years of age.
Without the words “you” and “you” it would be much more difficult for us to address our interlocutor. And third person pronouns - he, she, it, they- shorten speech and help avoid unnecessary repetitions and unnecessary searches for synonyms.
The first person pronouns are I and we. Second - you and you. The third ones are the most numerous due to the presence of the genus category. There are as many as 3 third person singular pronouns - he, she, it. And only one in the plural - They. Just like adjectives, it is genderless and universal for all genders, so there is only one.
How are personal pronouns of the third person declined by case?
You can notice an interesting pattern. In indirect cases, third person pronouns have adjective endings -his(cf.: blue). However, the pronoun she genitive and accusative form her is an exception. Adjectives in these cases will have endings - to her (blue) And - yuyu(blue).
Declension of pronouns without prepositions
Nominative (who, what?) - He, she, it, they.
Genitive (who? what?) - his, her, his, theirs.
Dative (to whom? what?) - him, her, him, them.
Accusative (who? What?) - his, her, his, theirs.
Creative (by whom? With what?) - to them, to her, to them, by them.
Prepositional (about whom? About what?) - about him, about her, about him, about them.
Why was there no excuse in the latter case? As you know from the school course, the prepositional case is so called precisely because it is impossible to use nouns and pronouns without prepositions.
Prepositions
Let's look at how third person pronouns are inflected with prepositions.
In the nominative case, prepositions are not used.
Prepositions of the genitive case include: Without, at, with, from, to, from, about, near, beside, for ( him, her, them)
In this case, the pronoun answers a larger range of questions. To questions of the genitive case " whom?», « what?" prepositions are added: "B without whom? - without him. Of what? - out of him" In all oblique cases, a question with a spatial meaning appears: “Where? Where? From where?”
Prepositions of the dative case - to and on ( him, her, him) Questions "Where? Where?" - To her!
Prepositions of the accusative case - on, for, under, in, in, through, about ( him, her, them) Questions also "Where? Where?"
Prepositions of the instrumental case - above, for, under, before, with, with, between ( him, her, them)
Prepositions of the prepositional case - in, about, about, on, at ( him, her, them). They answer the question "About whom? About what? Where?"
Mysterious letter n
You can notice that when using all these prepositions, n- is added at the beginning of the pronouns: with him, by her, for him, between them. The exception is derivative prepositions: thanks to, according to, in spite of, towards. For example, towards him.
Where did the mysterious letter n come from? Several centuries ago, the prepositions in, to and with had a different form - вън, кън, сн. They consisted of 3 sounds. The letter Ъ - er sounded like a muffled vowel. It turns out that pronouns with prepositions were written like this: in him, in her. Prepositions became simpler over time, but the consonant n took root in the language and began to be perceived as part of the pronouns themselves. Therefore, the use of this letter has spread to other prepositions to which it did not initially apply.
A little more history
You can notice another strange feature. The nominative case form of the pronouns does not seem to correspond in any way to the indirect ones. This is no coincidence. Indeed, once upon a time there were such demonstrative pronouns in the language: for the masculine gender - and, for the feminine - i, for the neuter - e. It was their forms that were the usual “his, him, her”... But these short pronouns were easily confused with the conjunction and, as well as the pronoun I.
There were other demonstrative pronouns: the familiar ones he, she, it. However, they were inclined differently:
Nominative - He.
Genitive - thereof.
Dative - onomu.
Creative - him.
Prepositional - about it.
The third person plural pronoun also existed - these or they.
Due to convenience, the nominative case of the first pronouns (i, i, e) was replaced by the nominative case of the second. But indirect forms remain. Indirect cases from the pronoun “he” have also not disappeared. They were used in the language and some of them are still alive. They are archaic or ironic in nature: in time, in the absence of it.
Third person possessive pronouns
First person possessive pronouns are my, our. Second - yours, yours. Third - his her And their. Why is there one less of them? Where did the neuter pronoun go? The fact is that it coincides with the masculine pronoun - his.
