3.9. Mini tractors engines
Scheme of electrical equipment microtractor TZ-4K-14
As an example of the electrical equipment of the mini-tractor equipped with a diesel engine with electric and having lighting and switching devices, consider the electrical equipment of the microtractor TZ-4K-14, which is much more complicated by all those considered above. As a source of electric current (see Fig. 3.35), battery 17 and DC generator 18 are used. The battery is placed under the instrument shield of the microtractor and nourishes the starter 19 when the engine is started. The 150 W generator is located on the left side on the front cover of the engine. The system has a voltage of 12 V and serves to power various devices and systems, as well as charging the battery. The generator rotor is driven by a wedge strap from the engine camshaft. The same belt is used to drive the cooling system fan. The belt tension is adjustable by turning the generator that has
the ability to change its position relative to the front cover of the crankcase.
The direct current regulator 15 consists of three separate relays: reverse current relay, voltage controller and current limiter. The reverse current relay is used to automatically connect the battery with the generator, if the voltage on the terminals of the generator reaches 12 V. In this case, the battery is charging. With a smaller voltage, this chain is broken, protecting the battery from discharging to the generator. The voltage regulator serves to stabilize the voltage on the terminals of the generator when it changes its speed or load in the circuit of the electrical current consumers. The current limiter protects the generator from overloads arising in the event of a large number of consumers or a discharged battery. When overloading the current in the windings of the generator anchor increases significantly, which leads to their overheating and failure.
The electrical equipment of the microtractor has a weight switch 16 and the electrode button 20. The battery charging is controlled by a signal lamp 21. The inclusion of the microtractor electrical equipment system is carried out by a special switch-switch 22, which has three positions of the key, which ensures the operation of the devices from the generator or from the battery. Fuses 6 protect the electrical equipment from high voltage electrical equipment. For convenience, a portable lamp can be connected via a power outlet 5 to the electrical system. Electric beep
4 is associated with a current source through the signal turning button 3. The headlights 1 and 24, the rotation indicators 2 and 23 are connected to the electrical equipment system through three- and. Four-terminal pads 25 and 26. The switch indicator switch 8 is associated with the electrical system through the switch 7 and the terminal box 9, to which the lamp 14 is connected, signaling the operation of the rotation indicators. Pointers of rotation 10, 13 and overall lights connect to the system through a five-mone block 11. The semi-contact socket 12 serves to connect the electrical equipment of the trailer.
When checking and adjusting the central transmission, the following is followed:
1. Production work
Clean the gearbox from dust and dirt. Drain the transmission oil. Rinse the inner cavity of the body with diesel fuel.
2. Check and adjustment of the gap in the Bearing 7205 of the shaft of the leading conical gear.
Move the leading conical gear with a lomik, and at the same time normal axial movement should not exceed 0.1 mm (the indicator is measured) and, if necessary, adjust. Dispavan the main and additional gearboxes. Unscrew the locknut at the front end of the shaft of the leading conical gear (Fig.4-5). Screwing the adjusting nut, turn your hand to the leading conical gear until there is no noticeable resistance. Conduct the nut.
3. Check and adjustment of the gap in the bearing 7306 of the center of the central transmission shaft.
Deep the foot of the indicator into the ends of the crown of the slave conical gear. Moving the driven conical gear with a passion to the left and to the right, observed the remads of the scope of the arrows. Normal axial movement should not exceed 0.15mm and, if necessary, adjust. Turning the driven conical gear, add or decrease the adjusting gaskets of bearings 7306, tired at the two ends of the center of the central transmission until there is no noticeable resistance (Fig.4-6).
4. Checking the gear gear print.
When checking special attention to pay on
Table 4-1.
4.3. Adjusting the brake
4.3.1. Adjusting the free stroke of the pedal.
The normal gap between the brake shoe and the drum is 0.5-0.7 mm, which corresponds to the free move of the pedal of 30-40 mm (Fig.4-8).
