"Biogenic elements in the human body"
INTRODUCTION
1.1 Biogenic elements - non-metals that are part of the human body
2 Biogenic elements - metals that are part of the human body
THE ROLE OF OXYGEN IN THE HUMAN BODY
ROLE OF CARBON IN THE HUMAN BODY
THE ROLE OF HYDROGEN IN THE HUMAN BODY
THE ROLE OF POTASSIUM IN THE HUMAN BODY
THE ROLE OF SULFUR IN THE HUMAN BODY
THE ROLE OF CALCIUM IN THE HUMAN BODY
CONCLUSION
BIBLIOGRAPHY
INTRODUCTION
The opinion that almost all elements of the periodic system of D.I. Mendeleev, becomes familiar. However, scientists suggest that not only all chemical elements are present in a living organism, but each of them performs some biological function. It is possible that this hypothesis will not be confirmed. As research in this direction develops, the biological role of an increasing number of chemical elements is revealed.
To maintain his health, a person must provide the body with a balanced intake of nutrients from food, water, and inhaled air. Food products with a high content of calcium, iodine and other chemical elements are often advertised, but is this good for our body? What diseases can be caused by an excess or deficiency of one or another chemical element in children and adults?
In our time, when there are less and less healthy people from childhood, this problem is really relevant.
An unimaginable number of different chemical compounds are continuously formed in the human body. Some of the synthesized compounds are used as a building material or energy source and provide the body with growth, development and vital activity; the other part, which can be considered as slag or waste, is excreted from the body.
Both inorganic and organic substances are involved in the metabolism. The chemical elements that form these substances are called biogenic elements. About 30 elements are considered to be reliably biogenic.
Figure 1 shows the main chemical elements that make up the human body.
Figure 1 - Diagram. The elemental composition of the human body.
1.1 Biogenic elements - non-metals that are part of the human body
Among biogenic elements, a special place is occupied by organogenic elements that form the most important substances of the body - water, proteins, carbohydrates, fats, vitamins, hormones, and others. Organogens include 6 chemical elements: carbon, oxygen, hydrogen, nitrogen, phosphorus, sulfur. Their total mass fraction in the human body is approximately 97.3% (see table 1).
All organogenic elements are non-metals. Among non-metals, chlorine (mass fraction 0.15%), fluorine, iodine and bromine are also biogenic. These elements are not included among the organogenic elements, since, unlike the latter, they do not play such a universal role in the construction of the organic structures of the body. There are data on the biogenicity of silicon, boron, arsenic, and selenium.
Table 1. The content of organogen elements in the human body.
|
Elements - organogens |
Mass fraction (in%) |
Weight (in g / 70 kg) |
|
carbon (C) |
||
|
oxygen (O) |
||
|
hydrogen (H) |
||
|
phosphorus (P) |
||
|
68117 ≈ 68 kg |
1.2 Biogenic elements - metals that are part of the human body
Nutrient elements include a number of metals, among which 10 so-called "metals of life" perform especially important biological functions. These metals are calcium, potassium, sodium, magnesium, iron, zinc, copper, manganese, molybdenum, cobalt (see table 2).
In addition to the 10 "metals of life", several more metals are included among the biogenic elements, for example, tin, lithium, chromium and some others.
Table 2. The content of "metals of life" in the human body
|
Mass fraction (in%) |
Weight (in g / 70 kg) |
|
|
Calcium (Ca) |
||
|
Sodium (Na) |
||
|
Magnesium (Mg) |
||
|
Iron (Fe) |
||
|
Manganese (Mn) |
||
|
Molybdenum (Mo) |
||
|
Cobalt (Co) |
||
Depending on the mass fraction in the body, all biogenic elements are divided into:
a) macronutrients (mass fraction in the body is more than 10 -2%, or more than 7g);
b) trace elements (mass fraction in the body is less than 10 -2%, or less than 7 g).
Macroelements include all organogens, chlorine and 4 "metals of life": magnesium, potassium, calcium, sodium. They make up 99.5%, with more than 96% accounted for by 4 elements (carbon, oxygen, hydrogen, nitrogen). They are the main components of all organic compounds.
Trace elements are found in cells in very small quantities. These include zinc, manganese, copper, iodine, fluorine and others. But even those elements that are contained in negligible amounts are necessary for life and cannot be replaced by anything. The biological role and functions that these elements perform in the human body are very diverse, and their deficiency or excess can lead to serious diseases (see Appendices B and D). Suffice it to say that about 200 enzymes are activated by metals. In total, about 70 minerals have been identified in the human body, of which 14 trace elements are considered essential - these are iron, cobalt, copper, chromium, nickel, manganese, molybdenum, zinc, iodine, tin, fluorine, silicon, vanadium, selenium. Many trace elements enter the body almost exclusively through fruit and vegetable nutrition. Wild edible plants are also rich in trace elements, which, when extracted from the deep layers, accumulate in leaves, flowers, and fruits.