But third-person possessive pronouns are not inflected by case. All of them correspond to the genitive or accusative case forms of personal pronouns: his, her, his, theirs. They do not change in sentences ( her hat - her hat) in contrast to the same first and second person pronouns: ( my hat - my hat, your hat - your hat).
Errors when using personal pronouns
One of the possible mistakes is omitting the letter -n after prepositions. “Trees grew near him,” “he came to visit her”- sounds illiterate.
Using pronouns as placeholders can create ambiguities. Therefore, you cannot use a pronoun if there is no word to replace in the previous sentence. This situation is especially insidious if the sentence contains another word of the same number or gender. This can even create a comic effect.
Lensky went to the duel in trousers. They separated and a shot rang out.
Here, although one of the participants in the duel is named, the word is present in the plural. Therefore, “they” turns out to be related to the word “knickers”. Here's how to be careful with third-person pronouns! Examples reach the point of absurdity:
Gerasim was very devoted to the lady and drowned her himself.
The situation is similar, only the pronoun “her” and a noun similar in form ended up in the same sentence. The word “dog” or the name “Mumu” got lost somewhere in the previous sentences, and “lady” found itself dangerously close to the pronoun.
If a sentence contains several nouns of the same gender or number, then it is also incorrect to use replacement pronouns in the next sentence or the second part of a complex sentence.
A parcel arrived in the mail from the USA. Soon she closed for lunch break(Mail or parcel?)
In colloquial speech, pronouns are used much more often and it is acceptable to use them even in the absence of substitute words. The fact is that in life the situation itself often suggests what is being said, and facial expressions and intonation can help the speaker. But in written speech or oral presentation, such mistakes must be avoided.
Errors when using possessive pronouns
Since third-person possessive pronouns coincide with the genitive and accusative case forms of personal pronouns, it is erroneous to form them on the model of other possessive pronouns and add the suffix -н and the ending -й/й, which are characteristic of adjectives. Everyone knows that the non-existent word “their” in a person’s speech does not characterize his culture and literacy from the best side. A talented writer can also capitalize on mistakes in speech. To reproduce the vernacular writing style of a peasant boy, A.P. Chekhov, among other words, also uses an erroneous form of the pronoun: “... And she took a herring and started poking me in the mug with her muzzle" But still, writers are masters of words because they are well aware of the norms of the language and precisely because of this they can play with deviations from these norms.
conclusions
Thus, third-person pronouns are, although short, very important words and in speech it is almost impossible to do without them. Therefore, it is important to know well the rules of their declension and use and to use these words correctly.
We will learn to use personal pronouns correctly. Let's find out their meanings. Let's learn how to correctly determine the case endings of personal pronouns.
My sister and I went to the Christmas tree party. She was very elegant and festive.
(It’s unclear who was dressed up, the girl or the Christmas tree)
How to write. My sister and I went to the Christmas tree party. The tree was very elegant and festive.
And here’s another thing: The clown gave balloons to the guys. They were round, elongated and long.
(The guys were elongated and long).
How to write. The clown gave balloons to the children. The balls were round, elongated and long.
We were confused by the pronoun.
Pronoun is an independent non-nominal part of speech that indicates objects, signs or quantities, but does not name them.
The grammatical features of pronouns are different and depend on which part of speech the pronoun is a substitute for in the text.
Places of pronouns by meaning
There are 9 categories of pronouns according to their meaning:
1. Personal : I, you, he, she, it, we, you, they. Personal pronouns indicate participants in the dialogue (I, you, we, you), persons not participating in the conversation, and objects (he, she, it, they).
2. Returnable : myself. This pronoun indicates the identity of the person or thing named by the subject with the person or thing named by the word itself (He will not offend himself. His hopes were not justified).
3. Possessives : mine, yours, yours, ours, yours, his, hers, theirs. Possessive pronouns indicate that an object belongs to a person or another object (This is my briefcase. Its size is very convenient).
