Home Salon The Truce of Andrusovo and the division of Ukraine. - Reasons for failure. - Excitement of minds. Truce of Andrusovo signed Truce of Andrusovo with the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth

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The Truce of Andrusovo and the division of Ukraine. - Reasons for failure. - Excitement of minds. Truce of Andrusovo signed Truce of Andrusovo with the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth

Representatives of the parties

The Truce of Andrusovo was signed on January 30 (February 9), 1667 by Afanasy Ordin-Nashchokin and Jerzy Glebovich in the village of Andrusovo near Smolensk. Cossack ambassadors were not allowed to sign the truce.

Terms of the Andrusovo Treaty

A truce was established between Russia and the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth for a period of 13.5 years, during which the states had to prepare the conditions for “eternal peace.”
The Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth officially transferred Smolensk, Chernigov Voivodeship, Starodub Povet, Seversk Land to Russia, and also recognized the annexation of Left-Bank Ukraine to Russia.
Russia abandoned its conquests in Lithuania.
Right-bank Ukraine and Belarus remained under the control of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth.
Kyiv was transferred to Russia for a period of two years. However, Russia managed to retain it and secure its ownership in a treaty with Poland in 1686 after paying 146 thousand rubles.
The Zaporozhye Sich came under joint Russian-Polish control “for their common service from the advancing infidel forces.”
The parties pledged to provide assistance to the Cossacks in the event of an attack on the Ukrainian lands of Russia and the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth by the Crimean Tatars.
Special articles of the agreement regulated the procedure for the return of prisoners, church property and the delimitation of lands.
The right of free trade between Russia and the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth was guaranteed, as well as the diplomatic immunity of ambassadors.

Meaning

Significance in the history of Belarus

For the territories of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania, which included Belarusian lands, the conditions for reconciliation were as follows: Moscow renounced Lithuania and Belarus, acquired by its troops, but retained Smolensk with its surroundings, which were conquered by the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth in the Time of Troubles. One of the articles of reconciliation gave Moscow the right to intercede for the Orthodox inhabitants of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth.

Northern Belarus conquered by Russia - Vitebsk, Polotsk, as well as Livonia (Dinaburg) was returned by Tsar Alexei Mikhailovich to the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth. The treaty reflected a compromise on both sides: Moscow, although unable to retain everything it had conquered, greatly increased its territory, and the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth, not being able to recapture everything it had lost, returned some important lands. Both sides also hoped that the Andrusovo truce was only temporary and that its terms would be revised after 13 years.

All the prisoners taken to Russia during the war years (as well as the valuables taken out) remained there for the years of reconciliation. Only the gentry, soldiers, clergy and Cossacks with Tatars - a small part of the total number of prisoners - received the formal right to return, but not everyone was able to use it. The Belarusian gentry served in the distant Siberian outskirts.

Significance in the history of Ukraine

Although the Truce of Andrusovo did not resolve a number of complex issues (for example, Russia did not receive Livonia and access to the Baltic Sea), thanks to it Russia was able to return the lands that belonged to it before the Time of Troubles (and even more). It also led to a rapprochement between Russia and the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth on the basis of a joint struggle against the Ottoman Empire.

Notes

Literature

Galaktionov I. V., Chistyakova E. V. A. L. Ordin-Nashchokin: Russian diplomat of the 17th century. - M.: Sotsekgiz, 1961 (1962). - P. 78-104. - 136 s. - (Outstanding diplomats of our Motherland). - 20,000 copies.
Malov A.V. Russian-Polish War 1654-1667 - M.: Tseykhgauz, 2006.

Links

1667. January 30. Truce Treaty for 13 years and 6 months between the Russian and Polish States // Complete collection of laws of the Russian Empire. First meeting. Volume I. 1649-1675. - St. Petersburg. , 1830. - pp. 656-669.

