Home Transmission How does a car generator work? How a car generator works, diagrams What is a generator in a car

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How does a car generator work? How a car generator works, diagrams What is a generator in a car

A car generator, which is certainly part of the equipment of any vehicle, can be compared to the role of a power plant in supplying energy to the needs of the national economy.

It is the main (with the engine running) source of electricity in the car and is designed, through electrical wires that entangle the entire car from the inside, to maintain a given and stabilized voltage of the car's electrical network. The operating principle of a car generator is based on the theoretical concept of the operation of a classical electric generator that transforms non-electric types of energy into electrical energy.

In the specific case of an automobile generator, the generation of electrical energy occurs through the transformation of the mechanical rotational movement of the crankshaft of the motor unit.

General operating principle

The theoretical premises underlying the operation scheme of electric generators are based on the well-known case of electromagnetic induction, which transforms one type of energy (mechanical) into another (electrical). This effect manifests itself when copper wires are placed in the form of a coil and placed in a magnetic field of variable magnitude.

This contributes to the appearance of an electromotive force in the wires, which sets electrons in motion. This movement of electrical particles generates in, and at the terminal contacts of the wires an electrical voltage arises, the level directly depending on the speed at which the magnetic field changes. The alternating voltage thus generated must be supplied to an external network.

In a car generator, to create a magnetic phenomenon, stator windings are used, in which the rotor armature rotates under the influence of a field. On the armature shaft there are conductive windings connected to special contacts in the form of rings. These ring contacts are also fixed to the shaft and rotate with it. Electrical voltage is removed from the rings using conductive brushes and the generated energy is supplied to the electrical consumers of the vehicle.

The generator is started by means of a drive belt from the friction wheel of the crankshaft of the motor unit, which is started from a battery source to begin operation. To ensure effective transformation of the produced energy, the diameter of the generator pulley must be noticeably smaller in diameter than the crankshaft friction wheel. This ensures higher shaft speeds of the generating set. Under these conditions, it operates with increased efficiency and provides increased current characteristics.

Requirements

To ensure safe operation within a given range of characteristics of the entire complex of electrical devices, the operation of a car generator must satisfy high technical parameters and guarantee the production of a voltage level that is stable over time.

The main requirement for automobile generators is stable current generation with the required power characteristics. These parameters are designed to provide:

recharging;
simultaneous operation of all electrical equipment involved;
stable mains voltage over a wide range of rotor shaft rotation speeds and dynamically connected loads;

In addition to the above parameters, the generator is designed taking into account its operation under critical load conditions and must have a durable housing, be light in weight and have acceptable overall dimensions, and have low and acceptable levels of industrial radio interference.

Design and design of a car generator

Fastening

The car's generator can be easily found in the engine compartment by lifting the hood. There it is secured with bolts and special angles to the front of the engine. The generator body contains mounting feet and a tension eye for the device.

Frame

Almost all units of the unit are installed in the generator housing box. It is manufactured using light alloy metals based on aluminum, which is excellent for the task of heat dissipation. The housing design is a combination of two main parts:

front cover from the side of the slip rings;
drive side end cap;

The front cover contains brushes, a voltage regulator and a rectifier bridge. The lids are combined into a single housing structure using special bolts.

The inner surfaces of the covers fix the outer surface of the stator, securing its position. Also important structural components of the housing structure are the front and rear bearings, which provide proper operating conditions for the rotor and secure it to the cover.

Rotor

The design of the rotor assembly consists of an electromagnet circuit with an excitation winding mounted on the support shaft. The shaft itself is made of alloy steel supplemented with lead additives.

Copper slip rings and special spring-loaded brush contacts are also attached to the rotor shaft. The slip rings are responsible for supplying current to the rotor.

Stator

The stator assembly is a structure consisting of a core with numerous slots (in most used cases, their number is 36), into which the turns of three windings are laid, having electrical contact with each other either in a “star” or in a “triangle” pattern. The core, also called a magnetic circuit, is made in the form of a hollow spherical circle from metal plates, tied together with rivets or welded into a single monolithic block.

To increase the level of magnetic field strength on the stator windings during the production of these plates, transformer iron with enhanced magnetic parameters is used.

Voltage regulator

This electronic unit is designed to compensate for instability of rotation of the rotor shaft, which is connected to the crankshaft of the vehicle’s power unit, operating over a wide range of speed variations. The voltage regulator is connected to graphite current collectors and helps stabilize a given constant output voltage supplied to the machine's electrical network. This ensures uninterrupted operation of electrical equipment.

According to their design solution, regulators are divided into two groups:

discrete;
integral;

The first type includes electronic units, on the structural board of which radioelements are mounted, developed using discrete (packaged) technology, characterized by a non-optimal density of elements arrangement.

The second type includes most modern electronic voltage regulation units, developed taking into account the integral method of arranging radioelements made on the basis of thin-film microelectronic technology.

Rectifier

Due to the fact that a constant voltage is required for the correct functioning of on-board devices, the output of the generator powers the vehicle network through an electronic unit assembled on powerful rectifier diodes.