2. THE ROLE OF OXYGEN IN THE HUMAN BODY
The main function of molecular oxygen in the body is the oxidation of various compounds. Together with hydrogen, oxygen forms water, the content of which in the body of an adult is on average about 55-65%.
Oxygen is a part of proteins, nucleic acids and other vital components of the body. Oxygen is essential for respiration, oxidation of fats, proteins, carbohydrates, amino acids, and many other biochemical processes.
The usual way oxygen enters the body lies through the lungs, where this bioelement penetrates into the blood, is absorbed by hemoglobin and forms an easily dissociating compound - oxyhemoglobin, and then from the blood enters all organs and tissues. Oxygen enters the body also in a bound state, in the form of water. In tissues, oxygen is consumed mainly for the oxidation of various substances in the process of metabolism. In the future, almost all oxygen is metabolized to carbon dioxide and water, and excreted from the body through the lungs and kidneys.
Decreased oxygen content in the body.
With insufficient supply of body tissues with oxygen or a violation of its utilization, hypoxia (oxygen starvation) develops.
The main causes of oxygen deficiency:
cessation or reduction of oxygen supply to the lungs, reduced partial pressure of oxygen in the inhaled air;
a significant decrease in the number of red blood cells or a sharp decrease in the content of hemoglobin in them;
violation of the ability of hemoglobin to bind, transport or give oxygen to tissues;
violation of the ability of tissues to utilize oxygen;
Inhibition of redox processes in tissues;
stagnation in the vascular bed due to disorders of cardiac activity, blood circulation and respiration;
endocrinopathies, beriberi;
The main manifestations of oxygen deficiency:
In acute cases (with a complete cessation of oxygen supply, acute poisoning): loss of consciousness, dysfunction of the higher parts of the central nervous system;
In chronic cases: increased fatigue, functional disorders of the central nervous system, palpitations and shortness of breath with little physical exertion, a decrease in the reactivity of the immune system.
Toxic dose for humans: toxic in the form of O 3 .
Increased oxygen content in the body.
A prolonged increase in the oxygen content in the tissues of the body (hyperoxia) may be accompanied by oxygen poisoning; hyperoxia is usually accompanied by an increase in the oxygen content in the blood (hyperoxemia).
The toxic effect of ozone and excess oxygen is associated with the formation in tissues of a large number of radicals resulting from the breaking of chemical bonds. In a small amount, radicals are also formed normally, as an intermediate product of cellular metabolism. With an excess of radicals, the process of oxidation of organic substances is initiated, including lipid peroxidation, with their subsequent decay and the formation of oxygen-containing products (ketones, alcohols, acids).
Oxygen is part of the molecules of many substances - from the simplest to complex polymers; the presence in the body and the interaction of these substances ensures the existence of life. Being an integral part of the water molecule, oxygen is involved in almost all biochemical processes occurring in the body.
Oxygen is indispensable, with its lack, only the restoration of a normal supply of oxygen to the body can be an effective remedy. Even a short-term (several minutes) cessation of oxygen supply to the body can cause severe impairment of its functions and subsequent death.
3. THE ROLE OF CARBON IN THE HUMAN BODY
CARBON is the most important biogenic element that forms the basis of life on Earth, the structural unit of a huge number of organic compounds involved in building organisms and ensuring their vital activity (biopolymers, as well as numerous low molecular weight biologically active substances - vitamins, hormones, mediators, etc.). A significant part of the energy needed by organisms is formed in cells due to the oxidation of carbon. The emergence of life on Earth is considered in modern science as a complex process of evolution of carbonaceous compounds.
Carbon enters the human body with food (normally about 300 g per day). The total carbon content reaches about 21% (15 kg per 70 kg of total body weight). Carbon makes up 2/3 of muscle mass and 1/3 of bone mass. It is excreted from the body mainly with exhaled air (carbon dioxide) and urine (urea).
The main function of carbon is the formation of a variety of organic compounds, thereby ensuring biological diversity, participation in all functions and manifestations of living things. In biomolecules, carbon forms polymer chains and is firmly connected to hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen and other elements. Such a significant physiological role of carbon is determined by the fact that this element is part of all organic compounds and takes part in almost all biochemical processes in the body. Oxidation of carbon compounds under the action of oxygen leads to the formation of water and carbon dioxide; This process serves as a source of energy for the body. Carbon dioxide CO 2 (carbon dioxide) is formed in the process of metabolism, is a stimulator of the respiratory center, plays an important role in the regulation of respiration and blood circulation.
In its free form, carbon is not toxic, but many of its compounds are highly toxic. Such compounds include carbon monoxide CO (carbon monoxide), carbon tetrachloride CCl 4, carbon disulfide CS 2, cyanide salts HCN, benzene C 6 H 6 and others. Carbon dioxide in concentrations above 10% causes acidosis (decrease in blood pH), shortness of breath and paralysis of the respiratory center.
Prolonged inhalation of coal dust can lead to anthracosis, a disease accompanied by the deposition of coal dust in the lung tissue and lymph nodes, sclerotic changes in the lung tissue. The toxic effect of hydrocarbons and other oil compounds in oil industry workers can manifest itself in roughening of the skin, the appearance of cracks and ulcers, and the development of chronic dermatitis.
