The diagnosis in orthodontics is the first and one of the most important steps to create a beautiful smile. And if you want to get an excellent result, it is impossible to do without diagnostic analysis of each particular case. And make it necessary correctly and carefully. After all, they treat at all braces, but a doctor. And he must clearly understand the purpose of treatment and how to achieve them.
Want to have a beautiful smile? Then pay close attention to the choice of a doctor.
Everything is played here: His qualifications, attentiveness to detail, etc. In general, as in any serious case in life, the approach is the same: to death seven times, a rejection once :)
What is the diagnosis of the patient's eyes?
Some 30 minutes spent in the clinic in which include:
- Inspection.
- The performance of photos of the face and teeth.
- Removing the blinds (implications) of the jaws.
- Execution of X-rays.
What is the diagnosis through the eyes of the doctors of our clinic?
Not one (!) Hour work in the clinic on creating a presentation after the diagnosis, which will contain conclusions for a large number of evaluation criteria. Why is this happening?
It should be understood that approaches to the analysis of diagnostic data from all doctors are completely different.
Someone does not hold it at all and is ready to present a treatment plan immediately at consultation without a slightest doubt. And this, in general, does not speak of high qualifications, rather, on the contrary.
Someone from the doctors is enough one panoramic (review) snapshot and blinds. What is also unacceptable for a modern orthodontist doctor.
What is the right way then?
Now we will tell, from what steps our presentation is to diagnose.
1. Analysis of diagnostic models.
The electronic calipers calculates the shortage of space for each tooth on the gypsum model of the jaws. Data is transferred to the presentation.
2. Analysis of X-rays.
Data is calculated in special computer programs. On their basis, the main conclusions are made.
3. Evaluation of the periodontal status (the level of gums and bridles).
4. Evaluation of the facial parameters.
The main questions at this stage - is it possible to delete? Will this profile spoil? Even if the removal is required by bite, the face is always in priority.
5. Evaluation of the smile and visibility of the cutters alone.
It is important to understand which teeth when conversation are visible more - upper or lower. It has been proven that the big visibility of the upper teeth significantly gives the person to youth and attractiveness. It works better than any anti-aging cream :) One of the basic goals of any treatment.
6. Width of a smile.
The more the teeth are visible in a smile, the more broad and open it seems.
The most charming smile is the one that most repeats the outline of the lower lip. Also the basic goal of any treatment. More details about the canons of beauty smile is written in our article - what is a beautiful smile.
8. Planning the positioning of braces on the teeth according to the conclusions on the analysis of the smile.
As you can see, half an hour spent in the chair in the chair turn into a huge "backstage" work for a thoughtful orthodontist doctor.
Treatment planning is creative, painstaking work. Unfortunately, not all orthodontists in our time are fully understood in this process. They are not ready to lay this foundation, without which in the long run it is impossible to build good and stable treatment.
Orthodontics is not fixing braces. The teeth may be oldly smooth, and the smile, however, remain very mediocre, the profile of the face is to remove the removal "in the name of the teeth."
Our treatment directly affects the appearance, because the result remains with patients forever! Therefore, the fundamental point in the treatment is only the right choice of a doctor!
The main thing is to get into reliable, experienced hands. And if you read it, it means that already on the right track!
Significant expenses for the maintenance of the equipment are primarily due to the low quality of its maintenance and premature repairs. To reduce labor costs and maintenance and repair facilities, it is necessary to increase productivity and improve the quality of these work by increasing the reliability and operational technological (maintainability) of the units, the development and better use of the production and technical base of enterprises, mechanization and automation of technological processes, implementation means of diagnosing and elements of the scientific organization of labor.
Under reliability Understand the property of the components of the machine to perform the specified functions, keeping the values \u200b\u200bof the installed operational values \u200b\u200bin the specified limits corresponding to the specified modes and conditions of use, maintenance, repairs, storage and transportation.
Reliability in the process of operation depends on a number of factors: the nature and volume of the machine performed; climatic conditions; adopted system of maintenance and repair of technology; qualities and availability of regulatory and technical documentation and means of maintenance, storage and transportation of machines; Qualifications of service personnel.
Reliability is a comprehensive property, which includes, depending on the purpose of the object or the conditions of its operation, a number of simple properties:
1. Undetyability - The property of the object continuously maintain performance for some work or for some time.
2. Durability - Property of an object to maintain performance before the marginal state when the maintenance and repair system is installed.
3. Maintainability - The property of the object, which consists in its adaptability to the prevention and detection of the causes of failures, maintain and restore performance through repairs and maintenance.
4. Saveability - The property of the object continuously maintain the required operational indicators during (and after) the storage and transport period.
Depending on the object, reliability can be determined by all the properties listed or some of them. For example, the reliability of the wheel of the toothed transmission, bearing is determined by their durability, and the machine - durability, reliability and maintainability
The car is a complex system consisting of thousands of parts with various production and operational tolerances. The work is carried out in different conditions, so the service life of the same type of objects is varied - depending on the operating conditions, modes of operation and the quality of elements. Consequently, each unit needs to be directed to repair in accordance with its actual state.
With an individual examination (control, diagnosing, prediction), the true technical condition of each unit is established. Here, the impact of the entire variety of working conditions, the qualifications of the operator and other factors on which the technical condition of the object depends on.
The lack of special diagnostic equipment makes it difficult to find many malfunctions. Old (mostly subjective) methods can be identified only significant and obvious failures and deviations. The cost of checking the main systems by such methods is approximately 70-75% higher than when using modern diagnostic methods.