This 3-phase rectifier, consisting of six semiconductor diodes, three of which are connected to the negative terminal (ground), and the other three are connected to the positive terminal of the generator, is designed to transform alternating voltage into direct voltage. Physically, the rectifier block consists of a horseshoe-shaped metal heat sink with rectifier diodes placed on it.

Brush unit

This assembly has the appearance of a plastic structure and is designed to transfer voltage to the slip rings. It contains several elements inside the housing, the main ones of which are spring-loaded brush sliding contacts. They come in two modifications:

electrographite;
copper-graphite (more wear-resistant).

Structurally, the brush assembly is often made in one block with a voltage regulator.

Cooling system

Excess heat that is generated inside the generator housing is removed by fans mounted on its rotor shaft. Generators, whose brushes, voltage regulator and rectifier unit are placed outside the body and protected by a special casing, take in fresh air through special cooling slots in it.

Generator external cooling impeller

The device of a classical design, with the placement of the above-mentioned components inside the generator housing, ensures the flow of fresh air flow from the side of the slip rings.

Operating modes

To understand the operating principle of a car generator, it is necessary to understand its operating modes.

initial period of engine starting;
engine operating mode.

At the initial moment of starting the engine, the main and only consumer consuming electrical energy is the starter. The generator is not yet involved in the energy generation process, and the supply of electricity at this moment is provided only by the battery. Due to the fact that the current consumed in this circuit is very high and can reach hundreds of amperes, the previously stored electrical energy is intensively consumed.

After the start-up process is completed, the engine returns to operating mode, and the generator becomes a full-fledged power supplier. It generates the current necessary for the functioning of various electrical equipment connected to the work. Together with this function, the generator charges the battery while the engine is running.

After the battery reaches the required level, the need for recharging is reduced, current consumption drops noticeably, and the generator continues to support the operation of only electrical equipment. As other resource-intensive consumers of electricity are brought into operation, the power of the generator at certain points in time may not be enough to provide the total load, and then the battery is included in the overall operation, the operation of which in this mode is characterized by a rapid loss of charge.

Conclusion

A car generator is designed and designed to power standard electrical appliances and transform the mechanical energy of the crankshaft of the power unit into electrical energy.

The generator is located under the hood on the front of the engine. The design of the generator contains the main components - housing, stator, rotor, bearings, voltage regulator, rectifier bridge, brush assembly and fans.

November 2, 2017

The battery powers the vehicle's on-board network only when parked and when the engine is started. Then the baton is picked up by a unit that converts the mechanical work of the rotating crankshaft into electricity. Without this powerful power source, normal operation of the vehicle is impossible, since the battery charge is not infinite. Car enthusiasts who independently service their cars should study the operating principle of a car generator and its typical malfunctions.

How does an electric generator work?

The main part of the device is the body, which consists of two covers and is made of aluminum alloy, which ensures effective removal of excess heat. The body is provided with a mounting flange or boss with a through hole for a long bolt (depending on the make of the car). In general, the unit structure looks like this:

The front and rear covers of the housing are fastened together with screws, and a stationary stator winding is attached to them from the inside.
There are holes made at the ends of the covers into which the rotor shaft bearings are pressed. There are also ventilation openings on the sides that serve to cool the inside of the generator.
The rotor, rotating inside the housing on bearings, is a shaft with a second winding and two metal bushings with wedge-shaped cutouts. On the side of the front cover, a drive pulley is screwed to the shaft with a nut.
Outside the back cover there are copper contact rings and graphite brushes inserted into special sockets - brush holders. Nearby, on a horseshoe-shaped plate, there is a rectifier circuit based on diodes (otherwise known as a diode bridge).
The elements for transmitting current from the rotor (brushes, rings) and the diode circuit are covered from the outside with a protective casing with numerous holes for cooling. At the rear end of the shaft (under the casing) there is an impeller that drives air through the body of the unit.

The design of the electric current generator has changed little since its invention. This unit, designed to convert rotational energy into electricity, is distinguished by its perfect design and high efficiency. The efficiency of the device is 98–99%.

Since current-carrying sliding contacts (brushes) are the weak link of the structure and quickly wear out, more modern generators implement a brushless method of current transmission. The process involves a sprocket mounted on the shaft and an additional winding attached from the inside to the end of the back cover.

Despite the apparent complexity of the design of a car electric generator, disassembling it is quite simple. To remove the rotor, simply unscrew the casing and the screws holding the 2 covers together, after first removing the drive pulley.

Location and connection diagram of the unit

The generator rotor shaft is driven by a belt drive connecting it to the crankshaft pulley. Therefore, the unit is always located near the front end of the engine, where the gas distribution mechanism drive is located. In front-wheel drive cars, the engine is rotated 90°, and the electric generator is located on the right side (when viewed in the direction of travel).

Note. In passenger cars, the device is often placed in the lower zone, above the protective covers. SUV manufacturers try to raise the generator higher to prevent water from getting inside when overcoming deep puddles and fords.