For humans, carbon can be toxic in the form of carbon monoxide (CO) or cyanides (CN-).
4. ROLE OF HYDROGEN IN THE HUMAN BODY
Water is the most important hydrogen compound in a living organism. The main functions of water are as follows:
Water, which has a high specific heat capacity, maintains a constant body temperature. When the body overheats, water evaporates from its surface. Due to the high heat of vaporization, this process is accompanied by a large expenditure of energy, resulting in a decrease in body temperature. This is how the heat balance of the body is maintained.
Water maintains the acid-base balance of the body. Most tissues and organs are primarily made up of water. Compliance with the overall acid-base balance in the body does not exclude large differences in pH values for different organs and tissues. An important hydrogen compound is hydrogen peroxide H2O2 (traditionally called hydrogen peroxide). H2O2 oxidizes the lipid layer of cell membranes, destroying it.
5. THE ROLE OF POTASSIUM IN THE HUMAN BODY
Potassium is an obligatory participant in many metabolic processes. Potassium is important in maintaining the automatism of contraction of the heart muscle - myocardium; ensures the removal of sodium ions from cells and their replacement with potassium ions, which in turn is accompanied by the removal of excess fluid from the body.
Compared to other potassium products, dried apricots, figs, oranges, tangerines, potatoes (500 g of potatoes provide the daily requirement), dried peaches, turnips, rose hips, black and red currants, lingonberries, strawberries, watermelons, melons, soybeans, cherry plum, fresh cucumbers, Brussels sprouts, walnuts and hazelnuts, parsley, raisins, prunes, rye bread, oatmeal.
The daily requirement of potassium for an adult is 2-3 g per day, and for a child - 16-30 mg per kg of body weight. The required minimum intake of potassium for a person per day is about 1 g. With a normal diet, the daily need for potassium is fully satisfied, but seasonal fluctuations in potassium intake are also noted. So, in spring its consumption is low - about 3 g / day, and in autumn the maximum consumption is 5-6 g / day.
Given the trend of modern people to consume large amounts of salt with food, the need for potassium is also increasing, which can neutralize the adverse effects of excess sodium on the body.
A lack of potassium intake from food can lead to dystrophy even with a normal protein content in the diet. Violation of potassium metabolism is manifested in chronic diseases of the kidneys and the cardiovascular system, in diseases of the gastrointestinal tract (especially those accompanied by diarrhea and vomiting), in diseases of the endocrine glands and other pathologies.
The lack of potassium in the body is manifested primarily by disorders of the neuromuscular and cardiovascular systems (drowsiness, impaired movement, trembling of the limbs, slow heartbeat). Potassium preparations are used for medicinal purposes.
Excess potassium is observed much less frequently, but is an extremely dangerous condition: flaccid paralysis of the limbs, changes in the cardiovascular system. This condition can manifest itself with severe dehydration, hypercortisolism with impaired renal function, and with the introduction of a large amount of potassium to the patient.
Sulfur in the human body is an indispensable component of cells, organ tissues, enzymes, hormones, in particular, insulin, the most important pancreatic enzyme, and sulfur-containing amino acids; provides the spatial organization of protein molecules necessary for their functioning, protects cells, tissues and pathways of biochemical synthesis from oxidation, and the entire body from the toxic effects of foreign substances. Quite a lot of it in the nervous, connective, bone tissues. Sulfur is a component of the structural protein of collagen. Replenishment of the body with sulfur is provided by properly organized nutrition, which includes meat, chicken eggs, oatmeal and buckwheat, flour products, milk, cheeses, legumes and cabbage.
Despite a significant number of studies, the role of sulfur in ensuring the vital activity of the body has not been fully elucidated. So, while there are no clear clinical descriptions of any specific disorders associated with insufficient intake of sulfur in the body. At the same time, acidoaminopathies are known - disorders associated with impaired metabolism of sulfur-containing amino acids (homocystinuria, cystationuria). There is also an extensive literature relating to the clinic of acute and chronic intoxication with sulfur compounds.
The main manifestations of sulfur deficiency:
symptoms of liver disease
· symptoms of diseases of the joints;
symptoms of skin diseases;
Various and numerous manifestations of deficiency in the body and metabolic disorders of biologically active sulfur-containing compounds.
Increased sulfur content in the body.
At high concentrations of hydrogen sulfide in the inhaled air, the clinical picture of intoxication develops very quickly, convulsions, loss of consciousness, and respiratory arrest occur within a few minutes. In the future, the consequences of the poisoning can be manifested by persistent headaches, mental disorders, paralysis, disorders of the functions of the respiratory system and the gastrointestinal tract.
It has been established that parenteral administration of finely ground sulfur in an oil solution in an amount of 1-2 ml is accompanied by hyperthermia with hyperleukocytosis and hypoglycemia. It is believed that when administered parenterally, the toxicity of sulfur ions is 200 times higher than that of chloride ions.