Technical diagnostic method - A combination of technological and organizational rules for performing technical diagnostics operations.
Diagnostics (from Greek Diagnostikós - able to recognize) - the knowledge branch exploring the technical condition of diagnostic objects (machines, mechanisms, equipment, structures and other technical objects) and the manifestation of technical conditions that develops methods for their definition, with which the conclusion is made (is diagnosed) , as well as the principles of building and organizing the use of diagnostic systems. When objects of the diagnosis are technical nature objects, they are talking about technical diagnostics.
Diagnostation is a combination of methods and means to determine the main indicators of the technical condition of individual mechanisms and the machine as a whole without their disassembly or with partial disassembly.
The result of the diagnosis is diagnosis - conclusion on the technical condition of the object with an indication of the place, the species and cause of the defect.
Reliability of diagnosis - The probability that the diagnosis is determined by the technical condition in which the diagnostic object is indeed.
Technical condition- A set of prone to change in the process of production or operation of the object properties characterized at a certain point in time with features and status parameters set by the technical documentation for this object.
Status parameter - The physical quantity characterizing the performance or serviceability of the diagnostic object and variables during operation.
Diagnostic operation - Part of the diagnostic process, executing which allows you to define one or more diagnostic parameters of the object.
Diagnostic technology - The combination of methods, parameters and diagnosticization operations performed systematically and consistently in accordance with the technological documentation for obtaining a finite diagnosis.
In fig. 1Show the structure of technical diagnostics. It is characterized by two interpenetrable and interrelated directions: the theory of recognition and the theory of control function. The recognition theory contains sections associated with the construction of recognition algorithms that decisive rules and diagnostic models. The theory of control function includes the development of funds and methods for obtaining diagnostic information, automated control and troubleshooting. Technical diagnostics should be considered as a section of the overall theory of reliability.
Diagnostation includes three main stages:
· obtaining information on the technical status of the diagnostic object;
· processing and analysis of the information received;
· making a diagnosis and decision making.
The first stage is to determine the parameters of the object of the object, the establishment of high-quality signs of the state and obtaining data on troubleshooting; the second - in the processing and comparison of the obtained values \u200b\u200bof the status parameters with nominal, permissible and limit values, as well as the use of the data obtained to predict the residual resource; The third is to analyze the results of predicting and establishing the volume and timing of maintenance and repair of the components of the machine.
Object diagnostic- the product and its component parts subjected to diagnostics.
The technical diagnostics discusses the following objects.
Element - The simplest composite part of the product, in the tasks of reliability, may consist of many details.
Product - Unit of products of a certain intended purpose, considered during periods of design, production, testing and operation.
System- A combination of jointly acting elements intended for independently perform specified functions.
The concepts of the element, products and systems are transformed depending on the task. For example, when establishing its own reliability, the machine is considered as a system consisting of individual elements - mechanisms, parts, etc., and when studying the reliability of the technological line - as an element.
Structure of the object - The conditional scheme of its structure formed by the sequential dismembrance of the object on the elements of the structure (component parts, assembly units, etc.).
When diagnosing distinguished working impactsentering the object when it is functioning, and test impactswhich are served on the object only for diagnostic purposes. Diagnostation in which only workflows are fed to the object, called functionaland the diagnosis in which test effects are applied to the object - testtechnical diagnostics.
The combination of funds, performers and diagnostic objects prepared for verifying the status parameters or by the rules established by the relevant documentation is called technical diagnostic system.
Diagnostation allows you to: reduce downtime machines for technical malfunctions due to the prevention of failures by timely adjustment, replacement or repair of individual mechanisms and aggregates; eliminate unnecessary disassembly of individual mechanisms and aggregates and reduce the rate of wear of parts; correctly set the type and scope of repair and reduce the complexity of the current repairs by reducing the collapsible assembly and repair work; It is more fuller to use the resources of individual units and machines as a whole, and therefore, reduce the total number of repairs and consumption of spare parts.
The experience of introducing diagnostics shows that the interremmer resource increases in 1.5 ... 2 times, the number of failures and faults is reduced by 2 ... 2.5 times, and the cost of repair and maintenance are reduced by 25 ... 30%.
In addition, the technical maintenance system for a fixed resource (the average system) does not provide high reliability and minimum costs. This system is gradually dying, a new and more economical method of maintenance and repair on actual technical condition (diagnostic system) is increasingly implemented. What makes it possible to fully use the interremary resource of the machines, eliminate unreasonable disassembly of mechanisms, reduce the downtime due to technical malfunctions, reduce the complexity of maintenance and repair. Operation by technical condition can benefit, the equivalent cost of 30% of the total fleet of machines.
In some cases, it is advisable to use combined (mixed) diagnostics - representing the set of regulated technical diagnostics and diagnostics for technical condition.
For diagnostic and combined systems, new research methods are required, a different mathematical apparatus. The theory of reliability should be based on the basis. It is necessary to study deeper and take into account changes in the physical laws of failures, wear and aging of parts in mechanical systems. An important role in improving the management of reliability of rolling stock belongs to the development and implementation of methods for predicting the technical condition of automobile units.
Objectives and objectives of technical diagnostics. Diagnostic and reliability
The purpose of technical diagnostics is to improve the reliability and resource of technical systems.Events to preserve the reliability of machines are aimed at reducing the rate of change of state parameters (mainly of wear) of their component parts and preventing failures. As is known, the most important indicator of reliability is the lack of failures during operation (operation) of the technical system.