The stator winding of the device is three-phase, since it consists of 3 separate sections, rotated relative to each other by 120°. Therefore, the windings are connected as a star, and a pair of diodes are connected to the output of each phase, converting alternating current to direct current. In total, the rectifier bridge includes 3 pairs of elements (6 diodes).

The connection diagram for a car generator consists of the following elements:

built-in diode rectifier described above;
relay – automatic output voltage regulator;
a group of additional diodes (3 pcs.) that rectify the current for the regulator;
lamp – battery charging indicator;
egnition lock;
battery.

The outputs of the rotor and stator windings are connected to the relay regulator (via a rectifier bridge). The task of this block is to regulate the power at the output of the generator unit, keeping the voltage in the range of 13.8–14.7 volts.

The electric generator and relay circuit includes the ignition switch contacts and the battery, which receives a charge during engine operation. A light on the dashboard is powered from the line leading to the regulator unit, indicating that the on-board network is powered from the battery. When the engine starts and current generation begins, the indicator goes out.

Details about the operating algorithm

The principle of operation of the generator is based on a simple physical phenomenon called electromagnetic induction. The point is this: if you apply a magnetic field to a multi-turn winding of copper wire that changes direction at a certain frequency, then an alternating current of the same frequency will appear at the output of the coil. All that remains is to create the mentioned field around the stator windings that generate voltage.

In practice, electricity generation occurs according to the following algorithm:

The source of the alternating magnetic field of a car electric generator is the self-excitation winding located in the rotor. To initially magnetize the wedge-shaped bushings, a low-power pulse from the battery is applied to it.
After starting the engine and reaching a certain crankshaft speed, the stator windings produce alternating current, rectified by power diodes. From this moment on, the rotor winding is powered by the generator itself, that is, self-excitation occurs. An external power supply is no longer required.
Direct current from the diode bridge is sent to the relay-regulator unit. Since the voltage value “jumps” along with , the task of the electronics is to stabilize the differences in the range from 13.8 to 14.7 V.
Then the voltage is supplied to recharge the battery and to the vehicle’s on-board electrical network.

The voltage regulator relay can be part of the generator set or used as a separate unit.

The current in the stator windings arises as a result of the rotation of the alternating magnetic field created by the rotor coil. The faster the shaft rotates, the higher the voltage and frequency at the output. Conversion to direct current is provided by semiconductors (diodes) mounted on a heat sink plate and blown by a fan impeller.

The brushless generator design allows the stator winding to be excited without an external power source. The magnetization of steel bushings begins at low shaft speeds due to the special rotor design and additional coil. Therefore, when you drive a car with a discharged battery, the crankshaft revolutions are enough for the electric generator to start working.

Common faults

The generator set's operability is indicated by a red warning light located on the instrument panel. Its inclusion indicates that instead of a generator, the on-board network provides energy to the battery, which is gradually discharged.

Reference. If you continue driving with the light on, the battery charge will not last long. A large amount of energy is consumed by sparking spark plugs and powering electronic engine control systems.

A car electric generator is a fairly reliable unit, but not eternal. As a result of wear and tear of parts, the car owner has to deal with the following malfunctions:

stretching and slipping of the drive belt (the warning light may blink);
abrasion of the working surface of brushes or slip rings;
wear and destruction of bearing cages;
failure of the relay-regulator electronics;
violation of the integrity of electrical circuits.

The last 2 reasons lead to complete failure of the generator - regulator failure and open circuit. Then no voltage comes from the unit at all. In other cases, battery charging continues, but intermittently. When the rotor bearings are worn out, the operation of the car generator is accompanied by loud noise, and a slipping belt makes a loud squeak.

Replacing or tightening the drive belt is not a serious problem; the generator does not need to be dismantled. In most vehicles, the tension bracket retaining nut and the unit mounting bolt are loosened, after which the belt can be reset or tensioned. In some machines, the belt drive is adjusted by a separate roller.

To replace bearings, brushes or rings, the electric generator will have to be removed and disassembled. It is better to dismantle it before purchasing new parts, so as not to make a mistake with the dimensions.

To troubleshoot electrical circuits and units, you should contact the service station technicians.

Some breakdowns, which are quite rare, lead to a complete replacement of the generator:

short circuit of the turns of the rotor or stator winding;
break inside the coil;
wear of the shaft or seat in the cover, as a result of which the bearing race slips.

The functionality of the generator can be checked in a garage by connecting a voltmeter to the battery terminals. The measurement is performed at engine idle speed. If the voltage exceeds 14.7 V, there is so-called overcharging and the problem lies in the regulator unit. Readings below 13.6 volts indicate little or no current generation.

The cause of the problem is also a breakdown of the diodes of the rectifier bridge, which changes entirely, along with the “horseshoe”. If the heating diodes are constantly exposed to dirt and oil from the engine (through the ventilation openings of the casing), then the rear part of the electric generator may catch fire. After detecting grease inside the unit, it must be disassembled and thoroughly cleaned.