Categories:

International treaties of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania
International treaties of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth
International treaties of Russia
Peace treaties of the 17th century
Truce
1667

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See what the “Andrusovo Truce” is in other dictionaries:

ANDRUSOVO TRUNCE- ANDRUSOV TRUNCE, ended the Russian-Polish War of 1654-1667 (see RUSSIAN-POLISH WAR (1654-1667)) for Ukraine and Belarus. The truce was signed on January 30, 1667 in the village of Andrusovo near Smolensk by A. L. Ordin Nashchokin (see... ... encyclopedic Dictionary

ANDRUSOVO TRUNCE- ended the Russian-Polish War of 1654 67 (January 30, 1667, Andrusovo village in the Smolensk region). The Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth returned the Smolensk and Chernigov lands to Russia, recognized the reunification of Left Bank Ukraine with Russia... Big Encyclopedic Dictionary

Truce of Andrusovo- THE ANDRUSOV truce was concluded on January 30. 1667 by the boyar Ordin Nashchokin, in the town of Andrusovo, above the Gorodnya River (now an insignificant village of Smolensk province, Krasninsky district), between Russia and Poland, who fought for Little Russia.... ... Military encyclopedia

Truce of ANDRUSOV 1667- Truce of ANDRUSOVO 1667, ended the Russian-Polish War of 1654 67. Signed on 30.1 (9.2), the village of Andrusovo near Smolensk. The Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth returned the Smolensk and Chernigov lands to Russia and recognized the entry of Left Bank Ukraine into Russia.... ... Russian history

Truce of Andrusovo 1667- between Russia and the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth for 13.5 years; ended the Russian-Polish war of 1654 67 for Ukraine and Belarus. Signed on January 30 by A. L. Ordyn Nashchokin (Russia) and Yu. Glebovich (Poland) in the village of Andrusovo near Smolensk. Poland... ... Great Soviet Encyclopedia Great Encyclopedic Dictionary

Truce of Deulin 1618- concluded on December 1 between the Russian state and the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth for 14.5 years in the village. Deulino, near the Trinity Monastery of Sergius (modern Zagorsk), after a failed attempt by the Polish army led by Prince Vladislav in 1617 18... ... Great Soviet Encyclopedia

30.1.1667 (12.2). – The Truce of Andrusovo was signed between Russia and the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth

The Truce of Andrusovo ended the Russian-Polish war of 1654–1667, which began after. At the final stage of the war, the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth was defeated by Russian troops near Bila Tserkva and Korsun. The agreement was signed in the village of Andrusovo (now Smolensk region) by Afanasy Ordin-Nashchokin and Jerzy Glebovich.

A truce was established between Russia and the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth for a period of 13.5 years, during which the states were to prepare the conditions for “eternal peace.” The Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth officially recognized the Chernigov Voivodeship, Starodub Povet, Seversk Land and the entire left-bank Little Russia as Russian lands. Russia returned to the Poles only its conquests in: Vitebsk, Polotsk, and Livonia (Dinaburg).

Right Bank Ruthenia remained under the control of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth. Kyiv was transferred to Russia for a period of two years, but later Russia secured its ownership in an agreement with Poland in 1686 after paying 146 thousand rubles. came under joint Russian-Polish control “to their common service from the advancing Basurman forces.” The parties pledged to provide assistance to the Cossacks in the event of an attack on the Little Russian lands of the Crimean Tatars.

Special articles of the agreement regulated the procedure for the return of prisoners, church property and the delimitation of lands. The right of free trade between Russia and the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth was guaranteed, as well as the diplomatic immunity of ambassadors. One of the articles of reconciliation gave Moscow the right to intercede for the Orthodox inhabitants of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth.

The Andrusovo Agreement marked the beginning of a gradual Russian-Polish reconciliation, which was dictated by the need for joint defense against the Ottoman Empire, which had long laid claim to Little Russian lands. The Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth and Russia decided to send ambassadors to Istanbul and Bakhchisaray with notification of the treaty in order to convince the Sultan and the Crimean Khan to renounce their claims to Little Russia. Steward A.I. was sent from Moscow to Istanbul. Nesterov and clerk I.F. Vakhromeyev, and from the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth - I. Radzievsky. However, the Turks refused to recognize the Treaty of Andrusovo, which prompted the Poles and Russians to enter into an anti-Turkish defensive military alliance in case of attack by Ottoman forces.