When adjusting the free stroke of the pedal, omit the lock nut 2 (Fig.4-8.4-9) brake thrust, screwing (if the pedal stroke should be reduced) or discerning (if the pedal stroke should be increased) thrust in the adjusting plug, sets the required pedal stroke ( Fig.4-10). And screw the lock nut.
Fig.4-8 Adjusting the free stroke of the brake pedal:
1,4-levers; 2-lock nuts; 3-sleeve.
4.3.2. Check and adjust the left and right brakes. The braking efficiency of both brakes should be the same. Otherwise, emergency braking with high-speed motion can lead to an accident due to uneven braking.
The difference in traces of the rear wheel slippers should not exceed 400 mm in case of emergency braking of the tractor at high speed on the horizontal portion of the road. If necessary, adjust.
When adjusting, it is advisable due to an increase in the brake clearance, which has better braking efficiency, and not a decrease in the brake clearance with worse efficiency, will achieve simultaneous braking.
4.4.regulation of the front axle and steering
4.4.1. Adjusting the front axis
The most characteristic deviations from the normal operation of the running system are the wicious and vibrations of the wheels. Possible causes: impaired bearing adjustment due to wear of conical roller bearings. Therefore, it is necessary to periodically check and adjust the gap in bearings.
When adjusting from raised front wheels, you turn over three bolts, remove the wheel hub cap, tighten the bearings, and then release the crown nut on 1/16 - 1/8 turns so that the axial gap of the bearings is in the range of 0.1-0.2mm. When the wheel rotates manually it rotates easily and without noticeable wicious. Slip the crown nut and set the cap.
4.4.2. Adjustment of the convergence of the front wheels.
The wheel convergence is determined as a variety of distances between the wheels in front and behind the level of their centers. The normal value of the convergence of the tractor -4 ~ 12mm.
During the operation of the tractor, the magnitude of the convergence of the front wheels is changing. Incompretable checks and adjustment of convergence can cause the effects and fluctuations in the wheels, and consequently, the difficulty of controlling the rotation and increased wear of tire protector.
Fig.4-11 Adjustment of convergence.
Distance between the wheels of the back b. Distance between wheels in front
Regulate the convergence of wheels by changing the length of the transverse steering thrust.
4.3. Adjusting the free stroke of the steering wheel.
Free move in tractor 15? -20? And should not exceed 30?.
If the free move of the relay wheel exceeds the allowable, it is necessary to determine the malfunction of the mechanisms included in the steering and adjust them.
4.4.3.1. Adjusting the ball pin.
Replacing the axle, or the nest and the cap, when the formed clearance due to strong wear is too large and cannot be compensated by the springs.
4.4.3.2. Adjusting the axial gap of the rotary shaft (Fig. 4-12)
Fig.4-12 Steering:
1-steering wheel; 2 - shaft of the steering; 3- top covers; 4- gasket; 5-steering steering; 6-worm swivel; 7- Lower cover; 8 - power steering; 9 worm sector; 10- fastening bolt; 11- side cover; 12- strip locking; 13 Projects adjustment; 14-sleeve adjusting core; 15- Cover dustproof.
5.1. The electrical equipment of the SaintTai-200/220 tractor consists of a battery, a generator, a starting engine, a relay controller, etc. On the tractor installed two front headlights, one rear headlamp, front indicator of rotation, two rear stop signals and a rotation pointer (rice .5-1).
5.2. The electrical equipment of the Satat-120 tractor consists of a generator, two front and one rear headlamp (Fig. 5-2).
Fig.5-1 Electrical Equipment Scheme:
1 - rechargeable battery; 2- headlights front; 3- rotation pointer; 4 generator; 5-starter; 6-fuse; 7- current pointer; 8- the audio signal; 9- switch; 10-relay controller; 11- headlight rear; 12- Schedule; 13- Stop signal rear; 14 - stop signal switch; 15- speed audio signal; 16 - Switch pointer switch; 17 switch; 18-blighter.