Technical diagnostics due to early detection of defects and faults makes it possible to eliminate failures during the maintenance process, which increases the reliability and efficiency of operation.
Diagnostics is a way of knowledge, study and establishing various relations, states, qualities and properties of research objects. Analysis of common and pedagogical literature shows that the diagnosis was widely used in various fields of human activity. The most famous today are its varieties such as "medical diagnosis", "psychodiagnostics", "Diagnostics of Management", "Technical Diagnostics", etc.
Diagnostics - A special kind of knowledge between the scientific knowledge of the essence and identifying a single phenomenon. The result of such knowledge is the diagnosis (gr. dagnoss. - recognition, definition). Diagnosis - Conclusion about belonging to the entity expressed in a single, to a specific science class. This concept is widely represented in modern pedagogical science. However, in pedagogy, the diagnostics changed its content. So, if, for example, psychodiagnostics seeks to assess the identity and individual parties as relatively sustainable education, then the pedagogical diagnosis is directed, first of all, on the results of the formation of the personality of the pupil, the search for optimal paths to achieve these results and the characteristic of a holistic pedagogical process.
Most teacher researchers under pedagogicaldiagnosticit understands the complex and specific type of pedagogical activity, the dynamic system of interaction of educators and educated, the content of which is a targeted study and transformation of the pupil. The most important element of the teacher's diagnostic activity is a pedagogical diagnosis.
Pedagogical diagnosis - Conclusion about those manifestations and qualities of the person, the team to which the pedagogical impact can be directed, or which can be studied in educational purposes, as well as the pedagogically significant factors affecting the pupils. It must contain:
a) a description of the actions, states, relations of the object of education in pedagogical and psychological concepts;
b) their explanation based on pedagogical and psychological theory;
c) forecast for the development of events in this situation and in the future;
d) an argued pedagogical assessment of existing and predicted facts;
e) conclusion about the pedagogical feasibility of the decision.
In order to understand the essence and features of pedagogical diagnosis, it is appropriate to compare between the work of the doctor and the teacher. The first begins to heal his patient with the clarification of the origin of painful symptoms, establishes their reasons, predicts the course of the disease and its possible consequences for the patient, and taking into account the medical conclusion (diagnosis) prescribes treatment and appropriate medicines. An experienced and skillful teacher also at the beginning of their work with the pupil carefully and thoroughly studies the socio-pedagogical conditions for its former formation and development, establishes the causes and factors of negative formations, their character. It then predicts possible alternatives to the development of the pupil and their consequences for it, taking into account the designed program of psychological and pedagogical correction of its difficulty (disadvantage).
An important indicator of the professional skill of the teacher is the ability and skill of the educator dialectically link differently by the remoteness and pedagogical feasibility of re-education target with potential pupil capabilities. For many researchers, the concept of "diagnosis" means only the fixation of some indicators of studies, educational or manifestations of the qualities of the pupil in various situations of its livelihoods. This approach restricts the functional and potential diagnosis capabilities in ensuring such a direction as preventive pedagogical activities of educators, objective, reliable and valid diagnostic information on the real development of children with signs of deviations in their behavior, real opportunities for their reorientation and correction. Knowledge and accounting of these features of diagnostic activity allows in a general sense to understand the content of pedagogical diagnosis. On the one hand, the diagnosis is carried out in order to study the external circumstances of the life of pupils, i.e. The conditions and nature of education and training, family, the circle of communication and other well-known factors for the formation and development of the individual. On the other hand, the study of the inner world of the pupil becomes fundamentally significant: the ratio of personal qualities, its orientation
Pedagogical diagnosis is intended, firstly, to optimize the process of individual learning, secondly, in the interests of society to ensure the correct definition of learning outcomes and, thirdly, guided by the developed criteria, minimize the error when transferring students from one study group to another, The direction of them on various courses and the choice of training specialization. To achieve these goals during the diagnostic procedures, on the one hand, prerequisites for training that are available among individual individuals and representatives of the educational group as a whole are established, and on the other, the conditions necessary to organize a planned learning process and knowledge are determined. With the help of pedagogical diagnostics, the learning process is analyzed, and the results of education learning are determined.
Diagnostic activity - the process, during which (using or without diagnostic tools), observing the necessary scientific quality criteria, the teacher watches the students and conducts survey, processes the observations and surveys and reports and reports the results obtained in order to describe the behavior, explain its motives or predict Behavior in the future.
Pedagogical diagnosis refers to the entire field of pedagogical activity, although often it advocates on the forefront in folk education due to the huge role, which is given to his institutions in society. Diagnostic activity is carried out and then when it comes to improving the educational process for individual individuals or persons studying together, and not about obtaining assistance necessary for the adoption of an individual decision, but the acquisition of more general knowledge, for example, on how how Applicable specific didactic methods, tools, etc. When teaching students who have certain features. In this case, pedagogical diagnosis serves as didactic or scientific and pedagogical studies, during which, even with the empirical nature of the research, diagnostic methods are almost always used. At the same time, this does not take erasure between the scientific research and pedagogical diagnosis.
Essence and Functions of Pedagogical Diagnostics
In any industry of professional activities, a special role belongs to the diagnosis of the condition and quality of products and production process. Doing the exceptions and professional-pedagogical activities of the teacher, the pedagogical team of the school. However, as K.D. wrote. Ushinsky, pedagogical diagnosis has not yet become an organic component of the professional activity of the teacher, and it is perceived by teachers not at the level of a serious relationship, at which psychodiagnostics in psychologists are located, medical diagnostics from doctors and technical diagnostics from engineers. It is usually considered that the study of the student, educated - the function of psychology, and not pedagogy. Each teacher verifies the effectiveness of training and education, finds out the causes of weak achievement, but these analytical actions are not correlated with the diagnosis. The school head attends lessons, analyzes them, assesses - this is called intraschool control, but not the diagnosis of the state of the educational process. The criteria for the quality of school activities are also usually not associated with the diagnosis of the state of a certain level of the education system and are developed outside its principles and procedures.
