As soon as the shinniki did not explain this sad fact. But all the "specialist comments" usually boiled down to one: the owner of the car is to blame - it is carelessly driving on uneven roads; Overloads the machine, does not follow the angles of the installation of wheels, tire pressure, balancing ...
A conscientious motorist, reading or having heard similar, surprises: "For pressure, I do not overload a car, the gathering collapse and balancing in order ... As for the" negligence ", then even the sloping iron disks did not stick! And still lost the curve of the tires. Other And 25 thousand did not hurt - the protector is still where, and it is impossible to ride. By the way, the Lord Shinniki, and why is such almost not happening with the products of your foreign competitors? "
Let's first remember why the tire - in contrast, for example, from the camera - saves sizes and shape, even if perekash? Yes, because, as everyone knows, it is made not only from rubber! Almost an unrealized cordic frame in many respects determines the strength, wear resistance, mechanical losses when rolling and a number of other important properties of the tire.
The modern radial tire (Fig. 1) is owned by its name to the fact that the cord threads of the main (from the side to the board) of the frame 1 are located in radial planes and do not intersect, as in the former, diagonal. This cord is usually textile.
The crown tire zone experiencing increased loads additionally reinforces the power ring - a metal bracket 2. Its cord threads - cables, retained of several steel wires, with brass coating for better adhesion, are not radially laid, and under some flux to the wheels rotation plane in several layers. The design resembles a grid.
Its width almost corresponds to the protector, the ends of the threads are free - they are not tied to anything. But after vulcanization, the breaker is almost unpretentious, although quite flexible. This allows the tire to roll normally. Such tires are less consumed on this energies (that is, fuel), a car with them more manageable, their protector is preserved longer, etc. But all these advantages are easily crossed by one minus. It is worth breaking in with the links between the cord and rubber - and the breaker is twisted. The tire will say, went with a screw. And then, even with another very decent protector, nothing remains, as it will break up.
BEGINNING OF THE END
The destruction of the tire hurts a car owner by pocket. Noticing that at low speed the car began to turn, an experienced motorist will load. Stop, examine the wheels. Here it is the reason: one of the tires as if he was sick!
Turn to the example. The openwork wheel of the bicycle (Fig. 2) with thin knitting needles, however, has sufficient strength and stable shape ... only under certain conditions, when all the spokes of the same length and equally loaded (Fig. 2a). (More complex schemes do not consider here.) If at least one - the two knitting spins burst - a symmetric balance of forces is broken (Fig. 2b). The loads will begin to redistribute, the good knitting needles pull the hub to themselves, the wheel changes the form until a new equilibrium of forces appear. But now the needles near the burst are strongly overloaded. And in turn can break. The wheel is deformed even more.
Approximately the same happens if the cord is bursting. Or peeles from rubber and "crawling." Such a tire for operation is unsuitable. It becomes a source of unreasonable shaking (naive try to "balance" it, without considering that the wheel of the wrong shape, even a balanced, still shakes!), Curvature progresses, the tire is destroyed faster, and this can end the explosion on the go! (As a rule, the exhausted shaking motorist throws the bus much earlier.)
RISK FACTORS
Many and do not suspect that a metal-pin tire is often ruined by a single puncture, if dirty, salted water falls into the hole. As a rule, it happens to those who prefer wheels with cameras. You used to act like this: stick the camera and do not think about the tire - well, what she will do! By the way, even textile cord can "rot." And metallic - all the more. Often after a year about the wires near the place of the puncture reminds only rust. ("Test" such a tire and gently cutting off the protector to Cord, it is easy to make sure.). Breker, who lost part of the Cord, will be twistful - reasons we have already called. Morals are simple: any buses are preferably sealing, although, of course, this is extra effort.