4. Index fingers : this, that, such, such, so much, this (obsolete), this (obsolete). These pronouns indicate the attribute or quantity of objects.
5. Definitive : himself, most, all, every, every, any, other, different, everyone (obsolete), every kind (obsolete). Determinative pronouns indicate the attribute of an object.
6. Interrogative : who, what, which, which, whose, how many. Interrogative pronouns serve as special question words and indicate persons, objects, characteristics and quantity.
7. Relative : the same as interrogatives, in the function of connecting parts of a complex sentence (conjunctive words).
8. Negative : no one, nothing, no one, nothing, none, nobody. Negative pronouns express the absence of an object or attribute.
9. Undefined : someone, something, some, some, several, as well as all pronouns formed from interrogative pronouns with the prefix something or the suffixes -to, -or, -any.
Pronoun grades
|
pronouns |
Pronouns |
How do they change? |
|
pronouns |
I, you, he (she, it), we, you, they |
By person, case, 3rd person pronoun He varies by gender |
|
Interrogative pronouns |
who?, what?, which?, whose?, how many?, what? |
They vary by gender and number. Pronouns who what? do not change by gender and number |
|
Refundable pronouns |
It has no nominative case, gender and number |
|
|
Relative pronouns |
who, what, which, which, whose, how many, what |
Change by case |
|
Undefined pronouns |
someone, something, some, several, some, something, someone, anyone, something, etc. |
Indefinite pronouns except someone, something change by case. Also some indefinite pronouns |
|
Negative pronouns |
no one, nothing, none, nobody, no one, nothing |
They change according to cases. Pronouns no one and nothing do not have a nominative case |
|
Possessive pronouns |
my, yours, yours, ours, yours |
Changes by gender, case, number |
|
Demonstrative pronouns |
that, this, such, such, how many |
The pronouns that, this, such, change according to gender, cases, and numbers. The pronoun such changes according to gender and number |
|
Determinative pronouns |
all, everyone, each, himself, most, any, other, other |
Changes by gender, case, number |
Personal pronouns have a morphological feature faces :
1st person: I, we;
2nd person: you, you;
3rd person: he, she, it, they.
Personal pronouns have a morphological feature numbers . Personal pronouns are singular (I, you, he, she, it) and plural (we, you, they).
All personal pronouns have a constant gender marker.
The pronouns I and you are of the general gender: I, you came - I, you came.
The pronoun he is masculine: he came.
The pronoun she is feminine: she came.
The pronoun is neuter: it came-o.
The plural pronouns we, you, they are not characterized by gender. We can talk about the animation of personal pronouns, since their V. p. coincides with R. p. (there is no you - I see you).
All personal pronouns change according to cases , i.e. they are inclined. In indirect cases with a preposition, n is added to 3rd person pronouns: from him, to them, from her. Addition does not occur with derivative prepositions during, thanks to, according to, contrary to, etc.: thanks to her, according to him.
|
face |
units h., Cases - im. (rd., dt., ext., tv., etc.) |
pl. h., Cases - im. (rd., dt., ext., tv., etc.) |
|
I (me, me, me, me/me, about to me) |
we (us, us, us, us, O us) |
|
|
you (you, you, you, you/you, O you) You (You, You, You, You, about You) |
you (you, you, you, you, O you) |
|
|
he (his/him, him/him, his, him/him, O him) she (her/her, her/her, her, her/her/her/her, O her) it (his/him, him/him, his, him/him, O him) |
they (their/them, them, their/them, them/them, O them) |
Say the pronoun IH correctly!
Their clothes
Boy - I learned it.
Girl - I learned it.
Personal pronouns of the 1st and 2nd persons do not change according to gender.
Rice. 4.
You, Petya, have learned your lesson, and you, Masha?
“Yes!” said Masha, “I learned it!” “And I,” said Petya.
Rice. 5.