Pedagogical diagnostics in the not quite clear form is present in any pedagogical process, starting with the interaction of the teacher and the student at the lesson and ending with the management of the national education system as a whole. It is also manifested in the form of test work, and in any characteristic, as a student and teacher, without it there can be no wealthy experimental study, no inspector check is required. Many listed pedagogical phenomena are not identical to pedagogical diagnosis, they are richer and have the right to independence. It is time to reveal that in them and in many other pedagogical objects refers to the concept of "pedagogical diagnosis".
In the concept of "pedagogical diagnosis", the adjective "pedagogical" characterizes the following features of this diagnosis: firstly, the diagnosis is carried out for pedagogical purposes, i.e. It is focused on using the analysis and interpretation of the results to obtain new information on how to improve the quality of education (learning, education) and the development of the student's personality; secondly, and this is the main thing, it gives fundamentally new meaningful information about the quality of the pedagogical work of the teacher himself; Thirdly, it is carried out using methods that organically fit into the logic of teacher's pedagogical activities; Fourthly, with the help of pedagogical diagnostics, control and evaluation functions of the teacher's activities are enhanced; Fifth, even some traditionally applied tools and methods of teaching and education can be transformed into means and methods of pedagogical diagnostics.
Pedagogical diagnosis in school- Practice to identify the quality of educational activities, the reasons for its success or failures, as well as the improvement of this practice.
In modern conditions, the gradual transition to a diversity in training and education, accurate, comparable information about the strengths and weaknesses of phenomena and processes occurring at school is becoming increasingly important to democratization of educational interactions. Such information can be provided with pedagogical diagnostics, because its appointment in the school is expressed in the following basic functions: feedback, estimated, managerial.
In pedagogical diagnostics, the main lead function is the function feedbackin the process of learning and education. The essence of this feature is that diagnostic data on the levels of the lifting and education of students at a certain stage of their development serve as the main information for analyzing the past pedagogical experience and designing the further pedagogical process. The currently existing system of assessing educational work of the school has some advantages, but does not comply with such an understanding as a self-governing system. For example, the activities of the participants in the learning process in pedagogical theory are considered with the greatest completeness, in practice, many modern schoolchildren study not fully in force, therefore the potential of the educational process is not used. The main reason here is the inferiority of information on the results of training and education, accessible to the teacher and students.
Creating opportunities to obtain each schoolboy and teacher the necessary information about the progress and results of the educational process for the timely adjustment is the most important task of pedagogical diagnosis.
The essence of pedagogical diagnosis is to study the effectiveness of the educational process at school on the basis of changes in the level of students 'students and the growth of teachers' pedagogical skills.
Pedagogical diagnostics is designed to answer the following questions: what and why to study in the spiritual world of educators and pupils, for which indicators do it, what methods to use, where and how to use the results of information about the quality of pedagogical activities. Under what conditions, the diagnosis is organically included in the holistic educational process, how to teach self-control teachers, and students - self-knowledge.
The essence of pedagogical diagnosis determines its subject: who to educate in accordance with the goals and tasks of the upbringing (object of education, the criteria of pupils), under what conditions (educational situation), who and that should do (define the functions of society, family, school, class The team, the child), what means, ways, to influence the educators and pupils (activities of entities of education).
Diagnostics are built on a materialistic understanding of human relations with the environment. Personality consciously or unconsciously adapts to a social environment, to the living conditions and educational requirements. This process is customary to call a device. But there is a conscious change in itself and circumstances. The higher the level of social development, the more closely the connection of the individual with society, the more active its impact on the history, for social progress.
Pedagogical diagnosis is carried out in the process of learning and education. In most cases, teachers think they know their students that no special study is required. But when these knowledge is subjected to deep analysis, it turns out that they are superficial and inadequate. Teachers and educators often judge their pupils on previous impressions, for those situations that first arose. Sometimes some schoolchildren unfairly belong to the category of difficult, and a really corrected difficult teenager feels a wary attitude towards their teachers.
If you turn to the etymology of this word, then the diagnosis of Greek. Diagnostikos - capable of recognizing is an estimated procedure aimed at clarifying the situation, identifying the true level of pupil. In our case, studying the process and learning and education results. As a result, through the diagnostics, I can establish how pedagogical tasks are implemented, which of them require further solution. Experience has shown that the diagnosis has a direct link with the stages of management of the development of the collective and personality. In accordance with this, there are 3 types of diagnostics in the work of the class teacher: 1) introductory; 2) corrective (intermediate); 3) generalizing (final)
purpose enterprise: Detection of the original level, the state of children to compile a program for the development of children, work plan.
purpose intermediate: Evaluation of the effectiveness of pedagogical (educational) impacts, timely correction of development programs, drawing up a further plan of work.
purpose total: Identify the achieved level of development of abilities, emergency needed correction for graduation groups, a comprehensive assessment of pedagogical activities.
Principles of pedagogical diagnosis :.