Another risk factor is air pressure. Monitor him - in the interests of the owner. The reduced (most often the wheels are lowered at the Lododar!) Not only increases fuel consumption, reduces the speed, etc., but also accelerates tire wear, in particular, Korda frame and broker, which in the confused bus (Fig. 3) additionally "is closed "And stronger suffers from fatigue. In addition, during the operation of the unchanging tire, much more heat is released - additional energy is spent on its deformation (and on inner friction between the layers of rubber). The tire is intensively heated, and when the temperature inside, between the layers of the "Cashkoll" in 120 ° C and raises on, irreversible damage cannot be avoided. The strength of Cord, especially textile, is sharply reduced, bonds are destroyed, the tire is separated.
The next enemy of the metal cord broker is a strong blow, concentrated on a small area. If you have to come on a sharp stone in full, the pluses of the metal cord become minuses: the high modulus of elasticity has not allowed the wires for a moment, slightly stretch, smooth the blow. A relaxed corrosion or wear, they can simply burst.
By the way, what wear is we talking about? From the "killed" tires, with wire sticking from under the tread, remove one passages. And look. On the thin "bull" look like! Worn by friction about neighboring. Calculate how many turns do the "Zhigulevskoe" wheel on a kilometer of the journey? About 600. And for 10 thousand? .. The account went to millions? Now how many times at least, the wire shifted, rubbed about the neighboring! About the irregularities of the road, which increase this account, and do not say ...
Hence, like a car as a whole, the "elderly" tire is weaker than new and needs more careful. The fact that a new manner, two-time, even with good, seemingly, the protector - easily faces. And you should not forget about hidden corrosion: some damage to the tires - in the form of deep cuts - they take the cord, but the owner does not know about them, since there is no pass-through hole.
In a word, someone who is not spoiled by extra money should be carefully referring to the surprises of our roads. Run to the broken coating - immediately pay speed. I saw the scattering of bottled fragments - try not to go. And I drove - check the tires: is it possible, do not stick the glass pieces from the tread? On time to remove them - it's sometimes save the tire.
Gennady Ivanov "The process went ..."
Magazine "Driving", 2002 №3
Tires are one of the most susceptible to wear of the parts of the car. But what to do if they wear unevenly. To begin with, it should be properly defined this non-uniformity of tire wear to determine its causes. How unevenly wear tires:
- at various places of the circle - at certain points of the tread, it is worn strongly (spots),
- on the various side of the tires - the outer, the inner side of the tire or its central area throughout the circumference,
- one tire is wears much faster than the rest,
- a pair of front or rear tires come into disrepair faster.
Let's now give the causes and consider the character of tire wear for each reason. Causes of these will consider from the most common to less common.
The tire is worn in the center or on the sides. The reason is insufficient or excessive tire pressure
Incorrectly exhaustable leads to the fact that their abrasion proceeds unevenly. Trying to identify this reason on specific worn wheels - a useless spending time. Pressure can change in each wheel in different ways, even if you always turn into all four wheels.
But this reason can be determined by the nature of the wear of the tread itself. The fact is that the untapped tire is known, it seems, and it's therefore, the sides of the working surface are extermined faster. But the pushed tires are erased faster, on the contrary, the central part, since, with overcall pressure, it is its pressure that pushes the most, as a result of which, the axis of the circle accounts for the most load.
The result of riding on the pushed (from above) and the untapped (bottom) tires
On the tire only certain areas are worn. Cause - deformed disk or broken wheel balancing
The deformed (cast, "eight", etc.) the disk can also often cause uneven wear of rubber. In this case, the wear will occur in certain places (spots) of the tread. If the disk "eight", then wear will be in the form of two stains: one on one side of the tire in a specific place, and the second is in the diametrically opposite place of the tire and on the opposite side. During deformation of the disk, the tire is wearing very quickly depending on the degree of deformation, of course.
Similar bus wear is subject to both the wheel imbalance. Although it happens much slower than with a deformed disk.
And in both cases, an additional symptom is on the steering wheel or throughout the machine. And the visual examination of the worn wheel will help reveal this deformation.
Sometimes the reason for the increased wear can also be the rubber itself - its marriage in the form of a bunting metal cord. Cord can burst if the rubber has already been significantly worn out.