Boys, have you learned your lessons?
Girls, are you going to school?
“We,” both boys and girls will answer to themselves.
Let's correct the sentence by indicating the person, number, case, and if possible the gender of the pronouns.
1. Once during a break a friend came up to me.
Came (to whom?) to me - this is the 1st person singular pronoun of the dative case.
2. Give (you) a monkey?
To give (to whom?) to you is a 2nd person singular pronoun of the dative case.
3. (She) is called Yashka.
Her name (who?) is the 3rd person singular pronoun of the feminine genitive case.
4. Dad is angry with (us) Yashka.
Angry (with whom?) at us is a 1st person plural accusative pronoun.
5. Let her live with (you) for now.
Will live (with whom?) with you - this is a 2nd person singular genitive pronoun.
6. (she) is fun.
(With whom?) with her is the 3rd person singular pronoun of the feminine dative case.
7. So (I) got a monkey.
(For whom?) For me, this is the 1st person singular accusative pronoun.
1. Kalenchuk M.L., Churakova N.A., Baykova T.A. Russian language 4: Academic book/Textbook.
2. Buneev R.N., Buneeva E.V., Pronina O. Russian language 4: Ballas.
3. Lomakovich S.V., Timchenko L.I. Russian language 4: VITA_PRESS.
3. Russian language in the CIS countries ().
1. Read Tsvetaeva’s verse. Find pronouns in the text and determine their category.
I will win you from all lands, from all heavens, Because the forest is my cradle, and the grave is the forest, Because I stand on the ground with only one foot, Because I will sing about you like no one else.
I will win you from all the others - from that one, You will be no one's groom, I will be no one's wife, And in the last dispute I will take you - shut up!
2. Read. Write it off. Emphasize personal pronouns. Write case questions for them in brackets.
A third of the Earth is occupied by land. The rest is water! A variety of marine animals live in it. Among them there are tiny ones, about the size of a pinhead, and large ones, such as whales. Sharks live in the oceans. They are also different. There are dwarf sharks. And there are giant sharks. They weigh up to 20 tons.
3. Copy the sentences, inserting the missing pronoun in the correct form.
1) I liked the pianist’s concert. His performance made a... wonderful impression.
2) I called ... all evening yesterday, but ... was always busy.
3) I have been studying with Volodya since my first year. I know very well...and for a long time
I'm friends with...
4) I have a younger sister. In the evening I go to kindergarten.
4.* Write a dialogue on any topic, using as many personal pronouns in different case forms as possible.
Lesson summary + presentation
Topic: "1st, 2nd and 3rd person pronouns."
Target: mastering the topic of the lesson.
Tasks:
I. Educational:
Introducing children to:
Pronouns
1st person pronouns
2nd person pronouns
3rd person pronouns
With gender pronouns of the 3rd person singular
II. Developmental:
1) Development of skills and abilities:
Definition of a pronoun as a part of speech
Person Pronoun Determination
Determination of the gender of the pronoun in the 3rd person singular.
2) Development of mental processes:
Perception
Attention
Imagination
Thinking
· comparison
generalization
3) Speech development:
Pronunciation level
Lexical level
Grammar level
Level of coherent utterance.
III. Educational:
Education of a moral personality:
Activity
Responsibility
Independence
Self-esteem
Respect for the dignity of others.
Equipment: board, visibility.
During the classes.
I. Org moment.
Hello guys! (Hello!)
My name is Valeria Mikhailovna. Today I will give you a Russian language lesson.
II. Vocabulary work.
Replace with one word and write it down. (One student completes one word on the board)
1. A postal worker who delivers letters and newspapers (Postman).
2. Snowstorm (Blizzard).
3. Entrance to the building (Entrance).
4. Explain, make clear (Explain).
5. Light outer clothing for women (Dress).
6. An animal close in structure to a human (Monkey).
Let's check (Slide 2)
III. Updating previously acquired knowledge .
Write down a sentence with the phrase “shooting a film” (Famous actors are participating in the shooting of a new film.). (Slide 3)
Indicate the parts of speech.