Focusing - diagnostic actions are carried out relatively not to the student at all, but to the manifestation of specific personal characteristics, for example, indices of pupils, etc.. Planning - Before the start of diagnostics, it is necessary to outline certain tasks (which is diagnosed), consider the plan (time limits). Indicators (which is fixed), possible miscalculations (errors) and ways of their warnings, alleged results. Independence - diagnostics should be an independent, not passing task. For example, not the best way to clarify the qualities of students will be a trip to the forest on a tour, because the information obtained in this way will be random, as the main efforts of attention will be aimed at solving organizational tasks. Naturalness - diagnosis should be carried out in natural conditions for a student. Systemativity - the diagnosis should be carried out not on the case of the case, but systematically, in accordance with the plan. Objectivity - the teacher must not fix that he "wants to see" in confirmation of his assumption, but objective facts. 7 Fixation - data should be recorded during observation or immediately after it.
Summarizing the foregoing conclusions:
first of all, the study carried out in several steps is required in pedagogical diagnosis: data collection, based on which conclusions are made, comparing the behavior with the former behavior of the same person, with the behavior of others, with the description of the standard behavior of the same person, with behavior other persons, with a description of standard behavior, interpretation, so that after processing the available information, give an assessment of one or another behavior and analysis to determine the reasons for rejecting behavior;
no less important forecasting, which allows you to anticipate behavior in other situations or in the future;
finally, it is required to communicate to others (most often students and their parents) assess their behavior, because with the help of feedback, it is necessary to influence their behavior in the future;
it is necessary to control the impact of these messages on students in order to know whether the desired result was achieved.
That is, in the diagnostic activity of the teacher, as an educator, the following aspects of diagnostics can be distinguished:
1. Study
a) data collection, b) comparison, c) interpretation, d) analysis.
2. Forecasting
3. Bringing students to the results of diagnostic activities.
4. Planning for further educational work.
Diagnostics is of great importance for the focused and effective implementation of the educational process. It allows us through control (monitoring) and the correction of the entire system of upbringing and learning and component components to improve the process of education, training and development of children.
Pedagogical diagnosis provides a scientific approach to organizing work with personnel, their professional development. Conducting diagnostics of pedagogical activities, communication, styles of pedagogical interaction, etc., and especially self-diagnosis is aimed at mastering each educator skills of self-analysis, self-assessment and self-control. This allows you to work with pedagogical frames in the mode of active self-regulation and self-correction.
Diagnostic Rules:
1. Establish contact between teacher and child. Trust atmosphere, friendly attitude, attention, genuine interest. 2. The survey is carried out within 15-30 minutes (depending on the age of children and the objectives of the study). 3. The test must be put in the same conditions. 4. You should take a child as it is. Do not assess it, not comment on his answers, not to express bewilderment, joy or censure. 5. The results of the survey should be configured. 6. Diagnosis is completed with a thorough analysis of the survey results, which will allow to build an effective program of the educational process. 7 In the existing numerous methods for diagnosing the quality of training and education of schoolchildren, the criteria of the most pedagogical activity are often taken: its content, direction, quality of execution, the effectiveness of influence regardless of the child. It is unproductive: to study the child and the process of its upbringing in different indicators and different methods. The fiction of the schoolchildren is the main indicator of the effectiveness of pedagogical activities. This installation is shipped in the theory of modern pedagogical diagnostics. In the field of education, this technique is still scheduled .8. Finally, the diagnosis should be carried out by people who are prepared for this. Otherwise, the process of studying the work of the school is inevitably inevitably, teachers are made unnecessary nervousness, the desire to draw problems, disadvantages or exaggerate their importance
The value of the application of diagnosis in the process of self-improvement of the personality and the activities of the teacher is that it contributes to the detection of deficiencies and outline concrete ways to eliminate them, and it also identifies the strengths of the teacher to which he can rely on future work. Diagnostics makes concreteness in the activities of each teacher, aims to solve practical tasks focused on optimizing the educational process.
What methods I use in initial diagnosis when planning educational work in the classroom.
1. General methods of studying the team and personality |
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Informational and stories | |||||||||||
Interview | Profile-comment | Competent judge | Expert assessments | Independent cross characteristics |
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Ranging | Evaluation of self-esteem |
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2. Productive identity study methods |
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Study of creativity of students | Personal tests, situations tests |
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3. Effective behavioral identity learning methods |
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Surveillance direct, indirect, included and other | Discussion | Sociometric methods | Analysis of interaction | Natural situations, artificial | Establishing the identity reference in the team |
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Pollization method. It is widely represented in pedagogical literature, with its help, the value orientations of students, knowledge, installations, positions, attitudes towards peers surrounding the world and herself are revealed. IN As an example, I propose some questions that diagnose value orientation of students: 1) What do you like at school, what not to do? 2) Who encourages you to learn better (mother, father, grandmother, self (a) I want to learn) 3) What time of the day is more pleasant for you (morning, day, evening)? 4) for what training subjects you do not want to do Also I use observation method. This is the most affordable way to get knowledge about students. The observation is to collect, describing the facts, cases, the peculiarities of the behavior of students. The technique requires determining the purpose and object of observation (which qualities and features are learned), as well as the duration and methods of fixing the results. Observation gives me the opportunity to see a student in vivo.
Conversation method - more flexible than a survey, a way to study students. The conversation can be standardized and free. In the first case, we ask in advance questions in a certain sequence so that it was easier to process. A free conversation allows you to vary the questions in order to obtain more accurate, detailed information, but requires a known skill. Psychologists recommend asking open questions that stimulate free, deployed answers. For example: how is your evening usually passes (and not "Do you like to watch TV?")