The toxicity of sulfur compounds that have entered the gastrointestinal tract is associated with their conversion by the intestinal microflora into hydrogen sulfide, a highly toxic compound.
In cases of death after sulfur poisoning at autopsy, there are signs of emphysema, inflammation of the brain, acute catarrhal enteritis, liver necrosis, hemorrhage (petechiae) in the myocardium.
With chronic intoxication (carbon disulfide, sulfur dioxide), mental disorders, organic and functional changes in the nervous system, muscle weakness, visual impairment and various disorders of the activity of other body systems are observed.
In recent decades, sulfur-containing compounds (sulfites), which are added to many foods, alcoholic and non-alcoholic beverages as preservatives, have become one of the sources of excess sulfur in the human body. Especially a lot of sulfites in smoked meats, potatoes, fresh vegetables, beer, cider, ready-made salads, vinegar, wine dyes. It is possible that the increased consumption of sulfites is partly to blame for the increase in the incidence of bronchial asthma. It is known, for example, that 10% of patients with bronchial asthma exhibit hypersensitivity to sulfites (i.e., are sensitized to sulfite). To reduce the negative effect of sulfites on the body, it is recommended to increase the content of cheese, eggs, fatty meat, and poultry in the diet.
The main manifestations of excess sulfur:
skin itching, rashes, furunculosis;
redness and swelling of the conjunctiva;
The appearance of small point defects on the cornea;
ache in the eyebrows and eyeballs, a feeling of sand in the eyes;
photophobia, lacrimation;
general weakness, headaches, dizziness, nausea;
catarrh of the upper respiratory tract, bronchitis;
Hearing loss
Digestive disorders, diarrhea, weight loss;
Anemia
convulsions and loss of consciousness (with acute intoxication);
Mental disorders, lowering of intelligence.
The role of sulfur in the human body is extremely important, and sulfur metabolism disorders are accompanied by numerous pathologies. Meanwhile, the clinic of these disturbances is insufficiently developed. More precisely, various "non-specific" manifestations of human health disorders are not yet associated by clinicians with sulfur metabolism disorders.
7. THE ROLE OF CALCIUM IN THE HUMAN BODY
Calcium is directly involved in the most complex processes, such as blood clotting; regulation of intracellular processes; regulation of cell membrane permeability; regulation of the processes of nerve conduction and muscle contractions; maintaining stable cardiac activity; bone formation, mineralization of teeth.
Calcium is an important part of the body; its total content is about 1.4% (1000 g per 70 kg of body weight). In the body, calcium is unevenly distributed: about 99% of its amount is in bone tissue and only 1% is found in other organs and tissues. Calcium is excreted from the body through the intestines and kidneys.
In addition, a prolonged lack of calcium in food undesirably affects the excitability of the heart muscle and the rhythm of its contractions.
Despite the fact that in the diet of most people there is enough calcium-containing foods, many people suffer from calcium deficiency. The reason is that calcium is hard to digest.
First of all, it should be noted that calcium is lost during heat treatment (for example, when cooking vegetables - 25%). Calcium loss will be negligible if the water in which the vegetables were boiled is consumed.
It must also be remembered that the absorption of calcium in the intestines is hampered by phytic acid, which is most in rye bread, and oxalic acid, which is abundant in sorrel, cocoa. The utilization of calcium by food rich in fats is difficult. The "enemies" of calcium are cane sugar, chocolate and cocoa.
The main manifestations of calcium deficiency.
The consequences of calcium deficiency can manifest themselves both at the level of the whole organism and its individual systems:
general weakness, increased fatigue;
Pain, muscle cramps
bone pain, gait disturbances;
violations of growth processes;
hypocalcemia, hypocalcinosis;
Skeletal decalcification, deforming osteoarthritis, osteoporosis, vertebral deformity, bone fractures;
· urolithiasis disease;
Kashin-Beck disease;
Immunity disorders;
Reduced blood clotting, bleeding.
Increased calcium content in the body.
The toxic effect of calcium is manifested only with long-term use and usually in persons with impaired metabolism of this bioelement (eg, with hyperparathyroidism). Poisoning can occur with regular consumption of more than 2.5 g of calcium per day.
The main manifestations of excess calcium:
suppression of excitability of skeletal muscles and nerve fibers;
Decreased tone of smooth muscles;
hypercalcemia, increased calcium in the blood plasma;
Increased acidity of gastric juice, hyperacid gastritis, stomach ulcers;
Calcinosis, calcium deposition in organs and tissues (in the skin and subcutaneous tissue; connective tissue along the fascia, tendons, aponeuroses; muscles; walls of blood vessels; nerves);
bradycardia, angina;
gout, calcification of tuberculous foci, etc.;
An increase in the content of calcium salts in the urine;
nephrocalcinosis, kidney stone disease;
increase in blood clotting;
Increased risk of developing dysfunction of the thyroid and parathyroid glands, autoimmune thyroiditis;
Displacement of phosphorus, magnesium, zinc, iron from the body.