Any car has its own electrical network, which performs several functions: starting the engine with a starter, ensuring a stable discharge of sparks to ignite the gasoline mixture, sound and light alarms, as well as lighting and creating comfortable conditions in the cabin.

To provide electrical energy to consumers of the automotive electrical network, two power sources are provided: a generator and, which supplies energy to the on-board network until the engine starts. Its peculiarity is the inability to generate electric current, but only to retain it within itself and release it to consumers when necessary. Therefore, the battery alone will not be able to provide electricity to the car’s network for a long time, as it will quickly discharge, giving up all the energy. The more often the engine starts and powerful current consumers are used, the faster its discharge will occur.

To restore the battery charge and provide electricity to the remaining consumers of the car, a car generator is used, which constantly produces electricity while the engine is running.

Types of autogenerators

There are two types of generators used in cars:

A DC generator is not used in modern cars. It does not require current rectification to operate. Previously used on Pobeda, GAZ-51 and some other brands produced before 1960.
Alternator current is widely used in cars nowadays. The first such generators were developed in America in 1946. This is a more reliable and modern design. The generator output is built-in.

Design and operation

Both types of generators are used to generate the electrical current necessary to operate the vehicle. Their design and operating principle have distinctive features, since they produce different types of current. Let's consider the design features and principle of operation that each type of automobile generator has.

Car DC Generator

Such a car generator has many disadvantages:

Low operating efficiency.
Insufficient power.
Imperfect connection diagram.
Constant monitoring is required.
Frequent maintenance.
Short service life.

Similar designs that include a collector can simultaneously operate in generator or motor mode. They are widely used in hybrid cars.

Their difference from alternating current self-generators is that the creating electromagnets are absolutely motionless. The electromotive force is located in the rotating windings of the rotor. The electric current is removed from the half rings, isolated from each other. Each brush has a voltage of the same polarity.

Car alternator

This is a popular model of modern self-generators. Any design of a self-generator includes a winding located in a stationary stator, which is fixed between two covers: rear and front. On the side of the back cover there are rotor slip rings. On the side of the front cover there is a drive with a pulley. The car generator is located in front of the engine and is bolted to special brackets. The tension eye and mounting feet are located on the generator covers.

Generator covers made by casting aluminum alloys. They have windows for ventilation of the generator housing. In different designs, such windows can be made both in the end part of the generator and on the cylindrical part above the stator windings.

On the back cover there is a brush assembly combined with a voltage regulator, as well as a rectifier unit. The generator covers are tightened with long screws, clamping the stator housing with the windings together.

Generator stator consists of:

The stator is made of sheet steel 1 mm thick. To save metal, the designers created a stator consisting of individual segments in the shape of a horseshoe. The stator sheets are fastened together into one structure using rivets or welding. All main types of stator designs contain 36 slots in which the winding is located. The stator slots are insulated with epoxy compound or special film.

Generator rotor consists of:

The car generator has a special type of system rotor poles , consisting of two halves with beak-shaped protrusions. Each half has six poles, which are made by stamping. The pole halves are pressed onto the shaft. A bushing is installed between them, on which the excitation winding is located. Rotor shaft usually made from low-hardness free-cutting steel. But when using a roller bearing, which operates on the end of the shaft from the back cover side, the shaft is made of hard alloy steel, and the shaft journal is subjected to hardening. The end of the shaft has a thread and a keyway for fixing the pulley.

In modern generators, a key is not used. The pulley is fixed on the shaft by tightening the nut. To facilitate disassembly, the shaft has a hexagonal protrusion for a key, or recess.

Autogenerator brushes located in the brush assembly and pressed against the rings using springs.

A car generator can be equipped with two types of brushes:

Copper-graphite.
Electrographite.

The second type has a significant voltage loss upon contact with the ring. This negatively affects the output parameters of the generator. The positive aspect is the long service life of the rings and brushes.

Straightening unit two types are used:

Heat sink plates into which the rectifier power diodes are pressed.
Design with large cooling fins onto which pill-type diodes are soldered.

The auxiliary rectifier includes diodes in a plastic case shaped like a pea or a cylinder, and can also be manufactured as a separate sealed unit connected to the circuit with special buses.

A short circuit of the heat sink plates of the positive and negative poles can cause a great danger to the generator. This may occur due to accidental contact with a metal object or conductive dirt. In this case, a short circuit occurs in the battery circuit, which can lead to a fire. To prevent this from happening, many conductive elements of the rectifier are covered with a layer of insulation.

The generator uses radial ball bearings with one-time lubrication and sealing. Roller bearings are sometimes used on imported generators.

The generator is cooled by fan blades attached to the shaft. Air is sucked into the holes in the back cover. There are other cooling methods.

On cars where the engine compartment is too dense and has a high temperature, generators with a special casing are used, through which cool air flows separately for cooling.

Voltage regulator

Serves to maintain the voltage of the autogenerator in the required range for normal operation of the vehicle's electrical equipment.