I believe that the diagnostic conversation with educational should not be confused. Coarse teachings should be avoided, it is necessary to carefully, respect to the disciple, the student should feel that they are sincerely interested in and want to help. Conversation results I write in brief form.
Icliction method And other polling methods provide different information about personal qualities, values, relationships, the motives of the student's activities. At the form of the questionnaire there are open (free response formulates a student) and closed (you need to choose the appropriate option among the proposed answers). Questioning allows you to quickly collect a lot of easily processed information. Possible drawbacks of the surcharge - the answers may not always be complete, accurate, sincere. Here is an example of the questionnaire "Communication" students are invited to note not answers that reflect their communication.
1. Do you have difficulties in communication?
a) with peers b) with teachers c) with parents
d) with other members of the family d) with friends in the yard e) for a free answer
2. If there is, then what are they going to?
a) little or no friends b) offend, tease; c) steal things
d) beat e) do not understand my inner world
e) no common interests g) make something to do
h) keep in fear and) I'm not interested with them
k) require only good estimates L) do not see my good qualities M)?
3. Who do you contact for help in a difficult moment?
a) to a comrade in class b) to a friend outside the class c) to mom
d) to the Father e) to the other e) to the teacher g)?
Method of collision of views, positions - allows you to turn to students, with a request to express your opinion, give advice how to treat a certain phenomenon, behavior of the problem.
For example, "what to do?"
1. School situations are described:
a) There is a test "You performed the work correctly. Your comrade does not know the solution and asks to give it to write off. What do you do? "
b) You received "2" in literature and you know what kind of parents will punish you. Do you tell parents about this mark? Etc.
2. Possible options are discussed. And then sets the correctness of the answers.
Treatment:according to the results of solutions, the tasks of each student can be attributed to one of the four groups:
1 group - with an unstable attitude (the foundations chosen by children contradict the moral standards)
Group 2 - not enough sustainable attitude (schoolchildren are ready to be from their opinion at the slightest pressure)
3 Group - Actively defend their opinion (in exceptional cases, a compromise is inclined)
4 Group - active, sustainable attitude to moral standards (students make the choice)
Method of unfinished sentence,story, drawing or addition of drawing, playing the situation.
Methods, tests:
Questionniks
Intelligence Tests, Achievements
As an example, I will give unfinished suggestions from the test (J.Nutten - A.B. Eorlov) for students of the 5th grades, the purpose of which to identify how students perceive the school, teachers, themselves in new conditions. The obtained data can be handled to the table, allocation of characteristic and isolated answers. Material use to adjust your own work, making changes to the educational process. I used this material for the release of wall newspaper on the topic "Why should we learn?".
Sociometric selection methodbut- The method allowing to express quantitatively, graphically, the structure of interpersonal relations in the team.
A sociogram is a graphic image of respondents' relationships to each other. With this method, I solved 2 tasks:
1) revealed leaders and isolated children;
2) revealed mutual sympathy and cohesion of the team
3. Organization of diagnostics.
So, I believe that the diagnostic procedures at school should be systematically implemented. The class teacher can do it independently, cooperating with a psychologist. It is recommended to produce both the general pedagogical diagnosis of class and aimed at the private aspects of student development.
In this way, diagnostic content Students can be reduced to the following:
¯ demographic data on the student and his family;
¯ data on the health and physical development of the child;
¯ educational abilities (features of attention, memory, imagination, thinking);
¯ emotional-volitional and urgent motivational sphere;
¯ directing personality (interests, relationships, values, i-concept);
¯ behavior, actions of students;
¯ learning class as a whole, as a group, team: interpersonal relationships in class, cohesion, public opinion, unity of values \u200b\u200band other.
Map of personality Map of personality
1. The state of the health and development of the student (filled with a school doctor or from his words).
1.1. Total student health assessment (according to the medical card).
1.2. Signs of increased nervousness (increased fatigue, reduced performance, depressed mood, increased excitability, outbreaks of anger, aggressiveness with respect to teachers, rejection of contacts, shared affairs, tendency to destructive actions, sadism, other signs).
1.3. Pathological attractions:
Smokes (not smokes, smokes epizodically, systematically);
Uses alcoholic beverages (does not use, episodically, systematically);
Uses drug addiction (does not use, once, episodically, systematically).
1.4. Consists of a dispensary accounting, about which ________________.
2. Psychological atmosphere in the family.
2.1. Data on parents (Father, Mother, Persons, Replacing them):
education ______________________________________;
profession, place of work ___________________________.
2.2. Other family members ____________________________.
2.3. Family type:
Prosperous (parents are morally stable, own culture of education, the emotional atmosphere in the family is positive);
Dysfunctional, including pedagogically incompetent (parents do not own the culture of education: there is no unity of requirements, the child is negotiable, they are cruel to them, are systematically punished, poorly aware of his interests, behavior out of school);
Moral and disadvantaged (parents lead an immoral lifestyle, drunk, tunate, have a criminal record, not engage in education);
Conflict (in the family unfavorable emotional atmosphere, between parents permanent conflicts, parents are irritable, cruel, intolerant).
2.4. The nature of the relationship between parents with a child:
Family dictate (suppression of the initiative and self-esteem);
Excessive guardian (satisfaction of all needs, fence against difficulties);
Connivance (evasion from active participation in the education of the child, passivity, recognition of the complete autonomy of the child);
Cooperation (mutual respect, joint experience of joy, grief, etc.).
2.5. Organization of the regime of labor and recreation:
What responsibilities performs in the family _______________;
Does the day regards the day ___________________;
Who and to what extent helps and controls the performance of the homework ___;
How to organize a student in the family during leisure, vacation of parents _____.