The most easily digestible is the calcium of milk and dairy products (with the exception of butter) in combination with vegetables and fruits. To meet the daily requirement, 0.5 l of milk or 100 g of cheese is enough. By the way, milk is not only an excellent source of calcium, but also promotes the absorption of calcium contained in other products.
Very important for the absorption of calcium is the presence of vitamin D in the diet, which neutralizes the action of various anti-calcifying substances and is a regulator of phosphorus-calcium metabolism.
chemical biological organogen oxygen
CONCLUSION
All living organisms have close contact with the environment. Life requires constant metabolism in the body. The intake of chemical elements in the body is facilitated by food and consumed water. The body consists of 60% water, 34% organic matter and 6% inorganic. The main components of organic substances are C, H, O. They also include N, P, S. The composition of inorganic substances necessarily contains 22 chemical elements (see table No. 1). For example, if a person weighs 70 kg, then it contains (in grams): Ca - 1700, K - 250, Na -70, Mg - 42, Fe - 5, Zn - 3. Metals account for 2.1 kg . The content in the body of elements of IIIA-VIA groups, covalently bound to the organic part of the molecules, decreases with an increase in the charge of the nucleus of atoms of this group of the periodic system of D. I. Mendeleev.
The current state of knowledge about the biological role of elements can be characterized as a superficial touch on this problem. A lot of factual data has been accumulated on the content of elements in various components of the biosphere, the body's responses to their deficiency and excess. Maps of biogeochemical zoning and biogeochemical provinces were compiled. But there is no general theory considering the function, mechanism of action and the role of microelements in the biosphere
Ordinary trace elements, when their concentration in the body exceeds the biotic concentration, exhibit a toxic effect on the body. Toxic elements at very low concentrations do not have a harmful effect on plants and animals. For example, arsenic at microconcentrations has a biostimulating effect. Therefore, there are no toxic elements, but there are toxic doses. Thus, small doses of an element are medicine, large doses are poison. “Everything is poison, and nothing is devoid of poison, only one dose makes the poison invisible” - Paracelsus. It is appropriate to recall the words of the Tajik poet Rudaki: “What is reputed to be a drug today will become poison tomorrow.”
BIBLIOGRAPHY
1. Avtsyn A.P., Zhavoronkov A.A. and other Trace elements of man. -M.: Medicine, 1991. -496 p.
Ershov Yu.A., Popkov V.A., Berlyand A.S., Knizhnik A.Z., Mikhailichenko N.I. General chemistry. Biophysical chemistry. Chemistry of biogenic elements. -M.: Higher School, 1993. -560 p.
Ershov Yu.A., Pletneva T.V. Mechanisms of toxic action of inorganic compounds. -M.: Medicine, 1989. -272 p.
Zholnin A.V. complex compounds. Chelyabinsk: ChGMA, 2000. -28 p.
Bingham FG, Costa M., Eichenberg E. et al. Some questions of the toxicity of metal ions. -M.: Medicine, 1993. -368 p.
Fremantle M. Chemistry in action. -M.: Mir, 1991. v.2, 620 p.
Hughes M. Inorganic chemistry of biological processes. -M.: Mir, 1983. - 416 p.
Zholnin A.V., Arbuzina R.F., Konstanz E.V., Rylnikova G.I. Methodical manual for laboratory studies in general chemistry. part II. -Chelyabinsk: ChGMA, 1993 -176 p.
Enterosorption. /Under. ed. prof. ON THE. Belyakova. Center for sorption technology. - L., 1991. - 336 p.
Silicon is also an essential trace element. This has been confirmed by a careful study of the nutrition of rats using different diets. Rats noticeably gained weight when sodium metasilicate (Na 2 (SiO) 3 . 9H 2 O) was added to their diet (50mg per 100g). chickens and rats need silicon for the growth and development of the skeleton. The lack of silicon leads to a violation of the structure of bones and connective tissue. As it turned out, silicon is present in those areas of the bone where active calcification occurs, for example, in bone-forming cells, osteoblasts. With age, the concentration of silicon in cells decreases.
Little is known about the processes in which silicon is involved in living systems. There it is in the form of silicic acid and, probably, participates in the cross-linking of carbons. In humans, umbilical cord hyaluronic acid turned out to be the richest source of silicon. It contains 1.53 mg of free and 0.36 mg of bound silicon per gram.
Selenium
The lack of selenium causes the death of muscle cells and leads to muscle failure, in particular heart failure. The biochemical study of these conditions led to the discovery of the enzyme glutathione peroxidase, which destroys peroxides. A lack of selenium leads to a decrease in the concentration of this enzyme, which in turn causes lipid oxidation. The ability of selenium to protect against mercury poisoning is well known. Much less well known is the fact that there is a correlation between high dietary selenium and low cancer mortality. Selenium is included in the human diet in the amount of 55 - 110 mg per year, and the concentration of selenium in the blood is 0.09 - 0.29 μg / cm 3. When taken orally, selenium is concentrated in the liver and kidneys. Another example of the protective effect of selenium against intoxication with light metals is its ability to protect against poisoning by cadmium compounds. It turned out that, as in the case of mercury, selenium forces these toxic ions to bind to ionic active centers, to those that are not affected by their toxic effect.