The invasion of the Turks into Little Russia began the Russian-Turkish War of 1672-1681, in which Poland turned out to be a very weak ally and ceded a significant part of right-bank Little Russia to the Turks. The war ended between Turkey, the Crimean Khanate and Russia. The border between Russia and Turkey was established along the Dnieper. Turkey retained Podolia and the right-bank part of Little Russia, but recognized that Kyiv with its environs and the left bank of Little Russia belonged to the Russian state.

Title page of the "perpetual peace" treaty

On April 26, 1686, in Moscow, on the initiative of the Polish government, the “Eternal Peace” was concluded - an agreement between Russia and the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth, which finally confirmed the terms of the Andrusovo Truce.

Discussion: 4 comments

All of Little Russia after the Truce of Andrusovo in 1667 was located within the boundaries of the current Chernigov and Poltava regions and the city of Kyiv with its surroundings. The Western, Southern and Eastern parts of present-day Ukraine (which in Polish means outskirts) were annexed by Russia to Little Russia and now it is the main enemy of the Ukrainian Natsiks - imbeciles.

Semyon. Rednecks don't respect givers - they only lick couples. What Poles, what pidlyashniks, what Jewish Banders....

The article is interesting but superficial, especially heroic it is worth attributing Russia’s struggle for Kiev within the Pechersky Monastery, precisely because of the prayers of the monks, this inheritance remained with Russia, surrounded by an earthen rampart which is still preserved there in Kiev; it still carries the Russian Orthodox spirit, unlike other places in Kiev and the right bank, where the Poles, up to the time of Catherine, staged a forced Catholicization, the fruits of which are now visible in the malicious hostility towards Moscow. But the most important thing that this agreement brought was that the Poles had debts to the Jews and they asked to pay off with lands and they agreed, they secretly gave these Russian lands to the Jews. So began the exodus of Jews from Masuria and other places and their dense settlement of the right bank of the Dnieper and Kyiv, except for Pecher. Jewry resettled from Poland created the basis for all revolutions and conspiracies in Russia, and it is unknown how the country would develop if the latter remained in their previous addresses in Poland.

The role of Jewry is not sufficiently revealed, as is the vitality of the Polish gentry, examples of which are, for example, Mickiewicz and Dzerzhinsky, and among his contemporaries - Brzezinsky.

In 1667, the military conflict between the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth and Russia ended. The end of any hostilities is accompanied by the signing of a peace treaty. This was signed after the conflict between Poland and Russia in the village of Andrusovo - modern Smolensk region.

Historical terms of the agreement

The Russian-Polish War was the result of a confrontation between two states that had territorial claims to the lands. The reason for the outbreak of hostilities was the decision of the Zemsky Sobor to accept the Cossacks as Russian citizenship - Hetman and leader of the National Liberation Revolution Bogdan Khmelnitsky repeatedly asked for this.

The beginning of the war was successful for the Russian side, but suddenly Sweden attacks Poland. Under these conditions, he signed the Vilna Truce with Russia. Goal - It became easier for Poland to defend against Sweden. What did the other party to the contract receive? Russia was given the opportunity to begin its campaign against Sweden, which soon happened.

A significant factor in the end of the Russian-Polish War was the death of the Hetmanate and plunged into Ruin (civil war) - as a result of the split, one part of the Cossacks went over to the side of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth. In fact, the territory of Ukraine was divided along the Dnieper. The Andrusovo truce will cement the fact of the split in a few years.

The conduct of wars on different fronts by the parties to the conflict led to the complete weakening of both Russia and Poland. At the final stage of the war, the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth was defeated by Russian troops near Bila Tserkva and Korsun. The fighting died down due to the exhaustion of human and material resources. In this state, the parties approached the signing of a peace treaty.

Reasons for the truce

Any truce in history always has two reasons: one side is clearly weaker than the other and accepts the conditions of the winner. There is another option - the warring countries are equally exhausted and need a reasonable resolution of the conflict.