Such regulators operate on the basis of semiconductor elements. Their design may be different, but the principle of their operation is the same.

Voltage regulators have temperature compensation properties. This is the ability to change the voltage depending on the temperature of the workspace to best charge the battery. The cooler the air, the higher the voltage supplied to the battery should be.

Generator operation

When starting a car engine, the main consumer of electricity is the starter. In this case, the current strength can reach several hundred amperes. In this mode, electrical equipment runs only on the battery, which is subject to severe discharge. After starting the engine, the car generator is the main source of power.

While the engine is running, the battery is continuously recharged and the operation of electrical consumers connected to the vehicle's on-board network is ensured. If the generator fails, the battery will quickly discharge. After charging, the voltage of the battery and the generator differs slightly, so the charging current decreases.

When the car's powerful electrical appliances are operating and the engine speed is low, the total current consumption becomes higher than the generator's capacity, so the voltage relay switches power to the battery.

Mounting and drive

The generator is driven by an engine pulley through a belt drive. The rotation speed of the generator depends on the diameter of the generator pulley and the engine crankshaft pulley.

Modern cars are equipped with a serpentine belt because it is more flexible and can drive small diameter pulleys. This allows you to get high generator speeds. The belt can be tensioned in different ways, depending on the make of the car and the design of the tensioner. Most often, special rollers are used as a tensioner.

Malfunctions

Autogenerators are a reliable device, but they also experience some malfunctions, which are divided into two types:

Mechanical failures most often occur due to wear of parts: pulley, drive belt, rolling bearings, copper-graphite brushes. Such malfunctions are easily detected, as extraneous noise and knocking noises occur from the generator. These breakdowns are eliminated by replacing worn parts, since they cannot be restored.
Electrical faults are much more common. They can be expressed in the short circuit of the stator or rotor windings, breakdown of the voltage regulator, breakdown of the rectifier, etc. Until faults are identified, such breakdowns may adversely affect the battery. For example, a broken voltage regulator will constantly recharge the battery. There are no special external signs. This can only be determined by measuring the generator output voltage.

Electrical faults can also be corrected by replacing faulty parts with new ones. A short circuit in the windings requires them to be rewinded, which significantly increases the cost of repairs. In the retail chain you can find spare parts for generators, including the stator housing with windings.

A generator is one of the main elements of a car’s electrical equipment, providing simultaneous power to consumers and recharging the battery.

The principle of operation of the device is based on the conversion of mechanical energy that comes from the motor into voltage.

In combination with a voltage regulator, the unit is called a generator set.

Modern cars are equipped with an alternating current unit that fully satisfies all stated requirements.

Generator device

The elements of the alternating current source are hidden in one housing, which also forms the basis for the stator winding.

In the manufacturing process of the casing, light alloys are used (most often aluminum and duralumin), and for cooling, holes are provided to ensure timely removal of heat from the winding.

There are bearings in the front and rear parts of the casing, to which the rotor, the main element of the power source, is attached.

Almost all elements of the device fit in the casing. In this case, the housing itself consists of two covers located on the left and right sides - near the drive shaft and control rings, respectively.

The two covers are connected to each other using special bolts made of aluminum alloy. This metal is lightweight and has the ability to dissipate heat.

An equally important role is played by the brush assembly, which transmits voltage to the slip rings and ensures the operation of the assembly.

The product consists of a pair of graphite brushes, two springs and a brush holder.

We will also pay attention to the elements located inside the casing:

What are the requirements for a car generator?

There are a number of requirements for a car generator set:

The voltage at the output of the device and, accordingly, in the on-board network must be maintained within a certain range, regardless of the load or crankshaft speed.
The output parameters must be such that in any operating mode of the machine the battery receives sufficient charge voltage.

At the same time, every car owner should pay special attention to the level and stability of the output voltage. This requirement is due to the fact that the battery is sensitive to such changes.

For example, if the voltage drops below normal, the battery is not charged to the required level. As a result, problems may occur during the process of starting the engine.

In the opposite situation, when the installation produces increased voltage, the battery is overcharged and breaks down faster.

The principle of operation of a car generator, circuit features

The operating principle of the generator unit is based on the effect of electromagnetic induction.

If a magnetic flux passes through the coil and changes, a voltage appears and changes at the terminals (depending on the rate of flux change). The reverse process works in a similar way.

So, to obtain magnetic flux, voltage must be applied to the coil.

It turns out that to create an alternating voltage, two components are required:

Coil (it is from it that the voltage is removed).
Magnetic field source.

An equally important element, as noted above, is the rotor, which acts as a source of the magnetic field.

The pole system of the node has a residual magnetic flux (even in the absence of current in the winding).

This parameter is small, so it can cause self-excitation only at high speeds. For this reason, a small current is first passed through the rotor winding, which ensures magnetization of the device.

The chain mentioned above involves the passage of current from the battery through the control lamp.