Only the inner or outer side of the front wheels is wearing. The reason is the collapse of the wheels
If the alignment of the front wheels got lost, then this means that your two front wheels are not parallel to each other. They either "closer" - look ahead, a little to the center of the projection of the direction, or inclined in one or another side relative to the vertical axis.
As a result, you get excessive wear of the rubber only the front wheels or on the inside or from the external one.
If a similar situation occurred with the rear wheels, then there is a bell beam (if available) or one of the failed (perhaps also curved) suspension elements.
The outer side of the tires can also wear out due to a faulty silent block or ball.
Only one wheel flashes. The reason is something happened in the suspension or the brake clinic
If any component has been caught in your suspension, such as the flowing rack, it can lead to excessive wear of tires on this particular wheel. If any suspension item works incorrectly, the wheel will bounce anymore either will be hard to pass the road irregularities. This creates additional friction on this bus, which makes it makes much to reduce its service life and the tire tread state.
Here, as a rule, uniform wear is only tires only on one wheel.
And now imagine that you drive around the whole day with a slightly pressing the brake with your foot. This is what it is like if the clinite is some braking component, such as a caliper (its piston). This is usually only on the same wheel, and it is beaten faster because of this (uniform wear occurs).
Only the front wheels are wearing. The reason - something happened in the steering
Almost every part of the steering system may also lead to tire wear. But the speech here will only be about the front wheels, and the nature of wear can be completely different: both spots and one side of the tires along the entire circumference of the tread.
Rubber is used in many household structures: various hoses, seals, adapters, automobile spare parts. Over time, the products from the specified material fail, dry, lose elasticity, become inconvenient in use. Immediately buying new items should not be, you can try to soften the rubber at home.
Restored rubber part of a method using kerosene
Rubber elements under the influence of external factors lose their original properties, become less elastic, harden. Their further use will not bring the desired effect, seals, for example, will not be able to make the system completely sealed. Buying new rubber elements is sometimes difficult due to the lack of products of the desired size or their overestimated cost.
The following substances are allowed to soften the rubber:
- Kerosene. Allows you to make rubber parts soft, affecting the structure of the material. After processing, the rubber element becomes completely elastic. Recovery technology Next:
- fill in a small container kerosene (select the size of the container depending on the size of the product to be recovered);
- place the part in the kerosene container for 3 hours;
- after the specified time, check the product for soft, if the result is satisfactory: remove the material and rinse with warm running water;
- dry material with a natural way, without the use of a hair dryer or battery.
- Alcohol is ammonia. The process of restoring the old material is as follows:
- divide the specified alcohol with water in a 1: 7 ratio;
- place the rubber material in the resulting solution for half an hour;
- after the specified time, remove the part and rinse with warm running water;
- give the items to dry completely before use.
Consider: you can not keep rubber in the solution of ammonia alcohol and water for more than an hour. If the material after 30 minutes does not become elastic, use another recovery method.
- Medical alcohol with the subsequent use of glycerol. Technology "reanimation" of rubber parts:
- fill the container with medical alcohol;
- place the part in alcohol, requiring recovery for several hours;
- after the specified time, check the condition of the product if it is soft enough, remove the element from the solution and rinse with a warm soap solution;
- carry in the surface of the glycerin detail using a sponge (rag);
- remove glycerol residues from the surface of the product.
Instead of glycerin, it is allowed to use automotive oil, it is rubbed into the surface of the product, then half an hour is maintained before using the part. During the specified period, rubber becomes quite elastic.
- Castor oil and silicone. Let's notify immediately - this method allows you to quickly "reanimate" the old rubber, but the recovery effect will last long, after a few days the product will become solid. For the specified method, follow the sequence:
- essay the part of silicone;
- wait 10 min.;
- after the specified time expires, the part can be used.
Note: A similar effect is achieved by the use of castor oil. It is rubbed into the surface of the detail, after which it becomes soft and elastic.
Heating - effective method
Tara with prepared water for boiling rubber products There are situations where the rubber element is difficult to remove from structural parts due to its hardening. It is possible to achieve the desired result. You can heating with rubber with a stream of hot air using a hairdryer. When exposed to high temperature, the material will be softer, it will be possible to pull it out of the part.