3. Features of educational activities.
3.1. Graduating student ___________________________.
3.2. Attitude towards teaching: positive, neutral, indifferent, negative.
3.3. Intellectual student features: high, medium, low.
3.4. Exercise motives: cognitive interest in subjects, awareness of the need to learn, the desire to obtain an assessment, earn adult approval, the desire to avoid punishment, the desire to self-affirmation in the peer group.
4. Position in the class team, attitude to the team.
4.1. Student position in the team: Leader (star), preferred, accepted, rejected (isolated).
4.2. With whom the closest is close; The nature of mutual influence.
4.3. Relationship with other classmates: business, smooth, friendly, warm, conflict, do not communicate with anyone.
4.4. Manner, communication style with others:
The dominant style (confident in herself, seeks to impose his opinion, easily interrupts, but does not allow him to kill himself, it is not easy to recognize his wrongness);
A non-general style (shy, compliant, easily recognizes himself wrong, needs to be promoted during conversation);
Extravert (constantly aimed at communication, easily comes into contact);
Introvert (not inclined to contacts, closed, prefers to communicate activities).
Periodically, the car requires the diagnostics of the engine. What is included and the cost, the masters are talking before her. In many workshops there is a device on which the test results can be printed.
Appointment service
Once periodicity requires the engine diagnostics. What enters and the cost is interested in every driver. But not everyone understands that the service implies only the statement of the actual state of the car without performing any kind of work. Deviations of parameters from nominal are provided to the customer in printed form.
Recommendations Ends the diagnosis of the engine. What is included in the cost of future repair, reported at the request of the customer. Often the masters advise how to troubleshoot a malfunction. Although this is not included in the service price. They are obliged to find defects and make a conclusion about the state of the mechanisms in writing.
The car repair shop does not always have the same engine diagnostics. What includes cost, depends on the material support, equipment features. For example, to measure the parameters of classic cars and modern, a different set of tools will be required. If in the first case everything will be done, then in the second laptop or special electronics will fulfill half of the work per person.
Test as malfunction prevention
Diagnostics of the car engine will help to prevent many problems, in the future capable of leading to expensive repair. Thus, the wear of the inserts or the lack of compression increases the likelihood of the failure of the piston system. At a cost for a test of 1 thousand rubles. Significant and can translated over 50 thousand rubles. Savings are obvious if you visit the workshop periodically.
Diagnostics of the car engine implies and search for unreliable nodes. With the most likely masters are able to specify spare parts requiring replacement. The driver himself decides on the urgency of the repair. Some malfunctions can be eliminated as time and means appearances. In the threat of an emergency case, the diagnostic will necessarily recommend urgently to seek technical assistance.
In the quality service, the driver offers a printout prior to computer diagnostics, where the step-by-step tests are indicated. But the cost in such workshops is not for everyone by pocket. More often, the customer receives a printout and a written essay on the examination of his car. Consultants are responsible for any questions.
Do not everyone know that it is not necessary to leave your car at the entrance to the technical room. Drivers are obliged to let them at their request after a brief briefing. So they can control the work of the masters, but not interfering with endless issues.
What to choose a place for dough?
Where to diagnose the engine, decides each driver, based on considerations of saving and quality of services. The first criterion can be found on the Internet, telephone. The second is not so easy to determine in advance. It will be necessary to bring references about the workshop, visit it and look at attitude to customers.
Negative reviews often leave people, not to the end understanding the appointment of computer diagnostics. Often you can meet words like: "did not do anything, they gave some kind of printout and everything!". After all, the service was rendered, and this does not speak of insufficient qualifications of masters. Each negative comment should be read and delve into the essence of the problem.
Why so expensive?
The diagnosis of gasoline engines is a complex procedure that requires tremendous experience in car repair. In fact, the wizard and its ability to identify malfunctions for sound, appearance and digital test indicators are paid. Only printout is comparable to the results of analyzes in the hospital. The numbers speak a lot, but need a complete picture of the disease.
Similarly, diagnosis is a complex and long process. Full engine survey can not be carried out in a few minutes. In addition to connecting a computer, you need to say, try to try nodes with hands.
For one printout, money is not paid. Drivers should be understood that a person with a computer is not a car repairman. Although the diagnostic market often appear proposals of this kind.
Electrical parameters
Full diagnostics develops from individual operations. The main procedure is to scan the car sensors through standard connectors. Many craftsmen can do it independently, three tools are required: the corresponding USB adapter connector, the program (you can download it on the Internet), laptop. Cost in the cabin hesitates near the figure of 500 rubles. Errors and history of manipulations with the memory of the electronic system are determined.
The exhaust gas parameters are measured by a special device. The cost fluctuates in the range of 300 rubles. The ignition tester costs 500 rubles. Measurement alarm angle - 300 rubles.
The external inspection determines the condition of the candles, coils, wires. It is checked by the reliability of the engine connections with a mass of the car. The state of the battery is diagnosed.
Mechanics
Separate engine nodes must be checked with hands. These include: belt tension (100 rubles), condition and level of liquids (100 rubles), noise assessment in operation. Each cylinder is examined by an endoscope for 600 rubles. The pressure of the pneumatic system for 400 rubles is measured.
The total price for a set of services is significantly lower due to market competition. With a decrease in the cost of the service deteriorates its quality or the number of individual phases of diagnostics. 4 thousand rubles. Not every driver is ready to examine the car without repairing the established faults.