The main parameter here is the current strength, which should be within normal limits. If the current is too high, the battery will quickly discharge, and if it is too low, the risk of excitation of the generator at idle speed will increase.

Taking these parameters into account, the power of the light bulb is selected, which should be 2-3 W.

As soon as the voltage reaches the required parameter, the light goes out, and the excitation windings are powered by the car generator itself. In this case, the power source goes into self-excitation mode.

Voltage is removed from the stator winding, which is made in a three-phase design.

The unit consists of 3 individual (phase) windings wound according to a certain principle on a magnetic core.

Currents and voltages in the windings are shifted by 120 degrees. At the same time, the windings themselves can be assembled in two versions - “star” or “triangle”.

If the delta circuit is selected, the phase currents in the 3 windings will be 1.73 times less than the total current supplied by the generator set.

That is why in high-power automobile generators the “triangle” circuit is most often used.

This is precisely explained by lower currents, thanks to which it is possible to wind the winding with a wire of a smaller cross-section.

The same wire can also be used in star connections.

To ensure that the created magnetic flux goes to its intended purpose and is directed to the stator winding, the coils are located in special grooves in the magnetic core.

Due to the appearance of a magnetic field in the windings and in the stator magnetic circuit, eddy currents appear.

The action of the latter leads to heating of the stator and a decrease in generator power. To reduce this effect, steel plates are used in the manufacture of the magnetic circuit.

The generated voltage is supplied to the on-board network through a group of diodes (rectifier bridge), which was mentioned above.

After opening, the diodes do not create resistance and allow current to pass unhindered into the on-board network.

But with reverse voltage I is not passed through. In fact, only the positive half-wave remains.

Some car manufacturers replace diodes with zener diodes to protect electronics.

The main feature of the parts is the ability not to pass current up to a certain voltage parameter (25-30 Volts).

After passing this limit, the zener diode “breaks through” and passes reverse current. In this case, the voltage on the “positive” wire of the generator remains unchanged, which does not pose any risks to the device.

By the way, the ability of a zener diode to maintain a constant U at the terminals even after a “breakdown” is used in regulators.

As a result, after passing through the diode bridge (zener diodes), the voltage is rectified and becomes constant.

For many types of generator sets, the excitation winding has its own rectifier, assembled from 3 diodes.

Thanks to this connection, the flow of discharge current from the battery is excluded.

The diodes associated with the field winding operate on a similar principle and supply the winding with a constant voltage.

Here the rectifier device consists of six diodes, three of which are negative.

During operation of the generator, the excitation current is lower than the parameter supplied by the car generator.

Consequently, to rectify the current on the excitation winding, diodes with a rated current of up to two Amperes are sufficient.

For comparison, power rectifiers have a rated current of up to 20-25 Amperes. If it is necessary to increase the generator power, another arm with diodes is installed.

Operating modes

To understand the operating features of a car generator, it is important to understand the features of each mode:

When starting the engine, the main consumer of electrical energy is the starter. A feature of the mode is the creation of increased load, which leads to a decrease in the voltage at the battery output. As a result, consumers draw current only from the battery. That is why in this mode the battery is discharged with the greatest activity.
After starting the engine, the car generator switches to power source mode. From this moment on, the device provides the current necessary to power the load in the car and recharge the battery. As soon as the battery reaches the required capacity, the charging current level decreases. In this case, the generator continues to play the role of the main power source.
After connecting a powerful load, for example, air conditioning, interior heating, etc., the rotor rotation speed slows down. In this case, the car generator is no longer able to cover the current needs of the car. Part of the load is transferred to the battery, which operates in parallel with the power source and begins to gradually discharge.

Voltage regulator - functions, types, warning lamp

The key element of the generator set is the voltage regulator - a device that maintains a safe level of U at the stator output.

There are two types of such products:

Hybrid - regulators, the electrical circuit of which includes both electronic devices and radio components.
Integrated - devices based on thin-film microelectronic technology. In modern cars, this option is most widespread.

An equally important element is a control lamp mounted on the dashboard, from which one can conclude that there are problems with the regulator.

The ignition of the light bulb at the moment of starting the engine should be short-term. If it lights up constantly (when the generator set is in operation), this indicates a breakdown of the regulator or the unit itself, as well as the need for repair.

Subtleties of fastening

The generator set is fixed using a special bracket and bolted connection.

The unit itself is attached to the front of the engine, thanks to special paws and eyes.

If a car generator has special paws, the latter are located on the engine covers.

If only one fixing paw is used, the latter is placed only on the front cover.

In the paw installed in the rear part, as a rule, there is a hole with a spacer bushing installed in it.

The task of the latter is to eliminate the gap created between the stop and the fastening.

Audi A8 generator mounting.

And so the unit is mounted on a VAZ 21124.

Generator malfunctions and ways to eliminate them

The electrical equipment of a car tends to break down. In this case, the greatest problems arise with the battery and generator.

If any of these elements fails, operation of the vehicle in normal operating mode becomes impossible or the vehicle becomes completely immobilized.