Too "conceived" element softened with boiling in salted water. Technology Next:
- fill the container with salted water;
- give liquids boil;
- place the rubber element in boiling water for 10 minutes;
- remove rubber and quickly use it by destination.
This method is quite effective, but has a short-term effect. Having cooled, the rubber will again become tough.
Conclusion
Soften the rubber can be described above. At the same time, it is necessary to consider: a long effect after recovery, has a method with kerosene. Rubber, after its use, remains soft and elastic for a long time, because the structure of the material changes. The remaining methods do not allow achieving such a result.
Deformation - This is a change in the size or shape of a solid under the action of external forces. Applicable tires can be distinguished two types of deformations:
- Functional deformation;
- Critical deformation.
Functional deformation Included in the circle of responsibilities that modern tire must be performed. Namely - to deform, reducing the vibration and noise effect on the car and the driver, which occurs when rolling the tire on the surface of the road. The flexibility of the bus structure, as well as the correct pressure inside allow the bus without problems to perform this function, while performing a huge amount of deformations per unit of time without negative consequences.
Critical deformation It is precisely characterized by the fact that the investigation can be a complete or partial destruction of the tire, excluding its further use. Critical deformations include:
Warehouse;
Arising from long standing car;
Which is a consequence of a pressure of pressure below the recommended;
Shock with the destruction of the sidewall.
Tire deformation arising from improper storage
Damage that receives a bus in violation of the tire storage rules are fairly common operational damage that are not a consequence of the execution of the bus of their functions. Among this type of critical deformations, the following tire damage is found:
- flying of the side rings arising from long-term storage tires "Christmas tree". Unfortunately, storage in this way is very common practice, although tire manufacturers recommend using it only the limited time required for tire transport. The fracture ring is an unrepretentious defect, and it is not recommended to install such tires on the disks.
How to avoid:
Need carefully inspect new tires when receiving: Tire rings must have a strict round shape without a minimal break. In addition, during long-term storage, it is recommended to put tires on the protector, in a vertical position using special racks that do not damaging tires.
- curvating a tire when storing in stacks . Such a storage method is still often found, and it is also particularly dangerous for those tires, which was at the bottom of the stacks. And the higher the design, the stronger the bottom tires suffer. Such storage can lead to internal tire curvature, which, in turn, can cause tire injections to the side, as well as to unregulated imbalance or vibration.
How to avoid:
Buy tires in and avoid those stores where in the trading hall there is a huge amount of stack of tires (more than four tires height). Since the internal curvature of the bus cannot be seen when visual inspection, and only the balancing machine will help to identify the first signs of tire problems. When storing tires, the owner must also avoid storing a stack, even if the amount of tires is limited to four.
Tire deformation arising during a long standing car
Few people know that tires may be damaged and from long stay in vertical position, with air inside. As a rule, this is possible when the car parking is in one place. Such a position deforms the tire, depriving it perfectly round shape. When driving, vibrations may appear on such a tire. It is possible and unrestrepreneable damage to the internal structure of the tire, especially in tires, former long time in operation.
How to avoid:
In technical documents it is recommended to limit the term of such a long stay up to two days for cars with full loading and up to ten days for unloaded vehicles. If you need a longer parking lot, you should reduce the load on the tires using the support or movement of the car.
Tire deformation due to low pressure ride 
One of the most common forms of critical deformation is irreversible change of tirewhich is due to the main internal pressure tire. Because of this insufficiency, ordinary working deformations become superfluous, and the walls of the tires that are not designed for excessive bending, begin to heat over the measure. Thus, the destruction of the tire itself begins. Initially, the sealing layer is destroyed: it begins to fall on the inner surface of the joint of the sidewall and the treadmill, then it is detached, a rubber namol is formed. Then the sidewall, bare to the filament of the frame, starts to crack, and the air leaves the bus. Further ride on such a tire can lead to a complete separation of the sidewall from the tread.