What can be called the reasons for signing the Andrusovo Truce?

The war had exhausted itself - there was no longer any strength or need to conduct military operations.
The Vilna Truce laid the foundation for a future major treaty.
The Russian-Swedish War began - Russia was inconvenient for military operations on two fronts.
The desire to take control of the Hetmanate, where a large-scale civil war had unfolded.
Strengthening and activation of a new enemy - the Ottoman Empire.

Signing of the agreement: representatives of the parties

The conclusion of a truce began to be discussed back in the 1990s. Territorial claims caused a lot of controversy, and grievances for the broken Polyanovsky Peace were recalled. Diplomatic battles could have lasted for several more years, but the situation in the Hetmanate changed the situation. Petro Doroshenko, who proclaimed himself hetman of all Ukraine, accepted the protectorate of Crimea. Thus, Poland lost the Khanate as its ally. In such a situation, Russia was able to strengthen its position in the negotiations.

The agreement was signed on January 30 (February 9), 1667. Russia was represented by the famous diplomat and politician Afanasy Ordin-Nashchokin. The Andrusovo truce with the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth is his idea. The diplomat insisted on signing an agreement in order to strengthen ties with Poland to fight against Sweden and spread Russian influence throughout Europe. This politician enjoyed influence at the court of Alexei Mikhailovich.

The Truce of Andrusovo, as a significant event in the 17th century, is known thanks to the documents of Ordin-Nashchokin. There are very few documents that could be used to trace the history of the signing of the treaty in detail, and they provide fragmentary information.

The Polish side was represented by Yuri Glebovich - politician, diplomat, statesman. The signing of the Truce of Andrusovo is also considered his merit, for which he was awarded by the king of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth. Representatives from the Cossacks were not allowed into the negotiations regarding the treaty.

Truce terms

After the settlement of all controversial issues, the Andrusovo Truce was signed. The parties entered into an agreement for thirteen and a half years. This period was allotted for the preparation of the “Eternal Peace” project. Basically, the agreement concerned the division of territories and spheres of influence.

Under the terms of the agreement, Russia received control of the Chernigov region, Starodub region, Seversk land, and Left Bank Ukraine. The Lithuanian conquests were canceled. The Truce of Andrusovo in 1667 guaranteed Poland control over the territories of Right Bank Ukraine and Belarus. The joint administration of the two monarchies extended to Zaporozhye. In the event of an attack by the Tatars, the parties to the treaty were required to provide military assistance to the Cossacks. According to the terms of the truce, Kyiv was to remain under Russian control for 2 years.

The agreement regulated the procedure for the return of prisoners after the war and the division of church property. The agreement had clauses regulating economic relations between the countries - one of the articles secured the right to free trade between Russia and the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth.

The meaning of entering into a contract

The Andrusovo truce with Poland is assessed ambiguously by Russian historians. Some call it a forced step, which was taken out of the need to end the military conflict. Others note the positive aspects of the signing of the treaty - rapprochement with Poland, which could become an ally in the fight against the Ottoman Empire. In addition, Russia regained some of its lost lands. The truce is responded to by the fact that it was not possible to gain access to the Baltic Sea, which was planned at the beginning of hostilities.

Consequences

The treaty is considered a significant step towards the unification of the Slavic peoples, although many foreign policy problems were not resolved. For the Ukrainian lands, the truce had negative consequences - the split of territories along the Dnieper was legally established. A significant blow was dealt to the Cossacks as a social stratum. The struggle for power in the Hetmanate intensified. Part of the Belarusian lands passed to Poland.

The Truce of Andrusovo is an important international treaty that marked the end of hostilities, but marked the beginning of some political strife.

Plan
Introduction
1 Representatives of the parties
2 Terms of the Andrusovo Treaty
3 Meaning
3.1 Significance in the history of Belarus
3.2 Significance in Ukrainian history
3.3 Significance in Russian history

Bibliography

Introduction

The Truce of Andrusovo is an agreement concluded in 1667 between Russia and the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth for 13.5 years. The truce ended the war that had lasted since 1654 over the territories of modern Ukraine and Belarus. The name comes from the village of Andrusovo (now Smolensk region), in which it was signed.