Indicate dependent words.
Indicate the case of nouns and adjectives.
Guys, what is a pronoun? (This is a part of speech that does not name an object, but points to it). (Slide 4).
Why do we use pronouns?
IV. The stage of acquiring new knowledge.
On the board you see pronouns and a table. Let's figure out how to fill it out. (Slide 5)
When does someone speak in the first person? (I) .
What if it’s me and someone else? (We) .
And in the second person? (You and you).
What if we are talking about someone? (he/she/it, they).
With each answer I post the correct answer in the table. (Slide 6)
Units Pl.
1st person I we
2nd person you you
3rd person he/she/it they
Guys, in what person can you also change genders in the singular?
Let's read the rule on page 52 (Children read).
V. Stage of development of skills and abilities.
With a hint
Let's do exercise 377 (Children read). (Slide 7)
It is necessary to determine the person and number in the highlighted pronouns. (she - singular, 3 l., f.r., you - singular, 2 l., he - singular, 3 l., m.r.) .
Without a hint
There is a text written on the board where you need to replace nouns with pronouns:
The guys worked all day. The guys were building a snow slide in the yard. Only to
By lunchtime the slide was ready. The guys poured water on the slide and ran home to have lunch.
(According to N. Nosov. 24 words). (Guys - they are children. They are plural, 3 l.. Gorka is she. She is singular, 3 l., female).
VI. Generalization.
So guys, what is a pronoun? (is a part of speech that does not name an object, but points to it).
Say the pronoun
1st person singular ? (i) plural ? (We)
2nd person singular ? (you) plural ?(You)
3rd person singular ? (she, he, it) plural ? (They)
VII. Homework assignment.
Page 53 Ex. 378, rule on page 52.
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Slide captions:
Topic: “1st, 2nd and 3rd person pronouns.” Teacher of 4th grade “B” Gavrilova V.M.
Vocabulary: Postman, blizzard, entrance, explain, dress, monkey.
filming Famous actors are participating in the filming of a new film.
Pronoun This is a part of speech that does not name an object, but points to it.
Pronouns h. Mn. part 1 person 2 person 3 person
Pronouns h. Mn. part 1 person I we 2 person you you 3 person he/she/it they
Exercise 377 She is singular. , 3 l. ,f.r. You - unit , 2 l. He is a unit. , 3 l. , m.r.
The guys worked all day. The guys were building a snow slide in the yard. Only by lunchtime the slide was ready. The guys poured water on the slide and ran home to have lunch. (According to N. Nosov.)
The guys worked all day. They were building a snow slide in the yard. She was only ready for lunch. The children poured water on the slide and ran home to have lunch. (According to N. Nosov.) They are plural. , 3 l. She is a unit. , 3 l. , female
What is a pronoun? This is a part of speech that does not name an object, but points to it.
Name the 1st person singular pronoun. ? (i) plural ? (we) 2nd person singular ? (you) plural ?(you) 3rd person singular ? (she, he, it) plural ? (They)
On the topic: methodological developments, presentations and notes
Russian language. 4th grade. Topic: Pronoun. consolidation
Generalization and systematization of knowledge about pronouns. Development of the ability to correctly use pronouns in speech, in text. Develop the ability to correctly write pronouns with prepositions. Cultivate interest in Russian...
open lesson in Russian language 4th grade, topic: "Pronoun"
This lesson completes the study of “Pronouns”, summarizes and systematizes the knowledge gained from studying this topic....
Russian language. Grade 4 Topic: Repetition of what has been learned about adjectives and nouns
General lesson on the Russian language in 4th grade. During the lesson, we established the similarities and differences between an adjective and a noun....
In the Russian language there is such an inflectional grammatical category as the person of verbs. With its help, you can find out who exactly is performing a specific action. There are three persons of the verb, both singular and plural.