All generator breakdowns are divided into two categories:

Mechanical. In this case, problems arise with the integrity of the housing, springs, belt drive and other elements that are not related to the electrical component.
Electrical. These include malfunctions of the diode bridge, wear of the brushes, short circuits in the windings, breakdowns of the regulator relay, and others.

Now let's look at the list of faults and symptoms in more detail.

1. There is insufficient charging current at the output:

2. Second situation.

When a car alternator produces the required level of current, but the battery still does not charge.

The reasons may be different:

Poor quality of drawing the ground contact between the regulator and the main unit. In this case, check the quality of the contact connection.
Voltage relay failure - check and replace it.
If the brushes are worn out or stuck, replace them or clean them from dirt.
The regulator's protective relay has tripped due to a short to ground. The solution is to find the location of the damage and fix the problem.
Other reasons are oily contacts, breakdown of the voltage regulator, short circuit in the stator windings, poor belt tension.

3. The generator works, but makes a lot of noise.

Possible malfunctions:

Short circuit between stator turns.
Wear of the bearing seat.
Loosening the pulley nut.
Bearing failure.

Repairing a car generator should always begin with an accurate diagnosis of the problem, after which the cause is eliminated through preventive measures or replacing the failed unit.

Operating practice shows that changing a car alternator is not difficult, but to solve the problem you must follow a number of rules:

The new device must have similar current-speed parameters as the factory unit.
Energy indicators must be identical.
The gear ratios of the old and new power sources must match.
The unit being installed must be suitable in size and easily attached to the motor.
The circuits of the new and old car generator must be the same.

Please note that devices mounted on foreign-made cars are fixed differently than domestic ones, for example, like on a TOYOTA COROLLA generator
and Lada Granta
Therefore, if you replace a foreign unit with a domestic product, you will have to install a new mount.

To conclude the story about car generators, it is worth highlighting a number of tips on what car owners should and should not do during operation.

The main point is installation, during which it is important to approach the polarity connection with utmost attention.

If you make a mistake in this matter, the rectifier device will break and the risk of fire increases.

Starting the engine with incorrectly connected wires poses a similar danger.

To avoid problems during operation, you should adhere to a number of rules:

Keep the contacts clean and monitor the serviceability of the vehicle's electrical wiring. Pay special attention to the reliability of the connection. If bad contact wires are used, the on-board voltage level will exceed the permissible limit.
Monitor the generator tension. If the tension is weak, the power supply will not be able to perform its intended tasks. If you tighten the belt, this can lead to rapid wear of the bearings.
Discard the wires from the generator and battery when performing electrical welding work.
If the warning light comes on and remains on after starting the engine, find out and eliminate the cause.

Special attention should be paid to the relay regulator, as well as checking the voltage at the output of the power source. In charging mode, this parameter should be at the level of 13.9-14.5 Volts.

In addition, from time to time check the wear and adequacy of the force of the generator brushes, the condition of the bearings and slip rings.

The height of the brushes should be measured with the holder removed. If the latter is worn down to 8-10 mm, replacement is required.

As for the force of the springs holding the brushes, it should be at the level of 4.2 N (for VAZ). At the same time, inspect the slip rings - there should be no traces of oil on them.

Also, the car owner must remember a number of prohibitions, namely:

Do not leave the car with the battery connected if there is a suspicion of a breakdown of the diode bridge. Otherwise, the battery will quickly discharge and the risk of a wiring fire increases.
Do not check the correct operation of the generator by jumping its terminals or disconnecting the battery while the engine is running. In this case, damage to electronic components, on-board computer or voltage regulator may occur.
Do not allow technical liquids to come into contact with the generator.
Do not leave the unit switched on if the battery terminals have been removed. Otherwise, this may lead to damage to the voltage regulator and electrical equipment of the car.

The generator in a car (car generator) is a device that converts mechanical energy into electrical energy. In the design of vehicles, the autogenerator is an alternating current generator and performs the following functions:

provision of charging;
power supply to all electrical systems in the car after starting;

A car generator is often located in the engine compartment, as it is powered by the engine. For this reason, solutions are installed in front of the power unit. On most modern cars, the generator drive is made in the form of a belt drive. Models of vehicles that are equipped with a hybrid engine, as well as some cars with a start-stop system, have a special generator design, since in such cars it is also a generator.

Generators in cars may differ in size and implementation schemes of certain devices (generator housing, drive, etc.). Also under the hood, the solution may have different installation locations. The following elements are common in the device:

rotor;
stator;
the presence of a brush assembly;
rectifier block;
voltage regulator;

These components are located in the housing. The key parameters of generators for cars are the following nominal indicators: voltage, current, rotation speed, self-excitation at a certain frequency, device efficiency.