1. Representatives of the parties

The Truce of Andrusovo was signed on January 30 by Afanasy Ordin-Nashchekin and Jerzy Glebovich in the village of Andrusovo near Smolensk. Cossack ambassadors were not allowed to sign the truce.

2. Terms of the Andrusovo Treaty

· A truce was established between Russia and the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth for a period of 13.5 years, during which the states had to prepare the conditions for “eternal peace.”

· The Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth returned Smolensk, Chernigov Voivodeship, Starodub Povet, Seversk Land to Russia, and also recognized the reunification of Left Bank Ukraine with Russia.

· Russia abandoned its conquests in Lithuania.

· Right Bank Ukraine and Belarus remained under the control of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth.

· Kyiv was transferred to Russia for a period of two years. However, Russia managed to retain it and secure its ownership in a treaty with Poland in 1686 after paying 146 thousand rubles.

· The Zaporozhye Sich came under joint Russian-Polish control “for their common service from the advancing infidel forces.”

· The parties pledged to provide assistance to the Cossacks in the event of an attack on the Ukrainian lands of Russia and the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth by the Crimean Tatars.

· Special articles of the agreement regulated the procedure for the return of prisoners, church property and the delimitation of lands.

· The right of free trade between Russia and the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth was guaranteed, as well as the diplomatic immunity of ambassadors.

3. Meaning

3.1. Significance in the history of Belarus

Northern Belarus - Vitebsk region, Polotsk, as well as Livonia (Dinaburg) - conquered by the Russian kingdom, was returned by Tsar Alexei Mikhailovich to the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth. The treaty reflected a compromise on both sides: Moscow, although unable to retain everything it had conquered, greatly increased its territory, and the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth, not being able to recapture everything it had lost, returned some important lands. Both sides also hoped that the Andrusovo truce was only temporary and that its terms would be revised after 13 years.

All the prisoners taken during the war years to the Russian kingdom (as well as the exported valuables) remained there for the years of reconciliation. Only the gentry, soldiers, clergy and Cossacks with Tatars - a small part of the total number of prisoners - received the formal right to return, but not everyone was able to use it. The Belarusian gentry served in the distant Siberian outskirts. No one was going to return ordinary people, who were usually turned into slaves in the Moscow state. In Moscow alone, after the war, prisoners taken out of Belarus accounted for approximately 10 percent of the townspeople's population. Many Belarusians were in other cities of the kingdom - in Astrakhan, Velikiye Luki, Novgorod, Toropets, Tver and others.

3.2. Significance in the history of Ukraine

According to the Small Encyclopedia of the Ukrainian Cossacks, by concluding the Truce of Andrusovo, Russia finally abandoned its 1654 obligations to assist Ukraine in the fight against the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth. However, the Truce of Andrusovo only consolidated the division of Ukrainian lands, which de facto had already taken place since the beginning of the 1660s. This division was finally approved by the Eternal Peace between Poland and Russia.

According to N.I. Kostomarov, the results of the truce were a blow to the Cossacks; legal confirmation of the actual division of Ukrainian lands occurred without their participation. The terms of the truce caused disagreement among the Cossack elders, which led to the betrayal of Hetman Ivan Bryukhovetsky. At the direction of the Hetman, the Russian administration was expelled from the territory of the Hetmanate and a decision was made to transfer Ukraine under Turkish protectorate. However, soon the Right Bank Hetman Pyotr Doroshenko spoke out against him. The colonels and Cossacks betrayed Bryukhovetsky, united with Doroshenko’s Cossacks and handed over their hetman to him. By order of Doroshenko, Hetman Bryukhovetsky was torn to pieces by the crowd.

3.3. Significance in Russian history

In the Great Soviet Encyclopedia, the Truce of Andrusovo, concluded in difficult external and internal conditions, is considered as an important step by Russia towards the unification of the three East Slavic peoples.