What is the person of a verb in Russian?
Verb person in Russian is an inflectional grammatical category of verbs, expressing the correlation of the action called a verb to the participants in speech. That is, the person of the verb indicates who performs the action. The category of person is inherent in the verbal forms of the present and future tense of the indicative mood, as well as forms of the imperative mood.
Meaning of person category of verbs
In the Russian language there are three persons of the verb in the singular and in the plural, expressing different meanings of what is called an action verb.
Singular:
- 1st person verb– means that the action relates directly to the speaker, he is the subject of speech (I I'm cooking coffee, me I'll buy apples).
- 2nd person verb– indicates the correlation of the action to the interlocutor (you read a book, you build a house).
- 3rd person verb– expresses the relation of an action to a person or to an object that is not involved in speech (he goes to the cinema, she irons his shirt).
Plural:
TOP 5 articleswho are reading along with this
- 1st person verb– denote an action that relates to a group of people, including the speaker (we are sleeping, we will solve the problem).
- 2nd person verb– indicate an action that relates to a group of people, including the interlocutor (you think about summer, you will go to the mountains).
- 3rd person verb– express the attribution of an action to a group of objects or persons who do not take part in speech (they pick mushrooms, they clean the house).
How to determine the person of a verb?
To determine the person of the verb, highlight the personal ending of the verb form, determine its meaning in the context of speech, and also ask questions:
- 1st person verbs answer questions: What am I doing? What will I do? What are we doing? What will we do?
- Verbs 2nd person: What are you doing? What will you do? What you are doing? What will you do?
- 3rd person verbs: What is he doing? What will he do? What are they doing? What will they do?
For the convenience of determining the person of a verb, we present personal endings and examples of the use of persons of verbs in a table:
| Indicative | Imperative mood | |||
| Unit number | Mn. number | Unit number | Mn. number | |
| 1st person | I'm smiling Yu sya; I built Yu |
We are smiling eat Xia; We have built them |
– | Let's smile eat Xia; Let's build them |
| 2nd person | You smile eat Xia; You built look |
you smile yeah sya; you built ite |
Smile th Xia; Postro th |
Smile please sya; Postro please |
| 3rd person | He smiles no Xia; She built it |
They smile ut Xia; They built yat |
Let him smile no Xia; Let her build it; |
Let them smile ut Xia; Let them build yat; |
In the imperative mood, the 1st and 3rd person forms are formed using particles let's, yes, let, let.
Written speech has always caused and will continue to cause much more difficulties than spoken speech, because the Russian language contains very few words that are the same when writing and speaking. One of the problems in writing that schoolchildren and students often face is how to determine the person of a verb. In order to do this quickly and correctly, there are many recommendations and examples.
What is verb person
When solving the problem of what the person of a verb is, it is important to take into account that this grammatical category is one of its unstable features. It allows you to determine who is performing the action and what the number of participants in the speech is.
Person and number are inflected grammatical categories that serve to form word forms.
The ability to identify this sign is necessary for carrying out a test in which accurate knowledge of the constant and non-constant signs of a given part of speech is required.
It may also be needed to write the text spelling correctly.
The persons of verbs indicate who is doing the action. However, not in all cases it is possible to determine the correlation of an action with a participant in speech. Therefore, this category is not inherent in all words of this part of speech.
It is characterized by the following forms:
- imperative mood;
- future indicative;
- present indicative mood.
In no other cases (past tense, infinitive) is the existence of this category possible - it does not exist.
Table of verb persons in Russian
The verb in the Russian language has three types of person; they can be defined in both singular and plural. Each combination of these two features has its own meaning.