Arsenic
Despite the well-known toxic effects of arsenic and its compounds, there is reliable evidence that a lack of arsenic leads to a decrease in fertility and growth inhibition, and the addition of sodium arsenite to food has led to an increase in the growth rate in humans.
Chlorine and Bromine
Halogen anions differ from all in that they are simple, and not oxo - anions. Chlorine is extremely widespread, it is able to pass through the membrane and plays an important role in maintaining osmotic balance. Chlorine is present as hydrochloric acid in gastric juice. The concentration of hydrochloric acid in human gastric juice is 0.4-0.5%.
There are some doubts about the role of bromine as a trace element, although its sedative effect is reliably known.
Fluorine
Dental caries has been studied in sufficient detail. It begins with the formation of a stain on the surface of the tooth. Acids produced by bacteria dissolve tooth enamel under the stain, but, oddly enough, not from its surface. Often the top surface remains intact until the areas below it are completely destroyed. It is assumed that at this stage the fluoride ion can facilitate the formation of appatite. Thus, reminelization of the damage that has begun is performed.
Fluoride is used to prevent damage to tooth enamel. Fluorides can be added to toothpaste or applied directly to teeth. The concentration of fluoride required to prevent caries in drinking water is about 1 mg/l, but the level of consumption depends not only on this. The use of high concentrations of fluorides (more than 8 mg / l) can adversely affect the delicate equilibrium processes of bone tissue formation. Excessive absorption of fluoride leads to fluorosis. Fluorosis leads to disturbances in the functioning of the thyroid gland, growth inhibition and kidney damage. Prolonged exposure to fluoride on the body leads to mineralization of the body. As a result, the bones are deformed, which can even grow together, and ligaments calcify.
Iodine
Lack of iodine leads to characteristic symptoms: weakness, yellowing of the skin, feeling cold and dry. Treatment with thyroid hormones or iodine eliminates these symptoms. A lack of thyroid hormones can lead to an enlarged thyroid gland. In rare cases (burdening in the body of various compounds that interfere with the absorption of iodine, such as thiocyanate or the antithyroid agent - goitrin, which is present in various types of cabbage), a goiter is formed. Lack of iodine has a particularly strong effect on the health of children - they lag behind in physical and mental development. An iodine deficient diet during pregnancy leads to the birth of hypothyroid children (cretins).
Excess thyroid hormone leads to exhaustion, nervousness, tremors, weight loss, and excessive sweating. This is associated with an increase in peroxidase activity and, consequently, with an increase in thyroglobulin iodination. An excess of hormones can be the result of a thyroid tumor. In the treatment, radioactive isotopes of iodine are used, which are easily absorbed by the cells of the thyroid gland..
"Non-metals in human life"
Basic non-metals. In free form, there can be gaseous non-metallic simple substances - fluorine, chlorine, oxygen, nitrogen, hydrogen, solid - iodine, astatine, sulfur, selenium, tellurium, phosphorus, arsenic, carbon, silicon, boron. Bromine exists as a liquid at room temperature. We will consider only a few
Application 1. In the production of polyvinyl chloride, plastic compounds, synthetic rubber, which are used to make: insulation for wires, window profiles, packaging materials, clothes and shoes, linoleum and gramophone records, varnishes, equipment and foam plastics, toys, instrument parts, building materials. 2. The bleaching properties of chlorine have been known since ancient times, although it is not chlorine itself that “bleaches”, but atomic oxygen, which is formed during the decomposition of hypochlorous acid. 3. Production of organochlorine insecticides - substances that kill insects harmful to crops, but are safe for plants. A significant part of the produced chlorine is spent on obtaining plant protection products. 4. It was used as a chemical warfare agent, as well as for the production of other chemical warfare agents: mustard gas, phosgene.
5. For water disinfection - "chlorination". The most common method of disinfecting drinking water; is based on the ability of free chlorine and its compounds to inhibit the enzyme systems of microorganisms that catalyze redox processes. In terms of durability when interacting with chlorinated water, copper water pipes demonstrate positive results. 6. Registered in the food industry as a food additive E925. 7. In the chemical production of hydrochloric acid, bleach, berthollet salt, metal chlorides, poisons, medicines, fertilizers. 8. In metallurgy for the production of pure metals: titanium, tin, tantalum, niobium. 9. As an indicator of solar neutrinos in chlorine-argon detectors.
The biological role of chlorine. Many developed countries are trying to limit the use of chlorine in the home, including because the burning of chlorine-containing garbage produces a significant amount of dioxins.
Use of sulfur Sulfur is used for the production of sulfuric acid, rubber vulcanization, as a fungicide in agriculture and as colloidal sulfur - a drug. Also, sulfur in the composition of sulfur-bitumen compositions is used to produce sulfur asphalt.