1-header rear; 2- switch; 3-generator; 4- headlights front right; 5- headlights front and left.
Applications
ATTACHMENT 1
Attachment scheme
The dimensions of the plunger lifting mechanism are given.
Appendix 2.
Tightening torque of major threaded connections.
Detailed technical descriptionFig.1 Engine Control Mechanism
1 Engine Control Mechanism
Name | Designation | number |
|
Ball head assembly | |||
Handcoat welded assembly | |||
Bolt M8X16. | |||
Bolt M8X30. | |||
Clamping bracket | |||
Bracket welded assembly | |||
Clamp lever | |||
Shplot 2x10 | |||
Plug connected | |||
Finger in5x25 | |||
Nikam12x1.25 | |||
Spring sleeve guide | |||
Spring Excelerator Pressure | |||
Drive drive | |||
Electrical equipment tractor T-40 Designed to start the engine and safe operation at night during transport or agricultural work. Electrical equipment is implemented on a single-wire system in which metal parts of the tractor ("Mass") serve as a minus wire.
The rated voltage in the tractor electrical system is 12 V. Electric current sources are connected by negative terminals with "mass".
Electrical equipment T-40 Consists of the following aggregates and devices:
1. DC generator equipped with a relay controller and batteries that are source of electric current.
2. Starter with a relay and starter switch that performs the function of the engine starter.
3. Pointers of rotation, dimensions, rear and front headlights, ceiling, stop signal, license plate flashlight, fan belt break lamp, and a portable lamp serve for light alarm and lighting.
4. Ampmeter that displays the power of the discharge or charging current.
5. Beep equipped with a switch.
6. Connecting panels and wires, "Mass" switch and fuse.
Scheme of electrical equipment T-40 tractor with starter:1 - flashlight lamp and dimensions; 2 - front headlights; 3 - connecting panel; 4- beep; 5 - Cabin Cabin; 6 - Plafth and Fan Switch; 7 - fan; 8 - wiper; 9 - oil temperature sensor; 10 - generator; 11 - incandescent candle; 12 - Mass Mass; 13 - rechargeable battery; 14 - starter; 15 - starter relay; 16 - control lamp of turn signs; 17 - switcher of turn signs; 18 - central light switch; 19 - front headlight light switch; 20 - Far light control lamp; 21 - signal switch; 22 - control lamp of the "Mass" switch; 23- oil temperature pointer; 24 - Diesel start lock switch when transmitted on; 25 - control element; 26 - portable lamp; 27 - portable lamp socket; 28 - additional resistance; 29 - switch of incandescent and starter candles; 30 - current pointer; 31 - Switch "Stop"; 32 - Switch back headlights; 33 - Lamps lighting the instrument panel; 34 - transition of turn signs; 35 - fuse; 36 - torque lantern, dimensions and braking signals; 37 - rear headlamp; 38 - Plug socket; 39 - Lantern of the license plate. Designation of wire coloring in the diagram: b - white; G - blue (blue); Well - yellow; Z- green; K - red; Kch - brown; F - purple; H - black. Next to the designation of the coloring the numbers indicate the cross section of the wires. Unspeakable on the cross-section of the wires of 0.75 mm².