The table will help you understand these values:
| Unit h. | Mn. h. | |
| 1st l. | Direct correlation of the named action with the speaker (subject of speech): I will find the treasure; I'm reading a novel. | The correlation of the action with a specific group of people, including the speaker: we breathe air; we are reading a novel. |
| 2nd l. | Correlation of the named action with the interlocutor: you will find a treasure; you will buy some sweets. | Correlation of the action with a specific group of people, including the interlocutor: you are telling; you will buy cakes. |
| 3rd l. | Correlation of the named action with an object (creature/subject) not participating in speech: he will find the treasure; she is going to school. | Correlation of an action with a group of persons or objects not participating in speech: they go to the theater; they will receive a prize. |
Important! At 3 l. The singular object can be expressed by three variants of additional meaning: the object is masculine (he), feminine (she) and neuter (it).
How to recognize a face?
Determining the person of present and future verbs becomes a simple task if you follow simple recommendations. It's best to remember these tips.
This sign can be determined by the question:
- What am I doing/what will I do? (I am drawing/will draw) What are we doing/what are we going to do? (draw/draw) – indicates that the word belongs to the 1st year;
- What are you doing/what will you do? (draw / draw) What are you doing / what will you do? (draw/draw) – such questions are answered by 2nd person singular verbs;
- What does/what will it do? (draws/draws) – questions 3 p. singular. 3rd person plural questions: what are they doing/what will they do? (draw/draw).
The simplest way is to substitute personal pronouns. Pronouns are selected that are appropriate in meaning, their list must be memorized:
- 1l.: if the pronouns I, we (I am lying, we are lying) are suitable for actions;
- 2 l.: if they approach you, you (you are lying, you are lying);
- 3 l.: if he, he, it, they come up (he lies, they lie).
Formal features - personal endings of words:
It is better to draw such a plate on a separate sheet as a template. Choose your own examples from which the information about the endings will be well remembered, and use it when completing the task.
- It is important to remember that the person of a word denoting an action performed in the past tense does not need to be determined. The same applies to the infinitive – .
- It is better to use all methods until determining the grammatical category becomes a simple task. Then you can choose one method you like. If difficulties arise, you should check yourself using the well-known methods of determining the person of a verb in the present and future tense.
The phenomenon can be explained as follows: singular and plural persons of all forms coincide. For example: ate (singular) - this can be said in relation to all three forms: I ate, you ate, he ate. The same is true with the plural. So, the form is 3 l. The plural coincides with the forms of 1 l. and 2 l. in the same way: they ate - we ate, you ate.
Therefore, in morphological analysis, a verb denoting an action performed in the past tense has this meaning omitted.
Before determining the person of the verb, you will have to repeat the recommendations and use a special 
algorithm.
The sequence of actions will be as follows:
- Write down the word to complete the task.
- Determine its time. Present or future - we carry out further analysis.
- Choose a pronoun that fits the meaning. To recognize or remember his personal affiliation - these categories of words of both parts of speech coincide. For example, if the word come comes with you (a 2-liter singular pronoun), then the verb come will also have a 2-liter pronoun.
- Ask a question and use it to establish the meaning of this category.
- Highlighting the ending is a formal sign. By the way, this method is the most reliable. Using the table of verb endings, you can determine personal affiliation.
Determining the person of a reflexive verb
The indicators of a reflexive verb are postfixes (suffixes in the position after the ending) -sya and -sya. For example: swim, laugh, study, hoped, dropped, got ready, got out.
Important! Nouns and pronouns in the accusative case can never appear next to words of this form.
In order to identify the participant in the action denoted by the word in this form, you need to do the following:
- Write it down together with its adjoining noun.
- Substitute a pronoun to the noun and/or use it to establish the meaning of the grammatical category.
For example, they say goodbye, bathe, laugh - verbs of 3 l., because “they” (3 l.) can be substituted for them; saying goodbye, bathing, laughing - 2 person singular, because the pronoun “you” is suitable for them.
Useful video: Person and number of verbs
Conclusion
It is important to know one of the most important verb categories both in theory and to practice in practice. Having learned to perform this point of morphological analysis, in the future the student will not make mistakes when expressing his thoughts in writing.
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