And also sulfur ... participates in the formation of cartilaginous and bone tissues, improves the functioning of joints and ligaments; affects the condition of the skin, hair and nails (part of collagen, keratin and melanin); strengthens muscle tissue (especially during the period of active growth in children and adolescents); participates in the formation of certain vitamins and enhances the effectiveness of vitamin B1, biotin, vitamin B5; has a wound healing and anti-inflammatory effect; reduces joint, muscle pain and cramps; contributes to the neutralization and leaching of toxins from the body; stabilizes blood sugar levels; helps the liver to secrete bile; increases resistance to radio emission!
Thank you for your attention
This project was carried out by 9th grade students who became interested in the role of non-metals in human life.
Educational project in chemistry
"Nonmetals in our life".
Methodical presentation:
Introduction
Project work.
Introduction
Project theme:"Nonmetals in our life".
Thing: chemistry.
Class: 9-a.
Age: 15-16 years old.
Number of students: 4.
Project time: about 2 months.
Work form: lesson - extracurricular.
Motivation to work
Project work
Project presentation
Project product
Educational project in chemistry
"Nonmetals in our life".
Methodical presentation:
Introduction
Methodical passport of the educational project
Project work.
Introduction
The project method is one of the components of teaching chemistry. This method most fully reflects the two main principles of the communicative approach to teaching chemistry: motivation for learning - in project activities it is always positive - and personal interest: the project reflects the interests of students, their own world. Students of the 9th grade carried out this project as part of the study of chemistry.
Methodical passport of the educational project
Project theme:"Nonmetals in our life".
Thing: chemistry.
Class: 9-a.
Age: 15-16 years old.
Number of students: 4.
Project time: about 2 months.
Work form: lesson - extracurricular.
Educational and educational goals:
Develop interest in the subject;
Develop the ability to design, work with an informational text, additional literature, search for the necessary information;
Develop communication skills in role-playing interaction.
Motivation to work based on interest in the topic.
The topic "Non-metals" was studied in the lessons according to the plan, but only 4 students wanted to work it out more deeply: Andrey Ryabinin, Tatiana Lazukina, Tatiana Petelina, Anastasia Strekova. All project participants collected material, which was designed in the form of a presentation by Andrey Ryabinin.
Project work
Stage 1 (organizational): having chosen the topic of their research, the students defined tasks and planned their activities. The role of the teacher is guiding based on motivation.
Stage 2 (search and research): students collected information on their topic, prepared a visual presentation of their research. The role of the teacher is observational, the students mostly worked independently.
Stage 3 (presentation of the project and its product). The role of the teacher is cooperation.
Project presentation
The presentation was held in the form of a conference at the lesson, where riddles and a test on non-metals were presented and a conclusion was made about the great role of non-metals in human life.
Project product
The project participants made a stand where they presented exhibits containing various non-metals used in our life.
View document content
"Educational project "non-metals in our life""
non-metals
Solid
gaseous
Liquid
Cl 2
H 2
non-metals are chemical elements that can exhibit properties like oxidizing agent (accept electrons), and reducing agent (donate electrons).
NM – elements with high OEE (2 - 4)
Exceptions: fluorine - oxidant only
inert gases can only donate electrons.
Helium, neon and argon - do not form connections.
Elements in inanimate nature
Oxygen
Silicon
Aluminum
Iron
Calcium
Sodium
Potassium
Magnesium
Hydrogen
Rest
Being in nature
native elements
Nitrogen and oxygen, inert gases in air
Sulfur
Graphite C
Diamond C
Being in nature
← Apatity R
Halite NaCl →
← FeS 2 pyrite
Quartz
SiO 2 →
5 B
6 C
14 Si
7 N
1 H
15 P
8 O
9 F
16 S
33 As
2 He
10 Ne
17 Cl
34 Se
35 Br
52 Te
18 Ar
53 I
36 kr
54 Xe
85 At
86 Rn
Basic non-metals.
In free form, there can be gaseous non-metallic simple substances - fluorine, chlorine, oxygen, nitrogen, hydrogen, solid ones - iodine, astatine, sulfur, selenium, tellurium, phosphorus, arsenic, carbon, silicon, boron. Bromine exists as a liquid at room temperature.
We will consider only a few
it is a green gas
The use of chlorine.
simple substance chlorine under normal conditions - a poisonous gas of a yellowish-green color, with a pungent odor. The chlorine molecule is diatomic (formula Cl2).
Chlorine is very active - it combines directly with almost all elements of the periodic table. Therefore, in nature, it occurs only in the form of compounds in the composition of minerals.
Application
1. In the production of polyvinyl chloride, plastic compounds, synthetic rubber, from which they are made:
- insulation for wires, window profiles, packaging materials, clothing and footwear, linoleum and phonograph records, varnishes, equipment and foam plastics, toys, parts of appliances, building materials.
2. The bleaching properties of chlorine have been known since ancient times, although it is not chlorine itself that “bleaches”, but atomic oxygen, which is formed during the decomposition of hypochlorous acid.