Bibliography:

1. Boguslavsky V.V., Kuksina E.I. Article “Andrusovo Truce” // Slavic Encyclopedia. Kievan Rus - Muscovy. - M.: Olma-Press, 2001. - T. 2. - P. 56. - 816 p. - ISBN 5-224-02249-5

2. Ignatoski, U. Short stories of history of Belarus (Traditional periods of the 16th - 18th centuries) (Belarusian).

3. “Ukrainian Cossacks. Small encyclopedia" / Ch. ed. F. G. Turchenko. - Kiev: “Geneza”, 2002. - P. 15. - 568 p. - ISBN 966-504-244-6

4. Evidence from the history of Ukraine. // Truce of Andrussia 1667. Kiev: “Genesis”. - 2002. - side. 25.

5. Evidence from the history of Ukraine. // Bryukhovetsky Ivan Martinovich. Kiev: "Genesis". - 2002. - side. 89-90.

6. Kopylov L.N. Truce of Andrusovo 1667. Great Soviet Encyclopedia, 3rd edition .

7. Truce of Andrusovo. January 30, 1667. System of federal educational portals. Project "Pedagogy of secondary school". Publishing house "Prosveshcheniye".

On January 30 (February 9), 1667, in the village of Andrusovo near Smolensk, a truce agreement was concluded between Russia and the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth for thirteen and a half years.

The Treaty of Andrusovo ended the Russian-Polish war of 1654-1667, which began over the lands captured by Poland in 1609-1611 and its non-recognition of the reunification of Ukraine with Russia.

The long-term war between Russia and the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth took place on the territory of Little Russia, Belarus, Lithuania and Russia. The fighting was carried out with varying degrees of success and exhausted the forces of the warring parties, which led to a compromise agreement.

At first, the parties wanted to conclude an “Eternal Peace,” but this turned out to be difficult because of the Cossacks, who did not want to go back under Polish rule and because of the reluctance of the tsarist government to renounce rights to Russian lands that still remained under Polish rule.

After lengthy negotiations, on January 20 (30), 1667, A. L. Ordin-Nashchokin from Russia and Y. Glebovich from Poland signed a truce agreement for 13.5 years, during which the parties undertook to prepare conditions for “Eternal Peace” between them.

According to the terms of the agreement, the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth returned Smolensk and the Chernigov voivodeships to Russia and recognized the reunification of Left Bank Ukraine with Russia. Right-bank Ukraine and Western Belarus remained under the rule of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth. Kyiv was supposed to remain with Russia until 1669, but it retained it later, paying 146 thousand rubles as compensation, which was formalized by the “Eternal Peace” of 1686. The Zaporozhye Sich was declared under the joint control of both states. In the event of an attack by the Crimean Tatars on Ukrainian lands, Russia and Poland were obliged to provide assistance to the Cossacks, and in the event of an attack by the Tatars on one of the contracting parties, the other was not to support them. An exchange of prisoners of war was carried out.

The Treaty of Andrusovo did not resolve the complex issues facing Russia, but it became an important step towards the unification of the Ukrainian, Belarusian and Russian peoples. It marked the transition from ancient enmity between Russia and Poland to their rapprochement on the basis of a joint struggle against the Ottoman Empire, and at the beginning of the 18th century. and against Sweden.

In 1686, the “Eternal Peace” was concluded between Russia and Poland, which confirmed the terms of the Andrusovo Truce.

Lit.: Galaktionov I.V. From the history of Russian-Polish rapprochement in the 50s - 60s of the 17th century. Saratov, 1960; Galaktionov I.V. Russia and the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth at the final stage of the Russian-Polish War in the third quarter of the 17th century // Slavic collection. Vol. 5. Saratov, 1993; Malov A.V. Russian-Polish War 1654-1667. M., 2006.

See also in the Presidential Library:

Complete collection of laws of the Russian Empire. First meeting. T. 1. From 1649 to 1675. St. Petersburg, 1830. P. 656-669 .