The amount of diagnostics is justified at the expense of the speed of the service, a positive attitude towards the client, a set of additional options. In reality in the amount of 1 thousand rubles. Only a computer scanning of sensors, visual inspection, checking the ignition system and exhaust gases by the analyzer.
Technical awareness as a commercial compass. This is the same GLONASS, GPS. Not knowing the basics of the subject, do not shift either a step. How and where to go? These are the questions that you have to solve almost constantly. Any car requires knowledge and experience. There is no desire to use everyone. The whole thing in the possibilities. The critical situation, however, does not sleep anyone. The road is the road. It may happen so that hope will not be what. We'll have to take for your head and hands. Not superfluous to arm them. In advance!
Introduction to the topic
Car diagnostics - the process is not simple. Available, but requiring preparation. In addition to the desire and opportunities and even inclined to technique, a certain theoretical and practical support is necessary. Namely:
- knowledge in the motor system (knots, functions, common reasons for failures, minor repairs);
- concept of electrical equipment (equipment, assigning each device, eliminating the simplest faults);
- skill to work with computer, programs, databases;
- an idea of \u200b\u200bdiagnostic equipment that partially replacing the computer in its absence (control probes, multimeters, oscilloscopes, scanners);
- knowledge of the specifics of the engine of various automobiles of domestic and foreign production (comparative characteristics, selection of special snap).
In addition, you need experience. From primitive soldering of contacts in the wiring to the sensation and understanding of the engine in all its subtleties. At every moment of work. Over time, intuition appears. In it - the philosophy of an intelligent person. His nude nerve and salvation. All this is the basics of diagnosis. Without their assimilation, it is not worth it. You can not!
The essence of the subject
Translated from Greek, this word means - to recognize, be capable of deep vision.
Medicine interprets it as an analysis that allows you to identify the essence of the disease.
Technical diagnostics is engaged in the same. Only not with man, but with the car.
Car in this case.
The principles of approach to the procedure are alone for the whole technique, whether it is a carburetor, injector or diesel.
What is included in the concept of "diagnosis":
- Information about the status of the motor system (DVS) and the car as a whole.
- Methods for troubleshooting.
State Parameters DVS:
- engine power (l / s, bt);
- turnover of the crankshaft (per minute);
- ignition (degree of advance);
- the position of the carburetor damper in accordance with the turnover (in diesel engines and injectors the state of the fuel pump);
- detonation on each cylinder (synchronization with sparks on candlelight);
- temperature (air intake air in the fuel system, coolant in the cylinder block);
- oil pressure (in the block and on the onboard controller sensor);
- determining the electronic control unit errors (ECU) and their adjustment;
- online exchange mode (receiving online additional information and features from other diagnostic programs);
- graphic display of parameters on the computer monitor;
- voltage in the electronics network (B);
- battery charge:
- the performance of the main electromechanical nodes: starter, generator, automatic transmission, salon heater fans and engine cooling radiator (in diesel engines and injectors - electric fuel pumps);
- aBS, ACC, TRACTION Control, 4WS systems, etc. etc.
Each of the parameters is constantly compared with the standard laid by the car manufacturer. Any deviation is fixed and eliminated automatically using a specific diagnostic program. In problem cases, mechanical intervention is possible. That is, the repair.
Methods for troubleshooting.Mainly apply two:
- Visual - what can be found out "on the eyes":
- mechanical damage or wear of electrical wiring and pipelines of cooling systems, exhaust, hydraulics of brakes and steering (in injection and diesel engines - fuel supply tubes from the pump to candles);
- oxidation of battery contacts, starter, fuses, relays, etc.;
- "breaking" of individual functional components of the engine and suspension (fastening of the generator, starter, as well as the hollows of the steering rail and wheel racks);
- The condition of air, fuel and oil filters. - Instrumental. Ensures use:
- the simplest devices (control probe, multimeter);
- electronic computing devices (motor tester, scanner, computer).
Computer diagnostics
Methods are most effective using complex computing equipment.
What gives this method? First of all, it allows you to control all ICA entirely. Precision diagnostics is exceptional. Errors that may occur as a result are automatically eliminated using special programs.
Types of work:
- stationary - with the connection of the device directly to the ECU of the car (PC, scanner);
- remote - via Bluetooth or Wi-Fi (Tablet, Smartphone).
Computer data processing is performed by introducing a device for "software" (programs) oriented to the processor
- comprehensive diagnostics (engine, suspended and steering system, brakes);
How to spend it? Typically drivers use the services of the car service. This is not the only option. With a certain preparation, it is possible to diagnose the car with your own hands.
Procedure Description:
- manufacturing base snap:
- a computer;
- Adapter "K-LINE" with cable on OLB2 and USB connectors (with a stationary connection) or a ELM327 adapter with bluetooth (remote study);
- diagnostic programs and drivers; - installation on a computer platform of the desired "software" and "chip" (driver);
- "Firmware" (adapting) ECU (provides a connection of the controller with a computer and removal of all available car parameters.
The definition of the state of the desired systems is performed by gradually scanning each node. Defects that cannot be eliminated by the intervention of electronic proofreaders are eliminated along the minor, medium or overhaul.
Conclusion
There is nothing impossible in the world. The term "computer diagnostics" scares very many. Mainly newcomers. But it first. Everything in life happens someday for the first time. With a car, this happens constantly. And he is the life of the driver. His fate. We master the asses of understanding your technology - the best insurance against trouble. Dare. Walk asset going!
Andrey Goncharov, Expert Rubric "Engine Repair"