How to avoid:
Follow pressure. In addition to checking, you need to regularly change the valves, timely and efficiently repair the tires, prevent damage tires. Since all this can lead to slow pressure loss and to the appearance of critical tire deformation.
Tire deformation with shock load
For hit the tire in the pit, by road to an extraneous subject on the road there may be deformity of the tire, which can be completely destroyed by the product. If this happens at high speed, and the edges of the pit or the subject is sufficiently solid and sharp, then the chances of instant destruction of the tire increase significantly. In such a situation, the sidewall of the tire between the disk and the surface occurs, for example, in the pits. The impact of other factors (speed, aggressiveness of the obstacle) leads to the appearance of a drum force that breaks several threads of the frame. The weakened space of the sidewall of the tire is easily deformed by the internal pressure, and the hernia appears. Further operation of the tire is not recommended. It is worth noting that sometimes the rupture of the frame of the frame is accompanied by a breakdown of the inner and outer layers of the sidewalls of the tire, leading to the loss of pressure, which, of course, eliminates the further repair of the tire and its use.
How to avoid:
CAUTION, reducing speed, pass the road areas with a bad coating, prevent driving on border stones and other foreign objects. If bad roads are quite frequent phenomenon, it will not be superfluous to pay attention to technology protecting tires from damage. For example, Michelin's company uses IronFlex technology for some of its models (, X-Ice North 3, X-Ice 3), which reduces the likelihood of damage to the sidewall bus with shock deformation. For the same purpose, a double framework for off-road tires of the family is applied, which also reduces the likelihood of premature tire output due to damage to the framework of the frame.
In my experience I know that not all products from rubber can be restored, i.e. Give them former elasticity and softness, after it has been loaded. In general, a small part of rubber can be returned to life, if we talk about rubber, and not about the newest polymers, which at a certain temperature of operation do not lose their physical properties.
The whole difference is that products from rubber, namely, the material "Rubber" in the process of its manufacture is a process as a vulcanization, when the basis of rubber - rubber turned into rubber when interacting with some substances at a certain temperature. Rubber was called a new material in which the rubber molecules created a single spatial grid, precisely due to this unified grid of rubber and has its physical properties.
To speak in one recommendation about all rubber products will not be practical, since the types of rubber are very much and each rubber has its incoming properties, as well as the degree of richness of rubber, the ability to crystallize and orientation, the strength of the chemical bond chain and the flexibility of macromolecules.
Basically, 5 main factors affect aging and loss of elasticity:
- the light effect at which an irreversible process of photocosis of rubber occurs.
- the ozone effect at which the cracking of stress rubber is obtained.
- the thermal impact destroys the spatial grid.
- radiation impact destroys the connection of molecules.
- vacuum impact breaks separate sections in the product.
All this negative impact leads to the fact that rubber becomes solid and / or fragile. If the product crumble, then it is not necessary to give it elasticity, since the connection between the molecules is torn.
But if the tires started, but did not start to collapse, then it can be returned to life.
One of the delusions is that many are advised to dip or sprinkle with solvents, gasoline or alcohol on the product. It is impossible to do this, since in the first place there is a rubber oil-benzo resistant, which simply will not perceive these liquids, and secondly, other rubber products simply dissolve partially or completely in these solvents, and the effect of elasticity will be only temporary.
But one of the actually effective solutions capable of "reviving" products from rubber is ammonia solution from 5% concentration.
In this solution, the product should be held by no more than 15 minutes, then, if possible, to reveal it by mechanical pressure and process the next composition.
Place the product after softening water-glycerin solution from 5% concentration.
In this solution, the product is also necessary to hold no more than 15 minutes.
The temperature of the solutions should be within 40-50 degrees.
There should be no time between the two solutions, since ammonia destroys the rubber with a long exposure, and the glycerin on the water slows down this process.
A ammonia solution is 5% on sale, for this reason 10% will have to buy and on the formula to dilute it with distilled water (see chemical formulas, I personally can allow an error)
The water-glycerin solution is 5% also on sale, there is only pure glycerin or 85%, it also needs to be diluted to obtain the appropriate concentration.