3. Production of organochlorine insecticides - substances that kill insects harmful to crops, but are safe for plants. A significant part of the produced chlorine is spent on obtaining plant protection products.
4. It was used as a chemical warfare agent, as well as for the production of other chemical warfare agents: mustard gas, phosgene.
5. For water disinfection - "chlorination". The most common method of disinfecting drinking water; is based on the ability of free chlorine and its compounds to inhibit the enzyme systems of microorganisms that catalyze redox processes.
- In terms of durability when interacting with chlorinated water, copper water pipes demonstrate positive results.
6. Registered in the food industry as a food additive E925 .
7. In the chemical production of hydrochloric acid, bleach, berthollet salt, metal chlorides, poisons, medicines, fertilizers.
8. In metallurgy for the production of pure metals: titanium, tin, tantalum, niobium.
9. As an indicator of solar neutrinos in chlorine-argon detectors.
window profile made
main component
bleach is
Labarrakov water (sodium hypochlorite).
Many developed countries are trying to limit the use of chlorine in the home, including because the burning of chlorine-containing garbage produces a significant amount of dioxins.
The biological role of chlorine.
In humans and animals, chlorine is found mainly in intercellular fluids (including blood) and plays an important role in the regulation of osmotic processes, as well as in processes associated with the functioning of nerve cells.
it is a light yellow brittle solid, odorless in its pure form.
Sulfur differs significantly from oxygen in its ability to form stable chains and cycles from sulfur atoms. This is crystalline sulfur - a brittle yellow substance.
The use of sulfur.
Sulfur is used for the production of sulfuric acid, rubber vulcanization, as a fungicide in agriculture and as colloidal sulfur - a drug. Also, sulfur in the composition of sulfur-bitumen compositions is used to produce sulfur asphalt.
Sulfur needed
for the body, a macronutrient is
a prerequisite for healthy skin,
hair and nails, for which she is often called
"beauty mineral" .
And also sulfur...
- participates in the formation of cartilaginous and bone tissues, improves the functioning of joints and ligaments;
- affects the condition of the skin, hair and nails (part of collagen, keratin and melanin);
- strengthens muscle tissue (especially during the period of active growth in children and adolescents);
- participates in the formation of certain vitamins and enhances the effectiveness of vitamin B1, biotin, vitamin B5;
- has a wound healing and anti-inflammatory effect;
- reduces joint, muscle pain and cramps;
- contributes to the neutralization and leaching of toxins from the body;
- stabilizes blood sugar levels;
- helps the liver to secrete bile;
- increases resistance to radio emission!
The daily requirement of an adult healthy person for sulfur is 4-6 g.
Sulfur sources:
Vegetable:
cabbage, onion, asparagus, horseradish, gooseberries, grapes, apples, garlic;
Cereals:
Cereals, legumes, baked goods.
Animals: - lean beef; - a fish;- chicken eggs; - milk and dairy products.
Gases - non-metals - diatomic molecules
Solid substance - Non-metal iodine
Alcohol solution of iodine
Bromine
When bromine is dissolved in water
produces bromine water
Compounds of non-metals .
1) Oxides - only acidic
SO 3 , SO 2 , CO 2 other.
(except for NO and CO – indifferent)
2) Hydroxides - only acids
H 2 SO 4 , H 2 SO 3 ,H 2 CO 3 other
Form volatile compounds with hydrogen HCl, NH 3
Atomic structure NeMe
1. Elements are located in the main subgroups of III-VIII groups (A).
2. At the last level 3 - 7(8) electrons.
3. The radius of the atom decreases
4. Non-metallic properties
In the period - increase
In the group - decrease
Structure of NeMe
5. High electronegativity.
6. They accept electrons and give them away.
7. NeMe → acid oxide → acid
8. Volatile hydrogen compounds
(acids, bases and indifferent)
Allotropy of carbon
Diamond
Allotropy of carbon
Allotropy of phosphorus
Sulfur allotropy. Crystalline, plastic and monoclinic
Allotropy of oxygen
Oxygen
Conclusion
MYSTERIES ABOUT NONMETALS
1. A guest from outer space came, he found shelter in the air.
2. We live above all in the house, together we give warmth and light.
3. It is called lifeless, but life is not created without it.
4.Beautiful in crystals and vapors, inspires fear in children.
5. They took out a piece from the mountain, pushed it into a wooden trunk.
6. Be proud of a nondescript non-combustible ember, and a transparent brother.
7. Calcined coal helped the fireman breathe.
8. White is afraid of the air, blushed to survive.
9. Although it turns many substances into poison, in chemistry it is worthy of all kinds of awards.
10. What gas claims that it is not it?
11. What chemical elements claim that other substances can give birth?
12. What is a non-metal forest?
So, let's test your knowledge of chemistry:
1. Hydrogen.
2. Hydrogen and helium.
5. Graphite in pencil.
6.Diamond, graphite.
7.Activated carbon.
8. White and red phosphorus.
11. Hydrogen, oxygen.