Scheme of electrical equipment Tractor T-40 with a starting unit: 1 - flashlight lamp and dimensions; 2 - front headlights; 3 - connecting panel; 4 - beep; 5 - Cabin Cabin; 6 - Plafth and Fan Switch; 7 - fan; 8 - wiper; 9 - oil temperature sensor; 10 - generator; 11 - Candle sparkling; 12 - incandescent candle; 13 - Mass Mass; 14 - rechargeable battery; 15 - starter starting unit; 16 - Magneto; 17- control lamp of turn signs; 18 - switches of turn signs; 19 - central light switch; 20 - front headlight light switch; 21 - Far light control lamp; 22 - signal switch; 23 - warning lamp of the Mass Mass; 24 - oil temperature pointer; 25 - switch stopping unit; 26 - switch locking of a diesel start when transmitted; 27- control element; 28 - portable lamp; 29 - portable lamp socket; 30 - Incandescent Candle Switch; 31 - additional resistance; 32 - Starting unit starter switch; 33 - current pointer; 34 - Switch back headlight light; 35 - instrument panel lighting lamp; 36 - transition of turn signs; 37 - fuse; 38 - Switch "Stop"; 39 - Flashlight-pointer, dimensions and braking signals; 40 - rear headlights; 41 - plug socket; 42 - Lantern of the license plate. The designation of the colors in the wires is higher.
The central switch is required to include overall lights and tractor lighting. The front lights are used to designate the dimensions of the tractor and supply signal signals, the rear lights serve as the dimensions of the dimensions, as well as turns and braking signals.
The front headlights together with the lanterns are mounted on a single bracket, fixed on the front timber bar. On the wings of the rear wheels are installed rear lights and reflectors, reflecting the light from the front headlamp running behind the transport.
To start the engine, the T-40 tractor can be equipped with a starter starter switch and a shutdown button. In the gearbox housing there is a switch that does not allow the engine to start when the transmission is enabled.
It is hard to present agriculture without the use of special equipment. But most private farmers cannot afford the purchase of a mini tractor. In small land, you can do with manual instruments, but on the square more than 1 hectare it will not be enough. The homemade tractor is not inferior in the effectiveness of most factory models.
Basic varieties of homemade tractors
Due to the high flow of fuel, mass and dimensions, the use of large and powerful tractors in a small area is inconvenient and irrational. For their manufacture, accurate calculations are required, which are difficult without engineering skills at home.
The mini-tractor is considered a multifunctional technique and is able to handle up to 10 hectares. This is enough for private farming. It should be approached not only to care for the garden, but also for cleaning the snow, transportation of goods and debris. When designing its design, these features should be taken into account.
There are 2 approaches to creating your own tractor:
- Re-equipment of finished agricultural machinery. In the overwhelming majority as the basis protrudes the motoblock to which the frame is joined with an additional pair of wheels and the driver's place. This method allows you to quickly and with minimal efforts to build a simple and function tractor.
- Full manufacture. It is used in the absence of a base or with specific appliances requirements. In this case, the chassis is designed and manufactured independently, and components are selected on the basis of financial capabilities and structural features.
Some enthusiasts build steam tractors. A separate boiler allows you to use almost any kind of fuel fuel. This type of energy conversion was distributed in the 1900s. Due to the low efficiency, the bulky design and the small stock of the steam engines cannot compete with the engine. The use of obsolete technologies in agriculture is a costly event and is used for entertainment.
Features of tractor manufacturing
The homemade technique has the most simplified scheme, and during its manufacture, nodes and aggregates from other equipment are used. The goal is to get cheap and reliable design. For assembly, the basic instrument handling skills will be required and minimal technical knowledge.
When designing its own design, use details with minimal modifications. Parts should be easily accessible and inexpensive. A large number of self-made elements in the design will lead to an increase in the cost and duration of repair.
Performing accurate calculation of strength and loads is almost impossible at home, therefore the frame and the remaining carrier structures are manufactured with a large margin of strength.
If there are drawings and the necessary equipment, the tractor itself can be made in 3 months.
Preparation of drawings
Before purchasing and preparing nodes, the project of the future tractor must be compiled. As a basis, you can take drawings of finished models. Spare parts that you have, may differ from the claimed, and it will be easy to change the finished design scheme. There are ready-made solutions for any modifications.
If it is not possible to use a finished project, then it is necessary to prepare draft sketches yourself. In the process of assembly, the layout of the elements may change, but you must understand how individual nodes will be located.