The rated voltage can range from 12 to 24 V, which depends on the design of the vehicle’s electrical system. The rated current is the maximum current that the device delivers at a rated speed of 6 thousand rpm. These features represent the so-called current-speed characteristic. In parallel with the nominal indicators, when choosing, you should consider:

the minimum possible operating speed, as well as the minimum current;
maximum rotation speed and maximum current;

Now about the device itself. The body is a pair of covers that are held together with bolts. The most common cover material is aluminum alloy, which is non-magnetic, provides low weight and good thermal energy dissipation (heat dissipation). The housing additionally has separate slots for ventilation, and also has a fastening element for installing and fixing the generator.

The rotor's job is to create a magnetic field that rotates. This function is implemented by placing a special winding (excitation winding) on the rotor shaft, which is located between the two pole halves. In parallel with this, protrusions are made on each of these halves. A pair of slip rings, which are made of copper, brass or steel, are also installed on the rotor shaft. Through these rings, power is supplied to the winding, and the winding contacts themselves are attached to the rings by soldering.
It should be added that the rotor shaft is also where the fan-impeller and drive pulley are installed. The rotor itself rotates on bearings. Bearings can be either ball or roller type in the area of contact rings, which depends on the individual design features.
The next element of the generator design in a machine is the stator. This solution has a steel core made up of plates, as well as windings. The stator creates an alternating electric current. The windings are wound into special slots in the core. Since there are three stator windings, this allows you to create a three-phase connection. The windings can be laid in the grooves in various ways: the so-called “loop” or “wave”. As for the connection to each other, the ends of the windings can be connected in one place, while the others act as leads. The second option is a ring connection of the windings in series, which makes it possible to obtain conclusions at the connection points.
Let's take a look at the brush assembly(s). This element allows the excitation current to be transferred to the slip rings. The element consists of a pair of graphite brushes, brush pressure springs and a device for fixing the brushes (brush holder). Note that today “fresh” machines are equipped with a brush holder, which forms a single structure with another element. We are talking about a design that involves combining a voltage regulator and a brush holder.
The rectifier unit is a voltage converter. This unit converts the sinusoidal voltage produced by the generator into DC voltage. The rectifier consists of plates whose task is to remove heat. Special semiconductor diodes are also installed on the rectifier plates. The diodes are installed in pairs per phase, as well as one at a time on the positive and negative terminals of the generator. There are 6 power diodes in total.
The voltage regulator ensures that current is supplied at a stable voltage. The voltage is limited to specified limits. Note that generators on modern car models have an electronic voltage regulator. Such regulators are further divided into hybrid and integral.
The constantly changing crankshaft speed and load during engine operation require constant voltage stabilization. The voltage is stabilized automatically by influencing the current flowing in the field windings. The task of the regulator is that the device controls electrical current pulses, or more precisely, the frequency of these electrical pulses. The regulator also determines the time (duration) of the pulses.

Another function of the voltage regulator is to change the voltage, which is necessary to effectively recharge the battery, taking into account the outside temperature. As the outside temperature drops, the device supplies more voltage to the battery.

As for the generator drive, this solution is a belt drive (using V-belts or poly-V-belts) through which the rotor rotates. The generator rotor rotates up to 3 times faster than the crankshaft itself. Let us add that modern cars use a poly-V belt.

It should also be noted that some car models may have an inductor-type generator installed. An inductor generator means that there are no brushes in its device; the winding is installed in the stator. The rotor of such a generator without brushes is made of thin iron plates. The material for making plates is transformer iron. The inductor generator operates on the principle that a change in magnetic conductivity occurs in the air gap that is present between the stator and the rotor.

How does a car generator work?

A detailed examination of the functions of the individual components in the generator device allows us to get an idea of the operating principles of the entire device. The driver turns the key in the ignition, after which electricity from the battery passes through the generator brushes and slip rings, reaching the field winding. As a result, a magnetic field is created on the winding.

The car starter begins to rotate the engine crankshaft. The generator rotor begins to rotate from the crankshaft through a belt drive. The magnetic field in the rotor area is amplified by the stator windings. As a result, an alternating voltage appears at the terminals of these windings. When the generator rotor spins up to a certain frequency, the generator will begin to operate in self-excitation mode. In other words, after starting the engine, which causes the necessary spinning of the generator rotor, the excitation winding begins to be powered from the generator, and not from the battery.

The alternating voltage created by the generator is converted into direct voltage due to the operation of the rectifier unit. Electric current from the generator powers the vehicle's on-board network, ensures the operation of the ignition system and other energy consumers. The generator also supplies current to charge the battery. If the crankshaft rotation speed and load change, the voltage regulator is connected, determining the time for which it is necessary to turn on the field windings, taking into account certain conditions. If the generator speed increases and the load drops, then the time period for activation of the field winding is reduced. As the load increases and the speed decreases, the regulator increases the turn-on time of the windings.

It should be added that if consumers use more electricity than the car generator can produce, then the battery is automatically used. You can monitor the condition of the generator using the charge control lamp on the dashboard. The indicated lamp most often represents a pictogram in the form of a battery. If the lamp comes on, it indicates that the battery from the generator is not charging. Possible reasons could be a broken poly-V-belt, failure of the generator relay-regulator, etc.